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Gu D, Pan R, Meng X, Liu T, Zhong H, Chen N, Xu Y. What lies behind melasma: a review of the related skin microenvironment. Int J Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 39212112 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.17453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Melasma is an acquired chronic pigmentary disorder affecting millions of individuals worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of melasma remains unclear. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pathophysiological changes occurring in the skin microenvironment of melasma lesions, which can be summarized as follows: (1) skin barrier dysfunction and abnormal synthesis, transport, and intracellular distribution of melanin in the epidermis; (2) basement membrane damage; (3) solar elastosis, vascular changes, senescent fibroblasts, mast cell infiltration, and sebocyte participation in the dermis; and (4) systemic factors such as sex hormones and oxidative stress. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies are introduced to provide novel perspectives for fundamental and clinical research related to melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Gu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoxin Pan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqi Meng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingwei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nuoran Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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2
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Hirobe T. Role of Dermal Factors Involved in Regulating the Melanin and Melanogenesis of Mammalian Melanocytes in Normal and Abnormal Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4560. [PMID: 38674144 PMCID: PMC11049857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian melanin is produced in melanocytes and accumulated in melanosomes. Melanogenesis is supported by many factors derived from the surrounding tissue environment, such as the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, in addition to numerous melanogenesis-related genes. The roles of these genes have been fully investigated and the molecular analysis has been performed. Moreover, the role of paracrine factors derived from epidermis has also been studied. However, the role of dermis has not been fully studied. Thus, in this review, dermis-derived factors including soluble and insoluble components were overviewed and discussed in normal and abnormal circumstances. Dermal factors play an important role in the regulation of melanogenesis in the normal and abnormal mammalian skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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3
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Chen J, Wang H, Wu S, Zhang A, Qiu Z, Huang P, Qu JY, Xu J. col1a2+ fibroblasts/muscle progenitors finetune xanthophore countershading by differentially expressing csf1a/1b in embryonic zebrafish. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj9637. [PMID: 38578990 PMCID: PMC10997200 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Animals evolve diverse pigment patterns to adapt to the natural environment. Countershading, characterized by a dark-colored dorsum and a light-colored ventrum, is one of the most prevalent pigment patterns observed in vertebrates. In this study, we reveal a mechanism regulating xanthophore countershading in zebrafish embryos. We found that csf1a and csf1b mutants altered xanthophore countershading differently: csf1a mutants lack ventral xanthophores, while csf1b mutants have reduced dorsal xanthophores. Further study revealed that csf1a is expressed throughout the trunk, whereas csf1b is expressed dorsally. Ectopic expression of csf1a or csf1b in neurons attracted xanthophores into the spinal cord. Blocking csf1 signaling by csf1ra mutants disrupts spinal cord distribution and normal xanthophores countershading. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified two col1a2+ populations: csf1ahighcsf1bhigh muscle progenitors and csf1ahighcsf1blow fibroblast progenitors. Ablation of col1a2+ fibroblast and muscle progenitors abolished xanthophore patterns. Our study suggests that fibroblast and muscle progenitors differentially express csf1a and csf1b to modulate xanthophore patterning, providing insights into the mechanism of countershading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Honggao Wang
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuting Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ao Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PRC
| | - Zhongkai Qiu
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jianan Y Qu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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4
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Hu S, Wang L. The potential role of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in melanogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:2062-2071. [PMID: 37846904 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Melanogenesis is a critical biochemical process in which melanocytes produce melanin, a crucial element involved in the formation of coat colour in mammals. According to several earlier studies, melanocytes' post-translational modifications of proteins primarily control melanogenesis. Among the many post-translational changes that can affect melanin production, ubiquitination and deubiquitination can keep melanin production going by changing how proteins that are related to melanin are broken down or kept stable. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination maintain ubiquitin homeostasis, which is a highly dynamic process in balance under the action of E3 ubiquitin ligase and deubiquitinating enzymes. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying ubiquitination and deubiquitination in melanogenesis are yet to be thoroughly investigated. As a result, there has been a growing focus on exploring the potential correlation between melanogenesis, ubiquitination and deubiquitination. This study discusses the mechanisms of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in the context of melanogenesis, a crucial process for enhancing mammalian coat coloration and addressing pigment-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Hu
