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Boldrini M, Xiao Y, Sing T, Zhu C, Jabbi M, Pantazopoulos H, Gürsoy G, Martinowich K, Punzi G, Vallender EJ, Zody M, Berretta S, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Marenco S, Roussos P, Lewis DA, Turecki G, Lehner T, Mann JJ. Omics approaches to investigate the pathogenesis of suicide. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01352-0. [PMID: 38821194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Suicide is the second leading cause of death in U.S. adolescents and young adults, and generally associated with a psychiatric disorder. Suicidal behavior has a complex etiology and pathogenesis. Moderate heritability suggests genetic causes. Associations between childhood and recent life adversity indicate contributions from epigenetic factors. Genomic contributions to suicide pathogenesis remain largely unknown. This paper is based on a workshop held to design strategies to identify molecular drivers of suicide neurobiology that would be putative new treatment targets. The panel determined that, while bulk tissue studies provide comprehensive information, single-nucleus approaches identifying cell-type specific changes are needed. While single nuclei techniques lack information on cytoplasm, processes, spines, and synapses, spatial multiomic technologies on intact tissue detect cell alterations specific to brain tissue layers and subregions. Because suicide has genetic and environmental drivers, multiomic approaches combining cell-type specific epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome provide a more complete picture of pathogenesis. To determine the direction of effect of suicide risk gene variants on RNA and protein expression, and how these interact with epigenetic marks, single nuclei and spatial multiomics quantitative trait loci maps should be integrated with whole genome sequencing and genome-wide association databases. The workshop concluded with the recommendation for the formation of an international suicide biology consortium that will bring together brain banks and investigators with expertise in cutting-edge omics technologies to delineate the biology of suicide and identify novel potential treatment targets to be tested in cellular and animal models for drug and biomarkers discovery, to guide suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Boldrini
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY.
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Tarjinder Sing
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY; New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Chenxu Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; New York Genome Center, New York, NY
| | - Mbemba Jabbi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Mulva Clinics for the Neurosciences, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Gamze Gürsoy
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY; Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Giovanna Punzi
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric J Vallender
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | | | - Sabina Berretta
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stefano Marenco
- Human Brain Collection Core (HBCC), National Institute of Mental Health's (NIMH) Division of Intramural Research Programs (DIRP), Bethesda, MD
| | - Panagiotis Roussos
- Center for Precision Medicine and Translational Therapeutics; Mental Illness Research Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
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Burghardt KJ, Kajy M, Ward KM, Burghardt PR. Metabolomics, Lipidomics, and Antipsychotics: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3295. [PMID: 38137517 PMCID: PMC10741000 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotics are an important pharmacotherapy option for the treatment of many mental illnesses. Unfortunately, selecting antipsychotics is often a trial-and-error process due to a lack of understanding as to which medications an individual patient will find most effective and best tolerated. Metabolomics, or the study of small molecules in a biosample, is an increasingly used omics platform that has the potential to identify biomarkers for medication efficacy and toxicity. This systematic review was conducted to identify metabolites and metabolomic pathways associated with antipsychotic use in humans. Ultimately, 42 studies were identified for inclusion in this review, with all but three studies being performed in blood sources such as plasma or serum. A total of 14 metabolite classes and 12 lipid classes were assessed across studies. Although the studies were highly heterogeneous in approach and mixed in their findings, increases in phosphatidylcholines, decreases in carboxylic acids, and decreases in acylcarnitines were most consistently noted as perturbed in patients exposed to antipsychotics. Furthermore, for the targeted metabolomic and lipidomic studies, seven metabolites and three lipid species had findings that were replicated. The most consistent finding for targeted studies was an identification of a decrease in aspartate with antipsychotic treatment. Studies varied in depth of detail provided for their study participants and in study design. For example, in some cases, there was a lack of detail on specific antipsychotics used or concomitant medications, and the depth of detail on sample handling and analysis varied widely. The conclusions here demonstrate that there is a large foundation of metabolomic work with antipsychotics that requires more complete reporting so that an objective synthesis such as a meta-analysis can take place. This will then allow for validation and clinical application of the most robust findings to move the field forward. Future studies should be carefully controlled to take advantage of the sensitivity of metabolomics while limiting potential confounders that may result from participant heterogeneity and varied analysis approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Burghardt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University Detroit, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Megan Kajy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University Detroit, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Kristen M. Ward
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Detroit, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Paul R. Burghardt
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University Detroit, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
