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Jia J, Qu G, Jia P, Li D, Yao Y. The contest between artificial management and natural environment determines the adaptive strategies of leaf morphogenesis in Sabina chinensis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae060. [PMID: 38832722 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Sabina chinensis is a typically heteromorphic leaf evergreen tree worldwide with both ornamental and ecological value. However, the shaping mechanism of heteromorphic leaves of S. chinensis and its adaptability to environment are important factors determining its morphology. The morphological change of S. chinensis under different habitats (tree around) and treatments (light, pruning and nutrients) was investigated. Our findings suggested that the prickle leaves proportion was associated with low light intensity and soil nutrient scarcity. Stems and leaves are pruned together to form clusters of large prickle leaves, while only pruning leaves often form alternately growing small prickle leaves and scale leaves, and the length of the prickle leaves is between 0.5 cm and 1 cm. The gene expression of prickle leaves is higher than that of scale leaves under adverse environmental conditions, and the gene expression correlations between small prickle leaf and scale leaf were the highest. Homologous and heterologous mutants of gene structure in prickle leaves were larger than those in scale leaves. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway showed that phenylpropanone and flavonoid biosynthesis were common enrichment pathways, and that the enrichment genes were mainly related to metabolism, genetic information processing and organismal systems. Therefore, we concluded that the occurrence of the heteromorphic leaf phenomenon was related to the changes in photosynthesis, mechanical damage and nutrient supplementation. The organic matter in the S. chinensis prickle leaves was reduced under environmental stresses, and it will be allocated to the expression of prickle leaf or protective cuticles formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jia
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Minhang district, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guojuan Qu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Minhang district, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Peng Jia
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Linghe Street 42, Shahekou district, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dezhi Li
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Minhang district, Shanghai 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration of Shanghai, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Minhang district, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Cuiniao Road 20, Chongming district, Shanghai 202162, China
- Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhongshan Road 3633, Zhongbei district, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yifei Yao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Minhang district, Shanghai 200241, China
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2
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Bai X, Chen Z, Chen M, Zeng B, Li X, Tu P, Hu B. Morphological, Anatomical, and Physiological Characteristics of Heteroblastic Acacia melanoxylon Grown under Weak Light. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:870. [PMID: 38592868 PMCID: PMC10974800 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Acacia melanoxylon is a fast-growing macrophanerophyte with strong adaptability whose leaf enables heteromorphic development. Light is one of the essential environmental factors that induces the development of the heteroblastic leaf of A. melanoxylon, but its mechanism is unclear. In this study, the seedlings of A. melanoxylon clones were treated with weak light (shading net with 40% of regular light transmittance) and normal light (control) conditions for 90 d and a follow-up observation. The results show that the seedlings' growth and biomass accumulation were inhibited under weak light. After 60 days of treatment, phyllodes were raised under the control condition while the remaining compound was raised under weak light. The balance of root, stem, and leaf biomass changed to 15:11:74 under weak light, while it was 40:15:45 under control conditions. After comparing the anatomical structures of the compound leaves and phyllode, they were shown to have their own strategies for staying hydrated, while phyllodes were more able to control water loss and adapt to intense light. The compound leaves exhibited elevated levels of K, Cu, Ca, and Mg, increased antioxidant enzyme activity and proline content, and higher concentrations of chlorophyll a, carotenoids, ABA, CTK, and GA. However, they displayed a relatively limited photosynthetic capacity. Phyllodes exhibited higher levels of Fe, cellulose, lignin, IAA content, and high photosynthetic capacity with a higher maximum net photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, dark respiration rate, and water use efficiency. The comparative analysis of compound leaves and phyllodes provides a basis for understanding the diverse survival strategies that heteroblastic plants employ to adapt to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Bai
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhaoli Chen
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Mengjiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Bingshan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Panfeng Tu
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
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3
