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Noel R, Schueller MJ, Ferrieri RA. Radiocarbon Flux Measurements Provide Insight into Why a Pyroligneous Acid Product Stimulates Plant Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4207. [PMID: 38673791 PMCID: PMC11050665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Agriculture in the 21st century faces many formidable challenges with the growing global population. Increasing demands on the planet's natural resources already tax existing agricultural practices. Today, many farmers are using biochemical treatments to improve their yields. Commercialized organic biostimulants exist in the form of pyroligneous acid generated by burning agricultural waste products. Recently, we examined the mechanisms through which a commercial pyroligneous acid product, Coriphol™, manufactured by Corigin Solutions, Inc., stimulates plant growth. During the 2023 growing season, outdoor studies were conducted in soybean to examine the effects of different Coriphol™ treatment concentrations on plant growth. Plant height, number of leaves, and leaf size were positively impacted in a dose-dependent manner with 2 gallon/acre soil treatments being optimal. At harvest, this level of treatment boosted crop yield by 40%. To gain an understanding of why Coriphol™ improves plant fitness, follow-up laboratory-based studies were conducted using radiocarbon flux analysis. Here, radioactive 11CO2 was administered to live plants and comparisons were made between untreated soybean plants and plants treated at an equivalent Coriphol™ dose of 2 gallons/acre. Leaf metabolites were analyzed using radio-high-performance liquid chromatography for [11C]-chlorophyll (Chl) a and b components, as well as [11C]-β-carotene (β-Car) where fractional yields were used to calculate metabolic rates of synthesis. Altogether, Coriphol™ treatment boosted rates of Chl a, Chl b, and β-Car biosynthesis 3-fold, 2.6-fold, and 4.7-fold, respectively, and also increased their metabolic turnover 2.2-fold, 2.1-fold, and 3.9-fold, respectively. Also, the Chl a/b ratio increased from 3.1 to 3.4 with treatment. Altogether, these effects contributed to a 13.8% increase in leaf carbon capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Noel
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (R.N.); (M.J.S.)
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michael J. Schueller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (R.N.); (M.J.S.)
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (R.N.); (M.J.S.)
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Waller S, Powell A, Noel R, Schueller MJ, Ferrieri RA. Radiocarbon Flux Measurements Reveal Mechanistic Insight into Heat-Stress Induction of Nicotine Biosynthesis in Nicotiana attenuata. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15509. [PMID: 37958493 PMCID: PMC10650385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of high-temperature (HT) stress on nicotine biosynthesis in Nicotiana attenuata was examined. Nicotine content was measured in mature leaves, young sink leaves, and in roots from well-watered plants grown at 25 °C as controls and from plants exposed to 38 °C and 43 °C temperatures applied for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h duration. At 38 °C, all leaf nicotine levels were significantly less than control plants for up to 72 h exposure but rose sharply thereafter to levels significantly greater than controls with 96 h exposure. In contrast, plants exposed to 43 °C never exhibited a reduction in leaf nicotine content and showed an increase in content with just 48 h exposure. Using radioactive 11CO2 and 13NO3-, we found that HT stress reduced both CO2 fixation and nitrate uptake. Furthermore, radiocarbon flux analysis revealed that 'new' carbon partitioning (as 11C) into the 11C-radiolabeled amino acid (AA) pool was significantly reduced with HT stress as were yields of [11C]-aspartic acid, an important AA in nicotine biosynthesis, and its beta-amido counterpart [11C]-asparagine. In contrast, [12C]-aspartic acid levels appeared unaffected at 38 °C but were elevated at 43 °C relative to controls. [12C]-Asparagine levels were noted to be elevated at both stress temperatures. Since HT reductions in carbon input and nitrogen uptake were noted to impede de novo AA biosynthesis, protein degradation at HT was examined as a source of AAs. Here, leaf total soluble protein (TSP) content was reduced 39% with long exposures to both stress temperatures. However, Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) which was 41% TSP appeared unaffected. Altogether, these results support the theory that plant proteins other than Rubisco degrade at elevated temperatures freeing up essential AAs in support of nicotine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spenser Waller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.W.); (R.N.); (M.J.S.)
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Avery Powell
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.W.); (R.N.); (M.J.S.)
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Randi Noel
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.W.); (R.N.); (M.J.S.)
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michael J. Schueller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.W.); (R.N.); (M.J.S.)
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.W.); (R.N.); (M.J.S.)
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Housh AB, Noel R, Powell A, Waller S, Wilder SL, Sopko S, Benoit M, Powell G, Schueller MJ, Ferrieri RA. Studies Using Mutant Strains of Azospirillum brasilense Reveal That Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation and Auxin Production Are Light Dependent Processes. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1727. [PMID: 37512900 PMCID: PMC10383956 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As the use of microbial inoculants in agriculture rises, it becomes important to understand how the environment may influence microbial ability to promote plant growth. This work examines whether there are light dependencies in the biological functions of Azospirillum brasilense, a commercialized prolific grass-root colonizer. Though classically defined as non-phototrophic, A. brasilense possesses photoreceptors that could perceive light conducted through its host's roots. Here, we examined the light dependency of atmospheric biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and auxin biosynthesis along with supporting processes including ATP biosynthesis, and iron and manganese uptake. Functional mutants of A. brasilense were studied in light and dark environments: HM053 (high BNF and auxin production), ipdC (capable of BNF, deficient in auxin production), and FP10 (capable of auxin production, deficient in BNF). HM053 exhibited the highest rate of nitrogenase activity with the greatest light dependency comparing iterations in light and dark environments. The ipdC mutant showed similar behavior with relatively lower nitrogenase activity observed, while FP10 did not show a light dependency. Auxin biosynthesis showed strong light dependencies in HM053 and FP10 strains, but not for ipdC. Ferrous iron is involved in BNF, and a light dependency was observed for microbial 59Fe2+ uptake in HM053 and ipdC, but not FP10. Surprisingly, a light dependency for 52Mn2+ uptake was only observed in ipdC. Finally, ATP biosynthesis was sensitive to light across all three mutants favoring blue light over red light compared to darkness with observed ATP levels in descending order for HM053 > ipdC > FP10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bauer Housh
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Randi Noel
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Avery Powell
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Spenser Waller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Stacy L Wilder
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Stephanie Sopko
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mary Benoit
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Garren Powell