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Zhao L, Liu H, Wang W, Wang Y, Xiu M, Li S. Carnitine metabolites and cognitive improvement in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine: a prospective longitudinal study. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1255501. [PMID: 37663259 PMCID: PMC10470116 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1255501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cognitive impairment is one of the core symptoms of schizophrenia, which is stable and lifelong. L-carnitine has been shown to improve cognitive function and decrease the rate of cognitive deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease. However, it remains unclear regarding the role of L-carnitine and its metabolites in cognitive functions in schizophrenia after treatment with olanzapine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in plasma levels of L-carnitine metabolites and cognitive improvement after olanzapine treatment. Methods: This was a prospective longitudinal study. In this study, we recruited 25 female patients with first episode schizophrenia (FES) who were drug naïve at baseline and received 4 weeks of olanzapine monotherapy. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and 4-week follow-up using the RBANS. Plasma L-carnitine metabolite levels were determined by a metabolomics technology based on untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Results: We found that the immediate memory index, delayed memory index and RBANS composite score were significantly increased at the 4-week follow-up after treatment. A total of 7 differential L-carnitine metabolites were identified in FES patients after olanzapine monotherapy. In addition, we found that changes in butyrylcarnitine were positively correlated with improvements in language index and RBANS composite score. Further regression analyses confirmed the association between reduced butyrylcarnitine levels and cognitive improvement after olanzapine monotherapy in FES patients. Conclusion: Our study shows that cognitive improvement after olanzapine treatment was associated with changes in L-carnitine metabolite levels in patients with FES, suggesting a key role of L-carnitine in cognition in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Youping Wang
- Department of Nutritional and Metabolic Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyun Li
- Department of Nutritional and Metabolic Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Song M, Liu Y, Zhou J, Shi H, Su X, Shao M, Yang Y, Wang X, Zhao J, Guo D, Liu Q, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Lv L, Li W. Potential plasma biomarker panels identification for the diagnosis of first-episode schizophrenia and monitoring antipsychotic monotherapy with the use of metabolomics analyses. Psychiatry Res 2023; 321:115070. [PMID: 36706560 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental disorder. Using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, we performed comprehensive metabolomics analyses of plasma samples from healthy controls (HC) and first episode SCZ patients before and after an acute period of medication. Ten lipid metabolites and 27 soluble small molecules were identified as potential biomarkers associated with the diagnosis and treatment of SCZ. These metabolites were significantly reduced in SCZ, and lipids and sulfate were significantly increased after treatment. Of the metabolites identified, four showed significant correlations with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores. A biomarker panel composed of alpha-dimorphecolic, Phosphatidylcholine (PC) (16:0/18:1(11Z)), 1-methylnicotinamide, Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (20:2(11Z,14Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)), sulfate, and L-tryptophan was selected to distinguish SCZ from HC; this provided the maximum classification performance with an AUC of 0.972. A biomarker panel including C16 sphinganine, gamma-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, PC(16:0/18:1(11Z)), PE(20:2(11Z,14Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)), and sulfate, was selected for discrimination between SCZ before and after medication, and produced the optimal classification performance with an AUC of 0.905. Disturbances in lipid metabolism, sulfation modification, tryptophan metabolism, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant systems, and unsaturated fatty acids metabolism, were identified in SCZ. Our findings could facilitate the development of objective diagnostic or drug treatment monitoring tools for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Song
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
| | - Ya Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jiahui Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Han Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xi Su
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Minglong Shao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Dong Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Qing Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
| | - Wenqiang Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Mental Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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Dynamic Changes in Plasma Metabolic Profiles Reveal a Potential Metabolite Panel for Interpretation of Fatal Intoxication by Chlorpromazine or Olanzapine in Mice. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121184. [PMID: 36557223 PMCID: PMC9782175 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing the cause of fatal intoxication by antipsychotic agents is an important task in forensic practice. In the 2020 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers, among 40 deaths caused by antipsychotics, 21 cases were diagnosed as "probably responsible", thereby indicating that more objective diagnostic tools are needed. We used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based integrated metabolomics analysis to measure changes in metabolic profiles in the plasma of mice that died from fatal intoxication due to chlorpromazine (CPZ) or olanzapine (OLA). These results were used to construct a stable discriminative classification model (DCM) comprising L-acetylcarnitine, succinic acid, and propionylcarnitine between fatal intoxication caused by CPZ/OLA and cervical dislocation (control). Performance evaluation of the classification model in mice that suffered fatal intoxication showed relative specificity for different pharmacodynamic drugs and relative sensitivity in different life states (normal, intoxication, fatal intoxication). A stable level of L-acetylcarnitine and variable levels of succinic acid and propionylcarnitine between fatal-intoxication and intoxication groups revealed procedural perturbations in metabolic pathways related to fatal intoxication by CPZ/OLA. Additional stability studies revealed that decomposition of succinic acid in fatal-intoxication samples (especially in the OLA group) could weaken the prediction performance of the binary-classification model; however, levels of these three potential metabolites measured within 6 days in fresh samples kept at 4 °C revealed a good performance of our model. Our findings suggest that metabolomics analysis can be used to explore metabolic alterations during fatal intoxication due to use of antipsychotic agents and provide evidence for the cause of death.
