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Gao F, You X, Yang L, Zou X, Sui B. Boosting immune responses in lung tumor immune microenvironment: A comprehensive review of strategies and adjuvants. Int Rev Immunol 2024:1-29. [PMID: 38525925 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2024.2333275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The immune system has a substantial impact on the growth and expansion of lung malignancies. Immune cells are encompassed by a stroma comprising an extracellular matrix (ECM) and different cells like stromal cells, which are known as the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). TME is marked by the presence of immunosuppressive factors, which inhibit the function of immune cells and expand tumor growth. In recent years, numerous strategies and adjuvants have been developed to extend immune responses in the TIME, to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this comprehensive review, we outline the present knowledge of immune evasion mechanisms in lung TIME, explain the biology of immune cells and diverse effectors on these components, and discuss various approaches for overcoming suppressive barriers. We highlight the potential of novel adjuvants, including toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines, phytochemicals, nanocarriers, and oncolytic viruses, for enhancing immune responses in the TME. Ultimately, we provide a summary of ongoing clinical trials investigating these strategies and adjuvants in lung cancer patients. This review also provides a broad overview of the current state-of-the-art in boosting immune responses in the TIME and highlights the potential of these approaches for improving outcomes in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoqing You
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Oncology, Da Qing Long Nan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiangni Zou
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bowen Sui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Ebrahimi S, Habibzadeh A, Khojasteh-Kaffash S, Valizadeh P, Samieefar N, Rezaei N. Immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy as the game-changing approach for pediatric lymphoma: A brief landscape. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 193:104225. [PMID: 38049077 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is known as the third most common malignancy in children, and its prevalence and mortality are increasing. Common treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and also surgery, despite their efficacy, have many side effects and, have a high chance of disease relapse. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) offer a promising alternative with potentially fewer risks of relapse and toxicity. This review article aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of ICIs, either as monotherapy or in combination, for pediatric lymphoma patients. ICIs have revolutionized cancer treatment in recent years and have shown remarkable results in several adult cancers. However, their efficacy in treating pediatrics requires further investigation. Nevertheless, some ICIs, including nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab, have demonstrated encouraging outcomes. ICIs therapy is not without risks and can cause side effects, including rash, itching, vitiligo, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dysphagia, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, thyroid, and pituitary dysfunction. Overall, this review article highlights the potential benefits and risks of ICIs in treating pediatric lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ebrahimi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Adrina Habibzadeh
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Soroush Khojasteh-Kaffash
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Parya Valizadeh
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noosha Samieefar
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Garbin A, Contarini G, Damanti CC, Tosato A, Bortoluzzi S, Gaffo E, Pizzi M, Carraro E, Lo Nigro L, Vinti L, Pillon M, Biffi A, Lovisa F, Mussolin L. MiR-146a-5p enrichment in small-extracellular vesicles of relapsed pediatric ALCL patients promotes macrophages infiltration and differentiation. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115747. [PMID: 37591448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a CD30-positive lymphoma accounting for 20% of all pediatric T-cell lymphomas. Current first line treatment can cure most of ALCL patients but 10-30% of them are resistant or relapse. In this context, liquid biopsy has the potential to help clinicians in disease screening and treatment response monitoring. Small-RNA-sequencing analysis performed on plasma small-extracellular vesicles (s-EVs) from 20 pediatric anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive (ALK + ) ALCL patients at diagnosis revealed a specific miRNAs cargo in relapsed patients compared to non-relapsed, with seven miRNAs enriched in s-EVs of relapsed patients. MiR-146a-5p and miR-378a-3p showed a negative prognostic impact both in univariate and multivariate analysis, possibly representing, together with let-7 g-5p, a miRNA panel for the early identification of high-risk patients. Among them, miR-146a-5p is known to modulate tumor supporting-M2 macrophages differentiation, but the role of these cells in pediatric ALK + ALCL is still unknown. To elucidate the role of miR-146a-5p and M2 macrophages in pediatric ALCL disease, THP-1-derived macrophages were treated with s-EVs from ALK + ALCL cell lines, showing increased miR-146a-5p intracellular expression, migrating capability and M2-markers CD163 and Arginase-1 upregulation. In turn, conditioned media from M2 macrophages or miR-146a-5p-transfected THP-1 increased ALCL cells' aggressive features and were enriched in interleukin-8. Overall, these data suggest a role of miR-146a-5p in promoting macrophage infiltration and M2-like polarization in ALCL. Our findings incite further investigation on the role of M2 macrophages in ALCL aggressiveness and dissemination, also considering the novel treatment options targeting tumor associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Garbin
- Maternal and Child Health Department Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica "Città della Speranza", Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgia Contarini
- Maternal and Child Health Department Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica "Città della Speranza", Padua, Italy
| | - Carlotta C Damanti
- Maternal and Child Health Department Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica "Città della Speranza", Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Tosato
- Maternal and Child Health Department Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica "Città della Speranza", Padua, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Gaffo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzi
- General Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Carraro
- Maternal and Child Health Department Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Lo Nigro
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Ematologia ed Oncologia Pediatrica, Azienda Policlinico "G. Rodolico - San Marco", Catania, Italy
| | - Luciana Vinti
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Pillon
- Maternal and Child Health Department Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Biffi
- Maternal and Child Health Department Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica "Città della Speranza", Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Lovisa
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica "Città della Speranza", Padua, Italy
| | - Lara Mussolin
- Maternal and Child Health Department Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica "Città della Speranza", Padua, Italy.
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Collier-Bain HD, Brown FF, Causer AJ, Emery A, Oliver R, Moore S, Murray J, Turner JE, Campbell JP. Harnessing the immunomodulatory effects of exercise to enhance the efficacy of monoclonal antibody therapies against B-cell haematological cancers: a narrative review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1244090. [PMID: 37681023 PMCID: PMC10482436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1244090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are standard care for many B-cell haematological cancers. The modes of action for these mAbs include: induction of cancer cell lysis by activating Fcγ-receptors on innate immune cells; opsonising target cells for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or phagocytosis, and/or triggering the classical complement pathway; the simultaneous binding of cancer cells with T-cells to create an immune synapse and activate perforin-mediated T-cell cytotoxicity against cancer cells; blockade of immune checkpoints to facilitate T-cell cytotoxicity against immunogenic cancer cell clones; and direct delivery of cytotoxic agents via internalisation of mAbs by target cells. While treatment regimens comprising mAb therapy can lead to durable anti-cancer responses, disease relapse is common due to failure of mAb therapy to eradicate minimal residual disease. Factors that limit mAb efficacy include: suboptimal effector cell frequencies, overt immune exhaustion and/or immune anergy, and survival of diffusely spread tumour cells in different stromal niches. In this review, we discuss how immunomodulatory changes arising from exposure to structured bouts of acute exercise might improve mAb treatment efficacy by augmenting (i) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, (ii) antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, (iii) complement-dependent cytotoxicity, (iv) T-cell cytotoxicity, and (v) direct delivery of cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frankie F. Brown
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Causer
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Annabelle Emery
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Oliver
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Moore
- Department of Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James Murray
- Department of Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Wang Y, Barrett A, Hu Q. Targeting Macrophages for Tumor Therapy. AAPS J 2023; 25:80. [PMID: 37589825 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, as one of the most abundant tumor-infiltrating cells, play an important role in tumor development and metastasis. The frequency and polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) correlate with disease progression, tumor metastasis, and resistance to various treatments. Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages hold the potential to engulf tumor cells. In contrast, anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which are predominantly present in tumors, potentiate tumor progression and immune escape. Targeting macrophages to modulate the tumor immune microenvironment can ameliorate the tumor-associated immunosuppression and elicit an anti-tumor immune response. Strategies to repolarize TAMs, deplete TAMs, and block inhibitory signaling hold great potential in tumor therapy. Besides, biomimetic carriers based on macrophages have been extensively explored to prolong circulation, enhance tumor-targeted delivery, and reduce the immunogenicity of therapeutics to augment therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, the genetic engineering of macrophages with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) allows them to recognize tumor antigens and perform tumor cell-specific phagocytosis. These strategies will expand the toolkit for treating tumors, especially for solid tumors, drug-resistant tumors, and metastatic tumors. Herein, we introduce the role of macrophages in tumor progression, summarize the recent advances in macrophage-centered anticancer therapy, and discuss their challenges as well as future applications. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, I 53705, Madison, U.S.A
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, I 53705, Madison, U.S.A
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, I 53705, Madison, U.S.A
| | - Allie Barrett
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, I 53705, Madison, U.S.A
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, I 53705, Madison, U.S.A..
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, I 53705, Madison, U.S.A..
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, I 53705, Madison, U.S.A..
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Petrusca DN, Lee KP, Galson DL. Role of Sphingolipids in Multiple Myeloma Progression, Drug Resistance, and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2022; 12:925807. [PMID: 35756630 PMCID: PMC9213658 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.925807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incapacitating hematological malignancy characterized by accumulation of cancerous plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM) and production of an abnormal monoclonal protein (M-protein). The BM microenvironment has a key role in myeloma development by facilitating the growth of the aberrant plasma cells, which eventually interfere with the homeostasis of the bone cells, exacerbating osteolysis and inhibiting osteoblast differentiation. Recent recognition that metabolic reprograming has a major role in tumor growth and adaptation to specific changes in the microenvironmental niche have led to consideration of the role of sphingolipids and the enzymes that control their biosynthesis and degradation as critical mediators of cancer since these bioactive lipids have been directly linked to the control of cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis, among other cellular functions. In this review, we present the recent progress of the research investigating the biological implications of sphingolipid metabolism alterations in the regulation of myeloma development and its progression from the pre-malignant stage and discuss the roles of sphingolipids in in MM migration and adhesion, survival and proliferation, as well as angiogenesis and invasion. We introduce the current knowledge regarding the role of sphingolipids as mediators of the immune response and drug-resistance in MM and tackle the new developments suggesting the manipulation of the sphingolipid network as a novel therapeutic direction for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela N Petrusca
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kelvin P Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Deborah L Galson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, HCC Research Pavilion, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Extracellular vesicle proteomic analysis leads to the discovery of HDGF as a new factor in multiple myeloma biology. Blood Adv 2022; 6:3458-3471. [PMID: 35395072 PMCID: PMC9198912 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HDGF is secreted by and found in multiple myeloma cell extracellular vesicles; it activates AKT and sustains multiple myeloma cell growth. HDGF polarizes naïve macrophages to an M1 phenotype and generates immunosuppressive M-MDSC.