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michael J Schueller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Richard A Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Division of Plant Science & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Powell A, Wilder SL, Housh AB, Scott S, Benoit M, Powell G, Waller S, Guthrie JM, Schueller MJ, Ferrieri RA. Examining effects of rhizobacteria in relieving abiotic crop stresses using carbon-11 radiotracing. Physiol Plant 2022; 174:e13675. [PMID: 35316539 PMCID: PMC9310733 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In agriculture, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are increasingly used for reducing environmental stress-related crop losses through mutualistic actions of these microorganisms, activating physiological and biochemical responses, building tolerances within their hosts. Here we report the use of radioactive carbon-11 (t½ 20.4 min) to examine the metabolic and physiological responses of Zea mays to Azospirillum brasilense (HM053) inoculation while plants were subjected to salinity and low nitrogen stresses. Host metabolism of "new" carbon resources (as 11 C) and physiology including [11 C]-photosynthate translocation were measured in response to imposed growth conditions. Salinity stress caused shortened, dense root growth with a 6-fold increase in foliar [11 C]-raffinose, a potent osmolyte. ICP-MS analyses revealed increased foliar Na+ levels at the expense of K+ . HM053 inoculation relieved these effects, reinstating normal root growth, lowering [11 C]-raffinose levels while increasing [11 C]-sucrose and its translocation to the roots. Na+ levels remained elevated with inoculation, but K+ levels were boosted slightly. Low nitrogen stress yielded longer roots possessing high levels of anthocyanins. Metabolic analysis revealed significant shifts in "new" carbon partitioning into the amino acid pool under low nitrogen stress, with significant increases in foliar [11 C]-glutamate, [11 C]-aspartate, and [11 C]-asparagine, a noted osmoprotectant. 11 CO2 fixation and [11 C]-photosynthate translocation also decreased, limiting carbon supply to roots. However, starch levels in roots were reduced under nitrogen limitation, suggesting that carbon repartitioning could be a compensatory action to support root growth. Finally, inoculation with HM053 re-instated normal root growth, reduced anthocyanin, boosted root starch, and returned 11 C-allocation levels back to those of unstressed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Powell
- Missouri Research Reactor CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Stacy L. Wilder
- Missouri Research Reactor CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Alexandra B. Housh
- Missouri Research Reactor CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Interdisciplinary Plant GroupUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Stephanie Scott
- Missouri Research Reactor CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Mary Benoit
- Missouri Research Reactor CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Division of Plant Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Garren Powell
- Missouri Research Reactor CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Spenser Waller
- Missouri Research Reactor CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - James M. Guthrie
- Missouri Research Reactor CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Michael J. Schueller
- Missouri Research Reactor CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Interdisciplinary Plant GroupUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Division of Plant Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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Wilder SL, Scott S, Waller S, Powell A, Benoit M, Guthrie JM, Schueller MJ, Awale P, McSteen P, Matthes MS, Ferrieri RA. Carbon-11 Radiotracing Reveals Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Maize Grown under Different Regimes of Boron Treatment. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:241. [PMID: 35161222 PMCID: PMC8839955 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In agriculture, boron is known to play a critical role in healthy plant growth. To dissect the role of boron in maize metabolism, radioactive carbon-11 (t½ 20.4 min) was used to examine the physiological and metabolic responses of 3-week-old B73 maize plants to different levels of boron spanning 0 mM, 0.05 mM, and 0.5 mM boric acid (BA) treatments. Growth behavior, of both shoots and roots, was recorded and correlated to plant physiological responses. 11CO2 fixation, leaf export of [11C]-photosynthates, and their rate of transport increased systematically with increasing BA concentrations, while the fraction of [11C]-photosynthates delivered to the roots under 0 mM and 0.5 mM BA treatments was lower than under 0.05 mM BA treatment, likely due to changes in root growth. Additionally, solid-phase extraction coupled with gamma counting, radio-fluorescence thin layer chromatography, and radio-fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography techniques applied to tissue extracts provided insight into the effects of BA treatment on 'new' carbon (as 11C) metabolism. Most notable was the strong influence reducing boron levels had on raising 11C partitioning into glutamine, aspartic acid, and asparagine. Altogether, the growth of maize under different regimes of boron affected 11CO2 fixation, its metabolism and allocation belowground, and altered root growth. Finally, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry provided insight into the effects of BA treatment on plant uptake of other essential nutrients. Here, levels of boron and zinc systematically increased in foliar tissues with increasing BA concentration. However, levels of magnesium, potassium, calcium, manganese, and iron remained unaffected by treatment. The rise in foliar zinc levels with increased BA concentration may contribute to improved 11CO2 fixation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L. Wilder
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Stephanie Scott
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Spenser Waller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Avery Powell
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mary Benoit
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - James M. Guthrie
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Michael J. Schueller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Prameela Awale
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (P.A.); (P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Paula McSteen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (P.A.); (P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michaela S. Matthes
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (S.W.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (J.M.G.); (M.J.S.)
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Housh AB, Benoit M, Wilder SL, Scott S, Powell G, Schueller MJ, Ferrieri RA. Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria Can Impact Zinc Uptake in Zea mays: An Examination of the Mechanisms of Action Using Functional Mutants of Azospirillum brasilense. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051002. [PMID: 34066521 PMCID: PMC8148439 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the PGPB, the genus Azospirillum-with an emphasis on A. brasilense-is likely the most studied microorganism for mitigation of plant stress. Here, we report the investigation of functional mutants HM053, ipdC and FP10 of A. brasilense to understand how the biological functions of these microorganisms can affect host Zn uptake. HM053 is a Nif+ constitutively expressed strain that hyper-fixes N2 and produces high levels of the plant's relevant hormone auxin. FP10 is a Nif- strain deficient in N2-fixation. ipdC is a strain that is deficient in auxin production but fixes N2. Zn uptake was measured in laboratory-based studies of 3-week-old plants using radioactive 65Zn2+ (t½ 244 days). Principal Component Analysis was applied to draw out correlations between microbial functions and host 65Zn2+ accumulation. Additionally, statistical correlations were made to our prior data on plant uptake of radioactive 59Fe3+ and 59Fe2+. These correlations showed that low microbial auxin-producing capacity resulted in the greatest accumulation of 65Zn. Just the opposite effect was noted for 59Fe where high microbial auxin-producing capacity resulted in the greatest accumulation of that tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bauer Housh
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (A.B.H.); (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (G.P.); (M.J.S.)
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652101, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mary Benoit
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Stacy L. Wilder
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (A.B.H.); (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (G.P.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Stephanie Scott
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (A.B.H.); (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (G.P.); (M.J.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Garren Powell
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (A.B.H.); (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (G.P.); (M.J.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michael J. Schueller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (A.B.H.); (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (G.P.); (M.J.S.)
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652101, USA
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (A.B.H.); (S.L.W.); (S.S.); (G.P.); (M.J.S.)
