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Xiang J, Wei L, Zheng T, Wu J, Cheng J. ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) protein interacts with elicitor PvNLP7 from Plasmopara viticola to mediate PvNLP7-triggered immunity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 347:112194. [PMID: 39009307 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Revealing the effector-host molecular interactions is crucial for understanding the host immunity against Plasmopara viticola and devising innovative disease management strategies. As a pathogenic oomycete causing grapevine downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola employs various effectors to manipulate the defense systems of host plants. One of these P. viticola derived effectors is necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1) -like protein (PvNLP7), which has been known to elicit cell death and immune responses in plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure, prompting the focus of this study. Through yeast two-hybrid screening, we have identified the Vitis rotundifolia ADP-ribosylation factor (VrARF1) as a host interactor of PvNLP7. This interaction is corroborated through bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays. Heterologous expression of VrARF1 in Nicotiana benthamiana verifies its accumulation in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, and induction of cell death. Moreover, the VrARF1 gene is strongly induced during early P. viticola infection and upon PvNLP7 transient expression. Overexpression of the VrARF1 gene in grapevine and N. benthamiana enhances resistance to P. viticola and Phytophthora capsici, respectively, via induction of defense related genes PR1 and PR2. Conversely, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of NbARF1 in N. benthamiana, homologous to VrARF1, markedly attenuates PvNLP7-triggered cell death and reduces the expression of four PTI marker genes (PTI5, Acre31, WRKY7 and Cyp71D20) and two defense related genes (PR1 and PR2), rendering plants transiently transformed with PvNLP7 more susceptible to oomycete P. capsici. These findings highlight the role of ARF1 in mediating PvNLP7-induced immunity and indicate its potential as a target for engineering disease-resistant transgenic plants against oomycete pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Lingzhu Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jianhui Cheng
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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Jiang Y, Yue Y, Wang Z, Lu C, Yin Z, Li Y, Ding X. Plant Biostimulant as an Environmentally Friendly Alternative to Modern Agriculture. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5107-5121. [PMID: 38428019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Ensuring the safety of crop production presents a significant challenge to humanity. Pesticides and fertilizers are commonly used to eliminate external interference and provide nutrients, enabling crops to sustain growth and defense. However, the addition of chemical substances does not meet the environmental standards required for agricultural production. Recently, natural sources such as biostimulants have been found to help plants with growth and defense. The development of biostimulants provides new solutions for agricultural product safety and has become a widely utilized tool in agricultural. The review summarizes the classification of biostimulants, including humic-based biostimulant, protein-based biostimulant, oligosaccharide-based biostimulant, metabolites-based biostimulants, inorganic substance, and microbial inoculant. This review attempts to summarize suitable alternative technology that can address the problems and analyze the current state of biostimulants, summarizes the research mechanisms, and anticipates future technological developments and market trends, which provides comprehensive information for researchers to develop biostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yingzhe Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhaoxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chongchong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
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de Oliveira IB, Moura IM, Santana JO, Gramacho KP, Dos Santos Alves S, Ferreira MM, Santos AS, de Novais DPS, Pirovani CP. Cocoa Apoplastome Contains Defense Proteins Against Pathogens. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:427-440. [PMID: 37665571 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-23-0101-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast performs important functions in the plant, such as defense against stress, and compounds present form the apoplastic washing fluid (AWF). The fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease (WBD) in Theobroma cacao, initially colonizes the apoplast in its biotrophic phase. In this period, the fungus can remain for approximately 60 days, until it changes to its second phase, causing tissue death and consequently large loss in the production of beans. To better understand the importance of the apoplast in the T. cacao-M. perniciosa interaction, we performed the first apoplastic proteomic mapping of two contrasting genotypes for WBD resistance (CCN51-resistant and Catongo-susceptible). Based on two-dimensional gel