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Torres E, Kalcsits L, Nieto LG. Is calcium deficiency the real cause of bitter pit? A review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1383645. [PMID: 38978516 PMCID: PMC11228315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1383645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Bitter pit is a disorder affecting the appearance of apples. Susceptibility is genetically controlled by both the cultivar and rootstock, with both environmental and horticultural factors affecting its severity and proportional incidence. Symptoms appear more frequently at the calyx end of the fruit and consist of circular necrotic spots, which take on a "corky" appearance visible through the peel. Bitter pit may develop before harvest, or after harvest, reducing the proportions of marketable fruit. In this review, current knowledge of the factors associated with the occurrence of bitter pit in apples is summarized and discussed along with their interactions with Ca uptake and distribution to fruit. This disorder has been previously linked with localized Ca deficiencies in fruit during its development. However, these relationships are not always clear. Even with over a century of research, the precise mechanisms involved in its development are still not fully understood. Additional factors also contribute to bitter pit development, like imbalances of mineral nutrients, low concentration of auxins, high concentration of gibberellins, changes in xylem functionality, or physiological responses to abiotic stress. Bitter pit remains a complex disorder with multiple factors contributing to its development including changes at whole plant and cellular scales. Apple growers must carefully navigate these complex interactions between genetics, environment, and management decisions to minimize bitter pit in susceptible cultivars. Accordingly, management of plant nutrition, fruit crop load, and tree vigor still stands as the most important contribution to reducing bitter pit development. Even so, there will be situations where the occurrence of bitter pit will be inevitable due to cultivar and/or abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanis Torres
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Fruitcentre, Parck AgroBiotech, Lleida, Spain
| | - Lee Kalcsits
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Luís Gonzalez Nieto
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Horticulture Section, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, United States
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Lilay GH, Thiébaut N, du Mee D, Assunção AGL, Schjoerring JK, Husted S, Persson DP. Linking the key physiological functions of essential micronutrients to their deficiency symptoms in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:881-902. [PMID: 38433319 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we untangle the physiological key functions of the essential micronutrients and link them to the deficiency responses in plants. Knowledge of these responses at the mechanistic level, and the resulting deficiency symptoms, have improved over the last decade and it appears timely to review recent insights for each of them. A proper understanding of the links between function and symptom is indispensable for an accurate and timely identification of nutritional disorders, thereby informing the design and development of sustainable fertilization strategies. Similarly, improved knowledge of the molecular and physiological functions of micronutrients will be important for breeding programmes aiming to develop new crop genotypes with improved nutrient-use efficiency and resilience in the face of changing soil and climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grmay Hailu Lilay
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Noémie Thiébaut
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
- Earth and Life Institute, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Dorine du Mee
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Ana G L Assunção
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
| | - Jan Kofod Schjoerring
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Søren Husted
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Daniel Pergament Persson
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
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Weng Z, Deng Y, Tang F, Zhao L, Zhao L, Wang Y, Dai X, Zhou Z, Cao Q. Screening and optimisation of in vitro pollen germination medium for sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas). PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:93. [PMID: 37644497 PMCID: PMC10463589 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01050-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sweetpotato is an important vegetable and food crop that is bred through sexual crosses and systematic selection. The use of in vitro germination of sweetpotato pollen to test its viability has important theoretical and practical implications for improving the efficiency of sweetpotato crossbreeding by controlling pollination and conducting research on sweetpotato pollen biology. RESULTS In this study, we observed the morphological structure of sweetpotato pollen under a scanning electron microscope (SEM), developed an effective method for the in vitro germination of sweetpotato pollen, and examined the viability of sweetpotato pollen after treating plants at different temperatures before blossoming. Sweetpotato pollen grains are spherical, with an average diameter of 87.07 ± 3.27 μm (excluding spines), with multiple germination pores and reticulate pollen surface sculpture. We applied numerous media to sweetpotato pollen germination in vitro to screen the initial medium and optimised the medium components through single-factor design. The most effective liquid medium for in vitro sweetpotato pollen germination contained 50 g/L Sucrose, 50 g/L Polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000), 100 mg/L Boric acid and 300 mg/L Calcium nitrate, with a pH = 6.0. The optimum growth temperature for pollen development in sweetpotato was from 25 to 30 °C. Neither staining nor in situ germination could accurately determine the viability of sweetpotato pollen. CONCLUSIONS In vitro germination can be used to effectively determine sweetpotato pollen viability. The best liquid medium for in vitro germination of sweetpotato pollen contained 50 g/L Sucrose, 50 g/L Polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000), 100 mg/L Boric acid and 300 mg/L Calcium nitrate, with the pH adjusted to 6.0. This study provides a reliable medium for the detection of sweetpotato pollen viability, which can provide a theoretical reference for sweetpotato genetics and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongkuan Weng
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Institute of Sweetpotato Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou, 221121, China
| | - Yitong Deng
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Institute of Sweetpotato Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou, 221121, China
| | - Fen Tang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Institute of Sweetpotato Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou, 221121, China
| | - Lukuan Zhao
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Institute of Sweetpotato Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou, 221121, China
| | - Lingxiao Zhao
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Institute of Sweetpotato Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou, 221121, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Institute of Sweetpotato Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou, 221121, China
| | - Xibin Dai
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Institute of Sweetpotato Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou, 221121, China
| | - Zhilin Zhou
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Institute of Sweetpotato Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou, 221121, China
| | - Qinghe Cao
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District/Institute of Sweetpotato Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou, 221121, China.
