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Maldonado M. Plant supercomplex I + III2 structure and function: implications for the growing field. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1647-1659. [PMID: 39177070 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration is major source of chemical energy for all free-living eukaryotes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of the respiratory complexes and supercomplexes remain poorly understood. Here, I review recent structural and functional investigations of plant supercomplex I + III2 from Arabidopsis thaliana and Vigna radiata. I discuss commonalities, open questions and implications for complex I, complex III2 and supercomplexes in plants and non-plants. Studies across further clades will enhance our understanding of respiration and the potential universal mechanisms of its complexes and supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maldonado
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, U.S.A
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2
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Braun HP, Klusch N. Promotion of oxidative phosphorylation by complex I-anchored carbonic anhydrases? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:64-71. [PMID: 37599162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial NADH-dehydrogenase complex of the respiratory chain, known as complex I, includes a carbonic anhydrase (CA) module attached to its membrane arm on the matrix side in protozoans, algae, and plants. Its physiological role is so far unclear. Recent electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) structures show that the CA module may directly provide protons for translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane at complex I. CAs can have a central role in adjusting the proton concentration in the mitochondrial matrix. We suggest that CA anchoring in complex I represents the original configuration to secure oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the context of early endosymbiosis. After development of 'modern mitochondria' with pronounced cristae structures, this anchoring became dispensable, but has been retained in protozoans, algae, and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Braun
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Niklas Klusch
- Department of Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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3
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Amthor JS. ATP yield of plant respiration: potential, actual and unknown. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:133-162. [PMID: 37409716 PMCID: PMC10550282 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ATP yield of plant respiration (ATP/hexose unit respired) quantitatively links active heterotrophic processes with substrate consumption. Despite its importance, plant respiratory ATP yield is uncertain. The aim here was to integrate current knowledge of cellular mechanisms with inferences required to fill knowledge gaps to generate a contemporary estimate of respiratory ATP yield and identify important unknowns. METHOD A numerical balance sheet model combining respiratory carbon metabolism and electron transport pathways with uses of the resulting transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient was created and parameterized for healthy, non-photosynthesizing plant cells catabolizing sucrose or starch to produce cytosolic ATP. KEY RESULTS Mechanistically, the number of c subunits in the mitochondrial ATP synthase Fo sector c-ring, which is unquantified in plants, affects ATP yield. A value of 10 was (justifiably) used in the model, in which case respiration of sucrose potentially yields about 27.5 ATP/hexose (0.5 ATP/hexose more from starch). Actual ATP yield often will be smaller than its potential due to bypasses of energy-conserving reactions in the respiratory chain, even in unstressed plants. Notably, all else being optimal, if 25 % of respiratory O2 uptake is via the alternative oxidase - a typically observed fraction - ATP yield falls 15 % below its potential. CONCLUSIONS Plant respiratory ATP yield is smaller than often assumed (certainly less than older textbook values of 36-38 ATP/hexose) leading to underestimation of active-process substrate requirements. This hinders understanding of ecological/evolutionary trade-offs between competing active processes and assessments of crop growth gains possible through bioengineering of processes that consume ATP. Determining the plant mitochondrial ATP synthase c-ring size, the degree of any minimally required (useful) bypasses of energy-conserving reactions in the respiratory chain, and the magnitude of any 'leaks' in the inner mitochondrial membrane are key research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Amthor
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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4
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Ji J, Lin S, Xin X, Li Y, He J, Xu X, Zhao Y, Su G, Lu X, Yin G. Effects of OsAOX1a Deficiency on Mitochondrial Metabolism at Critical Node of Seed Viability in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2284. [PMID: 37375909 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial alternative oxidase 1a (AOX1a) plays an extremely important role in the critical node of seed viability during storage. However, the regulatory mechanism is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify the regulatory mechanisms by comparing OsAOX1a-RNAi and wild-type (WT) rice seed during artificial aging treatment. Weight gain and time for the seed germination percentage decreased to 50% (P50) in OsAOX1a-RNAi rice seed, indicating possible impairment in seed development and storability. Compared to WT seeds at 100%, 90%, 80%, and 70% germination, the NADH- and succinate-dependent O2 consumption, the activity of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, and ATP contents all decreased in the OsAOX1a-RNAi seeds, indicating that mitochondrial status in the OsAOX1a-RNAi seeds after imbibition was weaker than in the WT seeds. In addition, the reduction in the abundance of Complex I subunits showed that the capacity of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain was significantly inhibited in the OsAOX1a-RNAi seeds at the critical node of seed viability. The results indicate that ATP production was impaired in the OsAOX1a-RNAi seeds during aging. Therefore, we conclude that mitochondrial metabolism and alternative pathways were severely inhibited in the OsAOX1a-RNAi seeds at critical node of viability, which could accelerate the collapse of seed viability. The precise regulatory mechanism of the alternative pathway at the critical node of viability needs to be further analyzed. This finding might provide the basis for developing monitoring and warning indicators when seed viability declines to the critical node during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuangshuang Lin