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Yang KC, Chen YY, Liu MN, Yang BH, Chou YH. Interactions between dopamine transporter and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-related amino acids on cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 248:263-270. [PMID: 36115191 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairments, the main determinants of functional outcomes in schizophrenia, had limited treatment responses and need a better understanding of the mechanisms. Dysfunctions of the dopamine system and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), the primary pathophysiologies of schizophrenia, may impair cognition. This study explored the effects and interactions of striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) and plasma NMDAR-related amino acids on cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. METHODS We recruited 36 schizophrenia patients and 36 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). All participants underwent cognitive assessments of attention, memory, and executive function. Single-photon emission computed tomography with 99mTc-TRODAT and ultra-performance liquid chromatography were applied to determine DAT availability and plasma concentrations of eight amino acids, respectively. RESULTS Compared with HC, schizophrenia patients had lower cognitive performance, higher methionine concentrations, decreased concentrations of glutamic acid, cysteine, aspartic acid, arginine, the ratio of glutamic acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid (Glu/GABA), and DAT availability in the left caudate nucleus (CN) and putamen. Regarding memory scores, Glu/GABA and the DAT availability in left CN and putamen exhibited positive relationships, while methionine concentrations showed negative associations in all participants. The DAT availability in left CN mediated the methionine-memory relationship. An exploratory backward stepwise regression analysis for the four biological markers associated with memory indicated that DAT availability in left CN and Glu/GABA remained in the final model. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the interactions of striatal DAT and NMDAR-related amino acids on cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Future studies to comprehensively evaluate their complex interactions and treatment implications are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yu Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-N Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Hung Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hwa Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Quality Management, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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7
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Aoki R, Saito T, Ninomiya K, Shimasaki A, Ashizawa T, Ito K, Ikeda M, Iwata N. Shared genetic components between metabolic syndrome and schizophrenia: Genetic correlation using multipopulation data sets. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 76:361-366. [PMID: 35536160 PMCID: PMC9546074 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The genetic relationship between schizophrenia (SCZ) and other nonpsychiatric disorders remains largely unknown. We examined the shared genetic components between these disorders based on multipopulation data sets. METHODS We used two data sets for East Asian (EAS) and European (EUR) samples. SCZ data was based on the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Asia with our own genome-wide association study for EAS and Psychiatric Genomics Consortium for EUR. Nonpsychiatric data (20 binary traits [mainly nonpsychiatric complex disorders] and 34 quantitative traits [mainly laboratory examinations and physical characteristics]) were obtained from Biobank Japan and UK Biobank for EAS and EUR samples, respectively. To evaluate genetic correlation, linkage disequilibrium score regression analysis was utilized with further meta-analysis for each result from EAS and EUR samples to obtain robust evidence. Subsequent mendelian randomization analysis was also included to examine the causal effect. RESULTS A significant genetic correlation between SCZ and several metabolic syndrome (MetS) traits was detected in the combined samples (meta-analysis between EAS and EUR data) (body mass index [rg = -0.10, q-value = 1.0 × 10-9 ], high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol [rg = 0.072, q-value = 2.9 × 10-3 ], blood sugar [rg = -0.068, q-value = 1.4 × 10-2 ], triglycerides [rg = -0.052, q-value = 2.4 × 10-2 ], systolic blood pressure [rg = -0.054, q-value = 3.5 × 10-2 ], and C-reactive protein [rg = -0.076, q-value = 7.8 × 10-5 ]. However, no causal relationship on SCZ susceptibility was detected for these traits based on the mendelian randomization analysis. CONCLUSION Our results indicate shared genetic components between SCZ and MetS traits and C-reactive protein. Specifically, we found it interesting that the correlation between MetS traits and SCZ was the opposite of that expected from clinical studies: this genetic study suggests that SCZ susceptibility was associated with reduced MetS. This implied that MetS in patients with SCZ was not associated with genetic components but with environmental factors, including antipsychotics, lifestyle changes, poor diet, lack of exercise, and living conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Aoki
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Takeo Saito
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kohei Ninomiya