- College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
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5
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Yap PG, Gan CY, Naharudin I, Wong TW. Effect of Chicken Egg White-Derived Peptide and Hydrolysates on Abnormal Skin Pigmentation during Wound Recovery. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010092. [PMID: 36615286 PMCID: PMC9822140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal skin pigmentation commonly occurs during the wound healing process due to the overproduction of melanin. Chicken egg white (CEW) has long been used to improve skin health. Previous published works had found CEW proteins house bioactive peptides that inhibit tyrosinase, the key enzyme of melanogenesis. The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-pigmentation potential and mechanism of the CEW-derived peptide (GYSLGNWVCAAK) and hydrolysates (CEWHmono and CEWHdi), using a cell-based model. All of these peptide and hydrolysates inhibited intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin level up to 45.39 ± 1.31 and 70.01 ± 1.00%, respectively. GYSLGNWVCAAK and CEWHdi reduced intracellular cAMP levels by 13.38 ± 3.65 and 14.55 ± 2.82%, respectively; however, CEWHmono did not affect cAMP level. Moreover, the hydrolysates downregulated the mRNA expression of melanogenesis-related genes, such as Mitf, Tyr, Trp-1 and Trp-2, but GYSLGNWVCAAK only suppressed Tyr gene expression. Downregulation of the genes may lower the catalytic activities and/or affect the structural stability of TYR, TRP-1 and TRP-2; thus, impeding melanogenesis to cause an anti-pigmentation effect in the cell. Outcomes from the current study could serve as the starting point to understand the underlying complex, multifaceted melanogenesis regulatory mechanism at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Gee Yap
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, University Innovation Incubator Building, SAINS@USM Campus, Lebuh Bukit Jambul, Bayan Lepas 11900, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Yuen Gan
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, University Innovation Incubator Building, SAINS@USM Campus, Lebuh Bukit Jambul, Bayan Lepas 11900, Penang, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +604-653-4206
| | - Idanawati Naharudin
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Smart Manufacturing Research Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
- Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tin-Wui Wong
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Smart Manufacturing Research Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
- Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
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6
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Artzi O, Horovitz T, Bar-Ilan E, Shehadeh W, Koren A, Zusmanovitch L, Mehrabi JN, Salameh F, Isman Nelkenbaum G, Zur E, Sprecher E, Mashiah J. The pathogenesis of melasma and implications for treatment. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:3432-3445. [PMID: 34411403 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melasma is a complex and poorly understood disorder, with high rates of treatment failure and recurrences. OBJECTIVES We aimed to review the current knowledge of the pathogenesis of melasma and apply this knowledge to clinical implications on relevant therapeutic interventions. METHODS A systematic PubMed search was performed using the search term "((melasma[Text Word]) OR facial melanosis[Text Word]) AND (pathogenesis OR causality[MeSH Terms])" for articles published between 1990 and 2020. Included articles were then evaluated by two authors and assessed for relevant pathomechanistic pathways, after which they were divided into groups with minimal overlap. We then reviewed current treatment modalities for melasma and divided them according to the involved pathomechanistic pathway. RESULTS A total of 309 search results were retrieved among which 76 relevant articles were identified and reviewed. Five main pathomechanisms observed in melasma were identified: (1) melanocyte inappropriate activation; (2) aggregation of melanin and melanosomes in dermis and epidermis; (3a) increased mast cell count and (3b) solar elastosis; (4) altered basement membrane; and (5) increased vascularization. Treatment modalities were then divided based on these five pathways and detailed in 6 relevant tables. CONCLUSION The pathophysiology of melasma is multifactorial, resulting in treatment resistance and high recurrence rates. This wide variety of pathomechanisms should ideally be addressed separately in the treatment regimen in order to maximize results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Artzi
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamir Horovitz
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Bar-Ilan
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Waseem Shehadeh
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Koren
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Zusmanovitch
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph N Mehrabi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Fares Salameh
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gila Isman Nelkenbaum
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Zur
- Compounding Solutions, a Pharmaceutical Consultancy Company, Tel-Mond, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Mashiah
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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7