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Institute of Agricultural Bioresource, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Xia Xin
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Li
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Juanjuan He
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunxia Zhao
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gefei Su
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinxiong Lu
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guangkun Yin
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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5
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Ghifari AS, Saha S, Murcha MW. The biogenesis and regulation of the plant oxidative phosphorylation system. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:728-747. [PMID: 36806687 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central organelles for respiration in plants. At the heart of this process is oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, which generates ATP required for cellular energetic needs. OXPHOS complexes comprise of multiple subunits that originated from both mitochondrial and nuclear genome, which requires careful orchestration of expression, translation, import, and assembly. Constant exposure to reactive oxygen species due to redox activity also renders OXPHOS subunits to be more prone to oxidative damage, which requires coordination of disassembly and degradation. In this review, we highlight the composition, assembly, and activity of OXPHOS complexes in plants based on recent biochemical and structural studies. We also discuss how plants regulate the biogenesis and turnover of OXPHOS subunits and the importance of OXPHOS in overall plant respiration. Further studies in determining the regulation of biogenesis and activity of OXPHOS will advances the field, especially in understanding plant respiration and its role to plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi S Ghifari
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Saurabh Saha
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Monika W Murcha
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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6
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Singh J, Garai S, Das S, Thakur JK, Tripathy BC. Role of C4 photosynthetic enzyme isoforms in C3 plants and their potential applications in improving agronomic traits in crops. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 154:233-258. [PMID: 36309625 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As compared to C3, C4 plants have higher photosynthetic rates and better tolerance to high temperature and drought. These traits are highly beneficial in the current scenario of global warming. Interestingly, all the genes of the C4 photosynthetic pathway are present in C3 plants, although they are involved in diverse non-photosynthetic functions. Non-photosynthetic isoforms of carbonic anhydrase (CA), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), the decarboxylating enzymes NAD/NADP-malic enzyme (NAD/NADP-ME), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and finally pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) catalyze reactions that are essential for major plant metabolism pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, maintenance of cellular pH, uptake of nutrients and their assimilation. Consistent with this view differential expression pattern of these non-photosynthetic C3 isoforms has been observed in different tissues across the plant developmental stages, such as germination, grain filling, and leaf senescence. Also abundance of these C3 isoforms is increased considerably in response to environmental fluctuations particularly during abiotic stress. Here we review the vital roles played by C3 isoforms of C4 enzymes and the probable mechanisms by which they help plants in acclimation to adverse growth conditions. Further, their potential applications to increase the agronomic trait value of C3 crops is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Sampurna Garai
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shubhashis Das
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Thakur
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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7
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Meyer EH, Letts JA, Maldonado M. Structural insights into the assembly and the function of the plant oxidative phosphorylation system. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1315-1329. [PMID: 35588181 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the key functions of mitochondria is the production of ATP to support cellular metabolism and growth. The last step of mitochondrial ATP synthesis is performed by the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, an ensemble of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In the last 25 yr, many structures of OXPHOS complexes and supercomplexes have been resolved in yeast, mammals, and bacteria. However, structures of plant OXPHOS enzymes only became available very recently. In this review, we highlight the plant-specific features revealed by the recent structures and discuss how they advance our understanding of the function and assembly of plant OXPHOS complexes. We also propose new hypotheses to be tested and discuss older findings to be re-evaluated. Further biochemical and structural work on the plant OXPHOS system will lead to a deeper understanding of plant respiration and its regulation, with significant agricultural, environmental, and societal implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne H Meyer