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Ayu Shimasaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Takuma Ashizawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kenta Ito
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
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Liu T, Deng K, Xue Y, Yang R, Yang R, Gong Z, Tang M. Carnitine and Depression. Front Nutr 2022; 9:853058. [PMID: 35369081 PMCID: PMC8964433 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.853058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression has become one of the most common mental diseases in the world, but the understanding of its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatments remains insufficient. Carnitine is a natural substance that exists in organisms, which can be synthesized in vivo or supplemented by intake. Relationships of carnitine with depression, bipolar disorder and other mental diseases have been reported in different studies. Several studies show that the level of acylcarnitines (ACs) changes significantly in patients with depression compared with healthy controls while the supplementation of acetyl-L-carnitine is beneficial to the treatment of depression. In this review, we aimed to clarify the effects of ACs in depressive patients and to explore whether ACs might be the biomarkers for the diagnosis of depression and provide new ideas to treat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kunhong Deng
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mimi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Okamoto L, Watanabe S, Deno S, Nie X, Maruyama J, Tomita M, Hatano A, Yugi K. Meta-analysis of transcriptional regulatory networks for lipid metabolism in neural cells from schizophrenia patients based on an open-source intelligence approach. Neurosci Res 2021; 175:82-97. [PMID: 34979163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There have been a number of reports about the transcriptional regulatory networks in schizophrenia. However, most of these studies were based on a specific transcription factor or a single dataset, an approach that is inadequate to understand the diverse etiology and underlying common characteristics of schizophrenia. Here we reconstructed and compared the transcriptional regulatory network for lipid metabolism enzymes using 15 public transcriptome datasets of neural cells from schizophrenia patients. Since many of the well-known schizophrenia-related SNPs are in enhancers, we reconstructed a network including enhancer-dependent regulation and found that 53.3 % of the total number of edges (7,577 pairs) involved regulation via enhancers. By examining multiple datasets, we found common and unique transcriptional modes of regulation. Furthermore, enrichment analysis of SNPs that were connected with genes in the transcriptional regulatory networks by eQTL suggested an association with hematological cell counts and some other traits/diseases, whose relationship to schizophrenia was either not or insufficiently reported in previous studies. Based on these results, we suggest that in future studies on schizophrenia, information on genotype, comorbidities and hematological cell counts should be included, along with the transcriptome, for a more detailed genetic stratification and mechanistic exploration of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Okamoto
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan; Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan
| | - Soyoka Watanabe
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan
| | - Senka Deno
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan; Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan
| | - Xiang Nie
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Junichi Maruyama
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan; Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hatano
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo Ward, Niigata City, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Yugi
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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10
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Lenski M, Sidibé J, Gholam M, Hennart B, Dubath C, Augsburger M, von Gunten A, Conus P, Allorge D, Thomas A, Eap CB. Metabolomic alteration induced by psychotropic drugs: Short-term metabolite profile as a predictor of weight gain evolution. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:2544-2555. [PMID: 34387942 PMCID: PMC8604229 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychotropic drugs can induce strong metabolic adverse effects, potentially increasing morbidity and/or mortality of patients. Metabolomic profiling, by studying the levels of numerous metabolic intermediates and products in the blood, allows a more detailed examination of metabolism dysfunctions. We aimed to identify blood metabolomic markers associated with weight gain in psychiatric patients. Sixty-two patients starting a treatment known to induce weight gain were recruited. Two hundred and six selected metabolites implicated in various pathways were analyzed in plasma, at baseline and after 1 month of treatment. Additionally, 15 metabolites of the kynurenine pathway were quantified. This latter analysis was repeated in a confirmatory cohort of 24 patients. Among the 206 metabolites, a plasma metabolomic fingerprint after 1 month of treatment embedded 19 compounds from different chemical classes (amino acids, acylcarnitines, carboxylic