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Gai W, Yuan L, Yang F, Ahiakpa JK, Li F, Ge P, Zhang X, Tao J, Wang F, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Genome-wide variants and optimal allelic combinations for citric acid in tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae070. [PMID: 38725459 PMCID: PMC11079488 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Citric acid (CA) plays a crucial role as a fruit flavor enhancer and serves as a mediator in multiple metabolic pathways in tomato fruit development. Understanding factors influencing CA metabolism is essential for enhancing fruit flavor and CA-mediated biological processes. The accumulation of CA, however, is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, leading to challenges in accurately predicting and regulating its levels. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on CA, employing six landmark models based on genome-wide variations including structural variants, insertions and deletions, and single nucleotide polymorphisms. The identification of 11 high-confidence candidate genes was further facilitated by leveraging linkage disequilibrium and causal variants associated with CA. The transcriptome data from candidate genes were examined, revealing higher correlations between the expression of certain candidate genes and changes in CA metabolism. Three CA-associated genes exerted a positive regulatory effect on CA accumulation, while the remaining genes exhibited negative impacts based on gene cluster and correlation analyses. The CA content of tomatoes is primarily influenced by improvement sweeps with minimal influence from domestication sweeps in the long-term breeding history, as evidenced by population differentiation and variants distribution. The presence of various causal variants within candidate genes is implicated in the heterogeneity of CA content observed among the tomato accessions. This observation suggests a potential correlation between the number of alternative alleles and CA content. This study offers significant function-based markers that can be utilized in marker-assisted breeding, thereby enhancing their value and applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Gai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liangdan Yuan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - John Kojo Ahiakpa
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fangman Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pingfei Ge
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinbao Tao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Ma X, Sheng L, Li F, Zhou T, Guo J, Chang Y, Yang J, Jin Y, Chen Y, Lu X. Seasonal drought promotes citrate accumulation in citrus fruit through the CsABF3-activated CsAN1-CsPH8 pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1131-1145. [PMID: 38482565 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Plenty of rainfall but unevenly seasonal distribution happens regularly in southern China. Seasonal drought from summer to early autumn leads to citrus fruit acidification, but how seasonal drought regulates citrate accumulation remains unknown. Herein, we employed a set of physiological, biochemical, and molecular approaches to reveal that CsABF3 responds to seasonal drought stress and modulates citrate accumulation in citrus fruits by directly regulating CsAN1 and CsPH8. Here, we demonstrated that irreversible acidification of citrus fruits is caused by drought lasting for > 30 d during the fruit enlargement stage. We investigated the transcriptome characteristics of fruits affected by drought and corroborated the pivotal roles of a bHLH transcription factor (CsAN1) and a P3A-ATPase gene (CsPH8) in regulating citrate accumulation in response to drought. Abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive element binding factor 3 (CsABF3) was upregulated by drought in an ABA-dependent manner. CsABF3 activated CsAN1 and CsPH8 expression by directly and specifically binding to the ABA-responsive elements (ABREs) in the promoters and positively regulated citrate accumulation. Taken together, this study sheds new light on the regulatory module ABA-CsABF3-CsAN1-CsPH8 responsible for citrate accumulation under drought stress, which advances our understanding of quality formation of citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Sheng
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Institute of Horticulture, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, 410125, Changsha, China
| | - Tie Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Guo
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Junfeng Yang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Jin
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Yuewen Chen
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaopeng Lu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
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Liu H, Jin Y, Huang L, Miao C, Tang J, Zhang H, Yin H, Lu X, Li N, Dai S, Gentile A, Zhang L, Sheng L. Transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal the underlying mechanism of drought treatment on anthocyanin accumulation in postharvest blood orange fruit. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:160. [PMID: 38429733 PMCID: PMC10908157 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins are the most important compounds for nutritional quality and economic values of blood orange. However, there are few reports on the pre-harvest treatment accelerating the accumulation of anthocyanins in postharvest blood orange fruit. Here, we performed a comparative transcriptome and metabolomics analysis to elucidate the underlying mechanism involved in seasonal drought (SD) treatment during the fruit expansion stage on anthocyanin accumulation in postharvest 'Tarocco' blood orange fruit. RESULTS Our results showed that SD treatment slowed down the fruit enlargement and increased the sugar accumulation during the fruit development and maturation period. Obviously, under SD treatment, the accumulation of anthocyanin in blood orange fruit during postharvest storage was significantly accelerated and markedly higher than that in CK. Meanwhile, the total flavonoids and phenols content and antioxidant activity in SD treatment fruits were also sensibly increased during postharvest storage. Based on metabolome analysis, we found that substrates required for anthocyanin biosynthesis, such as amino acids and their derivatives, and phenolic acids, had significantly accumulated and were higher in SD treated mature fruits compared with that of CK. Furthermore, according to the results of the transcriptome data and weighted gene coexpression correlation network analysis (WGCNA) analysis, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL3) was considered a key structural gene. The qRT-PCR analysis verified that the PAL3 was highly expressed in SD treated postharvest stored fruits, and was significantly positively correlated with the anthocyanin content. Moreover, we found that other structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were also upregulated under SD treatment, as evidenced by transcriptome data and qRT-PCR analysis. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that SD treatment promotes the accumulation of substrates necessary for anthocyanin biosynthesis during the fruit ripening process, and activates the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway genes during the postharvest storage period. This is especially true for PAL3, which co-contributed to the rapid accumulation of anthocyanin. The present study provides a theoretical basis for the postharvest quality control and water-saving utilization of blood orange fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Liu
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yan Jin
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Le Huang
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Chouyu Miao
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jiayi Tang
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Haojie Yin
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiaopeng Lu
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Na Li
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Suming Dai
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Ling Zhang
- Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Mayang Miao Autonomous County, Huaihua, China
| | - Ling Sheng
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Jin Y, Liao M, Li N, Ma X, Zhang H, Han J, Li D, Yang J, Lu X, Long G, Deng Z, Sheng L. Weighted gene coexpression correlation network analysis reveals the potential molecular regulatory mechanism of citrate and anthocyanin accumulation between postharvest 'Bingtangcheng' and 'Tarocco' blood orange fruit. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:296. [PMID: 37268922 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic acids and anthocyanins are the most important compounds for the flavor and nutritional quality of citrus fruit. However, there are few reports on the involvement of co-regulation of citrate and anthocyanin metabolism. Here, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis to elucidate the genes and pathways involved in both citrate and anthocyanin accumulation in postharvest citrus fruit with 'Tarocco' blood orange (TBO; high accumulation) and 'Bingtangcheng' sweet orange (BTSO; low accumulation). RESULTS A robust core set of 825 DEGs were found to be temporally associated with citrate and anthocyanin accumulation throughout the storage period through transcriptome analysis. Further according to the results of weighted gene coexpression correlation network analysis (WGCNA), the turquoise and brown module was highly positively correlated with both of the content of citrate and anthocyanin, and p-type ATPase (PH8), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PEPCK), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and glutathione S transferase (GST) were considered key structural genes. Moreover, MYB family transcription factor (PH4), Zinc finger PHD-type transcription factor (CHR4, HAC12), Zinc finger SWIM-type transcription factor (FAR1) and Zinc finger C3H1-type transcription factor (ATC3H64) were considered hub genes related to these structural genes. Further qRT-PCR analysis verified that these transcription factors were highly expressed in TBO fruit and their expression profiles were significantly positively correlated with the structural genes of citrate and anthocyanin metabolism as well as the content of citrate and anthocyanin content. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the CHR4, FAR1, ATC3H64 and HAC12 may be the new transcription regulators participate in controlling the level of citrate and anthocyanin in postharvest TBO fruit in addition to PH4. These results may providing new insight into the regulation mechanism of citrate and anthocyanin accumulation in citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Manyu Liao
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Na Li
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Jian Han
- Hunan Horticultural Research Institute, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Dazhi Li
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Junfeng Yang
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Xiaopeng Lu
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Guiyou Long
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Ziniu Deng
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China
| | - Ling Sheng
- National Center for Citrus Improvement Changsha, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, CS, China.