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - James A Letts
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Maria Maldonado
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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8
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Wang L, Dang QL. Growth and photosynthetic traits differ between shoots originated from axillary buds or from adventitious buds in Populus balsamifera L. cuttings. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13599. [PMID: 34796965 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bud development influences shoot branching and the plasticity and adaptability of plants. To explore the differences of post-embryonic development of different types of buds, shoots originated from adventitious buds and axillary buds of cuttings in two populations of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) were investigated for differences in leaf morphology, photosynthetic and growth characteristics, and the effects of a carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor on CA activity, photosynthesis and mesophyll conductance (gm ). The results showed that axillary buds produced ovate first few leaves and longer shoots while adventitious buds produced lanceolate first few leaves with higher specific leaf area (SLA). There were no significant differences in leaf area-based photosynthetic rate (An ), maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax ), and maximum electron transport rate (Jmax ) between shoots originated from the two bud types. Based on the principal component analysis, shoots of adventitious bud origin grouped on daytime respiration and SLA, while cuttings from axillary buds clustered toward the opposite direction of quantum yield and light saturation point. Shoots originated from different types of buds had different growth rates and biomass, but the direction of the differences varied with the population of the mother tree. The two populations differed in An , gm , and relationships between CA, An , and gm . There were differences in post-embryonic growth traits of shoots from axillary buds and those from adventitious buds, which may be an adaptive strategy for regeneration under different light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing-Lai Dang
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Petersen G, Shyama Prasad Rao R, Anderson B, Zervas A, Seberg O, Rasmusson AG, Max Møller I. Genes from oxidative phosphorylation complexes II-V and two dual-function subunits of complex I are transcribed in Viscum album despite absence of the entire mitochondrial holo-complex I. Mitochondrion 2021; 62:1-12. [PMID: 34740863 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mistletoes (Viscum) and close relatives are unique among flowering plants in having a drastically altered electron transport chain. Lack of complex I genes has previously been reported for the mitochondrial genome, and here we report an almost complete absence of nuclear-encoded complex I genes in the transcriptome of Viscum album. Compared to Arabidopsis with approximately 40 nuclear complex I genes, we recover only transcripts of two dual-function genes: gamma carbonic anhydrase and L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase. The complement of genes belonging to complexes II-V of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway appears to be in accordance with other vascular plants. Additionally, transcripts encoding alternative NAD(P)H dehydrogenases and alternative oxidase were found. Despite sequence divergence, structural modeling suggests that the encoded proteins are structurally conserved. Complex I loss is a special feature in Viscum species and relatives, as all other parasitic flowering plants investigated to date seem to have a complete OXPHOS system. Hence, Viscum offers a unique system for specifically investigating molecular consequences of complex I absence, such as the role of complex I subunits involved in secondary functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Petersen
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - R Shyama Prasad Rao
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Division, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya University, Mangaluru 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Benjamin Anderson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Athanasios Zervas
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ole Seberg
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
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10
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Wang L, Liang J, Zhou Y, Tian T, Zhang B, Duanmu D. Molecular Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase Genes in Lotus japonicus and Their Potential Roles in Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157766. [PMID: 34360533 PMCID: PMC8346106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) plays a vital role in photosynthetic tissues of higher plants, whereas its non-photosynthetic role in the symbiotic root nodule was rarely characterized. In this study, 13 CA genes were identified in the model legume Lotus japonicus by comparison with Arabidopsis CA genes. Using qPCR and promoter-reporter fusion methods, three previously identified nodule-enhanced CA genes (LjαCA2, LjαCA6, and LjβCA1) have been further characterized, which exhibit different spatiotemporal expression patterns during nodule development. LjαCA2 was expressed in the central infection zone of the mature nodule, including both infected and uninfected cells. LjαCA6 was restricted to the vascular bundle of the root and nodule. As for LjβCA1, it was expressed in most cell types of nodule primordia but only in peripheral cortical cells and uninfected cells of the mature nodule. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, the knockout of LjβCA1 or both LjαCA2 and its homolog, LjαCA1, did not result in abnormal symbiotic phenotype compared with the wild-type plants, suggesting that LjβCA1 or LjαCA1/2 are not essential for the nitrogen fixation under normal symbiotic conditions. Nevertheless, the nodule-enhanced expression patterns and the diverse distributions in different types of cells imply their potential functions during root nodule symbiosis, such as CO2 fixation, N assimilation, and pH regulation, which await further investigations.