Identifying factors secreted by multiple myeloma (MM) cells that may contribute to MM tumor biology and progression is of the utmost importance. In this study, hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) was identified as a protein present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from human MM cell lines (HMCLs). Investigation of the role of HDGF in MM cell biology revealed lower proliferation of HMCLs following HDGF knockdown and AKT phosphorylation following the addition of exogenous HDGF. Metabolic analysis demonstrated that HDGF enhances the already high glycolytic levels of HMCLs and significantly lowers mitochondrial respiration, indicating that HDGF may play a role in myeloma cell survival and/or act in a paracrine manner on cells in the bone marrow (BM) tumor microenvironment (ME). Indeed, HDGF polarizes macrophages to an M1-like phenotype and phenotypically alters naïve CD14+ monocytes to resemble myeloid-derived suppressor cells which are functionally suppressive. In summary, HDGF is a novel factor in MM biology and may function to both maintain MM cell viability as well as modify the tumor ME.
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Kanumuri R, Pasupuleti SK, Burns SS, Ramdas B, Kapur R. Targeting SHP2 phosphatase in hematological malignancies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:319-332. [PMID: 35503226 PMCID: PMC9239432 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2066518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Src homology-2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a ubiquitously expressed, non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase encoded by the PTPN11 gene. Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PTPN11 are associated with the development of various hematological malignancies and Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NS-ML). Preclinical studies performed with allosteric SHP2 inhibitors and combination treatments of SHP2 inhibitors with inhibitors of downstream regulators (such as MEK, ERK, and PD-1/PD-L1) demonstrate improved antitumor benefits. However, the development of novel SHP2 inhibitors is necessary to improve the therapeutic strategies for hematological malignancies and tackle drug resistance and disease relapse. AREAS COVERED This review examines the structure of SHP2, its function in various signaling cascades, the consequences of constitutive activation of SHP2 and potential therapeutic strategies to treat SHP2-driven hematological malignancies. EXPERT OPINION While SHP2 inhibitors have exhibited promise in preclinical trials, numerous challenges remain in translation to the clinic, including drug resistance. Although PROTAC-based SHP2 degraders show better efficacy than SHP2 inhibitors, novel strategies need to be designed to improve SHP2-specific therapies in hematologic malignancies. Genome-wide CRISPR screening should also be used to identify molecules that confer resistance to SHP2 inhibitors. Targeting these molecules together with SHP2 can increase the target specificity and reduce drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kanumuri
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Santhosh Kumar Pasupuleti
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sarah S Burns
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Baskar Ramdas
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Kamiya N, Ishikawa Y, Kotani K, Hatakeyama S, Matsumura M. Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in the Diagnosis of Lymphoma in Adult Patients. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:4221-4226. [PMID: 35480988 PMCID: PMC9035440 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s357468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphomas, including Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, are one of the differentials for peripheral lymphadenopathy and are difficult to diagnose clinically. Biopsy is essential for diagnosing lymphoma, although it is invasive. Non-invasive methods are required to identify patients with suspected lymphoma who should undergo a biopsy. The relevance of the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio has recently been reported to be a useful diagnostic marker in children with lymphoma and a prognostic marker of various other diseases. This study aimed to determine the relevance of the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in the diagnosis of lymphoma in adults. Methods The study included 246 adult outpatients (median age of 49.0 years) presenting with peripheral lymphadenopathy. The final diagnosis was determined by reviewing the medical records. We categorized all patients into either the lymphoma group or the non-lymphoma group. The lymphoma group included patients who underwent biopsy and were diagnosed with lymphoma by histopathology, while the non-lymphoma group included those diagnosed with disease excluding lymphoma. The monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratios were compared between the two groups. Results Of the participants, 33 (13.4%) were assigned to the lymphoma group. The median age of the lymphoma and non-lymphoma groups were 67.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 55.5–75.5 years) and 46.0 years (IQR 36.0–61.0 years), respectively. The lymphocyte and monocyte levels showed no significant differences between the two groups individually. Nonetheless, the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher in the lymphoma group (median, 0.36; IQR, 0.24–0.73) than in the non-lymphoma group (median, 0.29; IQR, 0.21–0.43; P = 0.022), independent of lymph node diameter ≥ 1 cm and C-reactive protein levels. Conclusion This study suggests that the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio can be a helpful diagnostic marker for lymphoma in adults with peripheral lymphadenopathy when the etiology is unclear even after a medical interview and physical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kamiya
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, Japan
- Correspondence: Naoko Kamiya, Division of General Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University Hospital, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan, Tel +81-285-58-7498, Fax +81-285-40-5160, Email
| | - Yukiko Ishikawa
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shuji Hatakeyama
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masami Matsumura
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, Japan
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Tumor-associated macrophages in cancer: recent advancements in cancer nanoimmunotherapies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:68. [PMID: 35183252 PMCID: PMC8857848 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCancer immunotherapy has emerged as a novel cancer treatment, although recent immunotherapy trials have produced suboptimal outcomes, with durable responses seen only in a small number of patients. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been shown to be responsible for tumor immune escape and therapy failure. The vital component of the TME is tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which are usually associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance, including immunotherapies, and have emerged as promising targets for cancer immunotherapy. Recently, nanoparticles, because of their unique physicochemical characteristics, have emerged as crucial translational moieties in tackling tumor-promoting TAMs that amplify immune responses and sensitize tumors to immunotherapies in a safe and effective manner. In this review, we mainly described the current potential nanomaterial-based therapeutic strategies that target TAMs, including restricting TAMs survival, inhibiting TAMs recruitment to tumors and functionally repolarizing tumor-supportive TAMs to antitumor type. The current understanding of the origin and polarization of TAMs, their crucial role in cancer progression and prognostic significance was also discussed in this review. We also highlighted the recent evolution of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-macrophage cell therapy.
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Serganova I, Chakraborty S, Yamshon S, Isshiki Y, Bucktrout R, Melnick A, Béguelin W, Zappasodi R. Epigenetic, Metabolic, and Immune Crosstalk in Germinal-Center-Derived B-Cell Lymphomas: Unveiling New Vulnerabilities for Rational Combination Therapies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:805195. [PMID: 35071240 PMCID: PMC8777078 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.805195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs) are highly heterogenous by genetic, phenotypic, and clinical appearance. Next-generation sequencing technologies and multi-dimensional data analyses have further refined the way these diseases can be more precisely classified by specific genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic characteristics. The molecular and genetic heterogeneity of B-NHLs may contribute to the poor outcome of some of these diseases, suggesting that more personalized precision-medicine approaches are needed for improved therapeutic efficacy. The germinal center (GC) B-cell like diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (GCB-DLBCLs) and follicular lymphomas (FLs) share specific epigenetic programs. These diseases often remain difficult to treat and surprisingly do not respond advanced immunotherapies, despite arising in secondary lymphoid organs at sites of antigen recognition. Epigenetic dysregulation is a hallmark of GCB-DLBCLs and FLs, with gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the histone methyltransferase EZH2, loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in histone acetyl transferases CREBBP and EP300, and the histone methyltransferase KMT2D representing the most prevalent genetic lesions driving these diseases. These mutations have the common effect to disrupt the interactions between lymphoma cells and the immune microenvironment, via decreased antigen presentation and responsiveness to IFN-γ and CD40 signaling pathways. This indicates that immune evasion is a key step in GC B-cell lymphomagenesis. EZH2 inhibitors are now approved for the treatment of FL and selective HDAC3 inhibitors counteracting the effects of CREBBP LOF mutations are under development. These treatments can help restore the immune control of GCB lymphomas, and may represent optimal candidate agents for more effective combination with immunotherapies. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the impact of mutant chromatin modifiers on immune evasion in GCB lymphomas. We provide new insights on how the epigenetic program of these diseases may be regulated at the level of metabolism, discussing the role of metabolic intermediates as cofactors of epigenetic enzymes. In addition, lymphoma metabolic adaptation can negatively influence the immune microenvironment, further contributing to the development of immune cold tumors, poorly infiltrated by effector immune cells. Based on these findings, we discuss relevant candidate epigenetic/metabolic/immune targets for rational combination therapies to investigate as more effective precision-medicine approaches for GCB lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Serganova
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Samuel Yamshon
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yusuke Isshiki
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ryan Bucktrout
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ari Melnick
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wendy Béguelin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Roberta Zappasodi
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, United States
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12
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Splenic red pulp macrophages provide a niche for CML stem cells and induce therapy resistance. Leukemia 2022; 36:2634-2646. [PMID: 36163264 PMCID: PMC7613762 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Disease progression and relapse of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are caused by therapy resistant leukemia stem cells (LSCs), and cure relies on their eradication. The microenvironment in the bone marrow (BM) is known to contribute to LSC maintenance and resistance. Although leukemic infiltration of the spleen is a hallmark of CML, it is unknown whether spleen cells form a niche that maintains LSCs. Here, we demonstrate that LSCs preferentially accumulate in the spleen and contribute to disease progression. Spleen LSCs were located in the red pulp close to red pulp macrophages (RPM) in CML patients and in a murine CML model. Pharmacologic and genetic depletion of RPM reduced LSCs and decreased their cell cycling activity in the spleen. Gene expression analysis revealed enriched stemness and decreased myeloid lineage differentiation in spleen leukemic stem and progenitor cells (LSPCs). These results demonstrate that splenic RPM form a niche that maintains CML LSCs in a quiescent state, resulting in disease progression and resistance to therapy.