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Chen T, Niu J, Sun Z, Chen J, Wang Y, Chen J, Luan M. Transcriptome Analysis and VIGS Identification of Key Genes Regulating Citric Acid Metabolism in Citrus. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4647-4664. [PMID: 37367044 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45060295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus (Citrus reticulata) is one of the world's most widely planted and highest-yielding fruit trees. Citrus fruits are rich in a variety of nutrients. The content of citric acid plays a decisive role in the flavor quality of the fruit. There is a high organic acid content in early-maturing and extra-precocious citrus varieties. Reducing the amount of organic acid after fruit ripening is significant to the citrus industry. In this study, we selected a low-acid variety, "DF4", and a high-acid variety, "WZ", as research materials. Through WGCNA analysis, two differentially expressed genes, citrate synthase (CS) and ATP citrate-pro-S-lyase (ACL), were screened out, which related to the changing citric acid. The two differentially expressed genes were preliminarily verified by constructing a virus-induced gene-silencing (VIGS) vector. The VIGS results showed that the citric acid content was negatively correlated with CS expression and positively correlated with ACL expression, while CS and ACL oppositely control citric acid and inversely regulate each other. These results provide a theoretical basis for promoting the breeding of early-maturing and low-acid citrus varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Juan Niu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Zhimin Sun
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Mingbao Luan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
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Lourkisti R, Antoine S, Pailly O, Luro F, Gibon Y, Oustric J, Santini J, Berti L. GABA shunt pathway is stimulated in response to early defoliation-induced carbohydrate limitation in Mandarin fruits. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15573. [PMID: 37128327 PMCID: PMC10148037 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of sugar and organic acid metabolism during fruit development has a major effect on high-quality fruit production. The reduction of leaf area is a common feature in plant growth, induced by abiotic and biotic stresses and disturbing source/sink ratio, thus impacting fruit quality. Here, we induced carbohydrate limitation by partial leaf defoliation at the beginning of the second stage of mandarin development (before the citrate peak). Resulting changes were monitored in the short-term (48 h and 1 week) and long-term (7 weeks) after the defoliation. Short-term response to early defoliation implied metabolic settings to re-feed TCA for sustaining respiration rate. These features involved (i) vacuolar sucrose degradation (high acid invertase activity and mRNA expression level) and enhanced glycolytic flux (high ATP-phosphofructokinase activity), (ii) malic and citric acid utilization (increased phosphoenolpyruvate kinase and NADP-Isocitrate dehydrogenase) associated with vacuolar citric acid release (high mRNA expression of the transporter CsCit1) and (iii) stimulation of GABA shunt pathway (low GABA content and increased mRNA expression of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase). A steady-state proline level was found in ED fruits although an increase in P5CS mRNA expression level. These results contribute to a better knowledge of the molecular basis of the relationship between defoliation and sugar and organic acid metabolism in mandarin fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radia Lourkisti
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) 6134 Laboratoire Sciences pour l’Environnement (SPE) Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Corse, 20250, France
- Corresponding author.
| | - Sandrine Antoine
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) 6134 Laboratoire Sciences pour l’Environnement (SPE) Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Corse, 20250, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Montpellier, 20230 San Giuliano, France
| | | | - François Luro
- UMR AGAP Institut, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Montpellier, 20230 San Giuliano, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- MetaboHUB, Bordeaux Metabolome, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Julie Oustric
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) 6134 Laboratoire Sciences pour l’Environnement (SPE) Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Corse, 20250, France
| | - Jérémie Santini
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) 6134 Laboratoire Sciences pour l’Environnement (SPE) Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Corse, 20250, France
| | - Liliane Berti
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) 6134 Laboratoire Sciences pour l’Environnement (SPE) Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Corse, 20250, France
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Mo X, Chen C, Riaz M, Moussa MG, Chen X, Wu S, Tan Q, Sun X, Zhao X, Shi L, Hu C. Fruit Characteristics of Citrus Trees Grown under Different Soil Cu Levels. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2943. [PMID: 36365397 PMCID: PMC9657546 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the increased soil copper (Cu) on fruit quality due to the overuse of Cu agents have been a hot social issue. Seven representative citrus orchards in Guangxi province, China, were investigated to explore the fruit quality characteristics under different soil Cu levels and the relationship between soil-tree Cu and fruit quality. These results showed that pericarp color a value, titratable acid (TA), and vitamin C (Vc) were higher by 90.0, 166.6, and 22.4% in high Cu orchards and by 50.5, 204.2, and 55.3% in excess Cu orchards, compared with optimum Cu orchards. However, the ratio of total soluble solids (TSS)/TA was lower by 68.7% in high Cu orchards and by 61.6% in excess Cu orchards. With the increase of soil Cu concentrations, pericarp color a value and Vc were improved, TA with a trend of rising first then falling, and TSS/TA with a trend of falling first then rising were recorded. As fruit Cu increased, pericarp color a value and TSS reduced and as leaf Cu increased, TSS/TA decreased while Vc was improved. Moreover, a rise in soil Cu enhanced leaf Cu accumulation, and a rise in leaf Cu improved fruit Cu accumulation. Fruit Cu accumulation reduced fruit quality by direct effects, leaf Cu improved fruit quality by direct and indirect effects. Soil Cu affected fruit quality by indirect effects by regulating leaf Cu and fruit Cu. Therefore, reasonable regulation and control of soil Cu concentrations can effectively increase pericarp color, sugar, and acid accumulation in citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Mo