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 652101, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-573-882-5211
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7
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Housh AB, Powell G, Scott S, Anstaett A, Gerheart A, Benoit M, Waller S, Powell A, Guthrie JM, Higgins B, Wilder SL, Schueller MJ, Ferrieri RA. Functional mutants of Azospirillum brasilense elicit beneficial physiological and metabolic responses in Zea mays contributing to increased host iron assimilation. ISME J 2021; 15:1505-1522. [PMID: 33408368 PMCID: PMC8115672 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe), an essential element for plant growth, is abundant in soil but with low bioavailability. Thus, plants developed specialized mechanisms to sequester the element. Beneficial microbes have recently become a favored method to promote plant growth through increased uptake of essential micronutrients, like Fe, yet little is known of their mechanisms of action. Functional mutants of the epiphytic bacterium Azospirillum brasilense, a prolific grass-root colonizer, were used to examine mechanisms for promoting iron uptake in Zea mays. Mutants included HM053, FP10, and ipdC, which have varying capacities for biological nitrogen fixation and production of the plant hormone auxin. Using radioactive iron-59 tracing and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, we documented significant differences in host uptake of Fe2+/3+ correlating with mutant biological function. Radioactive carbon-11, administered to plants as 11CO2, provided insights into shifts in host usage of 'new' carbon resources in the presence of these beneficial microbes. Of the mutants examined, HM053 exhibited the greatest influence on host Fe uptake with increased plant allocation of 11C-resources to roots where they were transformed and exuded as 11C-acidic substrates to aid in Fe-chelation, and increased C-11 partitioning into citric acid, nicotianamine and histidine to aid in the in situ translocation of Fe once assimilated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Housh
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - G Powell
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - S Scott
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - A Anstaett
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Burns & McDonnell, Inc. 425 S, Woods Mill Rd., Chesterfield, MO, USA, 63017
| | - A Gerheart
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Idaho State Police 5255 S. 5th Ave, Pocatello, ID, 83204, USA
| | - M Benoit
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - S Waller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - A Powell
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - J M Guthrie
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - B Higgins
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - S L Wilder
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - M J Schueller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - R A Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Abstract
Positron-emitting nuclides have long been used as imaging agents in medical science to spatially trace processes non-invasively, allowing for real-time molecular imaging using low tracer concentrations. This ability to non-destructively visualize processes in real time also makes positron imaging uniquely suitable for probing various processes in plants and porous environmental media, such as soils and sediments. Here, we provide an overview of historical and current applications of positron imaging in environmental research. We highlight plant physiological research, where positron imaging has been used extensively to image dynamics of macronutrients, signalling molecules, trace elements, and contaminant metals under various conditions and perturbations. We describe how positron imaging is used in porous soils and sediments to visualize transport, flow, and microbial metabolic processes. We also address the interface between positron imaging and other imaging approaches, and present accompanying chemical analysis of labelled compounds for reviewed topics, highlighting the bridge between positron imaging and complementary techniques across scales. Finally, we discuss possible future applications of positron imaging and its potential as a nexus of interdisciplinary biogeochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Schmidt
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Steven D Mamet
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Richard A Ferrieri
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Division of Plant Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Missouri Research Reactor Center, 14716University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Derek Peak
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Hanik N, Best M, Schueller MJ, Tappero R, Ferrieri RA. Defense Priming in Nicotiana tabacum Accelerates and Amplifies 'New' C/N Fluxes in Key Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E851. [PMID: 32640641 PMCID: PMC7411752 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the struggle to survive herbivory by leaf-feeding insects, plants employ multiple strategies to defend themselves. One mechanism by which plants increase resistance is by intensifying their responsiveness in the production of certain defense agents to create a rapid response. Known as defense priming, this action can accelerate and amplify responses of metabolic pathways, providing plants with long-lasting resistance, especially when faced with waves of attack. In the work presented, short-lived radiotracers of carbon administered as 11CO2 and nitrogen administered as 13NH3 were applied in Nicotiana tabacum, to examine the temporal changes in 'new' C/N utilization in the biosynthesis of key amino acids (AAs). Responses were induced by using topical application of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA). After a single treatment, metabolic partitioning of recently fixed carbon (designated 'new' carbon and reflected as 11C) increased through the shikimate pathway, giving rise to tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan. Amplification in 'new' carbon fluxes preceded changes in the endogenous (12C) pools of these AAs. Testing after serial JA treatments revealed that fluxes of 'new' carbon were accelerated, amplified and sustained over time at this higher rate, suggesting a priming effect. Similar results were observed with recently assimilated nitrogen (designated 'new' nitrogen reflected as 13N) with its partitioning into serine, glycine and glutamine, which play important roles supporting the shikimate pathway and downstream secondary metabolism. Finally, X-ray fluorescence imaging revealed that levels of the element Mn, an important co-factor for enzyme regulation in the shikimate pathway, increased within JA treated tissues, suggesting a link between plant metal ion regulation and C/N metabolic priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hanik
- Fachbereich Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Marcel Best
- Fachbereich Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Michael J. Schueller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source Division, Upton, NY 11973, USA;
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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10
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Xu Y, Cankaya AS, Hoque R, Lee SJ, Shea C, Kersting L, Schueller M, Fowler JS, Szalda D, Alexoff D, Riehl B, Gleede T, Ferrieri RA, Qu W. Synthesis of l
-[4-11
C]Asparagine by Ring-Opening Nucleophilic 11
C-Cyanation Reaction of a Chiral Cyclic Sulfamidate Precursor. Chemistry 2018; 24:6848-6853. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Xu
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Aylin Sibel Cankaya
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Institut für Kernchemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ruma Hoque
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Biochemistry Department; Medgar Evers College; Brooklyn NY 11225 USA
| | - So Jeong Lee
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Department of Chemistry; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Colleen Shea
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Lena Kersting
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Institut für Kernchemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Michael Schueller
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Joanna S. Fowler
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Department of Chemistry; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - David Szalda
- Department of Natural Sciences; Baruch College, CUNY; New York NY 10010 USA
| | - David Alexoff
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Barbara Riehl
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Institut für Kernchemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Tassilo Gleede
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
- Institut für Kernchemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Wenchao Qu
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
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11
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Qu W, Robert CAM, Erb M, Hibbard BE, Paven M, Gleede T, Riehl B, Kersting L, Cankaya AS, Kunert AT, Xu Y, Schueller MJ, Shea C, Alexoff D, Lee SJ, Fowler JS, Ferrieri RA. Dynamic Precision Phenotyping Reveals Mechanism of Crop Tolerance to Root Herbivory. Plant Physiol 2016; 172:776-788. [PMID: 27406166 PMCID: PMC5047087 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) is a major pest of maize (Zea mays) that is well adapted to most crop management strategies. Breeding for tolerance is a promising alternative to combat WCR but is currently constrained by a lack of physiological understanding and phenotyping tools. We developed dynamic precision phenotyping approaches using 11C with positron emission tomography, root autoradiography, and radiometabolite flux analysis to understand maize tolerance to WCR Our results reveal that WCR attack induces specific patterns of lateral root growth that are associated with a shift in auxin biosynthesis from indole-3-pyruvic acid to indole-3-acetonitrile. WCR attack also increases transport of newly synthesized amino acids to the roots, including the accumulation of Gln. Finally, the regrowth zones of WCR-attacked roots show an increase in Gln turnover, which strongly correlates with the induction of indole-3-acetonitrile-dependent auxin biosynthesis. In summary, our findings identify local changes in the auxin biosynthesis flux network as a promising marker for induced WCR tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Qu
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Christelle A M Robert
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Matthias Erb
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Bruce E Hibbard
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Maxim Paven
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Tassilo Gleede
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Barbara Riehl
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Lena Kersting
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Aylin S Cankaya
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Anna T Kunert
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Youwen Xu
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Michael J Schueller
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Colleen Shea
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - David Alexoff
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - So Jeong Lee
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Joanna S Fowler
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
| | - Richard A Ferrieri
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (W.Q., Y.X., M.J.S., C.S., D.A., S.J.L., J.S.F., R.A.F.);Biotic Interactions, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (C.A.M.R., M.E.);Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (B.E.H.); andInstitut für Kernchemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany (M.P., T.G., B.R., L.K., A.S.C., A.T.K.)