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13
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Takasu C, Yamashita S, Morine Y, Yoshikawa K, Tokunaga T, Nishi M, Kashihara H, Yoshimoto T, Shimada M. The role of the immunoescape in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259940. [PMID: 34797860 PMCID: PMC8604373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) indicate the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC), but are less useful for monitoring the efficacy of therapy of CRC liver metastasis (CRLM). This study investigated the effects of immune molecules on the prognosis of CRLM. We enrolled 71 patients with CRLM who underwent curative resection for CRC. We used immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of PD-1, PD-L1, indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and CD163 (a marker of tumor-associated macrophages [TAMs]) in metastatic tumors. The immune molecules PD-1, PD-L1, IDO, and TAMs were expressed in 32.3%, 47.8%, 45.0%, and 47.9% of metastatic CRC samples, respectively. The 5-year overall survival rates associated with immune molecule-positive groups were significantly better than in the negative groups (PD-1: 87.7% vs 53.2%, p = 0.023; PD-L1: 82.4% vs 42.3%, p = 0.007; IDO: 80.7% vs 43.5%, p = 0.007; TAMs: 82.6% vs 48.0%, p = 0.005). Multivariate analysis revealed PD-1 expression (p = 0.032, hazard ratio: 0.19), IDO expression (p = 0.049, hazard ratio: 0.37), and tumor differentiation (p<0.001, hazard ratio: 0.02) as independent prognostic indicators. PD-1 and TAMs in metastases were associated with less aggressive features such as smaller tumors. Furthermore, TAMs positively and significantly correlated with PD-1 expression (p = 0.011), PD-L1 expression (p = 0.024), and tended to correlate with IDO expression (p = 0.078). PD-1, PD-L1, IDO, and TAMs in CRLM were associated with less aggressive features and better prognosis of patients with CRC, indicating adaptive antitumor immunity vs immune tolerance. These molecules may therefore serve as prognostic markers for CRLM.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- B7-H1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms
- Colorectal Neoplasms/complications
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Diagnostic Tests, Routine
- Female
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Japan
- Liver/cytology
- Liver Neoplasms
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Metastasis/immunology
- Neoplasm Metastasis/physiopathology
- Prognosis
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Rectal Neoplasms
- Transcriptome/genetics
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/immunology
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shoko Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kozo Yoshikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nishi
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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14
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Goswami KK, Bose A, Baral R. Macrophages in tumor: An inflammatory perspective. Clin Immunol 2021; 232:108875. [PMID: 34740843 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a part of carefully co-ordinated healing immune exercise to eliminate injurious stimuli. However, in substantial number of cancer types, it contributes in shaping up of robust tumor microenvironment (TME). Solid TME promotes infiltration of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) that contributes to cancer promotion. TAMs are functionally heterogeneous and display an extraordinary degree of plasticity, which allow 'Switching' of macrophages into an 'M2', phenotype, linked with immunosuppression, advancement of tumor angiogenesis with metastatic consequences. In contrary to the classical M1 macrophages, these M2 TAMs are high-IL-10, TGF-β secreting-'anti-inflammatory'. In this review, we will discuss the modes of infiltration and switching of TAMs into M2 anti-inflammatory state in the TME to promote immunosuppression and inflammation-driven cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Kanti Goswami
- Department of Microbiology, Asutosh College, 92, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India.
| | - Anamika Bose
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
| | - Rathindranath Baral
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnostics, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India
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15
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Carreras J, Kikuti YY, Hiraiwa S, Miyaoka M, Tomita S, Ikoma H, Ito A, Kondo Y, Itoh J, Roncador G, Martinez A, Colomo L, Hamoudi R, Ando K, Nakamura N. High PTX3 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:334-348. [PMID: 34706126 PMCID: PMC8748251 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are associated with a poor prognosis of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). As macrophages are heterogeneous, the immune polarization and their pathological role warrant further study. We characterized the microenvironment of DLBCL by immunohistochemistry in a training set of 132 cases, which included 10 Epstein–Barr virus‐encoded small RNA (EBER)‐positive and five high‐grade B‐cell lymphomas, with gene expression profiling in a representative subset of 37 cases. Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma had a differential infiltration of TAMs. The high infiltration of CD68 (pan‐macrophages), CD16 (M1‐like), CD163, pentraxin 3 (PTX3), and interleukin (IL)‐10‐positive macrophages (M2c‐like) and low infiltration of FOXP3‐positive regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) correlated with poor survival. Activated B cell‐like DLBCL was associated with high CD16, CD163, PTX3, and IL‐10, and EBER‐positive DLBCL with high CD163 and PTX3. Programmed cell death‐ligand 1 positively correlated with CD16, CD163, IL‐10, and RGS1. In a multivariate analysis of overall survival, PTX3 and International Prognostic Index were identified as the most relevant variables. The gene expression analysis showed upregulation of genes involved in innate and adaptive immune responses and macrophage and Toll‐like receptor pathways in high PTX3 cases. The prognostic relevance of PTX3 was confirmed in a validation set of 159 cases. Finally, in a series from Europe and North America (GSE10846, R‐CHOP‐like treatment, n = 233) high gene expression of PTX3 correlated with poor survival, and moderately with CSF1R, CD16, MITF, CD163, MYC, and RGS1. Therefore, the high infiltration of M2c‐like immune regulatory macrophages and low infiltration of FOXP3‐positive Tregs is associated with a poor prognosis in DLBCL, for which PTX3 is a new prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Carreras
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yara Yukie Kikuti
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hiraiwa
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masashi Miyaoka
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Sakura Tomita
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Haruka Ikoma
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ito
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Johbu Itoh
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Giovanna Roncador
- Monoclonal Antibodies Core Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Institut d'investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Colomo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Institute Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kiyoshi Ando
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Naoya Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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16
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Iwafuchi H, Nakazawa A, Sekimizu M, Mori T, Osumi T, Iijima-Yamashita Y, Ohki K, Kiyokawa N, Fukano R, Saito AM, Horibe K, Kobayashi R. Clinicopathological features and prognostic significance of programmed death ligand 1 in pediatric ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma: results of the ALCL99 treatment in Japan. Hum Pathol 2021; 116:112-121. [PMID: 34363798 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade is a promising therapy for hematological malignancies. However, the association of PD-L1 expression with the clinicopathological features and prognosis in pediatric ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) remains unclear. Using PD-L1/ALK immunofluorescence double staining, we evaluated the PD-L1 expression on tumor cells/tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and the quantity of TIICs in 54 children with ALK-positive ALCL treated with the ALCL99 protocol. The percentages of PD-L1-positive tumor cells were significantly lower in patients with skin/mediastinum involvement, clinical high-risk group, present minimal disseminated disease (MDD), and a low ALK-antibody titer. The percentages of PD-L1-positive TIICs were significantly higher in patients with absent MDD. The percentages of TIICs were significantly lower in patients with absent MDD and a common morphological pattern. We classified patients according to the PD-L1 expression on tumor cells (Tumor-PD-L1), PD-L1 expression on TIICs (TIIC-PD-L1), and quantity of TIICs (TIIC-quantity). The progression-free survival (PFS) did not differ between Tumor-PD-L1high and Tumor-PD-L1low ALCL; TIIC-PD-L1high and TIIC-PD-L1low ALCL; and TIIC-quantityhigh and TIIC-quantitylow ALCL. According to the combined parameters of Tumor-PD-L1 and TIIC-quantity, Tumor-PD-L1high/TIIC-quantityhigh ALCL had a worse 5-year PFS than other ALCL (50% versus 83%; P = .009). Tumor-PD-L1high/TIIC-quantityhigh ALCL remained a significant prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (P = .044). This is the first study to demonstrate that a high tumoral PD-L1 expression with a high quantity of TIICs was associated with a poor prognosis in pediatric ALK-positive ALCL. The tumor microenvironment of ALK-positive ALCL may be relevant to the clinicopathological features and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Iwafuchi
- Department of Pathology, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, 420-8660, Japan; Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Nakazawa
- Department of Clinical Research, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, 330-8777, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sekimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan; Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoo Osumi
- Children's Cancer Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yuka Iijima-Yamashita
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ohki
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Kiyokawa
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Reiji Fukano
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Akiko M Saito
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan
| | - Keizo Horibe
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan; Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital, Sapporo, 003-0006, Japan
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17
