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Ouyang H, Wang L, Sapkota D, Yang M, Morán J, Li L, Olson BA, Schwartz M, Hogan CJ, Torremorell M. Control technologies to prevent aerosol-based disease transmission in animal agriculture production settings: a review of established and emerging approaches. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1291312. [PMID: 38033641 PMCID: PMC10682736 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1291312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of infectious agents via aerosols is an ever-present concern in animal agriculture production settings, as the aerosol route to disease transmission can lead to difficult-to-control and costly diseases, such as porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus and influenza A virus. It is increasingly necessary to implement control technologies to mitigate aerosol-based disease transmission. Here, we review currently utilized and prospective future aerosol control technologies to collect and potentially inactivate pathogens in aerosols, with an emphasis on technologies that can be incorporated into mechanically driven (forced air) ventilation systems to prevent aerosol-based disease spread from facility to facility. Broadly, we find that control technologies can be grouped into three categories: (1) currently implemented technologies; (2) scaled technologies used in industrial and medical settings; and (3) emerging technologies. Category (1) solely consists of fibrous filter media, which have been demonstrated to reduce the spread of PRRSV between swine production facilities. We review the mechanisms by which filters function and are rated (minimum efficiency reporting values). Category (2) consists of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), used industrially to collect aerosol particles in higher flow rate systems, and ultraviolet C (UV-C) systems, used in medical settings to inactivate pathogens. Finally, category (3) consists of a variety of technologies, including ionization-based systems, microwaves, and those generating reactive oxygen species, often with the goal of pathogen inactivation in aerosols. As such technologies are typically first tested through varied means at the laboratory scale, we additionally review control technology testing techniques at various stages of development, from laboratory studies to field demonstration, and in doing so, suggest uniform testing and report standards are needed. Testing standards should consider the cost-benefit of implementing the technologies applicable to the livestock species of interest. Finally, we examine economic models for implementing aerosol control technologies, defining the collected infectious particles per unit energy demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ouyang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas-Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Deepak Sapkota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas-Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - My Yang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - José Morán
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bernard A. Olson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mark Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Schwartz Farms, Sleepy Eye, MN, United States
| | - Christopher J. Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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Nguyen TT, He C, Carter R, Ballard EL, Smith K, Groth R, Jaatinen E, Kidd TJ, Thomson RM, Tay G, Johnson GR, Bell SC, Knibbs LD. Quantifying the effectiveness of ultraviolet-C light at inactivating airborne Mycobacterium abscessus. J Hosp Infect 2023; 132:133-139. [PMID: 36309203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium abscessus (MABS) group are environmental organisms that can cause infection in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) and other suppurative lung diseases. There is potential for person-to-person airborne transmission of MABS among people with CF attending the same care centre. Ultraviolet light (band C, UV-C) is used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis control indoors; however, no studies have assessed UV-C for airborne MABS. AIM To determine whether a range of UV-C doses increased the inactivation of airborne MABS, compared with no-UVC conditions. METHODS MABS was generated by a vibrating mesh nebulizer located within a 400 L rotating drum sampler, and then exposed to an array of 265 nm UV-C light-emitting diodes (LED). A six-stage Andersen Cascade Impactor was used to collect aerosols. Standard microbiological protocols were used for enumerating MABS, and these quantified the effectiveness of UV-C doses (in triplicate). UV-C effectiveness was estimated using the difference between inactivation with and without UV-C. FINDINGS Sixteen tests were performed, with UV-C doses ranging from 276 to 1104 μW s/cm2. Mean (±SD) UV-C effectiveness ranged from 47.1% (±13.4) to 83.6% (±3.3). UV-C led to significantly greater inactivation of MABS (all P-values ≤0.045) than natural decay at all doses assessed. Using an indoor model of the hospital environment, it was estimated that UV-C doses in the range studied here could be safely delivered in clinical settings where patients and staff are present. CONCLUSION This study provides empirical in-vitro evidence that nebulized MABS are susceptible to UV-C inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Nguyen
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - C He
- International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R Carter
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - E L Ballard
- QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - K Smith