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Kang HY, Lee JW, Papaccio F, Bellei B, Picardo M. Alterations of the pigmentation system in the aging process. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:800-813. [PMID: 34048137 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human skin aging is a natural phenomenon that results from continuous exposure to intrinsic (time, genetic factors, hormones) as well as extrinsic factors (UV exposure, pollution, tobacco). In areas that are frequently exposed to the sun, photoaging blends with the process of intrinsic aging, resulting in an increased senescent cells number and consequently accelerating the aging process. The severity of photodamage depends on constitutional factors, including skin phototype (skin color, tanning capacity), intensity, and duration of sunlight/UV exposure. Aging affects nearly every aspect of cutaneous biology, including pigmentation. Clinically, the phenotype of age pigmented skin has a mottled, uneven color, primarily due to age spots, with or without hypopigmentation. Uneven pigmentation might be attributed to the hyperactivation of melanocytes, altered distribution of pigment, and turnover. In addition to direct damage to pigment-producing cells, photodamage alters the physiological crosstalk between keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and melanocytes responsible for natural pigmentation homeostasis. Interestingly, age-independent diffuse expression of senescence-associated markers in the dermal and epidermal compartment is also associated with vitiligo, suggesting that premature senescence plays an important role in the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Federica Papaccio
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Bellei
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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8
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Upadhyay PR, Ho T, Abdel-Malek ZA. Participation of keratinocyte- and fibroblast-derived factors in melanocyte homeostasis, the response to UV, and pigmentary disorders. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:762-776. [PMID: 33973367 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal melanocytes play a central role in sensing the environment and protecting the skin from the drastic effects of solar ultraviolet radiation and other environmental toxins or inflammatory agents. Melanocytes survive in the epidermis for decades, which subjects them to chronic environmental insults. Melanocytes have a poor self-renewal capacity; therefore, it is critical to ensure their survival with genomic stability. The function and survival of melanocytes is regulated by an elaborate network of paracrine factors synthesized mainly by epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. A symbiotic relationship exists between epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes on the one hand, and between melanocytes and dermal fibroblasts on the other hand. Melanocytes protect epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts from the damaging effects of solar radiation, and the latter cells synthesize biochemical mediators that maintain the homeostasis, and regulate the stress response of melanocytes. Disruption of the paracrine network results in pigmentary disorders, due to abnormal regulation of melanin synthesis, and compromise of melanocyte survival or genomic stability. This review provides an update of the current knowledge of keratinocyte- and fibroblast-derived paracrine factors and their contribution to melanocyte physiology, and how their abnormal production is involved in the pathogenesis of common pigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth R Upadhyay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tina Ho
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zalfa A Abdel-Malek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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9
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Kim JY, Lee EJ, Ahn Y, Park S, Kim SH, Oh SH. A chemical compound from fruit extract of Juglans mandshurica inhibits melanogenesis through p-ERK-associated MITF degradation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 57:57-64. [PMID: 30668323 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trials for regulation of abnormal hyperpigmentation from the use of natural products have been going on for years. Leaf and root extracts from Juglans mandshurica are reported to function as antioxidants and to suppress allergic dermatitis. However, studies evaluating its fruit extract and the chemical compounds from the fruit extract are lacking in dermatology fields, including melanogenesis. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to understand the effect of the fruit extract from J. mandshurica on pigmentation and to search for specific chemical compounds that affect melanogenesis. METHODS After screening out any anti-melanotic effects of the fruit extract from J. mandshurica in B16F10 melanoma cells, three major phenolic compounds isolated from the fruit extract were tested by western blot analysis for expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase. Their effect on B16F10 melanoma cells with regard to melanogenesis was also confirmed in primary human epidermal melanocytes (PHEMs). PD98059 was tested to observe the compounds' signaling role in the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)-pathway. RESULTS Fruit extract from J. mandshurica showed anti-melanotic effects in B16F10 melanoma cells. After chemical compounds were isolated from the fruit extracts, three phenolic compounds were evaluated for anti-melanotic effects. 2-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-1,3-propanediol (compound 1) showed the highest suppression effect among the three compounds. In B16F10 melanoma cells and PHEMs, reduced melanin contents were observed after treatment with the compound (1). Experiments using a blocker of ERK showed that the inhibitory effect of the compound (1) on melanogenesis was dependent on ERK-associated MITF degradation. CONCLUSION A chemical constituent of Juglans mandshurica Maxim. induces an inhibitory mechanism to melanogenesis. It has the potential to become a whitening agent in the medical field, though this requires further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Ahn
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonJu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Kwon SH, Na JI, Choi JY, Park KC. Melasma: Updates and perspectives. Exp Dermatol 2018; 28:704-708. [PMID: 30422338 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Management of melasma is highly challenging due to inconsistent treatment results and frequent relapses. However, recent studies revealed that melasma may not only be a disease of melanocytes, but also a photoaging skin disorder. Herein, we attempt to validate that melasma is indeed a photoaging disorder by presenting the histopathologic findings of melasma: solar elastosis, altered basement membrane, increased vascularization and increased mast cell count. We also provide some therapeutic implications based on these findings and a discussion on the latest updates and perspectives regarding treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hyo Kwon