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Cencini E, Fabbri A, Sicuranza A, Gozzetti A, Bocchia M. The Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Hematologic Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143597. [PMID: 34298810 PMCID: PMC8304632 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) represent a leading component of the tumor microenvironment in hematologic malignancies. TAM could display antitumor activity or, conversely, could contribute to tumor growth and survival, depending on their polarization. TAM are polarized towards form M1, with a pro-inflammatory phenotype and an antineoplastic activity, or M2, with an alternately activated phenotype, associated with a poor outcome in patients presenting with leukemia, lymphoma or multiple myeloma. The molecular mechanisms of TAM in different types of hematologic malignancies are different due to the peculiar microenvironment of each disease. TAM could contribute to tumor progression, reduced apoptosis and angiogenesis; a different TAM polarization could explain a reduced treatment response in patients with a similar disease subtype. The aim of our review is to better define the role of TAM in patients with leukemia, lymphoma or multiple myeloma. Finally, we would like to focus on TAM as a possible target for antineoplastic therapy. Abstract The tumor microenvironment includes dendritic cells, T-cytotoxic, T-helper, reactive B-lymphoid cells and macrophages; these reactive cells could interplay with malignant cells and promote tumor growth and survival. Among its cellular components, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) represent a component of the innate immune system and play an important role, especially in hematologic malignancies. Depending on the stimuli that trigger their activation, TAM are polarized towards form M1, contributing to antitumor responses, or M2, associated with tumor progression. Many studies demonstrated a correlation between TAM, disease progression and the patient’s outcome in lymphoproliferative neoplasms, such as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), even if with conflicting results. A critical hurdle to overcome is surely represented by the heterogeneity in the choice of the optimal markers and methods used for TAM analysis (gene-expression profile vs. immunohistochemistry, CD163vs. CD68vs. CD163/CD68 double-positive cells). TAM have been recently linked to the development and progression of multiple myeloma and leukemia, with a critical role in the homing of malignant cells, drug resistance, immune suppression and angiogenesis. As such, this review will summarize the role of TAM in different hematologic malignancies, focusing on the complex interplay between TAM and tumor cells, the prognostic value of TAM and the possible TAM-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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18
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Yin Z, Zhang Y, Wang X. Advances in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Biomark Res 2021; 9:58. [PMID: 34256851 PMCID: PMC8278776 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) is a group of heterogeneous disease which remains incurable despite developments of standard chemotherapy regimens and new therapeutic agents in decades. Some individuals could have promising response to standard therapy while others are unresponsive to standard chemotherapy or relapse after autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (ASCT), which indicates the necessity to develop novel therapies for refractory or relapsed B-NHLs. In recent years, a novel cell therapy, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T), was invented to overcome the limitation of traditional treatments. Patients with aggressive B-NHL are considered for CAR-T cell therapy when they have progressive lymphoma after second-line chemotherapy, relapse after ASCT, or require a third-line therapy. Clinical trials of anti-CD19 CAR-T cell therapy have manifested encouraging efficacy in refractory or relapsed B-NHL. However, adverse effects of this cellular therapy including cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity, tumor lysis syndrome and on-target, off-tumor toxicities should attract our enough attention despite the great anti-tumor effects of CAR-T cell therapy. Although CAR-T cell therapy has shown remarkable results in patients with B-NHL, the outcomes of patients with B-NHL were inferior to patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The inferior response rate may be associated with physical barrier of lymphoma, tumor microenvironment and low quality of CAR-T cells manufactured from B-NHL patients. Besides, some patients relapsed after anti-CD19 CAR-T cell therapy, which possibly were due to limited CAR-T cells persistence, CD19 antigen escape or antigen down-regulation. Quite a few new antigen-targeted CAR-T products and new-generation CAR-T, for example, CD20-targeted CAR-T, CD79b-targeted CAR-T, CD37-targeted CAR-T, multi-antigen-targeted CAR-T, armored CAR-T and four-generation CAR-T are developing rapidly to figure out these deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixun Yin
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
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19
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Miazek-Zapala N, Slusarczyk A, Kusowska A, Zapala P, Kubacz M, Winiarska M, Bobrowicz M. The "Magic Bullet" Is Here? Cell-Based Immunotherapies for Hematological Malignancies in the Twilight of the Chemotherapy Era. Cells 2021; 10:1511. [PMID: 34203935 PMCID: PMC8232692 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of a plethora of different anti-neoplastic approaches including standard chemotherapy, molecularly targeted small-molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and finally hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), there is still a need for novel therapeutic options with the potential to cure hematological malignancies. Although nowadays HSCT already offers a curative effect, its implementation is largely limited by the age and frailty of the patient. Moreover, its efficacy in combating the malignancy with graft-versus-tumor effect frequently coexists with undesirable graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Therefore, it seems that cell-based adoptive immunotherapies may constitute optimal strategies to be successfully incorporated into the standard therapeutic protocols. Thus, modern cell-based immunotherapy may finally represent the long-awaited "magic bullet" against cancer. However, enhancing the safety and efficacy of this treatment regimen still presents many challenges. In this review, we summarize the up-to-date state of the art concerning the use of CAR-T cells and NK-cell-based immunotherapies in hemato-oncology, identify possible obstacles, and delineate further perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Miazek-Zapala
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-Z.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology of Hearing, World Hearing Center, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Aleksander Slusarczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-Z.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kusowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-Z.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Piotr Zapala
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Matylda Kubacz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-Z.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-Z.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Malgorzata Bobrowicz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-Z.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
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Hatic H, Sampat D, Goyal G. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in lymphoma: challenges and opportunities. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1037. [PMID: 34277837 PMCID: PMC8267255 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are immunomodulatory antibodies that intensify the host immune response, thereby leading to cytotoxicity. The primary targets for checkpoint inhibition have included cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1). ICIs have resulted in a change in treatment landscape of various neoplasms. Among hematologic malignancies, ICIs have been most successful in certain subtypes of lymphomas such as classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL). However, there have been several challenges in harnessing the host immune system through ICI use in other lymphomas. The underlying reasons for the low efficacy of ICI monotherapy in most lymphomas may include defects in antigen presentation, non-inflamed tumor microenvironment (TME), immunosuppressive metabolites, genetic factors, and an overall lack of predictive biomarkers of response. In this review, we outline the existing and ongoing studies utilizing ICI therapy in various lymphomas. We also describe the challenges leading to the lack of efficacy with ICI use and discuss potential strategies to overcome those challenges including: chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T therapy), bispecific T-cell therapy (BiTE), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) inhibitors, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) inhibitors, vaccines, promotion of inflammatory macrophages, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi) and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). Tumor mutational burden and interferon-gamma release assays are potential biomarkers of ICI treatment response beyond PD-L1 expression. Further collaborations between clinicians and scientists are vital to understand the immunopathology in ICI therapy in order to improve clinical outcomes.
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Integrative Statistics, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Neural Network Analysis Correlated CSF1R with the Prognosis of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. HEMATO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/hemato2020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) of the immune microenvironment play an important role in the Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) pathogenesis. This research aimed to characterize the expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) at the gene and protein level in correlation with survival. First, the immunohistochemical expression of CSF1R was analyzed in a series of 198 cases from Tokai University Hospital and two patterns of histological expression were found, a TAMs, and a diffuse B-lymphocytes pattern. The clinicopathological correlations showed that the CSF1R + TAMs pattern associated with a poor progression-free survival of the patients, disease progression, higher MYC proto-oncogene expression, lower MDM2 expression, BCL2 translocation, and a MYD88 L265P mutation. Conversely, a diffuse CSF1R + B-cells pattern was associated with a favorable progression-free survival. Second, the histological expression of CSF1R was also correlated with 10 CSF1R-related markers including CSF1, STAT3, NFKB1, Ki67, MYC, PD-L1, TNFAIP8, IKAROS, CD163, and CD68. CSF1R moderately correlated with STAT3, TNFAIP8, CD68, and CD163 in the cases with the CSF1R + TAMs pattern. In addition, machine learning modeling predicted the CSF1R immunohistochemical expression with high accuracy using regression, generalized linear, an artificial intelligence neural network (multilayer perceptron), and support vector machine (SVM) analyses. Finally, a multilayer perceptron analysis predicted the genes associated with the CSF1R gene expression using the GEO GSE10846 DLBCL series of the Lymphoma/Leukemia Molecular Profiling Project (LLMPP), with correlation to the whole set of 20,683 genes as well as with an immuno-oncology cancer panel of 1790 genes. In addition, CSF1R positively correlated with SIRPA and inversely with CD47. In conclusion, the CSF1R histological pattern correlated with the progression-free survival of the patients of the Tokai series, and predictive analytics is a feasible strategy in DLBCL.