analysis, we identified 36 proteins in CCN-51 and 15 in Catongo. We highlight PR-proteins, such as peroxidases, β-1,3-glucanases, and chitinases. A possible candidate for a resistance marker of the CCN-51 genotype, osmotin, was identified. The antioxidative metabolism of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the AWF of the two genotypes under field conditions (FD). T. cacao AWF inhibited the germination of M. perniciosa basidiospores (>80%), in addition to causing morphological changes. Our results shed more light on the nature of the plant's defense performed by the apoplast in the T. cacao-M. perniciosa interaction in the initial (biotrophic) phase of fungal infection and therefore make it possible to expand WBD control strategies based on the identification of potential targets for resistance markers and advance scientific knowledge of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau (CEPEC/CEPLAC) Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Km 22 Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Bahia 45600-970, Brazil
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do Carmo Santos ML, Santos TA, Dos Santos Lopes N, Macedo Ferreira M, Martins Alves AM, Pirovani CP, Micheli F. The selenium-independent phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase from Theobroma cacao (TcPHGPX) protects plant cells against damages and cell death. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108332. [PMID: 38224638 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Proteins from the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) family, such as GPX4 or PHGPX in animals, are extensively studied for their antioxidant functions and apoptosis inhibition. GPXs can be selenium-independent or selenium-dependent, with selenium acting as a potential cofactor for GPX activity. However, the relationship of plant GPXs to these functions remains unclear. Recent research indicated an upregulation of Theobroma cacao phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase gene (TcPHGPX) expression during early witches' broom disease stages, suggesting the use of antioxidant mechanisms as a plant defense strategy to reduce disease progression. Witches' broom disease, caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, induces cell death through elicitors like MpNEP2 in advanced infection stages. In this context, in silico and in vitro analyses of TcPHGPX's physicochemical and functional characteristics may elucidate its antioxidant potential and effects against cell death, enhancing understanding of plant GPXs and informing strategies to control witches' broom disease. Results indicated TcPHGPX interaction with selenium compounds, mainly sodium selenite, but without improving the protein function. Protein-protein interaction network suggested cacao GPXs association with glutathione and thioredoxin metabolism, engaging in pathways like signaling, peroxide detection for ABA pathway components, and anthocyanin transport. Tests on tobacco cells revealed that TcPHGPX reduced cell death, associated with decreased membrane damage and H2O2 production induced by MpNEP2. This study is the first functional analysis of TcPHGPX, contributing to knowledge about plant GPXs and supporting studies for witches' broom disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luíza do Carmo Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Taís Araújo Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Natasha Dos Santos Lopes
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Monaliza Macedo Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Akyla Maria Martins Alves
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil; CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
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State of the Art of the Molecular Biology of the Interaction between Cocoa and Witches’ Broom Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065684. [PMID: 36982760 PMCID: PMC10057015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant scientific advances to elucidate the Moniliophthora perniciosa pathosystem have been achieved in recent years, but the molecular biology of this pathogen-host interaction is still a field with many unanswered questions. In order to present insights at the molecular level, we present the first systematic review on the theme. All told, 1118 studies were extracted from public databases. Of these, 109 were eligible for the review, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicated that understanding the transition from the biotrophic-necrotrophic phase of the fungus is crucial for control of the disease. Proteins with strong biotechnological potential or that can be targets for pathosystem intervention were identified, but studies regarding possible applications are still limited. The studies identified revealed important genes in the M. perniciosa-host interaction and efficient molecular markers in the search for genetic variability and sources of resistance, with Theobroma cacao being the most common host. An arsenal of effectors already identified and not explored in the pathosystem were highlighted. This systematic review contributes to the understanding of the pathosystem at the molecular level, offering new insights and proposing different paths for the development of new strategies to control witches’ broom disease.