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12
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Karve AA, Alexoff D, Kim D, Schueller MJ, Ferrieri RA, Babst BA. In vivo quantitative imaging of photoassimilate transport dynamics and allocation in large plants using a commercial positron emission tomography (PET) scanner. BMC Plant Biol 2015; 15:273. [PMID: 26552889 PMCID: PMC4640171 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although important aspects of whole-plant carbon allocation in crop plants (e.g., to grain) occur late in development when the plants are large, techniques to study carbon transport and allocation processes have not been adapted for large plants. Positron emission tomography (PET), developed for dynamic imaging in medicine, has been applied in plant studies to measure the transport and allocation patterns of carbohydrates, nutrients, and phytohormones labeled with positron-emitting radioisotopes. However, the cost of PET and its limitation to smaller plants has restricted its use in plant biology. Here we describe the adaptation and optimization of a commercial clinical PET scanner to measure transport dynamics and allocation patterns of (11)C-photoassimilates in large crops. RESULTS Based on measurements of a phantom, we optimized instrument settings, including use of 3-D mode and attenuation correction to maximize the accuracy of measurements. To demonstrate the utility of PET, we measured (11)C-photoassimilate transport and allocation in Sorghum bicolor, an important staple crop, at vegetative and reproductive stages (40 and 70 days after planting; DAP). The (11)C-photoassimilate transport speed did not change over the two developmental stages. However, within a stem, transport speeds were reduced across nodes, likely due to higher (11)C-photoassimilate unloading in the nodes. Photosynthesis in leaves and the amount of (11)C that was exported to the rest of the plant decreased as plants matured. In young plants, exported (11)C was allocated mostly (88 %) to the roots and stem, but in flowering plants (70 DAP) the majority of the exported (11)C (64 %) was allocated to the apex. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that commercial PET scanners can be used reliably to measure whole-plant C-allocation in large plants nondestructively including, importantly, allocation to roots in soil. This capability revealed extreme changes in carbon allocation in sorghum plants, as they advanced to maturity. Further, our results suggest that nodes may be important control points for photoassimilate distribution in crops of the family Poaceae. Quantifying real-time carbon allocation and photoassimilate transport dynamics, as demonstrated here, will be important for functional genomic studies to unravel the mechanisms controlling phloem transport in large crop plants, which will provide crucial insights for improving yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit A Karve
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
- Present address: Purdue Research Foundation, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - David Alexoff
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
- Present address: Five Eleven Pharma Inc, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
| | - Michael J Schueller
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
| | - Richard A Ferrieri
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
| | - Benjamin A Babst
- Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
- Present address: School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR, 71656, USA.
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Pankievicz VCS, do Amaral FP, Santos KFDN, Agtuca B, Xu Y, Schueller MJ, Arisi ACM, Steffens MBR, de Souza EM, Pedrosa FO, Stacey G, Ferrieri RA. Robust biological nitrogen fixation in a model grass-bacterial association. Plant J 2015; 81:907-19. [PMID: 25645593 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria can promote plant growth; however, it is controversial whether biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) from associative interaction contributes to growth promotion. The roots of Setaria viridis, a model C4 grass, were effectively colonized by bacterial inoculants resulting in a significant enhancement of growth. Nitrogen-13 tracer studies provided direct evidence for tracer uptake by the host plant and incorporation into protein. Indeed, plants showed robust growth under nitrogen-limiting conditions when inoculated with an ammonium-excreting strain of Azospirillum brasilense. (11)C-labeling experiments showed that patterns in central carbon metabolism and resource allocation exhibited by nitrogen-starved plants were largely reversed by bacterial inoculation, such that they resembled plants grown under nitrogen-sufficient conditions. Adoption of S. viridis as a model should promote research into the mechanisms of associative nitrogen fixation with the ultimate goal of greater adoption of BNF for sustainable crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia C S Pankievicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-980, Curitiba, Brazil
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Robert CAM, Ferrieri RA, Schirmer S, Babst BA, Schueller MJ, Machado RAR, Arce CCM, Hibbard BE, Gershenzon J, Turlings TCJ, Erb M. Induced carbon reallocation and compensatory growth as root herbivore tolerance mechanisms. Plant Cell Environ 2014; 37:2613-22. [PMID: 24762051 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Upon attack by leaf herbivores, many plants reallocate photoassimilates below ground. However, little is known about how plants respond when the roots themselves come under attack. We investigated induced resource allocation in maize plants that are infested by the larvae Western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. Using radioactive (11) CO(2), we demonstrate that root-attacked maize plants allocate more new (11) C carbon from source leaves to stems, but not to roots. Reduced meristematic activity and reduced invertase activity in attacked maize root systems are identified as possible drivers of this shoot reallocation response. The increased allocation of photoassimilates to stems is shown to be associated with a marked thickening of these tissues and increased growth of stem-borne crown roots. A strong quantitative correlation between stem thickness and root regrowth across different watering levels suggests that retaining photoassimilates in the shoots may help root-attacked plants to compensate for the loss of belowground tissues. Taken together, our results indicate that induced tolerance may be an important strategy of plants to withstand belowground attack. Furthermore, root herbivore-induced carbon reallocation needs to be taken into account when studying plant-mediated interactions between herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle A M Robert
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany; Departments of 2Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Ferrieri AP, Agtuca B, Appel HM, Ferrieri RA, Schultz JC. Temporal changes in allocation and partitioning of new carbon as (11)C elicited by simulated herbivory suggest that roots shape aboveground responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2013; 161:692-704. [PMID: 23370716 PMCID: PMC3561013 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Using the short-lived isotope (11)C (t(1/2) = 20.4 min) as (11)CO(2), we captured temporal changes in whole-plant carbon movement and partitioning of recently fixed carbon into primary and secondary metabolites in a time course (2, 6, and 24 h) following simulated herbivory with the well-known defense elicitor methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to young leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Both (11)CO(2) fixation and (11)C-photosynthate export from the labeled source leaf increased rapidly (2 h) following MeJA treatment relative to controls, with preferential allocation of radiolabeled resources belowground. At the same time, (11)C-photosynthate remaining in the aboveground sink tissues showed preferential allocation to MeJA-treated, young leaves, where it was incorporated into (11)C-cinnamic acid. By 24 h, resource allocation toward roots returned to control levels, while allocation to the young leaves increased. This corresponded to an increase in invertase activity and the accumulation of phenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins, in young leaves. Induction of phenolics was suppressed in sucrose transporter mutant plants (suc2-1), indicating that this phenomenon may be controlled, in part, by phloem loading at source leaves. However, when plant roots were chilled to 5°C to disrupt carbon flow between above- and belowground tissues, source leaves failed to allocate resources belowground or toward damaged leaves following wounding and MeJA treatment to young leaves, suggesting that roots may play an integral role in controlling how plants respond defensively aboveground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail P Ferrieri