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Li M, Jiang F, Huang L, Wang H, Song W, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Niu L. Optimization of In Vitro Germination, Viability Tests and Storage of Paeonia ostii Pollen. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2460. [PMID: 37447022 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Paeonia ostii is an important woody oil crop mainly cross-pollinated. However, the low yield has become an important factor restricting the industrial development of P. ostii. Cross-pollination has become one of the important measures to increase the seed yield. Therefore, conservation of pollen with high vitality is crucial to ensure successful pollination of P. ostii. In this study, we found an effective methodological system to assess the viability, ability to germinate, and optimal storage conditions of P. ostii pollen grains. The optimal medium in vitro was 50 g/L sucrose, 100 mg/L boric acid, 50 g/L PEG6000, 100 mg/L potassium nitrate, 300 mg/L calcium nitrate, and 200 mg/L magnesium sulfate at pH 5.4. Optimal germination condition in vitro was achieved at 25 °C for 120 min, allowing easy observation of the germination percentage and length of the pollen tubes. In addition, the viability of pollen grains was assessed by comparing nine staining methods. Among them, MTT, TTC, benzidine-H2O2, and FDA were effective to distinguish between viable and non-viable pollen, and the results of the FDA staining method were similar to the pollen germination percentage in vitro. After evaluation of pollen storage, thawing and rehydration experiments showed that thawing at 4 °C for 30 min and rehydration at 25 °C for 30 min increased the germination percentage of pollen grains stored at low temperatures. The low-temperature storage experiments showed that 4 °C was suitable for short-term storage of P. ostii pollen grains, while -80 °C was suitable for long-term storage. This is the first report on the in vitro germination, viability tests, and storage of P. ostii pollen grains, which will provide useful information for P. ostii germplasm conservation and artificial pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fengfei Jiang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Linbo Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wenqing Song
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lixin Niu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Oil Peony Engineering Technology Research Center of National Forestry Administration, Yangling 712100, China
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Xie B, Chen Y, Zhang Y, An X, Li X, Yang A, Kang G, Zhou J, Cheng C. Comparative physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses reveal mechanisms of apple dwarfing rootstock root morphogenesis under nitrogen and/or phosphorus deficient conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1120777. [PMID: 37404544 PMCID: PMC10315683 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1120777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential phytomacronutrients, and deficiencies in these two elements limit growth and yield in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The rootstock plays a key role in the nutrient uptake and environmental adaptation of apple. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of N and/or P deficiency on hydroponically-grown dwarfing rootstock 'M9-T337' seedlings, particularly the roots, by performing an integrated physiological, transcriptomics-, and metabolomics-based analyses. Compared to N and P sufficiency, N and/or P deficiency inhibited aboveground growth, increased the partitioning of total N and total P in roots, enhanced the total number of tips, length, volume, and surface area of roots, and improved the root-to-shoot ratio. P and/or N deficiency inhibited NO3 - influx into roots, and H+ pumps played a important role in the response to P and/or N deficiency. Conjoint analysis of differentially expressed genes and differentially accumulated metabolites in roots revealed that N and/or P deficiency altered the biosynthesis of cell wall components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin. The expression of MdEXPA4 and MdEXLB1, two cell wall expansin genes, were shown to be induced by N and/or P deficiency. Overexpression of MdEXPA4 enhanced root development and improved tolerance to N and/or P deficiency in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. In addition, overexpression of MdEXLB1 in transgenic Solanum lycopersicum seedlings increased the root surface area and promoted acquisition of N and P, thereby facilitating plant growth and adaptation to N and/or P deficiency. Collectively, these results provided a reference for improving root architecture in dwarfing rootstock and furthering our understanding of integration between N and P signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiuhong An
- Research Center for Agricultural Engineering Technology of Mountain District of Hebei/Mountainous Areas Research Institute, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - An Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Guodong Kang