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Csizmar CM, Ansell SM. Engaging the Innate and Adaptive Antitumor Immune Response in Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3302. [PMID: 33804869 PMCID: PMC8038124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful therapeutic strategy for many malignancies, including lymphoma. As in solid tumors, early clinical trials have revealed that immunotherapy is not equally efficacious across all lymphoma subtypes. For example, immune checkpoint inhibition has a higher overall response rate and leads to more durable outcomes in Hodgkin lymphomas compared to non-Hodgkin lymphomas. These observations, combined with a growing understanding of tumor biology, have implicated the tumor microenvironment as a major determinant of treatment response and prognosis. Interactions between lymphoma cells and their microenvironment facilitate several mechanisms that impair the antitumor immune response, including loss of major histocompatibility complexes, expression of immunosuppressive ligands, secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, and the recruitment, expansion, and skewing of suppressive cell populations. Accordingly, treatments to overcome these barriers are being rapidly developed and translated into clinical trials. This review will discuss the mechanisms of immune evasion, current avenues for optimizing the antitumor immune response, clinical successes and failures of lymphoma immunotherapy, and outstanding hurdles that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen M. Ansell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Lv J, Feng ZP, Chen FK, Liu C, Jia L, Liu PJ, Yang CZ, Hou F, Deng ZY. M2-like tumor-associated macrophages-secreted Wnt1 and Wnt3a promotes dedifferentiation and metastasis via activating β-catenin pathway in thyroid cancer. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:25-37. [PMID: 33283877 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid carcinoma (TC) has been a global issue for its rapid increasing incidence worldwide. Although most TC was not so aggressive with a good prognosis, treatment against anaplastic TC was relatively limited and the mechanisms are not well elucidated yet. METHODS TC cell lines (IHH4 and TPC-1) were used. Flow cytometry was used to identify the surface marker of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) from cell culture. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, immunostaining, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of Wnt1, Wnt3a, components of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and proliferation/epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins. Alkaline phosphatase activity assay, colony formation assay, and transwell assay were used to examine the roles of Wnt1, Wnt3a, and β-catenin pathway in cell dedifferentiation, proliferation, migration, and invasion of TC cells, respectively. Subcutaneous tumor growth was monitored in nude mice. RESULTS Coculture with M2-like TAMs facilitated dedifferentiation, proliferation, migration, and invasion in TC cells. EMT and proliferation-related proteins were also promoted in cocultured TC cells. The level of Wnt1 and Wnt3a was increased in the coculture system. Block of Wnt1 or Wnt3a suppressed malignant behaviors in cocultured tumor cells. Furthermore, Wnt1 or Wnt3a knockdown inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and suppressed EMT and proliferation-related signals in cocultured tumor cells. Knockdown of Wnt1 or Wnt3a inhibited tumor growth in xenograft model. CONCLUSION M2-like TAMs promoted dedifferentiation, proliferation, and metastasis of TC by Wnt1 and Wnt3a secretion and ensuing β-catenin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ping Feng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Kun Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Jie Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Zhou Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Hou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yong Deng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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Hsieh EM, Rouce RH. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for mature B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2020; 2020:487-493. [PMID: 33275669 PMCID: PMC7727550 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2020000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has changed the landscape of immunotherapy for B-cell malignancies, including mature B-cell lymphomas. Although two CD19 CAR T-cell products have been commercially approved to treat relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphomas, outcomes in these patients remain inferior to those of patients with B-cell leukemia, regardless of therapy. Recent clinical studies and preclinical reports suggest that certain characteristics, such as the suppressive lymphoma tumor microenvironment and inferior endogenous T-cell fitness, may contribute to discrepant responses in these patients. In addition, these studies revealed that limited CAR T-cell persistence and tumor antigen escape, which also impact B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, may play a more prominent role in lymphoma. Multiple promising strategies to overcome these barriers have advanced to clinical trials. In this review, we assess CAR T-cell therapies for pediatric relapsed/refractory mature B-cell lymphomas, potential obstacles diminishing antitumor activity and limiting CAR T-cell persistence, and current strategies to overcome these obstacles.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Burkitt Lymphoma/metabolism
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/therapy
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/therapeutic use
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Hsieh
- Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX; and
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Rayne H. Rouce
- Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX; and
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Exhaustion during Treatment for Hematological Malignancies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8765028. [PMID: 33150182 PMCID: PMC7603553 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8765028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, especially based on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, has achieved prominent success in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, approximately 30-50% of patients will have disease relapse following remission after receiving CD19-targeting CAR-T cells, with failure of maintaining a long-term effect. Mechanisms underlying CAR-T therapy inefficiency consist of loss or modulation of target antigen and CAR-T cell poor persistence which mostly results from T cell exhaustion. The unique features and restoration strategies of exhausted T cells (Tex) have been well described in solid tumors. However, the overview associated with CAR-T cell exhaustion is relatively rare in hematological malignancies. In this review, we summarize the characteristics, cellular, and molecular mechanisms of Tex cells as well as approaches to reverse CAR-T cell exhaustion in hematological malignancies, providing novel strategies for immunotherapies.
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Oncometabolites lactate and succinate drive pro-angiogenic macrophage response in tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188427. [PMID: 32961257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are innate phagocytic leukocytes that are highly present in solid tumors, where they are referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In solid tumors, the microenvironment is often immunosuppressive and hypoxic regions are prevalent. These hypoxic conditions impose tumor cells to reprogram their metabolism, shifting from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis. This so-called glycolytic switch enables hypoxic tumor cells to survive, proliferate, and eventually to outcompete untransformed cells. The hypoxia-induced change in tumor cell metabolism leads to the production of oncometabolites, among which are the glycolytic end-metabolite lactate and the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate succinate. TAMs can react to these oncometabolites, resulting in an altered maturation and the adoption of pro-angiogenic features. These angiogenesis-promoting TAMs have been reported to cooperate with tumor cells in the formation of new vessels, and even have been considered an important cause of resistance against anti-angiogenic therapies. For a long time, the mechanisms by which lactate and succinate activated pro-angiogenic TAMs were not understood. Researchers now start to unravel and understand some of the underlying mechanisms. Here, the importance of microenvironmental cues in inducing different macrophage activation states is discussed, as well as the role of hypoxia in the recruitment and activation of pro-angiogenic macrophages. In addition, the latest findings on the oncometabolites lactate and succinate in the activation of angiogenesis supporting macrophages are reviewed. Finally, various oncometabolite-targeting therapeutic strategies are proposed that could improve the response to anti-angiogenic therapies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are known promotors of tumor neovascularization, and significantly contribute to the emergence of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies. Recent evidence suggests that the angiogenesis promoting phenotype of TAMs can be activated by hypoxic tumor cell-derived oncometabolites, including lactate and succinate. Here, the latest findings into the lactate- and succinate-mediated mechanistic activation of pro-angiogenic TAMs are reviewed, and therapeutic strategies that interfere with this mechanism and may delay or even prevent acquired resistance to anti-angiogenic agents are discussed.
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27
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Blecua P, Martinez‐Verbo L, Esteller M. The DNA methylation landscape of hematological malignancies: an update. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1616-1639. [PMID: 32526054 PMCID: PMC7400809 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have made it more evident that epigenetic modifications orchestrate a plethora of complex biological processes. During the last decade, we have gained significant knowledge about a wide range of epigenetic changes that crucially contribute to some of the most aggressive forms of leukemia, lymphoma, and myelodysplastic syndromes. DNA methylation is a key epigenetic player in the abnormal initiation, development, and progression of these malignancies, often acting in synergy with other epigenetic alterations. It also contributes to the acquisition of drug resistance. In this review, we summarize the role of DNA methylation in hematological malignancies described in the current literature. We discuss in detail the dual role of DNA methylation in normal and aberrant hematopoiesis, as well as the involvement of this type of epigenetic change in other aspects of the disease. Finally, we present a comprehensive overview of the main clinical implications, including a discussion of the therapeutic strategies that regulate or reverse aberrant DNA methylation patterns in hematological malignancies, including their combination with (chemo)immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Blecua
- Cancer Epigenetics GroupJosep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Laura Martinez‐Verbo
- Cancer Epigenetics GroupJosep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics GroupJosep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC)BarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC)MadridSpain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
- Physiological Sciences DepartmentSchool of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of BarcelonaSpain
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28
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Fu LQ, Du WL, Cai MH, Yao JY, Zhao YY, Mou XZ. The roles of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Cell Immunol 2020; 353:104119. [PMID: 32446032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most frequent immune cells within tumor microenvironment (TME). There is growing evidence that TAMs are involved in tumor progression via multiple mechanisms. TAMs create an immunosuppressive TME by producing growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines which modulate recruitment of immune cells and inhibit anti-tumor responses. They also serve as angiogenesis promoting cells by production of pro-angiogenic factors and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and vascular constructing which guarantee supplying oxygen and nutrients to solid tumor cells. Furthermore, TAMs play important functions in tumor metastasis through contributing to invasion, extravasation, survival, intravasation, and colonization of tumor cells. In this review, we summarized macrophage classification, TAMs polarization, and mechanisms underlying TAM-promoting angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Qin Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou 311700, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Lin Du
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China; Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mao-Hua Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou 311700, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Yu Yao
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), No. 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China.