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Chuanwu Chen
- Guangxi Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Specialty Commercial Crops in North Guangxi, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Mohamed G. Moussa
- Soil and Water Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 13759, Egypt
| | - Xiangling Chen
- Horticulture Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Songwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiling Tan
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Libiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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8
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Liu Y, Zhu L, Yang M, Xie X, Sun P, Fang C, Zhao J. R2R3-MYB transcription factor FaMYB5 is involved in citric acid metabolism in strawberry fruits. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 277:153789. [PMID: 35995002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The citrate content of strawberry fruits affects their organoleptic quality. However, little is known about the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of citric acid metabolism in strawberry fruits. In this study, the R2R3-MYB transcription factor FaMYB5 was identified and placed in the R2R3-MYB subfamily. FaMYB5 is found in the nucleus and shows tissue- and stage-specific expression levels. Citric acid content was positively correlated with FaMYB5 transcript levels. Upregulated FaMYB5 increased citric acid accumulation in transient FaMYB5-overexpressing strawberry fruits, whereas transient RNA silencing of FaMYB5 in strawberry fruits resulted in a reduction of citric acid content. The role of FaMYB5 was verified using stable transgenic NC89 tobacco. Furthermore, a yeast one-hybrid assay revealed that FaMYB5 influences citric acid accumulation by binding to the FaACO (aconitase), FaGAD (glutamate decarboxylase), and FaCS2 (citrate synthase) promoters. Dual-luciferase assays were used to demonstrate that FaMYB5 could activate FaCS2 expression and repress the transcription levels of FaACO and FaGAD. This study identified important roles of FaMYB5 in the regulation of citric acid metabolism and provided a potential target for improving strawberry fruit taste in horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Liu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Mingjun Yang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xingbin Xie
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Peipei Sun
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Congbing Fang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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9
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Yang ZY, Cao XY, Zheng XW, Wang TQ, Wang JN, Feng F, Ye CH. Biochemical, transcriptome and metabolome analysis of the pulp of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck ‘Hong Jiang’ and its two variants reveal pathways regulating pulp taste, mastication, and color. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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10
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Borredá C, Perez-Roman E, Talon M, Terol J. Comparative transcriptomics of wild and commercial Citrus during early ripening reveals how domestication shaped fruit gene expression. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:123. [PMID: 35300613 PMCID: PMC8928680 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interspecific hybridizations and admixtures were key in Citrus domestication, but very little is known about their impact at the transcriptomic level. To determine the effects of genome introgressions on gene expression, the transcriptomes of the pulp and flavedo of three pure species (citron, pure mandarin and pummelo) and four derived domesticated genetic admixtures (sour orange, sweet orange, lemon and domesticated mandarin) have been analyzed at color break. RESULTS Many genes involved in relevant physiological processes for domestication, such sugar/acid metabolism and carotenoid/flavonoid synthesis, were differentially expressed among samples. In the low-sugar, highly acidic species lemon and citron, many genes involved in sugar metabolism, the TCA cycle and GABA shunt displayed a reduced expression, while the P-type ATPase CitPH5 and most subunits of the vacuolar ATPase were overexpressed. The red-colored species and admixtures were generally characterized by the overexpression in the flavedo of specific pivotal genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis, including phytoene synthase, ζ-carotene desaturase, β-lycopene cyclase and CCD4b, a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. The expression patterns of many genes involved in flavonoid modifications, especially the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid O-methyltransferases showed extreme diversity. However, the most noticeable differential expression was shown by a chalcone synthase gene, which catalyzes a key step in the biosynthesis of flavonoids. This chalcone synthase was exclusively expressed in mandarins and their admixed species, which only expressed the mandarin allele. In addition, comparisons between wild and domesticated mandarins revealed that the major differences between their transcriptomes concentrate in the admixed regions. CONCLUSION In this work we present a first study providing broad evidence that the genome introgressions that took place during citrus domestication largely shaped gene expression in their fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Borredá
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Estela Perez-Roman
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Talon
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Terol
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
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11