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jung-Im Na
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Choi
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Chan Park
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Gyeonggi, Korea
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11
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Hu S, Huang J, Pei S, Ouyang Y, Ding Y, Jiang L, Lu J, Kang L, Huang L, Xiang H, Xiao R, Zeng Q, Chen J. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide inhibits UVB-induced melanogenesis by antagonizing cAMP/PKA and ROS/MAPK signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7330-7340. [PMID: 30362532 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-induced pigmentation is very common in clinical practice, but the current treatments are rarely effective, accompanied by some side effects. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) is a natural antioxidant with no toxic side effects, which can antagonize UVB-induced fibroblast photo aging. The study aims to explore the role of GLP in inhibiting UVB-induced melanogenesis and its possible mechanism. The expression of melanogenesis genes such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosine (TYR), tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP1), tyrosinase related protein 2 (TYRP2), ras-related protein Rab-27A (Rab27A), and Myosin shows an upward trend after exposure of B16F10 and PIG1 cells to UVB irradiation, but GLP can downregulate the expression of genes related to UVB-induced melanogenesis. GLP can inhibit UVB-activated protein kinase A (PKA) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Besides, GLP protects mitochondria from UVB damage and inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Also, UVB-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) can be inhibited. It has been found in the experiments of UVB-induced skin pigmentation in zebrafish that GLP is capable of inhibiting UVB-induced skin pigmentation. Meanwhile, it can greatly relieve erythema reaction in guinea pig skin caused by high-dosage UVB irradiation. In conclusion, this study shows that GLP can inhibit UVB-induced melanogenesis by antagonizing cAMP/PKA and ROS/MAPK signaling pathways and is a potential natural safe whitening sunscreen additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghai Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinhua Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyao Pei
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujie Ouyang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yufang Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liyang Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Central Laboratory, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Central Laboratory, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinghai Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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CCN1/Cyr61 Stimulates Melanogenesis through Integrin α6β1, p38 MAPK, and ERK1/2 Signaling Pathways in Human Epidermal Melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1825-1833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Yuan XH, Jin ZH. Paracrine regulation of melanogenesis. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:632-639. [PMID: 28494100 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes are generally characterized by the basic ability of melanin synthesis and transfer to adjacent keratinocytes. This constitutes an individual skin phenotype and provides epidermal protection from various stimuli, such as ultraviolet irradiation, through a complex process called melanogenesis, which can be regulated by autocrine or paracrine factors. Recent evidence has revealed the paracrine effects of keratinocytes on melanogenesis by secreting cytokines, including α-melanocyte stimulating hormone and endothelin-1. In addition to keratinocytes, there are other types of cells in the skin, such as fibroblasts and immune cells, which are also actively involved in the regulation of melanocyte behaviour through the production of paracrine factors. In addition, extracellular matrix proteins, which are secreted mainly by skin-resident cells, not only play direct roles in regulating melanocyte morphology and functions but also provide structural support between the epidermis and dermis to control the distribution of various secreted cytokines from keratinocytes and/or fibroblasts, which are potentially involved in the regulation of melanogenesis. Moreover, understanding the origin of melanocytes (neural crest cells) and the presence of nerve endings in the epidermis can reveal the intimate contact between melanocytes and cutaneous specific nervous system proteins. Melanocytes are associated with all these networks with corresponding receptors expressed on the cell surface. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in determining the intimate relationships between melanocytes and their surrounding elements, which provide insights into the complex nature of the regulation of melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Yuan
- Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzi Street, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133000, China
| | - Z H Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzi Street, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133000, China
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14