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R Groth
- International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - E Jaatinen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - T J Kidd
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R M Thomson
- The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - G Tay
- The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - G R Johnson
- International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S C Bell
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - L D Knibbs
- Public Health Unit, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Nguyen TT, He C, Carter R, Ballard EL, Smith K, Groth R, Jaatinen E, Kidd TJ, Nguyen TK, Stockwell RE, Tay G, Johnson GR, Bell SC, Knibbs LD. The Effectiveness of Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Irradiation on the Viability of Airborne Pseudomonas aeruginosa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013706. [PMID: 36294279 PMCID: PMC9602727 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) is the predominant bacterial pathogen in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) and can be transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei. Little is known about the ability of ultraviolet band C (UV-C) irradiation to inactivate Pa at doses and conditions relevant to implementation in indoor clinical settings. We assessed the effectiveness of UV-C (265 nm) at up to seven doses on the decay of nebulized Pa aerosols (clonal Pa strain) under a range of experimental conditions. Experiments were done in a 400 L rotating sampling drum. A six-stage Andersen cascade impactor was used to collect aerosols inside the drum and the particle size distribution was characterized by an optical particle counter. UV-C effectiveness was characterized relative to control tests (no UV-C) of the natural decay of Pa. We performed 112 tests in total across all experimental conditions. The addition of UV-C significantly increased the inactivation of Pa compared with natural decay alone at all but one of the UV-C doses assessed. UV-C doses from 246-1968 µW s/cm2 had an estimated effectiveness of approximately 50-90% for airborne Pa. The effectiveness of doses ≥984 µW s/cm2 were not significantly different from each other (p-values: 0.365 to ~1), consistent with a flattening of effectiveness at higher doses. Modelling showed that delivering the highest dose associated with significant improvement in effectiveness (984 µW s/cm2) to the upper air of three clinical rooms would lead to lower room doses from 37-49% of the 8 h occupational limit. Our results suggest that UV-C can expedite the inactivation of nebulized airborne Pa under controlled conditions, at levels that can be delivered safely in occupied settings. These findings need corroboration, but UV-C may have potential applications in locations where people with CF congregate, coupled with other indoor and administrative infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tham Nguyen
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Congrong He
- International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Robyn Carter
- Centre for Children’s Health Research, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Emma L. Ballard
- QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Kim Smith
- Centre for Children’s Health Research, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Robert Groth
- International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Esa Jaatinen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Kidd
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia
- Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Thuy-Khanh Nguyen
- QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | | | - George Tay
- The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia
| | - Graham R. Johnson
- International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Scott C. Bell
- Centre for Children’s Health Research, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
- The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4032, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Luke D. Knibbs
- Public Health Unit, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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A Review of Selected Types of Indoor Air Purifiers in Terms of Microbial Air Contamination Reduction. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aims: With the ongoing pandemic and increased interest in measures to improve indoor air quality, various indoor air purifiers have become very popular and are widely used. This review presents the advantages and disadvantages of various types of technologies used in air purifiers in terms of reducing microbial contamination. Methods: A literature search was performed using Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, as well as technical organizations dealing with indoor air-quality to identify research articles and documents within our defined scope of interest. Relevant sections: The available literature data focus mainly on the efficiency of devices based on tests conducted in laboratory conditions with test chambers, which does not reflect the real dimensions and conditions observed in residential areas. According to a wide range of articles on the topic, the actual effectiveness of air purifiers is significantly lower in real conditions than the values declared by the manufacturers in their marketing materials as well as technical specifications. Conclusions: According to current findings, using indoor air purifiers should not be the only measure to improve indoor air-quality; however, these can play a supporting role if their application is preceded by an appropriate technical and environmental analysis considering the real conditions of its use.