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Hu Y, Tang F, Zhang D, Shen S, Peng X. Integrating genome-wide association and transcriptome analysis to provide molecular insights into heterophylly and eco-adaptability in woody plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad212. [PMID: 38046852 PMCID: PMC10689056 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Heterophylly is regard as an important adaptive mechanism in response to different environments within plants. However, the genetic mechanisms responsible for heterophylly in woody plants are still poorly understood. Herein, the divergence of heterophyllous leaves was investigated at morphogenesis and using microdissection and physiological indexes in paper mulberry, and the genetic basis of heterophylly was further revealed combined with genome-wide association study (GWAS), transcriptome analysis and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Our results revealed that the flavonoid content and antioxidant activity increased gradually from the entire leaf to the palmatisect leaf, while the hormone content and net photosynthetic rate decreased. Through GWAS and transcriptome analysis, a total of 98 candidate genes and 2338 differentially expressed genes associated with heterophylly were identified. Importantly, we uncovered critical variations in the candidate genes Bp07g0981 (WOX) and Bp07g0920 (HHO), along with significant differences in haplotypes and expression levels among heterophyllous leaves. Our results also suggested that the genes involved in hormone signaling pathways, antioxidant activity, and flavonoid metabolism might be closely related to the heterophylly of paper mulberry, which could account for the physiological data. Indeed, CR-wox mutant lines showed significant changes in leaf phenotypes, and differential expression profile analysis also highlighted the expression of genes related to phytohormones and transcription factors. Together, the genetic variations and candidate genes detected in this study provide novel insights into the genetic mechanism of heterophylly, and would improve the understanding of eco-adaptability in heterophyllous woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shihua Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xianjun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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4
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Zhai J, Zhang X, Li Z, Han X, Zhang S. Differences in the Functional Traits of Populus pruinosa Leaves in Different Developmental Stages. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2262. [PMID: 37375887 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Populus pruinosa Schrenk has the biological characteristics of heteromorphic leaves and is a pioneer species for wind prevention and sand fixation. The functions of heteromorphic leaves at different developmental stages and canopy heights of P. pruinosa are unclear. To clarify how developmental stages and canopy height affect the functional characteristics of leaves, this study evaluated the morphological anatomical structures and the physiological indicators of leaves at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 m. The relationships of functional traits to the developmental stages and canopy heights of leaves were also analyzed. The results showed that blade length (BL), blade width (BW), leaf area (LA), leaf dry weight (LDW), leaf thickness (LT), palisade tissue thickness (PT), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), proline (Pro), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased with progressing developmental stages. BL, BW, LA, leaf dry weight, LT, PT, Pn, Gs, Pro, and the contents of MDA, indoleacetic acid, and zeatin riboside had significant positive correlations with canopy heights of leaves and their developmental stages. The morphological structures and physiological characteristics of P. pruinosa leaves showed more evident xeric structural characteristics and higher photosynthetic capacity with increasing canopy height and progressive developmental stages. Resource utilization efficiency and the defense ability against environmental stresses were improved through mutual regulation of each functional trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntuan Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Xiaoli Han
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Shanhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, College of Life Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
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5
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Xu R, Liu WG, Huang TW, Li BR, Dai HX, Yang XD. Drought stress-induced the formation of heteromorphic leaves of Populus euphratica Oliv: evidence from gene transcriptome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1194169. [PMID: 37351211 PMCID: PMC10282185 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1194169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Populus euphratica Oliv., a dominant species of arid desert community, grows heteromorphic leaves at different crown positions. Whether heteromorphic leaves are a strategy of plant adaptation to drought stress is rarely reported. This study sequenced the transcriptome of three typical heteromorphic leaves (lanceolate, ovate and broad-ovate leaves) of P. euphratica, and measured their drought stress. We wanted to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of heteromorphic leaves. Drought stress was increased significantly from lanceolate to ovate to broad-ovate leaves. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the MADs-box gene regulated the expression of peroxidase (POD) in the phenylpropane biosynthetic pathway. The up-regulated expression of the chalcone synthase (CHS) gene in broad-ovate leaves significantly activated the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. In the process of leaf shape change, the different expressions of homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) among the three heteromorphic leaves had potential interactions on the AUX and ABA pathways. The expression of Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SUS) increased from lanceolate to broad-ovate leaves, resulting in a consistent change in starch and sucrose content. We concluded that these resistance-related pathways are expressed in parallel with leaf formation genes, thereby inducing the formation of heteromorphic leaves. Our work provided a new insights for desert plants to adapt to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wei-Guo Liu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology of Education Ministry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ting-Wen Huang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bo-Rui Li
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hui-Xian Dai