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Xiang J, Cheng J, Wei L, Li M, Wu J. Functional analysis of the Nep1-like proteins from Plasmopara viticola. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2000791. [PMID: 35152834 PMCID: PMC9176246 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.2000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1) -like proteins (NLP) are secreted by multiple taxonomically unrelated plant pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and oomycete) and are best known for inducing cell death and immune responses in dicotyledonous plants. A group of putative NLP genes from obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola were predicted by RNA-Seq in our previous study, but their activity has not been established. Therefore, we analyzed the P. viticola NLP (PvNLP) family and identified seven PvNLP genes. They all belong to type 1 NLP genes and form a P. viticola-specific cluster when compared with other pathogen NLP genes. The expression of PvNLPs was induced during early infection process and the expression patterns could be categorized into two groups. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression assays revealed that only PvNLP7 was cytotoxic and could induce Phytophthora capsici resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Functional analysis showed that PvNLP4, PvNLP5, PvNLP7, and PvNLP10 significantly improved disease resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Moreover, the four genes caused an inhibition of plant growth which is typically associated with enhanced immunity when over-expressed in Arabidopsis. Further research found that PvNLP7 could activate the expression of defense-related genes and its conserved NPP1 domain was critical for cell death- and immunity-inducing activity. This record of NLP genes from P. viticola showed a functional diversification, laying a foundation for further study on pathogenic mechanism of the devastating pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xiang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Cheng
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingzhu Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingshan Li
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Yang G, Yang J, Zhang Q, Wang W, Feng L, Zhao L, An B, Wang Q, He C, Luo H. The Effector Protein CgNLP1 of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Affects Invasion and Disrupts Nuclear Localization of Necrosis-Induced Transcription Factor HbMYB8-Like to Suppress Plant Defense Signaling. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911479. [PMID: 35770165 PMCID: PMC9234567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi secrete numerous effectors to modulate host defense systems. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which fungal effectors regulate plant defense is of great importance for the development of novel strategies for disease control. In this study, we identified necrosis- and ethylene-inducing protein 1 (Nep1)-like protein (NLP) effector gene, CgNLP1, which contributed to conidial germination, appressorium formation, invasive growth, and virulence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides to the rubber tree. Transient expression of CgNLP1 in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana induced ethylene production in plants. Ectopic expression of CgNLP1 in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced the resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola. An R2R3 type transcription factor HbMYB8-like of rubber tree was identified as the target of CgNLP1.HbMYB8-like, localized on the nucleus, and induced cell death in N. benthamiana. CgNLP1 disrupted nuclear accumulation of HbMYB8-like and suppressed HbMYB8-like induced cell death, which is mediated by the salicylic acid (SA) signal pathway. This study suggested a new strategy whereby C. gloeosporioides exploited the CgNLP1 effector to affect invasion and suppress a host defense regulator HbMYB8-like to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Wenfeng Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Liping Feng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Corps, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Hongli Luo
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Seidl MF, Van den Ackerveken G. Activity and Phylogenetics of the Broadly Occurring Family of Microbial Nep1-Like Proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:367-386. [PMID: 31283435 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLP) have an extremely broad taxonomic distribution; they occur in bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. NLPs come in two forms, those that are cytotoxic to eudicot plants and those that are noncytotoxic. Cytotoxic NLPs bind to glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide (GIPC) sphingolipids that are abundant in the outer leaflet of plant plasma membranes. Binding allows the NLP to become cytolytic in eudicots but not monocots. The function of noncytotoxic NLPs remains enigmatic, but the expansion of NLP genes in oomycete genomes suggests they are important. Several plant species have evolved the capacity to recognize NLPs as molecular patterns and trigger plant immunity, e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana detects nlp peptides via the receptor-like protein RLP23. In this review, we provide a historical perspective from discovery to understanding of molecular mechanisms and describe the latest developments in the NLP field to shed light on these fascinating microbial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Leal-Sena JA, Dos Santos JL, Dos Santos TAR, de Andrade EM, de Oliveira Mendes TA, Santana JO, Mineo TWP, Mineo JR, da Cunha-Júnior