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Welch D, Aquino de Muro M, Buonanno M, Brenner DJ. Wavelength-dependent DNA Photodamage in a 3-D Human Skin Model over the far-UVC and Germicidal-UVC Wavelength Ranges from 215 to 255 nm. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1167-1171. [PMID: 35104367 PMCID: PMC9544172 DOI: 10.1111/php.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of UVC to reduce airborne‐mediated disease transmission is well established. However, conventional germicidal UVC (~254 nm) cannot be used directly in occupied spaces because of the potential for damage to the skin and eye. A recently studied alternative with the potential to be used directly in occupied spaces is far UVC (200–235 nm, typically 222 nm), as it cannot penetrate to the key living cells in the epidermis. Optimal far‐UVC use is hampered by limited knowledge of the precise wavelength dependence of UVC‐induced DNA damage, and thus we have used a monochromatic UVC exposure system to assess wavelength‐dependent DNA damage in a realistic 3‐D human skin model. We exposed a 3‐D human skin model to mono‐wavelength UVC exposures of 100 mJ/cm2, at UVC wavelengths from 215 to 255 nm (5 nm steps). At each wavelength, we measured yields of DNA‐damaged keratinocytes, and their distribution within the layers of the epidermis. No increase in DNA damage was observed in the epidermis at wavelengths from 215 to 235 nm, but at higher wavelengths (240–255 nm) significant levels of DNA damage was observed. These results support use of far‐UVC radiation to safely reduce the risk of airborne disease transmission in occupied locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Marilena Aquino de Muro
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Manuela Buonanno
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Beckwith PG, Karat AS, Govender I, Deol AK, McCreesh N, Kielmann K, Baisley K, Grant AD, Yates TA. Direct estimates of absolute ventilation and estimated Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission risk in clinics in South Africa. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000603. [PMID: 36962521 PMCID: PMC10021606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare facilities are important sites for the transmission of pathogens spread via bioaerosols, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Natural ventilation can play an important role in reducing this transmission. We aimed to measure rates of natural ventilation in clinics in KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape provinces, South Africa, then use these measurements to estimate Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission risk. We measured ventilation in clinic spaces using a tracer-gas release method. In spaces where this was not possible, we estimated ventilation using data on indoor and outdoor carbon dioxide levels. Ventilation was measured i) under usual conditions and ii) with all windows and doors fully open. Under various assumptions about infectiousness and duration of exposure, measured absolute ventilation rates were related to risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission using the Wells-Riley Equation. In 2019, we obtained ventilation measurements in 33 clinical spaces in 10 clinics: 13 consultation rooms, 16 waiting areas and 4 other clinical spaces. Under usual conditions, the absolute ventilation rate was much higher in waiting rooms (median 1769 m3/hr, range 338-4815 m3/hr) than in consultation rooms (median 197 m3/hr, range 0-1451 m3/hr). When compared with usual conditions, fully opening existing doors and windows resulted in a median two-fold increase in ventilation. Using standard assumptions about infectiousness, we estimated that a health worker would have a 24.8% annual risk of becoming infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and that a patient would have an 0.1% risk of becoming infected per visit. Opening existing doors and windows and rearranging patient pathways to preferentially use better ventilated clinic spaces result in important reductions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission risk. However, unless combined with other tuberculosis infection prevention and control interventions, these changes are insufficient to reduce risk to health workers, and other highly exposed individuals, to acceptable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Beckwith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron S Karat
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Indira Govender
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Africa Health Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Arminder K Deol
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicky McCreesh
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karina Kielmann
- The Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kathy Baisley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison D Grant
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Africa Health Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tom A Yates
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Sterilization of food packaging by UV-C irradiation: Is Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404 the best target microorganism for industrial bio-validations? Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 357:109383. [PMID: 34509931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In food industries UV-C irradiation is used to achieve decontamination of some packaging devices, such as plastic caps or laminated foils, and of those smooth surfaces that can be directly irradiated. Since its effectiveness can be checked by microbial validation tests, some ascospore-forming molds (Aspergillus hiratsukae, Talaromyces bacillisporus, Aspergillus montevidensis, and Chaetomium globosum) were compared with one of the target microorganisms actually used in industrial bio-validations (Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404) to find the species most resistant to UV-C. Tests were carried out with an UV-C lamp (irradiance = 127 μW/cm2; emission peak = 253.7 nm) by inoculating HDPE caps with one or more layers of spores. Inactivation kinetics of each strain were studied and both the corresponding 1D-values and the number of Logarithmic Count Reductions (LCR) achieved were calculated. Our results showed the important role played by the type of inoculum (one or more layers) and by the differences in cell structure (thickness, presence of protective solutes, pigmentation, etc.) of the strains tested. With a single-layer inoculum, Chaetomium globosum showed the highest resistance to UV-C irradiation (1D-value = 100 s). With a multi-layer inoculum, Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404 was the most resistant fungus (1D-value = 188 s), even if it reached a number of logarithmic reductions that was higher than those of some ascospore-forming mycetes (Aspergillus montevidensis, Talaromyces bacillisporus) tested.