- University of Missouri, Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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Ferrieri AP, Appel H, Ferrieri RA, Schultz JC. Novel application of 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose to study plant defenses. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:1152-60. [PMID: 22795788 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since its first use in humans in 1976, 2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (¹⁸FDG) continues to serve as a tracer to measure tissue glucose metabolism in medical imaging. Here we demonstrate a novel use for this tracer to study glycoside biosynthesis in plants as a measure of plant response to defense induction. METHODS Coupling autoradiography with radio high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of tissue extracts, we examined the combined effects of leaf wounding and treatment using the potent plant defense hormone, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), to measure tracer distribution and tracer use in secondary defense chemistry in Arabidopsis thaliana. We hypothesized that competing sinks like roots and reproductive tissues, as well as vascular architecture, would impact the induction of phenolic defenses of the plant that make use of glucose in glycoside formation by altering distribution and metabolic utilization of ¹⁸FDG. RESULTS Our studies showed that leaf orthostichy defined the major route of ¹⁸FDG transport in both vegetative and reproductive plants when a single petiole was cut as the entry point for tracer introduction. However, when nonorthostichous leaves were damaged and treated with MeJA, ¹⁸FDG was transported in its intact form to these leaves 3 h later, where it was incorporated into phenolic glycosides. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrates a new use for ¹⁸FDG in plant science with insights into carbohydrate allocation that contradict conclusions of previous studies showing transport of resources away from damaged sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail P Ferrieri
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Robert CAM, Veyrat N, Glauser G, Marti G, Doyen GR, Villard N, Gaillard MDP, Köllner TG, Giron D, Body M, Babst BA, Ferrieri RA, Turlings TCJ, Erb M. A specialist root herbivore exploits defensive metabolites to locate nutritious tissues. Ecol Lett 2011; 15:55-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Best M, Koenig K, McDonald K, Schueller M, Rogers A, Ferrieri RA. Inhibition of trehalose breakdown increases new carbon partitioning into cellulosic biomass in Nicotiana tabacum. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:595-601. [PMID: 21333278 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Validamycin A was used to inhibit in vivo trehalase activity in tobacco enabling the study of subsequent changes in new C partitioning into cellulosic biomass and lignin precursors. After 12-h exposure to treatment, plants were pulse labeled using radioactive (11)CO(2), and the partitioning of isotope was traced into [(11)C]cellulose and [(11)C]hemicellulose, as well as into [(11)C]phenylalanine, the precursor for lignin. Over this time course of treatment, new carbon partitioning into hemicellulose and cellulose was increased, while new carbon partitioning into phenylalanine was decreased. This trend was accompanied by a decrease in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. After 4d of exposure to validamycin A, we also measured leaf protein content and key C and N metabolite pools. Extended treatment increased foliar cellulose and starch content, decreased sucrose, and total amino acid and nitrate content, and had no effect on total protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Best
- Fachbereich Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Hanik N, Gómez S, Schueller M, Orians CM, Ferrieri RA. Use of gaseous 13NH3 administered to intact leaves of Nicotiana tabacum to study changes in nitrogen utilization during defence induction. Plant Cell Environ 2010; 33:2173-9. [PMID: 20716065 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-13 (t(1/2) 9.97 m), a radioactive isotope of nitrogen, offers unique opportunities to explore plant nitrogen utilization over short time periods. Here we describe a method for administering (13)N as gaseous (13)NH(3) to intact leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. (cv Samsun), and measuring the labelled amino acids using radio high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on tissue extract. We used this method to study the effects of defence induction on plant nitrogen utilization by applying treatments of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a potent defence elicitor. MeJA caused a significant increase relative to controls in key [(13)N]amino acids, including serine, glycine and alanine by 4 h post-treatment, yet had no effect on (13)NH(3) incorporation, a process that is primarily under the control of the glutamine synthatase/glutamate synthase pathway (GS/GOGAT) in cellular photorespiration. We suggest that the reconfiguration of nitrogen metabolism may reflect induction of non-photorespiratory sources of nitrogen to better serve the plant's defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hanik
- Fachbereich Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
• Evidence is emerging to support the notion that in response to herbivory, plants undergo changes in their primary metabolism and are able to fine-tune the allocation of new and existing resources and temporarily direct them to storage organs. • We hypothesized that simulated herbivory increases the export of resources out of the affected tissues and increases allocation to roots. We used short-lived radioisotopes to study in vivo the dynamics of newly incorporated (11)CO(2) and (13)NH(3). Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a known defense elicitor, was applied to the foliage of tomato plants and 4 h later we monitored leaf uptake, export and whole-plant allocation of [(11)C]photosynthate and [(13)N]amino acids. • There was a marginally significant decrease in the fixation of (11)CO(2), and an increase in the export of newly acquired carbon and nitrogen out of MeJA-treated leaves. The proportion of nitrogen allocated to roots increased, whereas the proportion of carbon did not change. • These results are in agreement with our hypotheses, showing a change in the allocation of resources after treatment with MeJA; this may reduce the chance of resources being lost to herbivores and act as a buffer to biotic stress by increasing the potential for plant regrowth and survival after the attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Hanik N, Gómez S, Best M, Schueller M, Orians CM, Ferrieri RA. Partitioning of new carbon as ¹¹C in Nicotiana tabacum reveals insight into methyl jasmonate induced changes in metabolism. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:1058-67. [PMID: 20842413 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We examined the timeline by which methyl jasmonate (MeJA) reprograms new carbon partitioning into key metabolite pools. The radioactive isotope ¹¹C (t(¹/₂) 20.4 min), administered to intact leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. (cv Samsun) as ¹¹CO(2) gas enabled us to measure changes in new carbon partitioning into soluble sugar and amino acid pools of [¹¹C]photosynthate. A 500 μM MeJA treatment resulted in a decrease in the [¹¹C]soluble sugar pool and an increase in the [¹¹C]amino acid pool after 4 h. This pattern was more pronounced 15 h after treatment. We also examined the timeline for ¹¹C-partitioning into aromatic amino acid metabolites of the shikimate pathway. [¹¹C]Tyrosine, [C¹¹C]phenylalanine and [¹¹C]tryptophan were elevated 1.5-fold, 12-fold and 12-fold, respectively, relative to controls, 4 h after MeJA treatment, while endogeneous pools were unchanged. This suggests that only new carbon is utilized during early stages of defense induction. By 15 h, [C¹¹C]tyrosine and [¹¹C]phenylalanine returned to baseline while [¹¹C]tryptophan was elevated 30-fold, suggesting that MeJA exerts selective control over the shikimate pathway. Finally, we measured trans-cinnamic acid levels as a gauge of downstream phenolic metabolism. Levels were unchanged 4 h after MeJA treatment relative to controls, but were increased 2-fold by 15 h, indicating a lag in response of secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hanik
- Fachbereich Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55099, Mainz, Germany
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Kasel MCK, Schueller MJ, Ferrieri RA. Optimizing [13N]N2 radiochemistry for nitrogen-fixation in root nodules of legumes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kil KE, Biegon A, Ding YS, Fischer A, Ferrieri RA, Kim SW, Pareto D, Schueller MJ, Fowler JS. Synthesis and PET studies of [(11)C-cyano]letrozole (Femara), an aromatase inhibitor drug. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 36:215-23. [PMID: 19217534 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aromatase, a member of the cytochrome P450 family, converts androgens such as androstenedione and testosterone into estrone and estradiol, respectively. Letrozole (1-[bis-(4-cyanophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole; Femara) is a high-affinity aromatase inhibitor (K(i)=11.5 nM) that has Food and Drug Administration approval for breast cancer treatment. Here we report the synthesis of carbon-11-labeled letrozole and its assessment as a radiotracer for brain aromatase in the baboon. METHODS Letrozole and its precursor (4-[(4-bromophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl]benzonitrile) were prepared in a two-step synthesis from 4-cyanobenzyl bromide and 4-bromobenzyl bromide, respectively. The [(11)C]cyano group was introduced via tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling of [(11)C]cyanide with the bromo precursor. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies in the baboon brain were carried out to assess regional distribution and kinetics, reproducibility of repeated measures and saturability. Log D, the free fraction of letrozole in plasma and the [(11)C-cyano]letrozole fraction in arterial plasma were also measured. RESULTS [(11)C-cyano]Letrozole was synthesized in 60 min with a radiochemical yield of 79-80%, with a radiochemical purity greater than 98% and a specific activity of 4.16+/-2.21 Ci/mumol at the end of bombardment (n=4). PET studies in the baboon revealed initial rapid and high uptake and initial rapid clearance, followed by slow clearance of carbon-11 from the brain, with no difference between brain regions. Brain kinetics was not affected by coinjection of unlabeled letrozole (0.1 mg/kg). The free fraction of letrozole in plasma was 48.9%, and log D was 1.84. CONCLUSION [(11)C-cyano]Letrozole is readily synthesized via a palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction with [(11)C]cyanide. Although it is unsuitable as a PET radiotracer for brain aromatase, as revealed by the absence of regional specificity and saturability in brain regions such as amygdala, which are known to contain aromatase, it may be useful in measuring letrozole distribution and pharmacokinetics in the brain and peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Eek Kil