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11
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Klusch N, Senkler J, Yildiz Ö, Kühlbrandt W, Braun HP. A ferredoxin bridge connects the two arms of plant mitochondrial complex I. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2072-2091. [PMID: 33768254 PMCID: PMC8290278 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I is the main site for electron transfer to the respiratory chain and generates much of the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Complex I is composed of two arms, which form a conserved L-shape. We report the structures of the intact, 47-subunit mitochondrial complex I from Arabidopsis thaliana and the 51-subunit complex I from the green alga Polytomella sp., both at around 2.9 Å resolution. In both complexes, a heterotrimeric γ-carbonic anhydrase domain is attached to the membrane arm on the matrix side. Two states are resolved in A. thaliana complex I, with different angles between the two arms and different conformations of the ND1 (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1) loop near the quinol binding site. The angle appears to depend on a bridge domain, which links the peripheral arm to the membrane arm and includes an unusual ferredoxin. We propose that the bridge domain participates in regulating the activity of plant complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Klusch
- Department of Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Jennifer Senkler
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany
| | - Özkan Yildiz
- Department of Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Werner Kühlbrandt
- Department of Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Braun
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany
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12
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Polishchuk OV. Stress-Related Changes in the Expression and Activity of Plant Carbonic Anhydrases. PLANTA 2021; 253:58. [PMID: 33532871 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The data on stress-related changes in the expression and activity of plant carbonic anhydrases (CAs) suggest that they are generally upregulated at moderate stress severity. This indicates probable involvement of CAs in adaptation to drought, high salinity, heat, high light, Ci deficit, and excess bicarbonate. The changes in CA levels under cold stress are less studied and generally represented by the downregulation of CAs excepting βCA2. Excess Cd2+ and deficit of Zn2+ specifically reduce CA activity and reduce its synthesis. Probable roles of βCAs in stress adaptation include stomatal closure, ROS scavenging and partial compensation for decreased mesophyll CO2 conductance. βCAs play contrasting roles in pathogen responses, interacting with phytohormone signaling networks. Their role can be either negative or positive, probably depending on the host-pathogen system, pathogen initial titer, and levels of ·NO and ROS. It is still not clear why CAs are suppressed under severe stress levels. It should be noted, that the role of βCAs in the facilitation of CO2 diffusion and their involvement in redox signaling or ROS detoxication are potentially antagonistic, as they are inactivated by oxidation or nitrosylation. Interestingly, some chloroplastic βCAs may be relocated to the cytoplasm under stress conditions, but the physiological meaning of this effect remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Polishchuk
- Membranology and Phytochemistry Department, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of NAS of Ukraine, 2 Tereshchenkivska Str, Kyiv, 01004, Ukraine.
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13
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Specific features and assembly of the plant mitochondrial complex I revealed by cryo-EM. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5195. [PMID: 33060577 PMCID: PMC7567890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18814-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells and the site of essential metabolic reactions. Complex I or NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase is the main entry site for electrons into the mitochondrial respiratory chain and constitutes the largest of the respiratory complexes. Its structure and composition vary across eukaryote species. However, high resolution structures are available only for one group of eukaryotes, opisthokonts. In plants, only biochemical studies were carried out, already hinting at the peculiar composition of complex I in the green lineage. Here, we report several cryo-electron microscopy structures of the plant mitochondrial complex I. We describe the structure and composition of the plant respiratory complex I, including the ancestral mitochondrial domain composed of the carbonic anhydrase. We show that the carbonic anhydrase is a heterotrimeric complex with only one conserved active site. This domain is crucial for the overall stability of complex I as well as a peculiar lipid complex composed of cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositols. Moreover, we also describe the structure of one of the plant-specific complex I assembly intermediates, lacking the whole PD module, in presence of the maturation factor GLDH. GLDH prevents the binding of the plant specific P1 protein, responsible for the linkage of the PP to the PD module.