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Cungang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition and Efficient Fertilization for Deciduous Fruits, Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Fruit Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
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Wilder SL, Scott S, Waller S, Powell A, Benoit M, Guthrie JM, Schueller MJ, Awale P, McSteen P, Matthes MS, Ferrieri RA. Carbon-11 Radiotracing Reveals Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Maize Grown under Different Regimes of Boron Treatment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:241. [PMID: 35161222 PMCID: PMC8839955 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In agriculture, boron is known to play a critical role in healthy plant growth. To dissect the role of boron in maize metabolism, radioactive carbon-11 (t½ 20.4 min) was used to examine the physiological and metabolic responses of 3-week-old B73 maize plants to different levels of boron spanning 0 mM, 0.05 mM, and 0.5 mM boric acid (BA) treatments. Growth behavior, of both shoots and roots, was recorded and correlated to plant physiological responses. 11CO2 fixation, leaf export of [11C]-photosynthates, and their rate of transport increased systematically with increasing BA concentrations, while the fraction of [11C]-photosynthates delivered to the roots under 0 mM and 0.5 mM BA treatments was lower than under 0.05 mM BA treatment, likely due to changes in root growth. Additionally, solid-phase extraction coupled with gamma counting, radio-fluorescence thin layer chromatography, and radio-fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography techniques applied to tissue extracts provided insight into the effects of BA treatment on 'new' carbon (as 11C) metabolism. Most notable was the strong influence reducing boron levels had on raising 11C partitioning into glutamine, aspartic acid, and asparagine. Altogether, the growth of maize under different regimes of boron affected 11CO2 fixation, its metabolism and allocation belowground, and altered root growth. Finally, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry provided insight into the effects of BA treatment on plant uptake of other essential nutrients. Here, levels of boron and zinc systematically increased in foliar tissues with increasing BA concentration. However, levels of magnesium, potassium, calcium, manganese, and iron remained unaffected by treatment. The rise in foliar zinc levels with increased BA concentration may contribute to improved 11CO2 fixation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L. Wilder
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Stephanie Scott
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Spenser Waller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Avery Powell
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mary Benoit
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - James M. Guthrie
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Michael J. Schueller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Prameela Awale
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (P.A.); (P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Paula McSteen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (P.A.); (P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michaela S. Matthes
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Tushabe D, Rosbakh S. A Compendium of in vitro Germination Media for Pollen Research. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:709945. [PMID: 34305993 PMCID: PMC8299282 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.709945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The correct choice of in vitro pollen germination media (PGM) is crucial in basic and applied pollen research. However, the methodological gaps (e.g., strong focus of current research on model species and cultivated plants along with the lack of general rules for developing a PGM) makes experimenting with pollen difficult. We closed these gaps by compiling a compendium of optimized in vitro PGM recipes from more than 1800 articles published in English, German, and Russian from 1926 to 2019. The compendium includes 1572 PGM recipes successfully used to germinate pollen grains or produce pollen tubes in 816 species representing 412 genera and 114 families (both monocots and dicots). Among the 110 components recorded from the different PGM recipes, sucrose (89% of species), H3BO3 (77%), Ca2+ (59%), Mg2+ (44%), and K+ (39%) were the most commonly used PGM components. PGM pH was reported in 35% of all studies reviewed. Also, we identified some general rules for creating PGM for various groups of species differing in area of research (wild and cultivated species), phylogenetic relatedness (angiosperms vs. gymnosperms, dicots vs. monocots), pollen physiology (bi- and tri-cellular), biochemistry (starchy vs. starchless pollen grains), and stigma properties (dry vs. wet), and compared the component requirements. Sucrose, calcium, and magnesium concentrations were significantly different across most categories indicating that pollen sensitivity to sugar and mineral requirements in PGM is highly group-specific and should be accounted for when composing new PGM. This compendium is an important data resource on PGM and can facilitate future pollen research.