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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Thorpe MR, Ferrieri AP, Herth MM, Ferrieri RA. 11C-imaging: methyl jasmonate moves in both phloem and xylem, promotes transport of jasmonate, and of photoassimilate even after proton transport is decoupled. Planta 2007; 226:541-51. [PMID: 17356850 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The long-distance transport and actions of the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were investigated by using the short-lived positron-emitting isotope 11C to label both MeJA and photoassimilate, and compare their transport properties in the same tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.). There was strong evidence that MeJA moves in both phloem and xylem pathways, because MeJA was exported from the labeled region of a mature leaf in the direction of phloem flow, but it also moved into other parts of the same leaf and other mature leaves against the direction of phloem flow. This suggests that MeJA enters the phloem and moves in sieve tube sap along with photoassimilate, but that vigorous exchange between phloem and xylem allows movement in xylem to regions which are sources of photoassimilate. This exchange may be enhanced by the volatility of MeJA, which moved readily between non-orthostichous vascular pathways, unlike reports for jasmonic acid (which is not volatile). The phloem loading of MeJA was found to be inhibited by parachloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (PCMBS) (a thiol reagent known to inhibit membrane transporters), and by protonophores carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) suggesting proton co-transport. MeJA was found to promote both its own transport and that of recent photoassimilate within 60 min. Furthermore, we found that MeJA can counter the inhibitory effect of the uncoupling agent, CCCP, on sugar transport, suggesting that MeJA affects the plasma membrane proton gradient. We also found that MeJA's action may extend to the sucrose transporter, since MeJA countered the inhibitory effects of the sulfhydryl reagent, PCMBS, on the transport of photoassimilate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Thorpe
- ICG-III:Phytosphere, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
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Ferrieri AP, Thorpe MR, Ferrieri RA. Stimulating natural defenses in poplar clones (OP-367) increases plant metabolism of carbon tetrachloride. Int J Phytoremediation 2006; 8:233-43. [PMID: 17120527 DOI: 10.1080/15226510600846780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater contamination by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) presents a health risk as a potential carcinogen and pollutant that is capable of depleting the ozone layer. Although use of poplar trees in a phytoremediation capacity has proven to be cost effective for cleaning contaminated sites, minimizing leaf emission of volatile contaminants remains a pressing issue. We hypothesized that recently fixed carbon plays a key role in CCl4 metabolism in planta yielding nonvolatile trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and that the extent of this metabolism can be altered by heightening plant defenses. Labeling intact leaves with (11)CO2 (t 1/2 20.4 m) can test this hypothesis, because the extremely short half-life of the tracer reflects only those processes involving recently fixed carbon. Using radio-HPLC analysis, we observed [(11)C]TCA from leaf extract from poplar clones (OP-367) whose roots were exposed to a saturated solution of CCl4 (520 ppm). Autoradiography of [(11)C]photosynthate showed increased leaf export and partitioning to the apex within 24 h of CCl4 exposure, suggesting that changes in plant metabolism and partitioning of recently fixed carbon occur rapidly. Additionally, leaf CCl4 emissions were highest in the morning, when carbon pools are low, suggesting a link between contaminant metabolism and leaf carbon utilization. Further, treatment with methyljasmonate, a plant hormone implicated in defense signal transduction, reduced leaf CCl4 emissions two-fold due to the increased formation of TCA.
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Gerasimov MR, Ferrieri RA, Pareto D, Logan J, Alexoff D, Ding YS. Synthesis and evaluation of inhaled [11C]butane and intravenously injected [11C]acetone as potential radiotracers for studying inhalant abuse. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 32:201-8. [PMID: 15721766 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of inhalant abuse is a growing problem in the US and many countries around the world. Yet, relatively little is known about the pharmacokinetic properties of inhalants that underlie their abuse potential. While the synthesis of 11C-labeled toluene, acetone and butane has been proposed in the literature, none of these compounds has been developed as radiotracers for PET studies. In the present report we extend our previous studies with [11C]toluene to include [11C]acetone and [11C]butane with the goal of comparing the pharmacokinetic profiles of these three volatile abused substances. Both [11C]toluene and [11C]acetone were administered intravenously and [11C]butane was administered via inhalation to anesthesized baboons. Rapid and efficient uptake of radiolabeled toluene and acetone into the brain was followed by fast clearance in the case of toluene and slower kinetics in the case of acetone. [11C]Butane was detected in the blood and brain following inhalation, but the levels of radioactivity in both tissues dropped to half of the maximal values over the period of less than a minute. To our knowledge, this is the first reported study of the in vivo brain pharmacokinetics of labeled acetone and butane in nonhuman primates. These data provide insight into the pharmacokinetic features possibly associated with the abuse liability of toluene, acetone and butane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madina R Gerasimov
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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Babst BA, Ferrieri RA, Gray DW, Lerdau M, Schlyer DJ, Schueller M, Thorpe MR, Orians CM. Jasmonic acid induces rapid changes in carbon transport and partitioning in Populus. New Phytol 2005; 167:63-72. [PMID: 15948830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Here, we tested whether rapid changes in carbohydrate transport and partitioning to storage organs would be induced by jasmonic acid (JA), a plant-produced signal of herbivore attack known to induce resistance. Carbon-11, introduced as (11)CO(2), was used to track real-time carbohydrate transport and partitioning nondestructively in Populus species before and 12 h after application of JA to a single leaf. Jasmonic acid resulted in more rapid [(11)C]-photosynthate export from both local and systemic leaves, as well as greater partitioning of [(11)C]-photosynthate to the stem and roots. In Populus tremuloides, following JA treatment, leaf starch decreased, but there was no change in photosynthetic rates or leaf soluble sugar concentration, indicating that recent photosynthate was diverted from starch accumulation in the leaf to other plant organs. Increasing the supply of photosynthate to roots and stems may shield resources from folivorous predators, and may also facilitate both storage and nutrient uptake, and ultimately lead to greater tolerance, either by enhancing regrowth capacity or by replacing nutrients consumed by herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Herth MM, Thorpe MR, Ferrieri RA. Synthesis of the phytohormone [11C]methyl jasmonate via methylation on a C18 Sep Pak? cartridge. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pritchard J, Tomos AD, Farrar JF, Minchin PEH, Gould N, Paul MJ, MacRae EA, Ferrieri RA, Gray DW, Thorpe MR. Turgor, solute import and growth in maize roots treated with galactose. Funct Plant Biol 2004; 31:1095-1103. [PMID: 32688977 DOI: 10.1071/fp04082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been observed that extension growth in maize roots is almost stopped by exposure to 5 mm d-galactose in the root medium, while the import of recent photoassimilate into the entire root system is temporarily promoted by the same treatment. The aim of this study was to reconcile these two apparently incompatible observations. We examined events near the root tip before and after galactose treatment since the tip region is the site of elongation and of high carbon deposition in the root. The treatment rapidly decreased root extension along the whole growing zone. In contrast, turgor pressure, measured directly with the pressure probe in the cortical cells of the growing zone, rapidly increased by 0.15 MPa within the first hour following treatment, and the increase was maintained over the following 24 h. Both tensiometric measurements and a comparison of turgor pressure with local growth rate demonstrated that a rapid tightening of the cell wall caused the reduction in growth. Single cell sampling showed cell osmotic pressure increased by 0.3 MPa owing to accumulation of both organic and inorganic solutes. The corresponding change in cell water potential was a rise from -0.18 MPa to approximately zero. More mature cells at 14 mm from the root tip (just outside the growing region) showed a qualitatively similar response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Pritchard