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Li B, He X, Zhao Y, Bai D, Shiraigo W, Zhao Q, Manglai D. Regulatory pathway analysis of coat color genes in Mongolian horses. Hereditas 2017; 155:13. [PMID: 28974924 PMCID: PMC5622463 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-017-0048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the molecular genetics of horse skin pigmentation have typically focused on very few genes and proteins. In this study, we used Illumina sequencing to determine the global gene expression profiles in horses with white-colored coats and those with black-colored coats, with the goal of identifying novel genes that could regulate horse coat color. RESULTS Genes encoding ribosomal-associated proteins were highly expressed in horse skin. We found a total of 231 unigenes that were differentially expressed between horses with white coats and horses with black coats; 119 were down-regulated, and 112 were up-regulated. Many of the up-regulated genes in black horses, such as genes related to tyrosine metabolism, may directly regulate dark coat color. Keratin genes, MIA family genes, fatty acid-related genes, and melanoma-associated genes were also differentially regulated, which suggests that they may play important roles in coat color formation. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that the transcription profiles from white and black horse skin provide useful information to understand the genetics underlying the control of skin melanin synthesis in horses, which may enhance our knowledge of human skin diseases, such as melanoma and albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong He
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Huhhot, 010031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiping Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongyi Bai
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wunierfu Shiraigo
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinan Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dugarjaviin Manglai
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018 People’s Republic of China
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15
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Wang D, Xu W, Chen X, Han J, Yu L, Gao C, Hao W, Liu X, Zheng Q, Li D. Icariin induces cell differentiation and cell cycle arrest in mouse melanoma B16 cells via Erk1/2-p38-JNK-dependent pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99504-99513. [PMID: 29245919 PMCID: PMC5725110 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Icariin (ICA) is a major component isolated from Epimedium brevicornum. Emerging evidence shows that ICA can inhibit tumor cell proliferation, invasion and migration. However, the anti-cancer effect of ICA on B16 cells has not been fully investigated. Here we found that the proliferation of B16 cells was inhibited by ICA in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and the colony formation of B16 cells was also inhibited by ICA in a concentration-dependent manner. Further study showed that the melanin content was increased and the tyrosinase (Tyr) activity was enhanced after ICA treatment in B16 cells. Furthermore, compared with the control group, the mRNA levels of Tyr, Trp1 and Trp2 and the protein level of MITF were increased in ICA-treated B16 cells. In addition, the percentage of G0/G1 phase cells was increased and the protein levels of Cyclin A, CDK2 and p21 were decreased in ICA-treated B16 cells. Finally, we found that ICA increased down-regulated the Erk1/2, p-Erk1/2, p38, p-p38, and p-JNK protein levels in B16 cells when compared with the control group. Taken together, these results indicated that ICA could induce B16 cell differentiation and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase through inhibiting Erk1/2-p38-JNK-dependent signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Jichun Han
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Lina Yu
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Caixia Gao
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjin Hao
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Defang Li
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
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16
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Fibroblast-Derived Clusterin Negatively Regulates Pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1812-1815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Tsao YT, Kuo CY, Kuan YD, Lin HC, Wu LH, Lee CH. The Extracts of Astragalus membranaceus Inhibit Melanogenesis through the ERK Signaling Pathway. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:1049-1053. [PMID: 29104457 PMCID: PMC5666534 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.20335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a normal production protecting skin from environment-causing damage. Plants produce some agents in response to their environment. These agents could be applied in cosmetic production. Some Chinese herbals have immunomodulatory activities and modulate the symptoms of several diseases. Melanogenesis represents a complex group of conditions that are thought to be mediated through a complex network of regulatory processes. Previously, some studies found that the extracts of Astragalus membranaceus (PG2) regulated immunity and supported hematopoiesis. Herein, we want to determine the molecular mechanisms by which PG2 inhibits melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. The cellular melanin contents and expression of melanogenesis-related protein, including microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase were significantly reduced after PG2 treatment. Moreover, PG2 increased phosphorylation of ERK, without affecting phosphorylation of p38. These results suggested that PG2 as a new target in reducing hyperpigmentation through the ERK signal pathway. PG2 has potential for cosmetic usage in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Tsao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Diao Kuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chen Lin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsien Wu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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18
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Lee DH, Jin CL, Kim Y, Shin MH, Kim JE, Kim M, Lee MJ, Cho S. Pleiotrophin is downregulated in human keloids. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:585-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Park JY, Kim M, Park TJ, Kang HY. TGFβ1 derived from endothelial cells inhibits melanogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:477-80. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Youn Park