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques/Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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6
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Yu ZC, Lin W, He W, Yan GZ, Zheng XT, Luo YN, Zhu H, Peng CL. Dynamic changes of the contents of photoprotective substances and photosynthetic maturation during leaf development of evergreen tree species in subtropical forests. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:965-978. [PMID: 36864631 PMCID: PMC10785039 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the photoprotective and photosynthetic capacity of plant leaves, but few have simultaneously evaluated the dynamic changes of photoprotective capacity and photosynthetic maturation of leaves at different developmental stages. As a result, the process between the decline of photoprotective substances and the onset of photosynthetic maturation during plant leaf development are still poorly understood, and the relationship between them has not been quantitatively described. In this study, the contents of photoprotective substances, photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic capacity of leaves at different developmental stages from young leaves to mature leaves were determined by spatio-temporal replacement in eight dominant tree species in subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests. The correlation analysis found that the data sets of anthocyanins, flavonoids, total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity were mainly distributed on one side of the symmetry axis (y = x), while the data sets of flavonoids, total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity were mainly distributed on both sides of the symmetry axis (y = x). In addition, the content of photoprotective substances in plant leaves was significantly negatively correlated with photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic capacity but was significantly positively correlated with dark respiration rate (Rd). When chlorophyll accumulated to ~50% of the final value, the photoprotective substance content and Rd of plant leaves reached the lowest level, and anthocyanins disappeared completely; in contrast, the photosynthetic capacity reached the highest level. Our results suggest that anthocyanins mainly play a light-shielding role in the young leaves of most plants in subtropical forests. In addition, 50% chlorophyll accumulation in most plant leaves was the basis for judging leaf photosynthetic maturity. We also believe that 50% chlorophyll accumulation is a critical period in the transition of plant leaves from high photoprotective capacity (high metabolic capacity, low photosynthetic capacity) to low photoprotective capacity (low metabolic capacity, high photosynthetic capacity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Chao Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wei He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Guan-Zhao Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Yan-Na Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Chang-Lian Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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7
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Wu Z, Jiang Z, Li Z, Jiao P, Zhai J, Liu S, Han X, Zhang S, Sun J, Gai Z, Qiu C, Xu J, Liu H, Qin R, Lu R. Multi-omics analysis reveals spatiotemporal regulation and function of heteromorphic leaves in Populus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:188-204. [PMID: 36746772 PMCID: PMC10152652 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high economic and ecological importance of forests, our knowledge of the adaptive evolution of leaf traits remains very limited. Euphrates poplar (Populus euphratica), which has high tolerance to arid environment, has evolved four heteromorphic leaf forms, including narrow (linear and lanceolate) and broad (ovate and broad-ovate) leaves on different crowns. Here, we revealed the significant functional divergence of four P. euphratica heteromorphic leaves at physiological and cytological levels. Through global analysis of transcriptome and DNA methylation across tree and leaf developmental stages, we revealed that gene expression and DNA epigenetics differentially regulated key processes involving development and functional adaptation of heteromorphic leaves, such as hormone signaling pathways, cell division, and photosynthesis. Combined analysis of gene expression, methylation, ATAC-seq, and Hi-C-seq revealed longer interaction of 3D genome, hypomethylation, and open chromatin state upregulates IAA-related genes (such as PIN-FORMED1 and ANGUSTIFOLIA3) and promotes the occurrence of broad leaves while narrow leaves were associated with highly concentrated heterochromatin, hypermethylation, and upregulated abscisic acid pathway genes (such as Pyrabactin Resistance1-like10). Therefore, development of P. euphratica heteromorphic leaves along with functional divergence was regulated by differentially expressed genes, DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, and 3D genome remodeling to adapt to the arid desert. This study advances our understanding of differential regulation on development and functional divergence of heteromorphic leaves in P. euphratica at the multi-omics level and provides a valuable resource for investigating the adaptive evolution of heteromorphic leaves in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource Protection and Utilization of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Alar 843300, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhenbo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource Protection and Utilization of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Alar 843300, China
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
- Desert Poplar Research Center of Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource Protection and Utilization of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Alar 843300, China
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
- Desert Poplar Research Center of Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Peipei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource Protection and Utilization of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Alar 843300, China
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