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14
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Maldonado M, Padavannil A, Zhou L, Guo F, Letts JA. Atomic structure of a mitochondrial complex I intermediate from vascular plants. eLife 2020; 9:56664. [PMID: 32840211 PMCID: PMC7447434 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiration, an essential metabolic process, provides cells with chemical energy. In eukaryotes, respiration occurs via the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) composed of several large membrane-protein complexes. Complex I (CI) is the main entry point for electrons into the mETC. For plants, limited availability of mitochondrial material has curbed detailed biochemical and structural studies of their mETC. Here, we present the cryoEM structure of the known CI assembly intermediate CI* from Vigna radiata at 3.9 Å resolution. CI* contains CI's NADH-binding and CoQ-binding modules, the proximal-pumping module and the plant-specific γ-carbonic-anhydrase domain (γCA). Our structure reveals significant differences in core and accessory subunits of the plant complex compared to yeast, mammals and bacteria, as well as the details of the γCA domain subunit composition and membrane anchoring. The structure sheds light on differences in CI assembly across lineages and suggests potential physiological roles for CI* beyond assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maldonado
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Abhilash Padavannil
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Long Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States.,BIOEM Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - James A Letts
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
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15
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Braun HP. The Oxidative Phosphorylation system of the mitochondria in plants. Mitochondrion 2020; 53:66-75. [PMID: 32334143 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS) provides ATP for driving cellular functions. In plants, OXPHOS takes place in the context of photosynthesis. Indeed, metabolism of mitochondria and chloroplasts is tightly linked. OXPHOS has several extra functions in plants. This review takes a view on the OXPHOS system of plants, the electron transfer chain (ETC), the ATP synthase complex and the numerous supplementary enzymes involved. Electron transport pathways are especially branched in plants. Furthermore, the "classical" OXPHOS complexes include extra subunits, some of which introduce side activities into these complexes. Consequently, and to a remarkable degree, OXPHOS is a multi-functional system in plants that needs to be efficiently regulated with respect to all its physiological tasks in the mitochondria, the chloroplasts, and beyond. Regulatory mechanisms based on posttranslational protein modifications and formation of supramolecular protein assemblies are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Braun
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
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16
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Rhooms SK, Murari A, Goparaju NSV, Vilanueva M, Owusu-Ansah E. Insights from Drosophila on mitochondrial complex I. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:607-618. [PMID: 31485716 PMCID: PMC7289077 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, more commonly referred to as mitochondrial complex I (CI), is the largest discrete enzyme of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). It is localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane. CI oxidizes NADH generated from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to NAD+, in a series of redox reactions that culminates in the reduction of ubiquinone, and the transport of protons from the matrix across the inner membrane to the intermembrane space. The resulting proton-motive force is consumed by ATP synthase to generate ATP, or harnessed to transport ions, metabolites and proteins into the mitochondrion. CI is also a major source of reactive oxygen species. Accordingly, impaired CI function has been associated with a host of chronic metabolic and degenerative disorders such as diabetes, cardiomyopathy, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Leigh syndrome. Studies on Drosophila have contributed to our understanding of the multiple roles of CI in bioenergetics and organismal physiology. Here, we explore and discuss some of the studies on Drosophila that have informed our understanding of this complex and conclude with some of the open questions about CI that can be resolved by studies on Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna-Kay Rhooms
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Anjaneyulu Murari
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Naga Sri Vidya Goparaju
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Maximino Vilanueva
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Edward Owusu-Ansah
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- The Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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17
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Fuchs P, Rugen N, Carrie C, Elsässer M, Finkemeier I, Giese J, Hildebrandt TM, Kühn K, Maurino VG, Ruberti C, Schallenberg-Rüdinger M, Steinbeck J, Braun HP, Eubel H, Meyer EH, Müller-Schüssele SJ, Schwarzländer M. Single organelle function and organization as estimated from Arabidopsis mitochondrial proteomics. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:420-441. [PMID: 31520498 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria host vital cellular functions, including oxidative phosphorylation and co-factor biosynthesis, which are reflected in their proteome. At the cellular level plant mitochondria are organized into hundreds of discrete functional entities, which undergo dynamic fission and fusion. It is the individual organelle that operates in the living cell, yet biochemical and physiological assessments have exclusively focused on the characteristics of large populations of mitochondria. Here, we explore the protein composition of an individual average plant mitochondrion to deduce principles of functional and structural organisation. We perform proteomics on purified mitochondria from cultured heterotrophic Arabidopsis cells with intensity-based absolute quantification and scale the dataset to the single organelle based on criteria that are justified by experimental evidence and theoretical considerations. We estimate that a total of 1.4 million protein molecules make up a single Arabidopsis mitochondrion on average. Copy numbers of the individual proteins span five orders of magnitude, ranging from >40 000 for Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1 to sub-stoichiometric copy numbers, i.e. less than a single copy per single mitochondrion, for several pentatricopeptide repeat proteins that modify mitochondrial transcripts. For our analysis, we consider the physical and chemical constraints of the single organelle and discuss prominent features of mitochondrial architecture, protein biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, metabolism, antioxidant defence, genome maintenance, gene expression, and dynamics. While assessing the limitations of our considerations, we exemplify how our understanding of biochemical function and structural organization of plant mitochondria can be connected in order to obtain global and specific insights into how organelles work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Fuchs