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - A Deri Tomos
- Ysgol Gwyddorau Bioleg, Prifysgol Cymru Bangor, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, Wales, UK
| | - John F Farrar
- Ysgol Gwyddorau Bioleg, Prifysgol Cymru Bangor, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, Wales, UK
| | - Peter E H Minchin
- Horticulture and Food Research Institute, Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Nick Gould
- Horticulture and Food Research Institute, Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Elspeth A MacRae
- Horticulture and Food Research Institute, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Dennis W Gray
- University of Connecticut, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Michael R Thorpe
- Horticulture and Food Research Institute, Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Ferrieri RA. Supercritical fluids in medical radioisotope processing and chemistry, Part I: technology, instrumentation and methodology. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ferrieri RA. Supercritical fluids in medical radioisotope processing and chemistry, Part II: Applications - real and demonstrated. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
With the goal of investigating the pharmacokinetics of the abused solvent, toluene we have adapted the rapid coupling of methyl iodide with tributylphenylstannane mediated by palladium(0) complex to the synthesis of no-carrier-added [11C]toluene starting with 11CH(3)I. Two methods for purification and formulation of the tracer were developed. The first one yielded [11C]toluene dissolved in dimethylacetamide/saline solution, for the second one we adapted supercritical fluid technology where the tracer was purified using and conventional C(18) HPLC column and pure supercritical CO(2) fluid as a mobile phase operating at 2000 psi. Formulation of the tracer in cyclodextrin resulted in a significantly higher integrated uptake and distribution volume values. Additionally, we observed higher uptake and slower clearance of 11C-toluene in white matter, consistent with higher lipid content and neurotoxicological evidence indicating restricted and diffuse white matter changes in toluene abusers. This trend was observed when either DMA or cyclodextrin was used as a vehicle. It appears then, that the choice of a vehicle affected only the degree of bioavailability, but not the regional brain pharmacokinetics. Finally, we demonstrated the effect of a decreased percent difference between DV values for the studies performed on the same day, that is, test/retest variability was lower for all brain regions in beta-cyclodextrin experiments. Present results clearly demonstrate that the choice of a vehicle has a significant effect on tracer uptake and should be considered as a potential factor contributing to the pharmacokinetic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madina R Gerasimov
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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Firouzbakht ML, Ferrieri RA, Wolf AP, Rack EP. Stereochemical consequences of bromine-for-halogen substitutions in the gas phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100412a088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Ferrieri RA, Wolf AP. Selectivity in catalytic alkyne cyclotrimerization over chromium(VI): kinetic evaluation using the characteristics of radioactive carbon-11 decay for nondisruptive ultrasensitive detection of adsorbed species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j150655a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Iwata R, Ferrieri RA, Wolf AP. Rate constant determination of the reaction of metastable atomic nitrogen(2D,2P) with nitrogen dioxide using moderated nuclear recoil atoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100283a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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38
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Firouzbakht ML, Ferrieri RA, Wolf AP, Rack EP. Stereochemical consequences of thermal fluorine-for-chlorine atomic substitution with 2(S)-(+)-chloropropionyl chloride. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00241a066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Ferrieri RA, Wolf AP, Tang YN. Reaction selectivity of translationally and electronically excited carbon-11 atoms with ethylene. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00354a040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Abuse of inhalants in today's society has become such a widespread problem among today's adolescents that in many parts of the world their use exceeds that of many other illicit drugs or alcohol. Even so, little is known how such inhalants affect brain function to an extent that can lead to an abuse liability. While methodologies exist for radiolabeling certain inhalants of interest with short-lived positron emitting radioisotopes that would allow their investigation in human subjects using positron emission tomography (PET), the purification methodologies necessary to separate these volatile substances from the organic starting materials have not been developed. We've adapted supercritical fluid technology to this specific PET application by building a preparative-scale supercritical CO2 fluid radiochromatograph, and applied it to the purification of [11C]toluene. We've demonstrated that [11C]toluene can be separated from the starting materials using a conventional C18 HPLC column and pure supercritical CO2 fluid as the mobile phase operating at 2000 psi and 40 degrees C. We've also shown that the purified radiotracer can be quantitatively captured on Tenax GR, a solid support material, as it exits the supercritical fluid stream, thus allowing for later desorption into a 1.5% cyclodextrin solution that is suitable for human injection, or into a breathing tube for direct inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Muller
- College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23186, USA
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41
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Gerasimov MR, Ferrieri RA, Schiffer WK, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Gifford AN, Alexoff DA, Marsteller DA, Shea C, Garza V, Carter P, King P, Ashby CR, Vitkun S, Dewey SL. Study of brain uptake and biodistribution of [11C]toluene in non-human primates and mice. Life Sci 2002; 70:2811-28. [PMID: 12269385 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhalant abuse is a rapidly growing health problem particularly among adolescents. Yet we know little about the neural mechanisms underlying the abuse liability of inhalants, particularly when compared to other addictive drugs. Specifically, our understanding of the relationship between the regional brain phamacokinetics and features classically associated with drug reinforcement is lacking. Under the hypothesis that the abuse liability of toluene can be related to its pharmacokinetic properties and the pattern of regional brain uptake, we developed the methodology for radiolabeling and purifying [11C]toluene for use in PET studies. Here we report the regional brain distribution and kinetics of the widely abused solvent toluene in non-human primates and the whole body biodistribution in mice. To our knowledge, this is the first reported study of the in vivo brain pharmacokinetics of labeled toluene in non-human primates. Rapid uptake of radioactivity into striatal and frontal regions was followed by rapid clearance from the brain. Concurrent findings in rodents indicate similar radio-tracer kinetics, with excretion through kidneys and liver. Taken together, our data provides insight into pharmacokinetic features possibly associated with the abuse liability of toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gerasimov
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
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42
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Ferrieri RA, Garcia I, Fowler JS, Wolf AP. Investigations of acetonitrile solvent cluster formation in supercritical carbon dioxide, and its impact on microscale syntheses of carbon-11-labeled radiotracers for PET. Nucl Med Biol 1999; 26:443-54. [PMID: 10382849 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(99)00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy has been developed for synthesizing positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers using [11C]methyl iodide. This strategy relies on the ability of organic co-solvents to cluster within mixtures of supercritical fluids resulting in localized regions of high density which can serve as microscopic pockets for reaction. We've shown that acetonitrile will cluster about dilute solutes when mixtures of this co-solvent with carbon dioxide are forced to behave as a homogeneous fluid at the critical point. We applied this strategy in a systematic investigation of the conditions for optimized reaction between methyl iodide and L-alpha-methyl-N-2-propynyl phenethylamine (nordeprenyl) to yield L-deprenyl. Variables such as temperature, ultraviolet light exposure, co-solvent concentration, system pressure, and methyl iodide concentration were explored. The synthesis of radioactive [11C]-L-deprenyl using no-carrier-added concentrations of [11C]methyl iodide was also tested. Results showed that greater than 90% radiochemical yield of the desired product could be attained using 40 times less labeling substrate than in conventional PET tracer syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ferrieri
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA.