acids, catecholamines, nucleosides, pyridine, and tetrapyrrole) potentially involved in metabolic disruption and inflammation processes. The predictive potential of such early metabolite changes on 3 months of weight evolution was then explored using a linear mixed-effects model. Of these 19 metabolites, short-term modifications of kynurenine, hexanoylcarnitine, and biliverdin, as well as kynurenine/tryptophan ratio at 1 month, were associated with 3 months weight evolution. Alterations of the kynurenine pathway were confirmed by quantification, in both exploratory and confirmatory cohorts. Our metabolomic study suggests a specific metabolic dysregulation after 1 month of treatment with psychotropic drugs known to induce weight gain. The identified metabolomic signature could contribute in the future to the prediction of weight gain in patients treated with psychotropic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lenski
- Univ. LilleCHU LilleInstitut Pasteur de LilleULR 4483 – IMPECS – IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaineLilleFrance
| | - Jonathan Sidibé
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology and ChemistryCURMLLausanne University HospitalGeneva University HospitalsLausanne, GenevaSwitzerland
| | - Mehdi Gholam
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for Psychiatric Epidemiology and PsychopathologyLausanne University HospitalUniversity of LausannePrillySwitzerland
| | - Benjamin Hennart
- Univ. LilleCHU LilleInstitut Pasteur de LilleULR 4483 – IMPECS – IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaineLilleFrance
| | - Céline Dubath
- Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical PsychopharmacologyDepartment of PsychiatryCenter for Psychiatric NeuroscienceLausanne University HospitalUniversity of LausannePrillySwitzerland
| | - Marc Augsburger
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology and ChemistryCURMLLausanne University HospitalGeneva University HospitalsLausanne, GenevaSwitzerland
| | - Armin von Gunten
- Service of Old Age PsychiatryDepartment of PsychiatryLausanne University HospitalUniversity of LausannePrillySwitzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- Service of General PsychiatryDepartment of PsychiatryLausanne University HospitalUniversity of LausannePrillySwitzerland
| | - Delphine Allorge
- Univ. LilleCHU LilleInstitut Pasteur de LilleULR 4483 – IMPECS – IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaineLilleFrance
| | - Aurelien Thomas
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology and ChemistryCURMLLausanne University HospitalGeneva University HospitalsLausanne, GenevaSwitzerland
- Faculty Unit of ToxicologyFaculty of Biology and MedicineCURML, Lausanne University HospitalUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Chin B. Eap
- Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical PsychopharmacologyDepartment of PsychiatryCenter for Psychiatric NeuroscienceLausanne University HospitalUniversity of LausannePrillySwitzerland
- Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of LausanneSwitzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western SwitzerlandUniversity of GenevaUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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11
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Liu J, Xiu M, Liu H, Wang J, Li X. Plasma Lysophosphatidylcholine and Lysophosphatidylethanolamine Levels Were Associated With the Therapeutic Response to Olanzapine in Female Antipsychotics-naïve First-episode Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:735196. [PMID: 34603051 PMCID: PMC8481943 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.735196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating studies have shown that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia may be associated with aberrant lysophospolipid metabolism in the early stage of brain development. Recent evidence demonstrates that antipsychotic medication can regulate the phospholipase activity. However, it remains unclear whether lysophospolipid is associated with the therapeutic response to antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the influence of olanzapine monotherapy on lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) and the association between symptom improvement and changes of LPC and LPE levels during treatment in antipsychotic-naïve first-episode (ANFE) patients. Materials and Methods: The psychotic symptoms were evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). 25 ANFE patients were treated with olanzapine for 1 mo. The levels of LPC and LPE were determined and psychotic symptoms were assessed at baseline and at 1-mo follow-up. Results: Relative to baseline, the psychotic symptoms were significantly reduced after olanzapine treatment, except for negative symptoms. Moreover, the levels of most LPC and LPE increased after treatment. Interestingly, increased LPC(18:3) and LPC(20:2) levels were positively associated with the reduction rates of PANSS positive subscore. In addition, baseline levels of LPE(20:5), LPE(18:3) and LPE(22:5) were predictors for the reduction of positive symptoms. Conclusion: Our study reveals that the levels of lysophospolipid are associated with the improvement of positive symptoms, indicating that LPC may be a potential therapeutic target for olanzapine in schizophrenia. Moreover, baseline LPE levels were predictive biomarkers for the therapeutic response to olanzapine in the early stage of treatment in ANFE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Liu