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
- Institut für Nutzpflanzenforschung und Ressourcenschutz (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nils Rugen
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chris Carrie
- Department Biologie I - Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshadernerstr. 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marlene Elsässer
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
- Institut für Nutzpflanzenforschung und Ressourcenschutz (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik (IZMB), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonas Giese
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Tatjana M Hildebrandt
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristina Kühn
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Institute of Developmental and Molecular Biology of Plants, and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cristina Ruberti
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Mareike Schallenberg-Rüdinger
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik (IZMB), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Janina Steinbeck
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Braun
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Eubel
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Etienne H Meyer
- Institut für Biologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Stefanie J Müller-Schüssele
- Institut für Nutzpflanzenforschung und Ressourcenschutz (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 7-8, 48143, Münster, Germany
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18
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Kolbe AR, Studer AJ, Cornejo OE, Cousins AB. Insights from transcriptome profiling on the non-photosynthetic and stomatal signaling response of maize carbonic anhydrase mutants to low CO 2. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:138. [PMID: 30767781 PMCID: PMC6377783 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5522-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the hydration of CO2 in the first biochemical step of C4 photosynthesis, and has been considered a potentially rate-limiting step when CO2 availability within a leaf is low. Previous work in Zea mays (maize) with a double knockout of the two highest-expressed β-CA genes, CA1 and CA2, reduced total leaf CA activity to less than 3% of wild-type. Surprisingly, this did not limit photosynthesis in maize at ambient or higher CO2concentrations. However, the ca1ca2 mutants exhibited reduced rates of photosynthesis at sub-ambient CO2, and accumulated less biomass when grown under sub-ambient CO2 (9.2 Pa). To further clarify the importance of CA for C4 photosynthesis, we assessed gene expression changes in wild-type, ca1 and ca1ca2 mutants in response to changes in pCO2 from 920 to 9.2 Pa. RESULTS Leaf samples from each genotype were collected for RNA-seq analysis at high CO2 and at two time points after the low CO2 transition, in order to identify early and longer-term responses to CO2 deprivation. Despite the existence of multiple isoforms of CA, no other CA genes were upregulated in CA mutants. Although photosynthetic genes were downregulated in response to low CO2, differential expression was not observed between genotypes. However, multiple indicators of carbon starvation were present in the mutants, including amino acid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and sugar signaling. In particular, multiple genes previously implicated in low carbon stress such as asparagine synthetase, amino acid transporters, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, as well as many transcription factors, were strongly upregulated. Furthermore, genes in the CO2 stomatal signaling pathway were differentially expressed in the CA mutants under low CO2. CONCLUSIONS Using a transcriptomic approach, we showed that carbonic anhydrase mutants do not compensate for the lack of CA activity by upregulating other CA or photosynthetic genes, but rather experienced extreme carbon stress when grown under low CO2. Our results also support a role for CA in the CO2 stomatal signaling pathway. This study provides insight into the importance of CA for C4 photosynthesis and its role in stomatal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Kolbe
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Anthony J. Studer
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Omar E. Cornejo
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Asaph B. Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
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19
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Ligas J, Pineau E, Bock R, Huynen MA, Meyer EH. The assembly pathway of complex I in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:447-459. [PMID: 30347487 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
All present-day mitochondria originate from a single endosymbiotic event that gave rise to the last eukaryotic common ancestor more than a billion years ago. However, to date, many aspects of mitochondrial evolution have remained unresolved. Comparative genomics and proteomics have revealed a complex evolutionary origin for many mitochondrial components. To understand the evolution of the respiratory chain, we have examined both the components and the mechanisms of the assembly pathway of complex I. Complex I represents the first enzyme in the respiratory chain, and complex I deficiencies have dramatic consequences in both animals and plants. The complex is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and possesses two arms: one embedded in the inner membrane and one protruding in the matrix. Here, we describe the assembly pathway of complex I in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a proteomics approach called complexome profiling, we have resolved the different steps in the assembly process in plants. We propose a model for the stepwise assembly of complex I, including every subunit. We then compare this pathway with the corresponding pathway in humans and find that complex I assembly in plants follows a different, and likely ancestral, pathway compared with the one in humans. We show that the main evolutionary changes in complex I structure and assembly in humans occurred at the level of the membrane arm, whereas the matrix arm remained rather conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ligas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Pineau