- Desert Poplar Research Center of Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Juntuan Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource Protection and Utilization of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Alar 843300, China
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
- Desert Poplar Research Center of Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoli Han
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource Protection and Utilization of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Alar 843300, China
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
- Desert Poplar Research Center of Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Shanhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource Protection and Utilization of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Alar 843300, China
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
- Desert Poplar Research Center of Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Jianhao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource Protection and Utilization of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Alar 843300, China
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
- Desert Poplar Research Center of Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Zhongshuai Gai
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource Protection and Utilization of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Alar 843300, China
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
- Desert Poplar Research Center of Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource Protection and Utilization of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Alar 843300, China
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
- Desert Poplar Research Center of Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Jindong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rui Qin
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central MinZu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rui Lu
- Wuhan Frasergen Bioinformatics, Wuhan 430074, China
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8
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Yang XD, Anwar E, Xu YL, Zhou J, Sha LB, Gong XW, Ali A, Gao YC, Liu Y, Ge P. Hydraulic constraints determine the distribution of heteromorphic leaves along plant vertical height. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:941764. [PMID: 36275510 PMCID: PMC9580785 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.941764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As an interesting and important trait of some drought-tolerant species, heteromorphic leaves are distributed differentially along plant vertical heights. However, the underpinning mechanism for the formation of heteromorphic leaves remains unclear. We hypothesize that heteromorphic leaves are caused by the hydraulic constraints possibly due to the compensation of the changes in functional traits in response to water transport capacity or the reduction of ineffective water loss. In this study, differences in water transport capacity, morphological traits, anatomical structures, and cellular water relations among three typical types of heteromorphic leaves (i.e., lanceolate, ovate, and broad-ovate) of Populus euphratica Oliv. (a dominant species of desert riparian forest in Central and West Asia) and their relationships were analyzed in order to explore the forming mechanism of heteromorphic leaves. The results showed that the lanceolate, ovate, and broad-ovate leaves were growing in the lower, intermediate, and higher positions from the ground, respectively. Morphological traits, anatomical structures, cellular water relations, and water transport capacity significantly varied among the three types of heteromorphic leaves (P< 0.01). Drought stress in broad-ovate leaves was significantly higher than that in ovate and lanceolate leaves (P< 0.01). Water transport capacity has significant correlations with morphological traits, anatomical structures, and cellular water relations (R 2 ≥ 0.30; P< 0.01). Our results indicated that heteromorphic leaves were used as an important adaptive strategy for P. euphratica to alleviate the increase of hydraulic constraints along vertical heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Yang
- Department of Geography and Spatial Information/Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Institute of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Elhamjan Anwar
- Institute of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yi-Lu Xu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle (UON), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jie Zhou
- Institute of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Long-Bin Sha
- Institute of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xue-Wei Gong
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Arshad Ali
- Forest Ecology Research Group, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yong-Chao Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle (UON), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ping Ge
- Department of Development Planning, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Zhai J, Li Z, Si J, Zhang S, Han X, Chen X. Structural and Functional Responses of the Heteromorphic Leaves of Different Tree Heights on Populus euphratica Oliv. to Different Soil Moisture Conditions. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182376. [PMID: 36145777 PMCID: PMC9505870 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Populus euphratica Oliv., a pioneer species of desert riparian forest, is characterized heterophylly. To understand the adaptation strategies of the heteromorphic leaves of P. euphratica to soil drought, we assessed the structural and functional characteristics of the heteromorphic leaves at different heights in suitable soil moisture conditions (groundwater depth 1.5 m) and drought conditions (groundwater depth 5 m), which include morphology, anatomical structure, photosynthetic capacity, water use efficiency, osmotic adjustment capacity, and endogenous hormones. These results indicate that leaf area, leaf thickness, fence tissue, palisade-to-sea ratio, main vein xylem area, vessel area, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and proline, MDA, IAA, GA3, and ZR contents showed a positive correlation with the tree height under the two soil moisture conditions, but leaf shape index, leaf water potential (LWP), and ABA content showed a decreasing trend. In addition, the main vein vascular bundle area, main vein xylem area, and contents of malondialdehyde, ABA, GA3, and IAA were significantly greater under soil drought conditions than normal soil water content. Under soil drought stress, the heteromorphic leaves of P. euphratica showed more investment in anatomical structure and greater water use efficiency, proline, and hormone contents, and synergistic changes to maintain high photosynthetic efficiency. This is an adaptation strategy to water stress caused by soil drought and tree height changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntuan Zhai