JP, Pirovani CP. Toxoplasma gondii antigen SAG2A differentially modulates IL-1β expression in resistant and susceptible murine peritoneal cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2235-2249. [PMID: 29353306 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface of Toxoplasma gondii is covered by antigens (SAGs) from the SRS family anchored by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and includes antigens from the SAG2 family. Among these, the SAG2A surface antigen shows great potential in activating humoral responses and has been used in characterizing the acute phase of infection and in the serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate rSAG2A-induced proteins in BALB/c and C57BL/c mice macrophages and to evaluate the phenotypic polarization induced in the process. We treated the peritoneal macrophages from mouse strains that were resistant or susceptible to T. gondii with rSAG2A to analyze their proteomic profile by mass spectrometry and systems biology. We also examined the gene expression of these cells by RT-qPCR using the phenotypic markers of M1 and M2 macrophages. Differences were observed in the expression of proteins involved in the inflammatory process in both resistant and susceptible cells, and macrophages were preferentially induced to obtain a pro-inflammatory immune response (M1) via the overexpression of IL-1β in mice susceptible to this parasite. These data suggest that the SAG2A antigen induces phenotypic and classical activation of macrophages in both resistant and susceptible strains of mice during the acute phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Lima Dos Santos
- Biothecnology and Genetic Center, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
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Mares JH, Gramacho KP, Santos EC, da Silva Santiago A, Santana JO, de Sousa AO, Alvim FC, Pirovani CP. Proteomic analysis during of spore germination of Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:176. [PMID: 28818052 PMCID: PMC5561645 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Moniliophthora perniciosa is a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for witches’ broom disease of cacao trees (Theobroma cacao L.). Understanding the molecular events during germination of the pathogen may enable the development of strategies for disease control in these economically important plants. In this study, we determined a comparative proteomic profile of M. perniciosa basidiospores during germination by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Results A total of 316 proteins were identified. Molecular changes during the development of the germinative tube were identified by a hierarchical clustering analysis based on the differential accumulation of proteins. Proteins associated with fungal filamentation, such as septin and kinesin, were detected only 4 h after germination (hag). A transcription factor related to biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite fumagillin, which can form hybrids with polyketides, was induced 2 hag, and polyketide synthase was observed 4 hag. The accumulation of ATP synthase, binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), and catalase was validated by western blotting. Conclusions In this study, we showed variations in protein expression during the early germination stages of fungus M. perniciosa. Proteins associated with fungal filamentation, and consequently with virulence, were detected in basidiospores 4 hag., for example, septin and kinesin. We discuss these results and propose a model of the germination of fungus M. perniciosa. This research can help elucidate the mechanisms underlying basic processes of host invasion and to develop strategies for control of the disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1085-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joise Hander Mares
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Everton Cruz Santos
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Oliveira Santana
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Aurizângela Oliveira de Sousa
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fátima Cerqueira Alvim
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.
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Pessoa TBA, Rezende RP, Marques EDLS, Pirovani CP, Dos Santos TF, Dos Santos Gonçalves AC, Romano CC, Dotivo NC, Freitas ACO, Salay LC, Dias JCT. Metagenomic alkaline protease from mangrove sediment. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:962-973. [PMID: 28804942 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Functional screening of metagenomic libraries is an important tool for the discovery of new molecules. The metabolic diversity of microorganisms enables survival in harsh environments and is related to the production of enzymes. In this study, we identified a protease-producing clone from a metagenomic library derived from mangrove sediment. The protease was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography, with a yield of 77.27% and a specific activity of 8.57 U μg-1 . It had a molecular weight of approximately 70 kDa. MS/MS in ESI-Q-TOF revealed nine peptides similar to a peptidase of Bacillus safensis. The aligned partial sequence showed 47.48% identity and 82.74% similarity to the conserved domains of a glutamyl aminopeptidase from the human gut metagenome and 32.12% total coverage. The protease had an optimal pH of 8.5 and optimal activity at 60°C. At pH 9-12, its activity was greater than 80%. It had moderate thermotolerance and thermostability at temperatures of 40 and 50 °C. The KM and Vmax values were estimated to be 0.92 mg ml-1 , and 13.15 mmol min-1 for azocasein. Substrate specificity analysis showed that PR4A3 was active on gelatin, blood, egg yolk, and milk. These results support the potential use of PR4A3 in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharcilla B A Pessoa