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Wu B, Li N, Deng Z, Luo F, Duan Y. Selection and Evaluation of a Thornless and HLB-Tolerant Bud-Sport of Pummelo Citrus With an Emphasis on Molecular Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:739108. [PMID: 34531892 PMCID: PMC8438139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.739108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The selection of elite bud-sports is an important breeding approach in horticulture. We discovered and evaluated a thornless pummelo bud-sport (TL) that grew more vigorously and was more tolerant to Huanglongbing (HLB) than the thorny wild type (W). To reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms, we carried out whole-genome sequencing of W, and transcriptome comparisons of W, TL, and partially recovered thorny "mutants" (T). The results showed W, TL, and T varied in gene expression, allelic expression, and alternative splicing. Most genes/pathways with significantly altered expression in TL compared to W remained similarly altered in T. Pathway and gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the expression of multiple pathways, including photosynthesis and cell wall biosynthesis, was altered among the three genotypes. Remarkably, two polar auxin transporter genes, PIN7 and LAX3, were expressed at a significantly lower level in TL than in both W and T, implying alternation of polar auxin transport in TL may be responsible for the vigorous growth and thornless phenotype. Furthermore, 131 and 68 plant defense-related genes were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in TL and T compared with W. These genes may be involved in enhanced salicylic acid (SA) dependent defense and repression of defense inducing callose deposition and programmed cell death. Overall, these results indicated that the phenotype changes of the TL bud-sport were associated with tremendous transcriptome alterations, providing new clues and targets for breeding and gene editing for citrus improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Na Li
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhanao Deng
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Yongping Duan
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service-United States Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
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12
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Wei QJ, Ma QL, Zhou GF, Liu X, Ma ZZ, Gu QQ. Identification of genes associated with soluble sugar and organic acid accumulation in 'Huapi' kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) via transcriptome analysis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4321-4331. [PMID: 33417244 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The levels and ratios of sugar and acid are important contributors to fruit taste. Kumquat is one of the most economically important citrus crops, but information on the soluble sugar and organic acid metabolism in kumquat is limited. Here, two kumquat varieties - 'Rongan' (RA) and its mutant 'Huapi' (HP) - were used to assess soluble sugar and organic acid accumulation and the related genes. RESULTS Soluble sugars include sucrose, glucose and fructose, while malate, quinic acid and citrate are the dominant organic acids in the fruits of both kumquat varieties. HP accumulated more sugars but fewer organic acids than did RA. Transcriptome analysis revealed 63 and 40 differentially expressed genes involved in soluble sugar and organic acid accumulation, respectively. The genes associated with sugar synthesis and transport, including SUS, SPS, TST, STP and ERD6L, were up-regulated, whereas INVs, FRK and HXK genes related to sugar degradation were down-regulated in HP kumquat. For organic acids, the up-regulation of PEPC and NAD-MDH could accelerate malate accumulation. In contrast, high expression of NAD-IDH and GS resulted in citric acid degradation during HP fruit development. Additionally, the PK, PDH, PEPCK and FBPase genes responsible for the interconversion of soluble sugars and organic acids were also significantly altered in the early development stages in HP. CONCLUSION The high sugar accumulation in HP fruit was associated with up-regulation of SUS, SPS, TST, STP and ERD6L genes. The PEPCK, PEPC, NAD-MDH, NADP-IDH, GS and FBPase genes played important roles in acid synthesis and degradation in HP kumquat. These findings provide further insight into understanding the mechanisms underlying metabolism of sugars and organic acids in citrus. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Jiang Wei
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiao-Li Ma
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gao-Feng Zhou
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhang-Zheng Ma
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing-Qing Gu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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13
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Effects of Fruit Load on Sugar/Acid Quality and Puffiness of Delayed-Harvest Citrus. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7070189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Delayed harvesting technology is believed to improve the citrus fruit flavor, but improper tree fruit load under delayed harvest might cause puffiness and reduce fruit quality. In order to find out an optimum tree fruit load level to obtain better flavor quality as well as reduce puffiness in delayed-harvest citrus under protected cultivation, experiments were conducted in the present study between 2019 and 2020 to determine the effect of different fruit loads and fruit-bearing per single branch on the soluble sugars and organic acids metabolism in the peel and flesh, the anatomical structure of the matured fruit peel, and fruit texture-related indexes. The results suggested significant negative correlations between leaf N level and flesh sucrose and glucose contents, and between branch P level and flesh citric acid contents; no significant correlation between NPK levels and flesh texture; relatively lower leaf N and branch P under relatively higher load can increase flesh sucrose and glucose accumulation and slow down citric acid degradation to the greater extent, thus optimizing the sugar/acid ratio of fruits during delayed harvest. The lignification of parenchyma cells closely around peel secretory cavities due to ascorbic acid deficiency might be the primary cause for puffiness under low-load treatments.