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xirong Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, China
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12
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Molina JD, Avila S, Rubio G, López-Muñoz F. Metabolomic connections between schizophrenia, antipsychotic drugs and metabolic syndrome: A variety of players. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:4049-4061. [PMID: 34348619 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210804110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of schizophrenia lacks of reliable medical diagnostic tests and robust biomarkers applied to clinical practice. Schizophrenic patients undergoing treatment with antipsychotics suffer a reduced life expectancy due to metabolic disarrangements that co-exist with their mental illness and predispose them to develop metabolic syndrome, also exacerbated by medication. Metabolomics is an emerging and potent technology able to accelerate this biomedical research. <P> Aim: This review focus on a detailed vision of the molecular mechanisms involved both in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome, based on innovative metabolites that consistently change in nascent metabolic syndrome, drug-naïve, first episode psychosis and/or schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects. <P> Main lines: Supported by metabolomic approaches, although not exclusively, noteworthy variations are reported mainly through serum samples of patients and controls in several scenes: 1) alterations in fatty acids, inflammatory response indicators, amino acids and biogenic amines, biometals and gut microbiota metabolites (schizophrenia); 2) alterations in metabolites involved in carbohydrate and gut microbiota metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress (metabolic syndrome), some of them shared with the schizophrenia scene; 3) alterations of cytokines secreted by adipose tissue, phosphatidylcholines, acylcarnitines, Sirtuin 1, orexin-A and changes in microbiota composition (antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome). <P> Conclusion: Novel insights into the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and metabolic side-effects associated to its antipsychotic treatment, represent an urgent request for scientifics and clinicians. Leptin, carnitines, adiponectin, insulin or interleukin-6 represent some examples of candidate biomarkers. Cutting-edge technologies like metabolomics have the power of strengthen research for achieving preventive, diagnostic and therapeutical solutions for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Molina
- Clinical Management Area of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Psychiatric Service, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid. Spain
| | - Sonia Avila
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid. Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio
- Clinical Management Area of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Psychiatric Service, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid. Spain
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13
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Tkachev A, Stekolshchikova E, Anikanov N, Zozulya S, Barkhatova A, Klyushnik T, Petrova D. Shorter Chain Triglycerides Are Negatively Associated with Symptom Improvement in Schizophrenia. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050720. [PMID: 34064997 PMCID: PMC8151512 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder requiring lifelong treatment. While medications are available that are effective in treating some patients, individual treatment responses can vary, with some patients exhibiting resistance to one or multiple drugs. Currently, little is known about the causes of the difference in treatment response observed among individuals with schizophrenia, and satisfactory markers of poor response are not available for clinical practice. Here, we studied the changes in the levels of 322 blood plasma lipids between two time points assessed in 92 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia during their inpatient treatment and their association with the extent of symptom improvement. We found 20 triglyceride species increased in individuals with the least improvement in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores, but not in those with the largest reduction in PANSS scores. These triglyceride species were distinct from the rest of the triglyceride species present in blood plasma. They contained a relatively low number of carbons in their fatty acid residues and were relatively low in abundance compared to the principal triglyceride species of blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tkachev
- V. Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.); (N.A.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Stekolshchikova
- V. Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.); (N.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Nickolay Anikanov
- V. Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.); (N.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Svetlana Zozulya
- Mental Health Research Center, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (S.Z.); (A.B.); (T.K.)
| | | | - Tatiana Klyushnik
- Mental Health Research Center, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (S.Z.); (A.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Daria Petrova
- V. Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.); (N.A.); (D.P.)