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29
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Pan C, Fujiwara Y, Horlad H, Shiraishi D, Iriki T, Tsuboki J, Ikeda T, Komohara Y. Flavonoid Compounds Contained in Epimedii Herba Inhibit Tumor Progression by Suppressing STAT3 Activation in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:262. [PMID: 32256354 PMCID: PMC7093601 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor tissues promote tumor progression by various mechanisms and represent possible targets of antitumor therapy. In the present study, we tested whether compounds from Epimedii Herba inhibit macrophage polarization to the M2/protumorigenic phenotype and prevent tumor progression, using human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) and an animal sarcoma model. Four Epimedii Herba-derived flavonoid compounds, namely, limonianin, epimedokoreanin B, icaritin, and desmethylicaritin, inhibited CD163 expression and interleukin (IL)-10 production, which are known M2 markers, suggesting that these compounds inhibit M2 polarization. Among these compounds, epimedokoreanin B and limonianin suppressed STAT3 activation in HMDMs. Notably, epimedokoreanin B also suppressed cell proliferation by blocking STAT3 activation in Saos-2 human sarcoma and LM8 mouse sarcoma cell lines. Furthermore, oral administration of epimedokoreanin B inhibited tumor growth in an LM8 tumor-bearing murine model. These results indicate that Epimedii Herba and Epimedii Herba-derived compounds, such as epimedokoreanin B, may be potentially new agents that can be used for the treatment and prevention of various malignant tumors. They may also be promising compounds for targeting the tumor microenvironment by inhibiting M2 polarization of the TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Pan
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hasita Horlad
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiraishi
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toyohisa Iriki
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jyunko Tsuboki
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ikeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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30
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Liu W, Zhu M, Wang H, Wang W, Lu Y. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma‐derived extracellular vesicles educate macrophages to promote tumours progression by increasing PGC‐1β. Scand J Immunol 2019; 91:e12841. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Liu
- Department of Hematologic Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangzhou China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- Department of Hematologic Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangzhou China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
- Department of Oncology The Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen University. Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangzhou China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Weida Wang
- Department of Hematologic Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangzhou China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Hematologic Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Guangzhou China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
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31
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Petty AJ, Yang Y. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Hematologic Malignancies: New Insights and Targeted Therapies. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121526. [PMID: 31783588 PMCID: PMC6952752 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of hematologic malignant cells can be facilitated by other non-tumor cells within the same microenvironment, including stromal, vascular, immune and mesenchymal stem cells. Macrophages are an integral part of the human innate immune system and the tumor microenvironment. Complex interplays between the malignant hematologic cells and the infiltrating macrophages promote the formation of leukemia, lymphoma or myeloma-associated macrophages. These pro-tumorigenic macrophages in turn play an important part in facilitating tumor growth, metastasis and chemotherapeutic resistance. Previous reports have highlighted the association between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and disease progression in hematologic malignancies. This review summarizes the role of TAMs in different subtypes of leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma, focusing on new insights and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Petty
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 508 BRT, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, OH, USA
| | - Yiping Yang
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 508 BRT, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, OH, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(614)-685-0643; Fax: +1-(614)-293-7526
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32
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Post GR, Yuan Y, Holthoff ER, Quick CM, Post SR. Identification of a novel monocytic phenotype in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma tumor microenvironment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224621. [PMID: 31714922 PMCID: PMC6850552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) characteristically shows few malignant cells in a microenvironment comprised of mixed inflammatory cells. Although CHL is associated with a high cure rate, recent studies have associated poor prognosis with absolute monocyte count in peripheral blood and increased monocyte/macrophages in involved lymph nodes. Thus, the role of monocytic infiltration and macrophage differentiation in the tumor microenvironment of CHL may be more relevant than absolute macrophage numbers to defining prognosis in CHL patients and potentially have therapeutic implications. Most studies identify tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) using markers (e.g., CD68) expressed by macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytes, such as monocytes. In contrast, Class A Scavenger Receptor (SR-A/CD204) is expressed by tissue macrophages but not monocytic precursors. In this study, we examined SR-A expression in CHL (n = 43), and compared its expression with that of other macrophage markers. We confirmed a high prevalence of mononuclear cells that stained with CD68, CD163, and CD14 in CHL lymph nodes. However, SR-A protein expression determined by immunohistochemistry was limited to macrophages localized in sclerotic bands characteristic of nodular sclerosis CHL. In contrast, SR-A protein was readily detectable in lymph nodes with metastatic tumor, extra-nodal CHL, T cell/histiocyte-rich large B cell lymphoma, and resident macrophages in non-malignant tissues, including spleen, lymph node, liver and lung. The results of SR-A protein expression paralleled the expression of SR-A mRNA determined by quantitative RT-PCR. These data provide evidence that tumor-infiltrating monocyte/macrophages in CHL have a unique phenotype that likely depends on the microenvironment of nodal CHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginell R. Post
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Youzhong Yuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Holthoff
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Charles M. Quick
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Post
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xu ZJ, Gu Y, Wang CZ, Jin Y, Wen XM, Ma JC, Tang LJ, Mao ZW, Qian J, Lin J. The M2 macrophage marker CD206: a novel prognostic indicator for acute myeloid leukemia. Oncoimmunology 2019; 9:1683347. [PMID: 32002295 PMCID: PMC6959428 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1683347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancies possess a distinctive immunologic microenvironment compared with solid tumors. Here, using an established computational algorithm (CIBERSORT), we systematically analyzed the overall distribution of 22 tumor-infiltrating leukocyte (TIL) populations in more than 2000 bone marrow (BM) samples from 5 major hematological malignancies and healthy controls. Focusing on significantly altered TILs in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we found that patients with AML exhibited increased frequencies of M2 macrophages, compared to either healthy controls or the other four malignancies. High infiltration of M2 macrophages was associated with poor outcome in AML. Further analysis revealed that CD206, a M2 marker gene, could faithfully reflect variation in M2 fractions and was more highly expressed in AML than normal controls. High CD206 expression predicted inferior overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) in two independent AML cohorts. Among 175 patients with intermediate-risk cytogenetics, the survival still differed greatly between low and high CD206 expressers (OS; P < .0001; 3-year rates, 56% v 32%; EFS; P < .001; 3-year rates, 47% v 25%). When analyzed in a meta-analysis, CD206 as a continuous variable showed superior predictive performance than classical prognosticators in AML (BAALC, ERG, EVI1, MN1, and WT1). In summary, M2 macrophages are preferentially enriched in AML. The M2 marker CD206 may serve as a new prognostic marker in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jun Xu
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yu Gu
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Zhu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Haian Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ye Jin
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Mei Wen
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Chun Ma
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Li-Juan Tang
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Wei Mao
- The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qian
- Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Laboratory Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Zhenjiang Clinical Research Center of Hematology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,The Key Lab of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Hematologic Malignancies of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Ding J, Zhao D, Hu Y, Liu M, Liao X, Zhao B, Liu X, Deng Y, Song Y. Terminating the renewal of tumor-associated macrophages: A sialic acid-based targeted delivery strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Int J Pharm 2019; 571:118706. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kim H, Ishibashi K, Okada T, Nakamura C. Mechanical Property Changes in Breast Cancer Cells Induced by Stimulation with Macrophage Secretions in Vitro. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E738. [PMID: 31671643 PMCID: PMC6915679 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of secretions from tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-like cells to the stimulation of mechanical property changes in murine breast cancer cells was studied using an in vitro model system. A murine breast cancer cell line (FP10SC2) was stimulated by adding macrophage (J774.2) cultivation medium containing stimulation molecules secreted from the macrophages, and changes in mechanical properties were compared before and after stimulation. As a result, cell elasticity decreased, degradation ability of the extracellular matrix increased, and the expression of plakoglobin was upregulated. These results indicate that cancer cell malignancy is upregulated by this stimulation. Moreover, changes in intercellular adhesion strengths between pairs of cancer cells were measured before and after stimulation using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The maximum force required to separate cells was increased by stimulation with the secreted factors. These results indicate the possibility that TAMs cause changes in the mechanical properties of cancer cells in tumor microenvironments, and in vitro measurements of mechanical property changes in cancer cells will be useful to study interactions between cells in tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyonchol Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Kenta Ishibashi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Okada
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Chikashi Nakamura
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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CD206 + tumor-associated macrophages promote proliferation and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma via EGF production. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14611. [PMID: 31601953 PMCID: PMC6787225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumor progression and inhibit anti-tumor immune response by producing various mediators and preferentially express CD163, CD204, and CD206. However, the role of these TAM subsets in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. Here we investigated the expression and function of TAM subsets in OSCC, especially in cancer cell proliferation. Biopsy sample from 44 patients with OSCC were examined for the expression of TAM markers and EGF by immunohistochemistry. EGF production of TAM subsets isolated from OSCC patients was assessed by flow cytometry. We also examined the effect of conditioned medium from TAM subsets on the proliferation of OSCC cells. CD163+ cells were detected diffusely all over the tumor and connective tissue area, while CD204+ and CD206+ cells were mainly detected in/around the tumors. Flow cytometric analysis found that CD206+ TAMs strongly produced EGF compared with CD163+ and CD204+ TAMs. Cell proliferation and invasion of OSCC cells cultured with conditioned medium of CD206+ TAMs were strongly enhanced and inhibited by anti-EGFR. The number of CD206+ TAMs positively correlated with worse clinical prognosis. Our results revealed differences in localization and EGF production among these TAM subsets. CD206+ TAMs might play a critical role in the proliferation of OSCC via EGF production.
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Goncharova O, Flinner N, Bein J, Döring C, Donnadieu E, Rikirsch S, Herling M, Küppers R, Hansmann ML, Hartmann S. Migration Properties Distinguish Tumor Cells of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma from Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101484. [PMID: 31581676 PMCID: PMC6827161 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) are lymphomas that contain CD30-expressing tumor cells and have numerous pathological similarities. Whereas ALCL is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, cHL more frequently presents with localized disease. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the different clinical presentation of ALCL and cHL. Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression were similar in primary ALCL and cHL cases apart from the known overexpression of the chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 in the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of cHL. Consistent with the overexpression of these chemokines, primary cHL cases encountered a significantly denser T cell microenvironment than ALCL. Additionally to differences in the interaction with their microenvironment, cHL cell lines presented a lower and less efficient intrinsic cell motility than ALCL cell lines, as assessed by time-lapse microscopy in a collagen gel and transwell migration assays. We thus propose that the combination of impaired basal cell motility and differences in the interaction with the microenvironment hamper the dissemination of HRS cells in cHL when compared with the tumor cells of ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Goncharova
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Nadine Flinner
- Institute of Informatics/Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Julia Bein
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Claudia Döring
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS, UMR8104 and Université Paris Descartes, F-75014 Paris, France.