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14
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Zhao H, Chen G, Sang L, Deng Y, Gao L, Yu Y, Liu J. Mitochondrial citrate synthase plays important roles in anthocyanin synthesis in petunia. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 305:110835. [PMID: 33691969 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important flavonoid pigments in plants. Malonyl CoA is an important intermediate in anthocyanin synthesis, and citrate, formed by citrate synthase (CS) catalysing oxaloacetate, is the precursor for the formation of malonyl-CoA. CS is composed of two isoforms, mitochondrial citrate synthase (mCS), a key enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and citrate synthase (CSY) localizated in microbodies in plants. However, no CS isoform involvement in anthocyanin synthesis has been reported. In this study, we identified the entire CS family in petunia (Petunia hybrida): PhmCS, PhCSY1 and PhCSY2. We obtained petunia plants silenced for the three genes. PhmCS silencing resulted in abnormal development of leaves and flowers. The contents of citrate and anthocyanins were significantly reduced in flowers in PhmCS-silenced plants. However, silencing of PhCSY1 and/or PhCSY2 did not cause a visible phenotype change in petunia. These results showed that PhmCS is involved in anthocyanin synthesis and the development of leaves and flowers, and that the citrate involved in anthocyanin synthesis mainly derived from mitochondria rather than microbodies in petunia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Guoju Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lina Sang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ying Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lili Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yixun Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Juanxu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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15
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Shi CY, Hussain SB, Han H, Alam SM, Liu D, Liu YZ. Reduced expression of CsPH8, a P-type ATPase gene, is the major factor leading to the low citrate accumulation in citrus leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 160:211-217. [PMID: 33515970 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Citrate is an important intermediate product for the biosynthesis of several metabolites in plants. As two important organs of the citrus plant, fruits and leaves have their own metabolites characteristics; among them, citrate is normally high in fruit juice sacs (JS) and low in leaves. In this study, citrate content and transcript levels of citrate synthesis, transport, storage, and utilization related genes were compared between leaves and fruit JS of Citrus reticulata cv. 'Huagan No. 2', C. grandis cv. 'Hirado Buntan', and C. sinensis cv. 'Anliu'. Results indicated that the citrate content in fruit JS was significantly higher than in leaves of each cultivar. Only the relative mRNA levels of a P-type proton pump gene, CsPH8, was significantly lower in leaves than in fruit JS of three citrus cultivars, while other genes related to citrate biosynthesis, transport, storage, and utilization were highly expressed in leaves as compared to fruit JS. Furthermore, CsPH8 transient and stable transformation in leaves indicated that the change in citrate content is highly consistent with the change of CsPH8 transcript levels. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that the low accumulation of citrate in citrus leaves is mainly due to the low expression level of CsPH8; additionally, the high level of expression of citrate-utilizing genes would prevent citrate accumulation in the leaf organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Syed Bilal Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Department of Horticulture, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Han Han
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Shariq Mahmood Alam
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yong-Zhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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16
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Wu S, Li M, Zhang C, Tan Q, Yang X, Sun X, Pan Z, Deng X, Hu C. Effects of phosphorus on fruit soluble sugar and citric acid accumulations in citrus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 160:73-81. [PMID: 33482581 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is one of the essential macro-elements for plants. Sugar and organic acid are important factors affecting sensory characteristics of citrus fruit quality. The aim of this study was to investigate how P fertilizer affects quality improvement particularly sucrose (Suc), fructose (Fru), glucose (Glu) and citric acid (CA) accumulations in Cara Cara navel. P fertilizer improved fruit quality of Cara Cara navel, as supported by decreasing titratable acid (TA), CA and increasing soluble solid (TSS), sugars and the ratio of TSS and TA. At the early stage of fruit development, P fertilizer had greater roles in degrading Suc into Fru and Glu due to the increased activities of Suc-degrading enzymes including acid invertase, neutral invertase and Suc synthase-cleavage activity. Coversely, at the mid and late stages of fruit development, P fertilizer had greater roles in re-synthesizing Suc due to the increased activities of Suc-synthesizing enzymes including Suc phosphate synthase and Suc synthase-synthetic activity. These results indicated that application of P fertilizer increased soluble sugars concentrations by improving Suc metabolism and sink strength in fruit conferred by the upregulations of the activities of Suc-degrading and Suc-synthesizing enzymes. P fertilizer decreased CA accumulations at least partially by inhibiting synthesis of CA due to the decreased activities of CA-synthesizing enzymes including citrate synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. This study suggested that P fertilizer, particularly fertilized with 0.40 kg/plant, increased soluble sugars but decreased CA accumulations in citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Wu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Changming Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Qiling Tan
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
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17