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Eadie E, Barnard IMR, Ibbotson SH, Wood K. Extreme Exposure to Filtered Far-UVC: A Case Study †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:527-531. [PMID: 33471372 PMCID: PMC8638665 DOI: 10.1111/php.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Far-UVC devices are being commercially sold as "safe for humans" for the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2, without supporting human safety data. We felt there was a need for rapid proof-of-concept human self-exposure, to inform future controlled research and promote informed discussion. A Fitzpatrick Skin Type II individual exposed their inner forearms to large radiant exposures from a filtered Krypton-Chloride (KrCl) far-UVC system (SafeZoneUVC, Ushio Inc., Tokyo, Japan) with peak emission at 222 nm. No visible skin changes were observed at 1500 mJ cm-2 ; whereas, skin yellowing that appeared immediately and resolved within 24 h occurred with a 6000 mJ cm-2 exposure. No erythema was observed at any time point with exposures up to 18 000 mJ cm-2 . These results combined with Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer computer modeling suggest that filtering longer ultraviolet wavelengths is critical for the human skin safety of far-UVC devices. This work also contributes to growing arguments for the exploration of exposure limit expansion, which would subsequently enable faster inactivation of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan Eadie
- Scottish Photobiology Service, Photobiology Unit, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Isla M R Barnard
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Sally H Ibbotson
- Scottish Photobiology Service, Photobiology Unit, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Kenneth Wood
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Abstract
Traditional tuberculosis (TB) infection control focuses on the known patient with TB, usually on appropriate treatment. A refocused, intensified TB infection control approach is presented. Combined with active case finding and rapid molecular diagnostics, an approach called FAST is described as a convenient way to call attention to the untreated patient. Natural ventilation is the mainstay of air disinfection in much of the world. Germicidal ultraviolet technology is the most sustainable approach to air disinfection under resource-limited conditions. Testing and treatment of latent TB infection works to prevent reactivation but requires greater risk targeting in both low- and high-risk settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Nardell
- Division of Global Health Equity, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Ponnaiya B, Buonanno M, Welch D, Shuryak I, Randers-Pehrson G, Brenner DJ. Far-UVC light prevents MRSA infection of superficial wounds in vivo. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192053. [PMID: 29466457 PMCID: PMC5821446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prevention of superficial surgical wound infections from drug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) currently present major health care challenges. The majority of surgical site infections (SSI) are believed to be caused by airborne transmission of bacteria alighting onto the wound during surgical procedures. We have previously shown that far-ultraviolet C light in the wavelength range of 207–222 nm is significantly harmful to bacteria, but without damaging mammalian cells and tissues. It is important that the lamp be fitted with a filter to remove light emitted at wavelengths longer than 230 nm which are harmful. Aims Using a hairless mouse model of infection of superficial wounds, here we tested the hypothesis that 222-nm light kills MRSA alighting onto a superficial skin incisions as efficiently as typical germicidal light (254 nm), but without inducing skin damage. Methods To simulate the scenario wherein incisions are infected during surgical procedures as pathogens in the room alight on a wound, MRSA was spread on a defined area of the mouse dorsal skin; the infected skin was then exposed to UVC light (222 nm or 254 nm) followed by a superficial incision within the defined area, which was immediately sutured. Two and seven days post procedure, bactericidal efficacy was measured as MRSA colony formation unit (CFU) per gram of harvested skin whereas fixed samples were used to assess skin damage measured in terms of epidermal thickness and DNA photodamage. Results In the circumstance of superficial incisions infected with bacteria alighting onto the wound, 222-nm light showed the same bactericidal properties of 254-nm light but without the associated skin damage. Conclusions Being safe for patient and hospital staff, our results suggested that far-UVC light (222 nm) might be a convenient approach to prevent transmission of drug-resistant infectious agents in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ponnaiya
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Manuela Buonanno
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gerhard Randers-Pehrson