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University and Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps and Research Center of Populus Euphratica, Alar 843300, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University and Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps and Research Center of Populus Euphratica, Alar 843300, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Jianhua Si
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shanhe Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University and Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps and Research Center of Populus Euphratica, Alar 843300, China
| | - Xiaoli Han
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University and Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps and Research Center of Populus Euphratica, Alar 843300, China
| | - Xiangxiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University and Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps and Research Center of Populus Euphratica, Alar 843300, China
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Zhu X, Sun F, Sang M, Ye M, Bo W, Dong A, Wu R. Genetic Architecture of Heterophylly: Single and Multi-Leaf Genome-Wide Association Mapping in Populus euphratica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:870876. [PMID: 35783952 PMCID: PMC9240601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.870876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heterophylly is an adaptive strategy used by some plants in response to environmental changes. Due to the lack of representative plants with typical heteromorphic leaves, little is known about the genetic architecture of heterophylly in plants and the genes underlying its control. Here, we investigated the genetic characteristics underlying changes in leaf shape based on the model species, Populus euphratica, which exhibits typical heterophylly. A set of 401,571 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from whole-genome sequencing of 860 genotypes were associated with nine leaf traits, which were related to descriptive and shape data using single- and multi-leaf genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Multi-leaf GWAS allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic architecture of heterophylly by considering multiple leaves simultaneously. The single-leaf GWAS detected 140 significant SNPs, whereas the multi-leaf GWAS detected 200 SNP-trait associations. Markers were found across 19 chromosomes, and 21 unique genes were implicated in traits and serve as potential targets for selection. Our results provide novel insights into the genomic architecture of heterophylly, and provide candidate genes for breeding or engineering P. euphratica. Our observations also improve understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms of plant growth, evolution, and adaptation in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuli Zhu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengshuo Sun
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Sang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Meixia Ye
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Bo
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ang Dong
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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11
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Light Regimes Regulate Leaf and Twigs Traits of Camellia oleifera (Abel) in Pinus massoniana Plantation Understory. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13060918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Camellia oleifera (Abel) is an economic tree species and one of the four largest oil plants in the world. The leaf and twig responses and plasticity indices of C. oleifera were investigated under four light regimes in Pinus massoniana understory plantations, namely, 100% light intensity (CK), 75% of CK (HL), 50% of CK (ML), and 30% of CK (LL). The morphological characteristics, biomass allocation, and physiological characteristics of C. oleifera leaves and twigs under different light regimes, as well as their plasticity indexes, were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that leaf area, and specific leaf area, leaf total carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chlorophyll contents, and photosynthesis increased, which indicates that plants have the strongest adaptability under HL. No fruit appeared in twigs under LL and ML. The plastic morphological traits were greater than the biomass allocation and physiological traits. The plasticity of palisade/sponge tissue thickness and lower epidermis thickness were the lowest. In conclusion, C. oleifera have differences in sensitivity and regulation mechanism according to their differences in leaf morphological characteristics, biomass allocation physiological indicators, and response to light regimes. C. oleifera plants showed obvious phenotypic inhibition under CK, while they can adjust their strategies for using light energy to maintain their own growth and development under HL. The wide range of light adaptation and strong plasticity of C. oleifera may be two important reasons for its existence in heterogeneous habitats, but it needs at least 75% light regimes to complete its normal growth development and fruit setting. The study provides insights into the optimum light regimes for the improvement of the quality and efficiency of C. oleifera in P. massoniana understory plantations.