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Shi CY, Hussain SB, Yang H, Bai YX, Khan MA, Liu YZ. CsPH8, a P-type proton pump gene, plays a key role in the diversity of citric acid accumulation in citrus fruits. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 289:110288. [PMID: 31623791 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid homeostasis patterns and its content are diversified among the fruits of citrus cultivars, but the cause remained unclear. In this study we showed that changes of citric acid content were highly associated with the expression profiles of a P-type proton pump gene (CsPH8) in the fruits of six citrus cultivars; moreover, analysis of 21 different fruit samples indicated that the correlation coefficient between titratable acid content and CsPH8 transcript level was 0.5837 with a significant level (P < 0.05). Overexpression of CsPH8 in acidless pumelo juice sacs, strawberry fruit, and tomato fruit significantly increased the titratable acid or citric acid content besides the gene transcript level. On another hand, RNA interference of CsPH8 in acidic pumelo juice sacs significantly decreased the CsPH8 transcript level and the titratable acid or citric acid content as well. In addition, severe drought significantly increased the CsPH8 transcript level besides the titratable acid content. Taken together, these findings address the function of CsPH8 in citrus vacuolar acidification, confirm that CsPH8 plays a key role in the variation of citric acid content, and supported that the acid fluctuation influenced by drought, is at least partly due to the change of CsPH8 transcript level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Syed Bilal Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Huan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ying-Xin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Abbas Khan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yong-Zhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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18
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Zeng H, Zhang X, Ding M, Zhang X, Zhu Y. Transcriptome profiles of soybean leaves and roots in response to zinc deficiency. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:330-351. [PMID: 30536844 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a widespread agricultural problem in arable soils of the whole world. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Zn-deficiency response are largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the transcriptomic profilings of soybean leaves and roots in response to Zn deficiency through Illumina's high-throughput RNA sequencing in order to understand the molecular basis of Zn-deficiency response in the plants. A total of 614 and 1011 gene loci were found to be differentially expressed in leaves and roots, respectively, and 88 loci were commonly found in both leaves and roots. Twelve differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were randomly selected for validation by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and their fold changes were similar to those of RNA-seq. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that ion transport, nicotianamine (NA) biosynthetic process and queuosine biosynthetic process were enriched in the upregulated genes, while oxidation-reduction process and defense response were enriched in the downregulated genes. Among the DEGs, 20 DEGs are potentially involved in Zn homeostasis, including seven ZRT, IRT-related protein (ZIP) transporter genes, three NA synthase genes, and seven metallothionein genes; 40 DEGs are possibly involved in diverse hormonal signals such as auxin, cytokinin, ethylene and gibberellin; nine DEGs are putatively involved in calcium signaling; 85 DEGs are putative transcription factor genes. Nine DEGs were found to contain zinc-deficiency-response element in their promoter regions. These results could provide comprehensive insights into the soybean response to Zn deficiency and will be helpful for further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of Zn-deficiency response and Zn-deficiency tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Ming Ding
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiajun Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Yiyong Zhu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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19
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Sadka A, Shlizerman L, Kamara I, Blumwald E. Primary Metabolism in Citrus Fruit as Affected by Its Unique Structure. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1167. [PMID: 31611894 PMCID: PMC6775482 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is one of the world's most important fruit crops, contributing essential nutrients, such as vitamin C and minerals, to the human diet. It is characterized by two important traits: first, its major edible part is composed of juice sacs, a unique structure among fruit, and second, relatively high levels of citric acid are accumulated in the vacuole of the juice sac cell. Although the major routes of primary metabolism are generally the same in citrus fruit and other plant systems, the fruit's unique structural features challenge our understanding of carbon flow into the fruit and its movement through all of its parts. In fact, acid metabolism and accumulation have only been summarized in a few reviews. Here we present a comprehensive view of sugar, acid and amino acid metabolism and their connections within the fruit, all in relation to the fruit's unique structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Sadka
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- *Correspondence: Avi Sadka,
| | - Lyudmila Shlizerman
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Itzhak Kamara
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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20