- Department of Dermatology; Ajou University School of Medicine; Suwon Korea
| | - Misun Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Ajou University School of Medicine; Suwon Korea
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center; Ajou University School of Medicine; Suwon Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science; The Graduate School; Ajou University; Suwon Korea
| | - Tae Jun Park
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center; Ajou University School of Medicine; Suwon Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science; The Graduate School; Ajou University; Suwon Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Ajou University School of Medicine; Suwon Korea
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Department of Dermatology; Ajou University School of Medicine; Suwon Korea
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center; Ajou University School of Medicine; Suwon Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science; The Graduate School; Ajou University; Suwon Korea
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20
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Heterogeneous Pathology of Melasma and Its Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060824. [PMID: 27240341 PMCID: PMC4926358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Melasma is a commonly acquired hypermelanosis that affects sun-exposed areas of the skin, with frequent facial involvement. Its histologic manifestations are evident in the epidermis, extracellular matrix, and dermis. In addition to epidermal pigmentation, pathologic findings of melasma include extracellular matrix abnormality, especially solar elastosis. The disrupted basement membrane has been described in melasma with variable incidences. In the dermis, an increase in vascularity and an increase in the number of mast cells were observed, indicating that dermal factors have critical roles in the pathogenesis of melasma, despite the fact that melasma is characterized by epidermal hyperpigmentation. This review discusses such histologic characteristics of melasma, with consideration to their implications for melasma treatment.
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21
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Kim M, Han JH, Kim JH, Park TJ, Kang HY. Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 2 (sFRP2) Functions as a Melanogenic Stimulator; the Role of sFRP2 in UV-Induced Hyperpigmentary Disorders. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:236-44. [PMID: 26763443 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we found that secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2) is overexpressed in the hyperpigmentary skin of melasma and solar lentigo and in acutely UV-irradiated skin. To investigate the effect of sFRP2 on melanogenesis, normal human melanocytes were infected with sFRP2-lentivirus or sh-sFRP2. It was found that sFRP2 stimulates melanogenesis through microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and/or tyrosinase upregulation via β-catenin signaling. The stimulatory action of sFRP2 in pigmentation was further confirmed in melanocytes cocultured with fibroblasts and in ex vivo cultured skin. The findings suggest that sFRP2 functions as a melanogenic stimulator and that it plays a role in the development of UV-induced hyperpigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Han
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tae Jun Park
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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22
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Lu Y, Bowswell M, Bowswell W, Yang K, Schartl M, Walter RB. Molecular genetic response of Xiphophorus maculatus-X. couchianus interspecies hybrid skin to UVB exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 178:86-92. [PMID: 26254713 PMCID: PMC4662913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic and genetic similarities between Xiphophorus and human melanoma render Xiphophorus a useful animal model for studying the genetic basis of melanoma etiology. In the Xiphophorus model, melanoma has been shown to be inducible by ultraviolet light (UVB) exposure among interspecies hybrids, but not in parental line fish similarly treated. This leads to questions of what genes are responsive to UVB exposure in the skin of the interspecies hybrids, as well as how parental alleles in hybrids may be differentially regulated and the potential roles they may play in induced melanomagenesis. To address these questions, we produced X. maculatus Jp 163 B×X. couchianus (Sp-Couch) F1 hybrid fish, exposed both hybrid and parental fish to UVB, and performed gene expression profiling of the skin using RNA-Seq methodology. We characterized a group of unique UVB-responsive genes in Sp-Couch hybrid including dct, pmela, tyr, tyrp1a, slc2a11b, rab38a, rab27, tspan10, slc45a2, oca2, slc24a5, ptn and mitfa. These genes are associated with melanin production and melanocyte proliferation. They were also up-regulated in Sp-Couch hybrid, indicating that their UVB response is hybridization initiated. In the hybrid, several melanin production and pigmentation related genes, including slc45a2, tspan10, dct, slc2a11b and ptn showed either X. couchianus or X. maculatus allele specific expression. The finding that these genes exhibit allele specific expression regulatory mechanisms in Sp-Couch hybrids, but do not exhibit a corresponding UVB response in either one of the parental fishes, may suggest UVB targets and imply mechanisms regarding the susceptibility of Sp-Couch to induced melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lu
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
| | - Mikki Bowswell
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
| | - William Bowswell
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
| | - Kuan Yang
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Physiologische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Biozentrum, Am Hubland, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ronald B. Walter
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
- Corresponding author:
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