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Far-UVC light: A new tool to control the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2752. [PMID: 29426899 PMCID: PMC5807439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21058-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Airborne-mediated microbial diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis represent major public health challenges. A direct approach to prevent airborne transmission is inactivation of airborne pathogens, and the airborne antimicrobial potential of UVC ultraviolet light has long been established; however, its widespread use in public settings is limited because conventional UVC light sources are both carcinogenic and cataractogenic. By contrast, we have previously shown that far-UVC light (207-222 nm) efficiently inactivates bacteria without harm to exposed mammalian skin. This is because, due to its strong absorbance in biological materials, far-UVC light cannot penetrate even the outer (non living) layers of human skin or eye; however, because bacteria and viruses are of micrometer or smaller dimensions, far-UVC can penetrate and inactivate them. We show for the first time that far-UVC efficiently inactivates airborne aerosolized viruses, with a very low dose of 2 mJ/cm2 of 222-nm light inactivating >95% of aerosolized H1N1 influenza virus. Continuous very low dose-rate far-UVC light in indoor public locations is a promising, safe and inexpensive tool to reduce the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases.
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Verkuijl S, Middelkoop K. Protecting Our Front-liners: Occupational Tuberculosis Prevention Through Infection Control Strategies. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 62 Suppl 3:S231-7. [PMID: 27118852 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers (HCWs) in low- and middle-income countries with high tuberculosis prevalence are at increased risk of tuberculosis infection; however, tuberculosis infection control (TBIC) measures are often poorly implemented. The World Health Organization recommends 4 levels of TBIC: managerial (establishment and oversight of TBIC policies), administrative controls (reducing HCWs' exposure to tuberculosis), environmental controls (reducing the concentration of infectious respiratory aerosols in the air), and personal respiratory protection. This article will discuss each of these levels of TBIC, and review the available data on the implementation of each in sub-Saharan African countries. In addition, we review the attitudes and motivation of HCWs regarding TBIC measures, and the impact of stigma on infection control practices and implementation. After summarizing the challenges facing effective TBIC implementation, we will discuss possible solutions and recommendations. Last, we present a case study of how a clinic effectively addressed some of the challenges of TBIC implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Verkuijl
- International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, Watermael-Boitsfort, Belgium
| | - Keren Middelkoop
- Department of Medicine, Desmond Tutu HIV Centre Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Nardell EA. Transmission and Institutional Infection Control of Tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 6:a018192. [PMID: 26292985 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) transmission control in institutions is evolving with increased awareness of the rapid impact of treatment on transmission, the importance of the unsuspected, untreated case of transmission, and the advent of rapid molecular diagnostics. With active case finding based on cough surveillance and rapid drug susceptibility testing, in theory, it is possible to be reasonably sure that no patient enters a facility with undiagnosed TB or drug resistance. Droplet nuclei transmission of TB is reviewed with an emphasis on risk factors relevant to control. Among environmental controls, natural ventilation and upper-room ultraviolet germicidal ultraviolet air disinfection are the most cost-effective choices, although high-volume mechanical ventilation can also be used. Room air cleaners are generally not recommended. Maintenance is required for all engineering solutions. Finally, personal protection with fit-tested respirators is used in many situations where administrative and engineering methods cannot assure protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Nardell
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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15
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Optimizing the protection of research participants and personnel in HIV-related research where TB is prevalent: practical solutions for improving infection control. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 65 Suppl 1:S19-23. [PMID: 24321979 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death among persons with HIV globally. HIV-related research in TB endemic areas raises some unique and important ethical issues in infection control related to protecting both research participants and personnel. To address such concerns, this article provides practical guidance to help research teams develop strategies to prevent TB transmission in studies involving persons with HIV in TB endemic settings.
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