- State University of Feira de Santana, Program in Biotechnology, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rachel P Rezende
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos P Pirovani
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carla C Romano
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Natielle C Dotivo
- State University of Santa Cruz, Undergraduate in Biomedicine, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana C O Freitas
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Salay
- Department of Exact and Technological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - João C T Dias
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil
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Freitas ACO, Souza CF, Monzani PS, Garcia W, de Almeida AAF, Costa MGC, Pirovani CP. The activity of TcCYS4 modified by variations in pH and temperature can affect symptoms of witches' broom disease of cocoa, caused by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121519. [PMID: 25830226 PMCID: PMC4382335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytocystatins regulate various physiological processes in plants, including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, mainly because they act as inhibitors of cysteine proteases. In this study, we have analyzed four cystatins from Theobroma cacao L. previously identified in ESTs libraries of the interaction with the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa and named TcCYS1, TcCYS2, TcCYS3 and TcCYS4. The recombinant cystatins were purified and subjected to the heat treatment, at different temperatures, and their thermostabilities were monitored using their ability to inhibit papain protease. TcCYS1 was sensitive to temperatures above 50°C, while TcCYS2, TcCYS3, and TcCYS4 were thermostable. TcCYS4 presented a decrease of inhibitory activity when it was treated at temperatures between 60 and 70°C, with the greater decrease occurring at 65°C. Analyses by native gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography showed that TcCYS4 forms oligomers at temperatures between 60 and 70°C, condition where reduction of inhibitory activity was observed. TcCYS4 oligomers remain stable for up to 20 days after heat treatment and are undone after treatment at 80°C. TcCYS4 presented approximately 90% of inhibitory activity at pH values between 5 and 9. This protein treated at temperatures above 45°C and pH 5 presented reduced inhibitory activity against papain, suggesting that the pH 5 enhances the formation of TcCYS4 oligomers. A variation in the titratable acidity was observed in tissues of T. cacao during the symptoms of witches’ broom disease. Our findings suggest that the oligomerization of TcCYS4, favored by variations in pH, is an endergonic process. We speculate that this process can be involved in the development of the symptoms of witches’ broom disease in cocoa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiane Ferreira Souza
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Monzani
- Centro de Biologia e Ciêncais da Saúde, Universidade do Norte do Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wanius Garcia
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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13
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Bertolde FZ, Almeida AAF, Pirovani CP. Analysis of gene expression and proteomic profiles of clonal genotypes from Theobroma cacao subjected to soil flooding. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108705. [PMID: 25289700 PMCID: PMC4188525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil flooding causes changes in gene transcription, synthesis and degradation of proteins and cell metabolism. The main objective of this study was to understand the biological events of Theobroma cacao during soil flooding-induced stress, using the analyses of gene expression and activity of key enzymes involved in fermentation, as well as the identification of differentially expressed proteins by mass spectrometry in two contrasting genotypes for flooding tolerance (tolerant - TSA-792 and susceptible - TSH-774). Soil anoxia caused by flooding has led to changes in the expression pattern of genes associated with the biosynthesis of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in leaves and roots of the two evaluated genotypes. Significant differences were observed between the enzyme activities of the two genotypes. Leaves and roots of the TSA-792 genotype showed higher ADH activity as compared to the TSH-774 genotype, whereas the activities of PDC and LDH have varied over the 96 h of soil flooding, being higher for TSA-792 genotype, at the initial stage, and TSH-774 genotype, at the final stage. Some of the identified proteins are those typical of the anaerobic metabolism-involved in glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation-and different proteins associated with photosynthesis, protein metabolism and oxidative stress. The ability to maintain glycolysis and induce fermentation was observed to play an important role in anoxia tolerance in cacao and may also serve to distinguish tolerant and susceptible genotypes in relation to this stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Z. Bertolde
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia, Campus Eunápolis, Eunápolis, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Alex-Alan F. Almeida
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos P. Pirovani
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
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