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12
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Zhang JL, Li XG, Xu XH, Chen HP, Li YL, Guy RD. Leaf morphology, photosynthesis and pigments change with age and light regime in savin juniper. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:1097-1108. [PMID: 33756015 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Savin juniper is an excellent species for desertification control in arid and semi-arid areas, where it typically establishes under the protection of nurse plants. Ultimately, established plants emerge into full light as they grow, and this transition is accompanied by an increase in the preponderance of scale-like versus needle-like leaf forms. To test how age and variable light environments affect shade tolerance in savin juniper, we established a pot study under field conditions, with two age cohorts (1- and 4-year-old rooted scions) and three light regimes (10%, 50% and 100% light transmittance). We measured growth, leaf parameters, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and foliar pigments on a monthly basis (seven growing months per year, from 2015 to 2017). Overall, there was little interaction among all variables, and both cohort and light regime had significant effects. Leaf form and spacing varied continuously, tending towards shorter, more closely spaced and more appressed scale leaves with higher dry leaf mass per area in older plants or under higher light. There were no clear age-related patterns in carotenoids but both cohort and light had significant effects on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence variables. We conclude that savin juniper shows an intermediate tolerance to shade that changes with growth in that younger plants were less tolerant of full sun than older plants, consistent with its reliance on nurse plants for ultimate establishment in the open.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - X-G Li
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - X-H Xu
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - H-P Chen
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Y-L Li
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - R D Guy
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Jeffery CJ, Dorgan KM, Pysh L. Promoting a more integrated approach to structure and function. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:2020-2030. [PMID: 34180524 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The connection between structure and function is one of the fundamental tenets of biology: a biological unit's structure determines its function, and, conversely, its function depends upon its structure. Historically, important advances have been made either when understanding of structure leads to questions about function or when understanding of function raises questions about the structures involved. Consequently, considering the connections between structure and function from a broader perspective might lead to the development of novel hypotheses that move our understanding of the fundamental connections between structure and function forward. Better integration of structure and function is a key component in the broader goal of reintegrating biology within and across scales. Here, we provide examples of how integrating studies of structure and function as well as comparing structure-function relationships across biological scales can lead to scientific advances. We also emphasize the potential of integrating studies of structure and function across scales for bio-inspired design and for improving biology education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance J Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | | | - Leonard Pysh
- Biology Department, Roanoke College, Salem, VA, 24153, USA
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Song Z, Ni X, Yao J, Wang F. Progress in studying heteromorphic leaves in Populus euphratica: leaf morphology, anatomical structure, development regulation and their ecological adaptation to arid environments. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1870842. [PMID: 33427562 PMCID: PMC7971333 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1870842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Populus euphratica Oliv. is a tree that is strongly resistant to drought and salt stress, which is primarily distributed in arid and semiarid lands. The leaves of the species exhibit a special feature that causes them to be designated as heterophylly. In this brief review, we primarily discuss the heteromorphic leaf development and anatomical features, such as the differentiation of spongy and palisade tissues, in heteromorphic leaves of the species. Furthermore, we also discuss the different physiological characteristics in heteromorphic leaves related to the ecological adaptation of P. euphratica to drought environments. These traits in P. euphratica may help researchers evaluate its ecological value in arid areas and evaluate its scientific merit in understanding the mechanism of development of heteromorphic leaves in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xinbo Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Jian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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