| | - Sandy Rikirsch
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Marco Herling
- The Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Oncoproteome, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, CECAD and CMMC, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Martin-Leo Hansmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Reference and Consultant Center for Lymph Node and Lymphoma diagnostics, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
- Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sylvia Hartmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Reference and Consultant Center for Lymph Node and Lymphoma diagnostics, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Zhou XH, Zhang XY, Liang JH, Zhu HY, Wang L, Xia Y, Cao L, Wu W, Fan L, Li JY, Xu W. Low absolute NK cell counts in peripheral blood are associated with inferior survival in patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Cancer Biomark 2019; 24:439-447. [PMID: 30932881 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-182193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although risk stratification of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is most frequently performed using the simplified MCL International Prognostic Index (sMIPI), the identification of host-related factors and tumor microenvironment, including absolute monocyte counts (AMC) and peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets, especially absolute natural killer cell counts (ANKC) has been suggested to be critical in the prediction of prognosis and the guidance of treatment. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed at investigating whether peripheral blood ANKC and AMC at diagnosis had an impact on MCL prognosis. METHODS A total of 92 newly diagnosed MCL patients was enrolled in this retrospective study. Flow cytometric analysis was conducted on fresh peripheral blood samples with a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). RESULTS The median follow-up was 42 months (range, 2-144 months) and the median overall survival (OS) of all cases was 45 months. High AMC (> 0.6 × 109/L) was the parameter associated with inferior progression free survival (PFS) (P= 0.044) and poor OS (P= 0.028) while low ANKC (⩽ 0.1 × 109/L) was associated with unfavorable OS (P= 0.023) by univariable analysis. Multivariable analysis revealed that only low ANKC (⩽ 0.1 × 109/L) was statistically significant in worse OS (P= 0.009) independent of sMIPI. CONCLUSIONS Low ANKC (⩽ 0.1 × 109/L) proved to be a significant predictor of inferior OS in patients with MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jin-Hua Liang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hua-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yi Xia
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Gomez-Roca CA, Italiano A, Le Tourneau C, Cassier PA, Toulmonde M, D'Angelo SP, Campone M, Weber KL, Loirat D, Cannarile MA, Jegg AM, Ries C, Christen R, Meneses-Lorente G, Jacob W, Klaman I, Ooi CH, Watson C, Wonde K, Reis B, Michielin F, Rüttinger D, Delord JP, Blay JY. Phase I study of emactuzumab single agent or in combination with paclitaxel in patients with advanced/metastatic solid tumors reveals depletion of immunosuppressive M2-like macrophages. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:1381-1392. [PMID: 31114846 PMCID: PMC8887589 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emactuzumab is a monoclonal antibody against the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor and targets tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). This study assessed the safety, clinical activity, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of emactuzumab, as monotherapy and in combination with paclitaxel, in patients with advanced solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS This open-label, phase Ia/b study comprised two parts (dose escalation and dose expansion), each containing two arms (emactuzumab, every 2 or 3 weeks, as monotherapy or in combination with paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 weekly). The dose-escalation part explored the maximum tolerated dose and optimal biological dose (OBD). The dose-expansion part extended the safety assessment and investigated the objective response rate. A PK/PD analysis of serial blood, skin and tumor biopsies was used to explore proof of mechanism and confirm the OBD. RESULTS No maximum tolerated dose was reached in either study arm, and the safety profile of emactuzumab alone and in combination does not appear to preclude its use. No patients receiving emactuzumab monotherapy showed an objective response; the objective response rate for emactuzumab in combination with paclitaxel was 7% across all doses. Skin macrophages rather than peripheral blood monocytes or circulating colony-stimulating factor-1 were identified as an optimal surrogate PD marker to select the OBD. Emactuzumab treatment alone and in combination with paclitaxel resulted in a plateau of immunosuppressive TAM reduction at the OBD of 1000 mg administered every 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Emactuzumab showed specific reduction of immunosuppressive TAMs at the OBD in both treatment arms but did not result in clinically relevant antitumor activity alone or in combination with paclitaxel. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01494688).
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Gomez-Roca
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Research Unit, Institut Claudius Regaud/Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse (IUCT-Oncopole), Toulouse.
| | - A Italiano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux.
| | - C Le Tourneau
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation, Institut Curie, Paris & Saint-Cloud; INSERM U900 Research Unit, Saint-Cloud; Paris-Saclay University, Paris
| | - P A Cassier
- Department of Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - M Toulmonde
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux
| | - S P D'Angelo
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - M Campone
- ICO René Gauducheau, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - K L Weber
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Penn Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D Loirat
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation, Institut Curie, Paris & Saint-Cloud
| | - M A Cannarile
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - A-M Jegg
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - C Ries
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - R Christen
- Licensing and Early Development (LEAD) Safety Science, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - G Meneses-Lorente
- Roche Innovation Center Welwyn, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Welwyn Garden City
| | - W Jacob
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - I Klaman
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - C-H Ooi
- Licensing and Early Development (LEAD) Safety Science, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Watson
- A4P Consulting Ltd, Sandwich, UK
| | - K Wonde
- Licensing and Early Development (LEAD) Safety Science, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Reis
- Licensing and Early Development (LEAD) Safety Science, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - F Michielin
- Licensing and Early Development (LEAD) Safety Science, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Rüttinger
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Penzberg, Germany
| | - J-P Delord
- Department of Drug Development and Innovation, Institut Curie, Paris & Saint-Cloud
| | - J-Y Blay
- Department of Medicine & Clinical Research Unit, Institut Claudius Regaud/Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse (IUCT-Oncopole), Toulouse
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Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Cells Impair Dendritic Cell and Macrophage Differentiation: Role of BMP4. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070722. [PMID: 31337120 PMCID: PMC6679123 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells and macrophages are common components of the tumour immune microenvironment and can contribute to immune suppression in both solid and haematological cancers. The Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathway has been reported to be involved in cancer, and more recently in leukaemia development and progression. In the present study, we analyse whether acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) cells can affect the differentiation of dendritic cells and macrophages and the involvement of BMP pathway in the process. We show that ALL cells produce BMP4 and that conditioned media from ALL cells promote the generation of dendritic cells with immunosuppressive features and skew M1-like macrophage polarization towards a less pro-inflammatory phenotype. Likewise, BMP4 overexpression in ALL cells potentiates their ability to induce immunosuppressive dendritic cells and favours the generation of M2-like macrophages with pro-tumoral features. These results suggest that BMP4 is in part responsible for the alterations in dendritic cell and macrophage differentiation produced by ALL cells.
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42
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Carbone A, Gloghini A, Pruneri G, Dolcetti R. Optimizing checkpoint inhibitors therapy for relapsed or progressive classic Hodgkin lymphoma by multiplex immunohistochemistry of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3012-3016. [PMID: 31070022 PMCID: PMC6558469 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint‐blocking antibodies have therapeutic activity against relapsed or progressive classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), but Hodgkin Reed‐Sternberg cells can develop resistance to this therapy via multiple mechanisms. To improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade, we need a more precise understanding of the immune escape mechanisms active in individual cHL patients, and this requires a detailed characterization of immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment. These cell‐cell interactions can now be studied by multiplex immunohistochemistry coupled to digital image analysis. This method should allow the identification of actionable target molecules mediating resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in individual cHL patients, thereby favoring the implementation of personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Carbone
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Annunziata Gloghini
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Gong T, Song X, Yang L, Chen T, Zhao T, Zheng T, Sun X, Gong T, Zhang Z. Spontaneously formed porous structure and M1 polarization effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for enhanced antitumor therapy. Int J Pharm 2019; 559:329-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Andersen MN, Etzerodt A, Graversen JH, Holthof LC, Moestrup SK, Hokland M, Møller HJ. STAT3 inhibition specifically in human monocytes and macrophages by CD163-targeted corosolic acid-containing liposomes. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:489-502. [PMID: 30637473 PMCID: PMC11028169 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are of major importance in cancer-related immune suppression, and tumor infiltration by CD163pos TAMs is associated with poor outcome in most human cancers. Therefore, therapeutic strategies for reprogramming TAMs from a tumor-supporting (M2-like) phenotype towards a tumoricidal (M1-like) phenotype are of great interest. Activation of the transcription factor STAT3 within the tumor microenvironment is associated with worse prognosis, and STAT3 activation promotes the immunosuppressive phenotype of TAMs. Therefore, we aimed to develop a drug for inhibition of STAT3 specifically within human TAMs by targeting the endocytic CD163 scavenger receptor, which is highly expressed on TAMs. Here, we report the first data on a CD163-targeted STAT3-inhibitory drug consisting of corosolic acid (CA) packaged within long-circulating liposomes (LCLs), which are CD163-targeted by modification with monoclonal anti-CD163 antibodies (αCD163)-CA-LCL-αCD163. We show, that activation of STAT3 (by phosphorylation) was inhibited by CA-LCL-αCD163 specifically within CD163pos cells, with minor effect on CD163neg cells. Furthermore, CA-LCL-αCD163 inhibited STAT3-regulated gene expression of IL-10, and increased expression of TNFα, thus indicating a pro-inflammatory effect of the drug on human macrophages. This M1-like reprogramming at the mRNA level was confirmed by significantly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL-12, TNFα, IL-2) in the culture medium. Since liposomes are attractive vehicles for novel anti-cancer drugs, and since direct TAM-targeting may decrease adverse effects of systemic inhibition of STAT3, the present results encourage future investigation of CA-LCL-αCD163 in the in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Nørgaard Andersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Anders Etzerodt
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas H Graversen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lisa C Holthof
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Søren K Moestrup
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Holger J Møller