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Martijn A Huynen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Centre for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Etienne H Meyer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
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20
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Gupta KJ, Kumari A, Florez-Sarasa I, Fernie AR, Igamberdiev AU. Interaction of nitric oxide with the components of the plant mitochondrial electron transport chain. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3413-3424. [PMID: 29590433 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are not only major sites for energy production but also participate in several alternative functions, among these generation of nitric oxide (NO), and its different impacts on this organelle, is receiving increasing attention. The inner mitochondrial membrane contains the chain of protein complexes, and electron transfer via oxidation of various organic acids and reducing equivalents leads to generation of a proton gradient that results in energy production. Recent evidence suggests that these complexes are sources and targets for NO. Complex I and rotenone-insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenases regulate hypoxic NO production, while complex I also participates in the formation of a supercomplex with complex III under hypoxia. Complex II is a target for NO which, by inhibiting Fe-S centres, regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Complex III is one of the major sites for NO production, and the produced NO participates in the phytoglobin-NO cycle that leads to the maintenance of the redox level and limited energy production under hypoxia. Expression of the alternative oxidase (AOX) is induced by NO under various stress conditions, and evidence exists that AOX can regulate mitochondrial NO production. Complex IV is another major site for NO production, which can also be linked to ATP generation via the phytoglobin-NO cycle. Inhibition of complex IV by NO can prevent oxygen depletion at the frontier of anoxia. The NO production and action on various complexes play a major role in NO signalling and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B, Canada
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21
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Senkler J, Senkler M, Braun HP. Structure and function of complex I in animals and plants - a comparative view. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 161:6-15. [PMID: 28261805 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex (complex I) has a molecular mass of about 1000 kDa and includes 40-50 subunits in animals, fungi and plants. It is composed of a membrane arm and a peripheral arm and has a conserved L-like shape in all species investigated. However, in plants and possibly some protists it has a second peripheral domain which is attached to the membrane arm on its matrix exposed side at a central position. The extra domain includes proteins resembling prokaryotic gamma-type carbonic anhydrases. We here present a detailed comparison of complex I from mammals and flowering plants. Forty homologous subunits are present in complex I of both groups of species. In addition, five subunits are present in mammalian complex I, which are absent in plants, and eight to nine subunits are present in plant complex I which do not occur in mammals. Based on the atomic structure of mammalian complex I and biochemical insights into complex I architecture from plants we mapped the species-specific subunits. Interestingly, four of the five animal-specific and five of the eight to nine plant-specific subunits are localized at the inner surface of the membrane arm of complex I in close proximity. We propose that the inner surface of the membrane arm represents a workbench for attaching proteins to complex I, which are not directly related to respiratory electron transport, like nucleoside kinases, acyl-carrier proteins or carbonic anhydrases. We speculate that further enzyme activities might be bound to this micro-location in other groups of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Senkler
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Michael Senkler
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Braun
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, 30419, Germany
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22
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Senkler J, Senkler M, Eubel H, Hildebrandt T, Lengwenus C, Schertl P, Schwarzländer M, Wagner S, Wittig I, Braun HP. The mitochondrial complexome of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:1079-1092. [PMID: 27943495 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central to cellular metabolism and energy conversion. In plants they also enable photosynthesis through additional components and functional flexibility. A majority of those processes relies on the assembly of individual proteins to larger protein complexes, some of which operate as large molecular machines. There has been a strong interest in the makeup and function of mitochondrial protein complexes and protein-protein interactions in plants, but the experimental approaches used typically suffer from selectivity or bias. Here, we present a complexome profiling analysis for leaf mitochondria of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana for the systematic characterization of protein assemblies. Purified organelle extracts were separated by 1D Blue native (BN) PAGE, a resulting gel lane was dissected into 70 slices (complexome fractions) and proteins in each slice were identified by label free quantitative shot-gun proteomics. Overall, 1359 unique proteins were identified, which were, on average, present in 17 complexome fractions each. Quantitative profiles of proteins along the BN gel lane were aligned by similarity, allowing us to visualize protein assemblies. The data allow re-annotating the subunit compositions of OXPHOS complexes, identifying assembly intermediates of OXPHOS complexes and assemblies of alternative respiratory oxidoreductases. Several protein complexes were discovered that have not yet been reported in plants, such as a 530 kDa Tat complex, 460 and 1000 kDa SAM complexes, a calcium ion uniporter complex (150 kDa) and several PPR protein complexes. We have set up a tailored online resource (https://complexomemap.de/at_mito_leaves) to deposit the data and to allow straightforward access and custom data analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Senkler
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Michael Senkler
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Holger Eubel
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Tatjana Hildebrandt
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Christian Lengwenus
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Peter Schertl