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Nitric Oxide Enhances Cytotoxicity of Lead by Modulating the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Is Involved in the Regulation of Pb 2+ and Ca 2+ Fluxes in Tobacco BY-2 Cells. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8100403. [PMID: 31600951 PMCID: PMC6843202 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lead is a heavy metal known to be toxic to both animals and plants. Nitric oxide (NO) was reported to participate in plant responses to different heavy metal stresses. In this study, we analyzed the function of exogenous and endogenous NO in Pb-induced toxicity in tobacco BY-2 cells, focusing on the role of NO in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as Pb2+ and Ca2+ fluxes using non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT). Pb treatment induced BY-2 cell death and rapid NO and ROS generation, while NO burst occurred earlier than ROS accumulation. The elimination of NO by 2-4-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) resulted in a decrease of ROS, and the supplementation of NO by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) caused an increased accumulation of ROS. Furthermore, the addition of exogenous NO stimulated Pb2+ influx, thus promoting Pb uptake in cells and aggravating Pb-induced toxicity in cells, whereas the removal of endogenous NO produced the opposite effect. Moreover, we also found that both exogenous and endogenous NO enhanced Pb-induced Ca2+ effluxes and calcium homeostasis disorder. These results suggest that exogenous and endogenous NO played a critical regulatory role in BY-2 cell death induced by Pb stress by promoting Pb2+ influx and accumulation and disturbing calcium homeostasis.
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Scheible N, McCubbin A. Signaling in Pollen Tube Growth: Beyond the Tip of the Polarity Iceberg. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E156. [PMID: 31181594 PMCID: PMC6630365 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coordinated growth of pollen tubes through floral tissues to deliver the sperm cells to the egg and facilitate fertilization is a highly regulated process critical to the Angiosperm life cycle. Studies suggest that the concerted action of a variety of signaling pathways underlies the rapid polarized tip growth exhibited by pollen tubes. Ca2+ and small GTPase-mediated pathways have emerged as major players in the regulation of pollen tube growth. Evidence suggests that these two signaling pathways not only integrate with one another but also with a variety of other important signaling events. As we continue to elucidate the mechanisms involved in pollen tube growth, there is a growing importance in taking a holistic approach to studying these pathways in order to truly understand how tip growth in pollen tubes is orchestrated and maintained. This review considers our current state of knowledge of Ca2+-mediated and GTPase signaling pathways in pollen tubes, how they may intersect with one another, and other signaling pathways involved. There will be a particular focus on recent reports that have extended our understanding in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Scheible
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.
| | - Andrew McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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Boron Deficiency Increases Cytosolic Ca 2+ Levels Mainly via Ca 2+ Influx from the Apoplast in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092297. [PMID: 31075903 PMCID: PMC6540140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron (B) is a micronutrient for plant development, and its deficiency alters many physiological processes. However, the current knowledge on how plants are able to sense the B-starvation signal is still very limited. Recently, it has been reported that B deprivation induces an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. The aim of this work was to research in Arabidopsis whether [Ca2+]cyt is restored to initial levels when B is resupplied and elucidate whether apoplastic Ca2+ is the major source for B-deficiency-induced rise in [Ca2+]cyt. The use of chemical compounds affecting Ca2+ homeostasis showed that the rise in root [Ca2+]cyt induced by B deficiency was predominantly owed to Ca2+ influx from the apoplast through plasma membrane Ca2+ channels in an IP3-independent manner. Furthermore, B resupply restored the root [Ca2+]cyt. Interestingly, expression levels of genes encoding Ca2+ transporters (ACA10, plasma membrane PIIB-type Ca2+-ATPase; and CAX3, vacuolar cation/proton exchanger) were upregulated by ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and abscisic acid (ABA). The results pointed out that ACA10, and especially CAX3, would play a major role in the restoration of Ca2+ homeostasis after 24 h of B deficiency.
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