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Barnard ME, Hecht JL, Rice MS, Gupta M, Harris HR, Eliassen AH, Rosner BA, Terry KL, Tworoger SS. Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use and Ovarian Cancer Risk by COX1/COX2 Expression and Infiltration of Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27:1509-1517. [PMID: 30377203 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use may affect ovarian cancer risk via prostaglandin synthesis and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration. We evaluated if associations between aspirin or non-aspirin NSAID use and ovarian cancer risk differed by tumor expression of prostaglandin-related (COX1, COX2) and TAM-related (CD68, CD163) markers. METHODS We evaluated cases and matched controls from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), NHSII, and New England Case-Control Study (NECC). Cases with IHC data on COX1 and COX2 (n = 532) or CD68 and CD163 (n = 530) were included. We used polytomous logistic regression, adjusted for ovarian cancer risk factors, to estimate OR for NSAID use and ovarian cancer risk by marker level. RESULTS Recent aspirin use had a nonsignificant inverse association and recent non-aspirin NSAID use had no association with ovarian cancer risk. NSAID use was not differentially associated with ovarian cancer by COX1 or COX2 expression. However, recent aspirin use was associated with lower ovarian cancer risk for high [OR 0.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.37-0.78], but not low (OR 1.50; 95% CI, 0.97-2.31), CD163 density (P heterogeneity < 0.001). Similar results were observed for aspirin duration and tablets and for recent non-aspirin NSAID use. Results were not clearly different by macrophage density defined by the less specific macrophage marker, CD68. CONCLUSIONS NSAID use was inversely associated with risk of ovarian cancer with high density CD163, a marker for M2-type, immunosuppressive macrophages. However, the relationship did not differ by prostaglandin synthesis markers. IMPACT Future research should explore prostaglandin-independent mechanisms for the association between NSAID use and ovarian cancer risk, including immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie E Barnard
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Jonathan L Hecht
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Megan S Rice
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mamta Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Holly R Harris
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bernard A Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn L Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
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de Charette M, Houot R. Hide or defend, the two strategies of lymphoma immune evasion: potential implications for immunotherapy. Haematologica 2018; 103:1256-1268. [PMID: 30006449 PMCID: PMC6068015 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.184192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evading immune eradication is a prerequisite for neoplastic progression and one of the hallmarks of cancer. Here, we review the different immune escape strategies of lymphoma and classify them into two main mechanisms. First, lymphoma cells may “hide” to become invisible to the immune system. This can be achieved by losing or downregulating MHC and/or molecules involved in antigen presentation (including antigen processing machinery and adhesion molecules), thereby preventing their recognition by the immune system. Second, lymphoma cells may “defend” themselves to become resistant to immune eradication. This can be achieved in several ways: by becoming resistant to apoptosis, by expressing inhibitory ligands that deactivate immune cells and/or by inducing an immunosuppressive (humoral and cellular) microenvironment. These immune escape mechanisms may have therapeutic implications. Their identification may be used to guide “personalized immunotherapy” for lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roch Houot
- CHU Rennes, Service Hématologie Clinique, F-35033, France .,INSERM, U1236, F-35043, France
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Pham LV, Pogue E, Ford RJ. The Role of Macrophage/B-Cell Interactions in the Pathophysiology of B-Cell Lymphomas. Front Oncol 2018; 8:147. [PMID: 29868471 PMCID: PMC5951963 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MPs) are heterogeneous, multifunctional, myeloid-derived leukocytes that are part of the innate immune system, playing wide-ranging critical roles in basic biological activities, including maintenance of tissue homeostasis involving clearance of microbial pathogens. Tumor-associated MPs (TAMs) are MPs with defined specific M2 phenotypes now known to play central roles in the pathophysiology of a wide spectrum of malignant neoplasms. Also, TAMs are often intrinsic cellular components of the essential tumor microenvironment (TME). In concert with lymphoid-lineage B and T cells at various developmental stages, TAMs can mediate enhanced tumor progression, often leading to poor clinical prognosis, at least partly through secretion of chemokines, cytokines, and various active proteases shown to stimulate tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Researchers recently showed that TAMs express certain key checkpoint-associated proteins [e.g., programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)] that appear to be involved in T-cell activation and that these proteins are targets of other specific checkpoint-blocking immunotherapies (anti-PD-1/PD-L1) currently part of new therapeutic paradigms for chemotherapy-resistant neoplasms. Although much is known about the wide spectrum and flexibility of MPs under many normal and neoplastic conditions, relatively little is known about the increasingly important interactions between MPs and B-lymphoid cells, particularly in the TME in patients with aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL-B). Normal and neoplastic lymphoid and myeloid cell/MP lineages appear to share many primitive cellular characteristics as well as transcriptional factor interactions in human and animal ontogenic studies. Such cells are capable of ectopic transcription factor-induced lineage reprogramming or transdifferentiation from early myeloid/monocytic lineages to later induce B-cell lymphomagenesis in experimental in vivo murine systems. Close cellular interactions between endogenous clonal neoplastic B cells and related aberrant myeloid precursor cells/MPs appear to be important interactive components of aggressive NHL-B that we discuss herein in the larger context of the putative role of B-cell/MP cellular lineage interactions involved in NHL-B pathophysiology during ensuing lymphoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan V Pham
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth Pogue
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard J Ford
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Zhang J, Cao D, Yu S, Chen L, Wei D, Shen C, Zhuang L, Wang Q, Xu X, Tong Y. Amphotericin B suppresses M2 phenotypes and B7-H1 expression in macrophages to prevent Raji cell proliferation. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:467. [PMID: 29695237 PMCID: PMC5918564 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages in the tumor microenvironment play a critical role in tumorigenesis and anti-cancer drug resistance. Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) is a B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with dense macrophage infiltration. However, the role for macrophages in BL remains largely unknown. Methods B7-H1, a transmembrane glycoprotein in the B7 family, suppresses T cell activation and proliferation and induces the apoptosis of activated T cells. The expression of B7-H1 in BL clinical tissues was determined by streptavidin-peroxidase immunohistochemistry. The mutual regulation between macrophages and BL Raji cells was investigated in a co-culture system. The cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution of Raji cells were determined using BrdU staining coupled with flow cytometry. CD163, CD204 and B7-H1 expression was assessed by flow cytometry and Western blot. Cell invasion was analyzed by Transwell assay. The expression of cytokines was detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunofluorescence and allogeneic T-cell proliferation assays were used to compare the expression of B7-H1, p-STAT6, or p-STAT3 and CD3+ T cell proliferation treated with or without amphotericin B. Results B7-H1 was highly expressed in tumor infiltration macrophages in most clinical BL tissues. In vitro, Raji cells synthesized IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 to induce CD163, CD204 and B7-H1 expression in co-cultured macrophages, which in turn promoted Raji cell proliferation and invasion. Interestingly, antifungal agent amphotericin B not only inhibited STAT6 phosphorylation to suppress the M2 polarization of macrophages, but also promoted CD3+ T cell proliferation by regulating B7-H1 protein expression in macrophages. Conclusion Amphotericin B might represent a novel immunotherapeutic approach to treat patients with BL. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4266-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongqing Cao
- Neurosurgical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangquan Yu
- Neurosurgical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingchao Chen
- Neurosurgical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daolin Wei
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Shen
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yin Tong
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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Seung BJ, Lim HY, Shin JI, Kim HW, Cho SH, Kim SH, Sur JH. CD204-Expressing Tumor-Associated Macrophages Are Associated With Malignant, High-Grade, and Hormone Receptor-Negative Canine Mammary Gland Tumors. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:417-424. [PMID: 29343199 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817750457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are an important component of leukocyte infiltration in tumors. TAMs can be classified into M1 and M2 phenotypes. In the present study, the expression of CD204, an M2-polarized macrophage receptor, was investigated by immunohistochemistry in the area surrounding TAMs in 101 cases of canine mammary gland tumor (CMT). We examined the relationship between M2-polarized TAMs and malignancy, histological subtype, histological grade, molecular subtype, hormone receptor (HR) status, and clinical obesity indices. The mean number of CD204-positive macrophages was significantly higher in malignant CMTs than in benign CMTs ( P = .000). The number of CD204-positive macrophages differed significantly between histological grades ( P = .000) and were significantly higher in grade III than in grades I and II. Moreover, the mean number of CD204-positive macrophages was significantly higher in HR-negative malignant CMTs than in HR-positive malignant CMTs ( P = .035) and in malignant CMTs with lymphatic invasion compared to malignant CMTs without lymphatic invasion ( P = .000). These findings suggest that CD204-positive macrophages might affect the development and behavior of CMTs and highlight the potential of CD204 as a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Joon Seung
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Lim
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Shin
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Cho
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyeon Kim
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyang Sur
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Komohara Y, Kawauchi R, Makiyama E, Mikami K, Horlad H, Fujiwara Y, Kida T, Takeya M, Niidome T. Selective depletion of cultured macrophages by magnetite nanoparticles modified with gelatin. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1640-1646. [PMID: 28810630 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated pro-tumor functions of macrophages in tumor progression in different types of malignant tumors. The detailed mechanisms of cell-cell interaction between macrophages and tumor cells have been investigated by means of in vitro co-culture experiments. The present study developed magnetite nanoparticles modified with gelatin that are specifically engulfed by macrophages and investigated methods to deplete these macrophages in co-culture experiments using a magnet. T98G glioma cell line and human monocyte-derived macrophages were mixed and co-cultured for 2 days. The T98G cells were isolated by depletion of the macrophages using the magnetite nanoparticles. mRNA expression of a number of pro-tumor molecules in the isolated T98G cells, with or without co-culture with macrophages, was then evaluated. The mRNA expression levels of chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2, interleukin-6 and macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) were significantly upregulated in T98G cells by co-culture with macrophages (P<0.01). M-CSFR protein expression was also increased by co-culture with macrophages. The conditioned medium of co-cultured cells increased M-CSFR expression in T98G cells. Magnetite nanoparticles may be a novel tool not only for investigating the unique activation status of tumor cells in co-culture conditions, but also for targeting pro-tumor macrophages in tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawauchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Erika Makiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuki Mikami
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hasita Horlad
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kida
- Magnesium Research Center, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Motohiro Takeya
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takuro Niidome
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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