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, Bonn, 53113, Germany
| | - Stephan Wagner
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, Bonn, 53113, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, School of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Braun
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
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Sayed MA, Umekawa Y, Ito K. Metabolic interplay between cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and mitochondrial alternative oxidase in thermogenic skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus renifolius. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1247138. [PMID: 27739913 PMCID: PMC5157899 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1247138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius) blooms in early spring and its inflorescence, referred to as the spadix, can produce enough heat to melt snow. Here, we investigated glycolytic carbon flow at the PEP branch-point in thermogenic spadices. Our analyses revealed that petals and pistils in thermogenic florets exhibited higher expression of SrPEPC and SrAOX transcripts than those of SrPK, SrPEPCK, and SrPEPtase. Moreover, enzymatic analyses showed high activities of PEPC in the extracts from thermogenic florets. Finally, mitochondria from thermogenic florets showed low respiratory activities when pyruvate was used as a substrate, although a significant malate-mediated cyanide-insensitive respiration was observed. Collectively, these results suggest that PEP metabolism, primarily catabolized by PEPC, plays a critical role in thermogenesis in S. renifolius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abu Sayed
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yui Umekawa
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kikukatsu Ito
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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24
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Dąbrowska-Bronk J, Komar DN, Rusaczonek A, Kozłowska-Makulska A, Szechyńska-Hebda M, Karpiński S. β-carbonic anhydrases and carbonic ions uptake positively influence Arabidopsis photosynthesis, oxidative stress tolerance and growth in light dependent manner. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 203:44-54. [PMID: 27316917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyse reversible interconversion of CO2 and water into bicarbonate and protons and regulate concentration of CO2 around photosynthetic enzymes. In higher plants the CAs are divided into three distinct classes α, β and γ, with members off each of them being involved in CO2 uptake, fixation or recycling. The most abundant group is βCAs. In C4 plants they are localized in the cytosol of mesophyll cells and catalyse first step of carbon concentration pathway. C3 plants contain orthologues genes encoding βCAs's, however their functions are unknown. Given the importance of βCAs in the present study we analysed the effect of carbonic ions, selected orthologues βCAs's gene expression and βCAs enzymatic activity on Arabidopsis photosynthesis, growth and cell death in different light conditions. Plants fertilised with 0.5-3mM sodium bicarbonate had a significantly increased number of leaves, improved fresh and dry weight and reduced cell death (cellular ion leakage). This effect was dependent on provided photon flux density and photoperiod. Higher content of carbonic ions also stimulated photoprotective mechanisms such as non-photochemical quenching and foliar content of photoprotective pigments (neoxanthin, violaxanthin and carotenes). Function of various βCAs genes examined in null βcas mutants showed to be complementary and additive, and confirm results of fertilizing experiments. Taken together, regulation of βCAs gene expression and enzymatic activities are important for optimal plant growth and probably can be one of the factor influencing a switch between C3 and C4 photosynthesis mode in variable light conditions. Therefore, biotechnological amelioration of βCAs activity in economically important plants and their fertilisation with carbonic ions may lead to improved photosynthetic efficiency and further crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dąbrowska-Bronk
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Natalia Komar
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Rusaczonek
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Kozłowska-Makulska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Fromm S, Senkler J, Eubel H, Peterhänsel C, Braun HP. Life without complex I: proteome analyses of an Arabidopsis mutant lacking the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3079-93. [PMID: 27122571 PMCID: PMC4867900 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex (complex I) is of particular importance for the respiratory chain in mitochondria. It is the major electron entry site for the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) and therefore of great significance for mitochondrial ATP generation. We recently described an Arabidopsis thaliana double-mutant lacking the genes encoding the carbonic anhydrases CA1 and CA2, which both form part of a plant-specific 'carbonic anhydrase domain' of mitochondrial complex I. The mutant lacks complex I completely. Here we report extended analyses for systematically characterizing the proteome of the ca1ca2 mutant. Using various proteomic tools, we show that lack of complex I causes reorganization of the cellular respiration system. Reduced electron entry into the respiratory chain at the first segment of the mETC leads to induction of complexes II and IV as well as alternative oxidase. Increased electron entry at later segments of the mETC requires an increase in oxidation of organic substrates. This is reflected by higher abundance of proteins involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and branched-chain amino acid catabolism. Proteins involved in the light reaction of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle, tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, and photorespiration are clearly reduced, contributing to the significant delay in growth and development of the double-mutant. Finally, enzymes involved in defense against reactive oxygen species and stress symptoms are much induced. These together with previously reported insights into the function of plant complex I, which were obtained by analysing other complex I mutants, are integrated in order to comprehensively describe 'life without complex I'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffanie Fromm
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany Institut für Botanik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Senkler
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Eubel
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Peterhänsel
- Institut für Botanik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Braun
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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