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14
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Topology predicts long-term functional outcome in early psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5335-5346. [PMID: 32632207 PMCID: PMC8589664 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Early intervention in psychosis is crucial to improving patient response to treatment and the functional deficits that critically affect their long-term quality of life. Stratification tools are needed to personalize functional deficit prevention strategies at an early stage. In the present study, we applied topological tools to analyze symptoms of early psychosis patients, and detected a clear stratification of the cohort into three groups. One of the groups had a significantly better psychosocial outcome than the others after a 3-year clinical follow-up. This group was characterized by a metabolic profile indicative of an activated antioxidant response, while that of the groups with poorer outcome was indicative of oxidative stress. We replicated in a second cohort the finding that the three distinct clinical profiles at baseline were associated with distinct outcomes at follow-up, thus validating the predictive value of this new stratification. This approach could assist in personalizing treatment strategies.
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15
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Knuplez E, Marsche G. An Updated Review of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plasma Lysophosphatidylcholines in the Vascular System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124501. [PMID: 32599910 PMCID: PMC7350010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholines are a group of bioactive lipids heavily investigated in the context of inflammation and atherosclerosis development. While present in plasma during physiological conditions, their concentration can drastically increase in certain inflammatory states. Lysophosphatidylcholines are widely regarded as potent pro-inflammatory and deleterious mediators, but an increasing number of more recent studies show multiple beneficial properties under various pathological conditions. Many of the discrepancies in the published studies are due to the investigation of different species or mixtures of lysophatidylcholines and the use of supra-physiological concentrations in the absence of serum or other carrier proteins. Furthermore, interpretation of the results is complicated by the rapid metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in cells and tissues to pro-inflammatory lysophosphatidic acid. Interestingly, most of the recent studies, in contrast to older studies, found lower LPC plasma levels associated with unfavorable disease outcomes. Being the most abundant lysophospholipid in plasma, it is of utmost importance to understand its physiological functions and shed light on the discordant literature connected to its research. LPCs should be recognized as important homeostatic mediators involved in all stages of vascular inflammation. In this review, we want to point out potential pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of lysophospholipids in the vascular system and highlight recent discoveries about the effect of lysophosphatidylcholines on immune cells at the endothelial vascular interface. We will also look at their potential clinical application as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Knuplez
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (G.M.); Tel.: +43-385-74115 (E.K.); +43-316-385-74128 (G.M.)
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (G.M.); Tel.: +43-385-74115 (E.K.); +43-316-385-74128 (G.M.)
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16
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Clozapine: A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9872936. [PMID: 31998804 PMCID: PMC6970501 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9872936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Clozapine is a second-generation antipsychotic drug that is considered the most effective treatment for refractory schizophrenia. Several clozapine population pharmacokinetic models have been introduced in the last decades. Thus, a systematic review was performed (i) to compare published pharmacokinetics models and (ii) to summarize and explore identified covariates influencing the clozapine pharmacokinetics models. Methods A search of publications for population pharmacokinetic analyses of clozapine either in healthy volunteers or patients from inception to April 2019 was conducted in PubMed and SCOPUS databases. Reviews, methodology articles, in vitro and animal studies, and noncompartmental analysis were excluded. Results Twelve studies were included in this review. Clozapine pharmacokinetics was described as one-compartment with first-order absorption and elimination in most of the studies. Significant interindividual variations of clozapine pharmacokinetic parameters were found in most of the included studies. Age, sex, smoking status, and cytochrome P450 1A2 were found to be the most common identified covariates affecting these parameters. External validation was only performed in one study to determine the predictive performance of the models. Conclusions Large pharmacokinetic variability remains despite the inclusion of several covariates. This can be improved by including other potential factors such as genetic polymorphisms, metabolic factors, and significant drug-drug interactions in a well-designed population pharmacokinetic model in the future, taking into account the incorporation of larger sample size and more stringent sampling strategy. External validation should also be performed to the previously published models to compare their predictive performances.
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17
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Omics in schizophrenia: current progress and future directions of antipsychotic treatments. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Abstract
Recently, metabolomics-the study of metabolite profiles within biological samples-has found a wide range of applications. This chapter describes the different techniques available for metabolomic analysis, the various samples that can be utilised for analysis and applications of both global and targeted metabolomic analysis to biomarker discovery in medicine.
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