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43
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Ferrieri RA, Sharma RB, Wolf AP. Effect of Translational Energy on the Reactions Involving Excited N( 2D) and Cl 2. RADIOCHIM ACTA 1997. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.1997.77.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ram B. Sharma
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Alfred P. Wolf
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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45
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Galynker I, Schlyer DJ, Dewey SL, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gatley SJ, MacGregor RR, Ferrieri RA, Holland MJ, Brodie J, Simon E, Wolf AP. Opioid receptor imaging and displacement studies with [6-O-[11C] methyl]buprenorphine in baboon brain. Nucl Med Biol 1996; 23:325-31. [PMID: 8782244 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(95)02087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Buprenorphine (BPN) is a mixed opiate agonist-antagonist used as an analgesic and in the treatment of opiate addiction. We have used [6-O-[11C]methyl]buprenorphine ([11C]BPN) to measure the regional distribution in baboon brain, the test-retest stability of repeated studies in the same animal, the displacement of the labeled drug by naloxone in vivo, and the tissue distribution in mice. The regional distribution of radioactivity in baboon brain determined with PET was striatum > thalamus > cingulate gyrus > frontal cortex > parietal cortex > occipital cortex > cerebellum. This distribution corresponded to opiate receptor density and to previously published data (37). The tracer uptake in adult female baboons showed no significant variation in serial scans in the same baboon with no intervention in the same scanning session. HPLC analysis of baboon plasma showed the presence of labeled metabolites with 92% +/- 2.2% and 43% +/- 14.4% of the intact tracer remaining at 5 and 30 min, respectively. Naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, administered 30-40 min after tracer injection at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg i.v., reduced [11C]BPN binding in thalamus, striatum, cingulate gyrus, and frontal cortex to values 0.25 to 0.60 of that with no intervention. There were minimal (< 15%) effects on cerebellum. Naloxone treatment significantly reduced the slope of the Patlak plot in receptor-containing regions. These results demonstrate that [11C]BPN can be displaced by naloxone in vivo, and they affirm the feasibility of using this tracer and displacement methodology for short-term kinetics studies with PET. Mouse tissue distribution data were used to estimate the radiation dosimetry to humans. The critical organ was the small intestine, with a radiation dose estimate to humans of 117 nrad/mCi.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Galynker
- Beth Israel Hospital, New York, NY 10003, USA
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46
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Ferrieri RA, Wolf AP. Mass Separation Due to the Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Fluid across a Radial Thermal Gradient. SEP SCI TECHNOL 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/01496399508013142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Ferrieri RA, Alexoff DL, Schlyer DJ, Wolf AP. Remote processing, delivery and injection of H2[15O] produced from a N2/H2 gas target using a simple and compact apparatus. Appl Radiat Isot 1994; 45:1149-54. [PMID: 7894394 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8043(94)90030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report here a simple apparatus for remote trapping and processing of H2[15O] produced from the N2/H2 target. The system performs a three step operation for H2[15O] delivery at the PET imaging facility which includes the following: (i) collecting the radiotracer in sterile water; (ii) adjusting preparation pH through removal of radiolytically produced ammonia, while at the same time adjusting solution isotonicity; and (iii) delivery of the radiotracer preparation to the injection syringe in a sterile and pyrogen-free form suitable for human studies. The processing apparatus is simple, can be remotely operated and fits inside a Capintec Dose Monitoring Chamber for direct measurement of accumulated radioactivity. Using this system, 300 mCi of H2[15O] (15 microA of 8 MeV D+ on target) is transferred from target through 120 m x 3.18 mm o.d. Impolene tubing to yield 100 mCi of H2[15O] which is isotonic, neutral and suitable for human studies. A remote hydraulically driven system for i.v. injection of the H2[15O] is also described. The device allows for direct measurement of syringe dose while filling, and for easy, as well as safe transport of the injection syringe assembly to the patient's bedside via a shielded delivery cart. This cart houses a hydraulic piston that allows the physician to "manually" inject the radiotracer without directly handling the syringe.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Ferrieri
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
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48
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Meyer RJ, Roman F, Sharma RB, Ferrieri RA, Rack EP. Stereochemical Consequences of Recoil Halogen Atom Substitution VI: 38Cl-for-X (X = C1,F) Reactions in Gaseous, Liquid and Solid Diastereomeric Dihaloalkanes. RADIOCHIM ACTA 1993. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.1993.62.4.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304 and Medical Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178-0104 (USA
| | - Felix Roman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304 and Medical Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105 (USA)
| | - Ram B. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304 and Medical Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105 (USA)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073 (USA)
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (USA)
| | - Edward P. Rack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304 and Medical Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105 (USA)
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Ferrieri RA, Schlyer DJ, Alexoff DL, Fowler JS, Wolf AP. Direct analysis of Kryptofix 2.2.2 in 18FDG by gas chromatography using a nitrogen-selective detector. Nucl Med Biol 1993; 20:367-9. [PMID: 8485498 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(93)90061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Ferrieri
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
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50
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Gatley SJ, Ferrieri RA, Fowler JS, MacGregor RR, Wolf AP. Rapid radiochemical and chemical quality control of [11C]putrescine. Appl Radiat Isot 1993; 44:765-7. [PMID: 8472030 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8043(93)90146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A short (4.6 x 50 mm) cation exchange column was used in conjunction with conductivity and radioactivity detectors to determine the radiochemical purity (> 99%) and specific radioactivity (0.5-1.0 Ci/mu mol) of [1-11C]putrescine prepared via Michael addition of [11C]cyanide to acrylonitrile. The absence of acrylonitrile, a rodent carcinogen, from the final preparation was verified at the 50 ng level capillary vapor-phase chromatography (VPC) using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. Routine VPC analysis using a Poropak Q column and flame ionization detection showed that preparations contained no more than 1 microgram of acrylonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Gatley
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
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