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Wang L, He F, Huang Y, He J, Yang S, Zeng J, Deng C, Jiang X, Fang Y, Wen S, Xu R, Yu H, Yang X, Zhong G, Chen C, Yan X, Zhou C, Zhang H, Xie Z, Larkin RM, Deng X, Xu Q. Genome of Wild Mandarin and Domestication History of Mandarin. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1024-1037. [PMID: 29885473 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most important citrus crops worldwide. Its domestication is believed to have occurred in South China, which has been one of the centers of mandarin cultivation for four millennia. We collected natural wild populations of mandarin around the Nanling region and cultivated landraces in the vicinity. We found that the citric acid level was dramatically reduced in cultivated mandarins. To understand genetic basis of mandarin domestication, we de novo assembled a draft genome of wild mandarin and analyzed a set of 104 citrus genomes. We found that the Mangshan mandarin is a primitive type and that two independent domestication events have occurred, resulting in two groups of cultivated mandarins (MD1 and MD2) in the North and South Nanling Mountains, respectively. Two bottlenecks and two expansions of effective population size were identified for the MD1 group of cultivated mandarins. However, in the MD2 group there was a long and continuous decrease in the population size. MD1 and MD2 mandarins showed different patterns of interspecific introgression from cultivated pummelo species. We identified a region of high divergence in an aconitate hydratase (ACO) gene involved in the regulation of citrate content, which was possibly under selection during the domestication of mandarin. This study provides concrete genetic evidence for the geographical origin of extant wild mandarin populations and sheds light on the domestication and evolutionary history of mandarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Fa He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxian He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Shuizhi Yang
- Horticulture Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, P.R. China
| | - Jiwu Zeng
- Fruit Tree Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Chongling Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Citrus Biology, Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin 541000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Fang
- Institute of Citrus Science Research of Ganzhou City, Ganzhou 341000, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Wen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Rangwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Huiwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Guangyan Zhong
- Fruit Tree Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Chuanwu Chen
- Fruit Tree Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Yan
- Institute of Citrus Science Research of Ganzhou City, Ganzhou 341000, P.R. China
| | - Changfu Zhou
- Horticulture Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Robert M Larkin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
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21
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Feng S, Zhao L, Liu Z, Liu Y, Yang T, Wei A. De novo transcriptome assembly of Zanthoxylum bungeanum using Illumina sequencing for evolutionary analysis and simple sequence repeat marker development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16754. [PMID: 29196697 PMCID: PMC5711952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zanthoxylum, an ancient economic crop in Asia, has a satisfying aromatic taste and immense medicinal values. A lack of genomic information and genetic markers has limited the evolutionary analysis and genetic improvement of Zanthoxylum species and their close relatives. To better understand the evolution, domestication, and divergence of Zanthoxylum, we present a de novo transcriptome analysis of an elite cultivar of Z. bungeanum using Illumina sequencing; we then developed simple sequence repeat markers for identification of Zanthoxylum. In total, we predicted 45,057 unigenes and 22,212 protein coding sequences, approximately 90% of which showed significant similarities to known proteins in databases. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Zanthoxylum is relatively recent and estimated to have diverged from Citrus ca. 36.5–37.7 million years ago. We also detected a whole-genome duplication event in Zanthoxylum that occurred 14 million years ago. We found no protein coding sequences that were significantly under positive selection by Ka/Ks. Simple sequence repeat analysis divided 31 Zanthoxylum cultivars and landraces into three major groups. This Zanthoxylum reference transcriptome provides crucial information for the evolutionary study of the Zanthoxylum genus and the Rutaceae family, and facilitates the establishment of more effective Zanthoxylum breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Feng
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhenshan Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yulin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tuxi Yang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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22
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Lu XP, Li FF, Xiong J, Cao XJ, Ma XC, Zhang ZM, Cao SY, Xie SX. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Provide Insights into the Occurrence of Peel Roughing Disorder on Satsuma Mandarin ( Citrus unshiu Marc.) Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1907. [PMID: 29163622 PMCID: PMC5682035 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Roughing disorder (RD) is a significant quality barrier in citrus fruit, prevalent on easy-peeling mandarins. As RD is not yet well-understood, this study aimed to examine the changes and synergic molecular processes involved in peel RD. Peel with RD was induced by severely defruiting Satsuma mandarin trees. Morphology observations, RNA-sequencing, and targeted and untargeted metabolic analyses were conducted. The results showed that the primary metabolites of sugars, organic acids and amino acids are dramatically changed in RD peel. The RD peel was always characterized by higher magnesium content during development. Comparative transcriptome profiling was performed for CK and RD peels at 30, 80, and 170 days after full bloom (DAFB) which represented fruit at cell division stage, cell enlargement stage and fruit maturity stage, respectively. Physiological and molecular biological evidence suggested that the month after full bloom is a crucial stage for RD initiation. A total of 4,855 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RD peel, relative to CK peel were detected at cell division stage, about 2 to 4-fold more than other stages had. Among the differentially expressed transcription factors, the bHLH family were affected most by RD, and six bHLH transcription factors functionally involved in GA metabolism were assessed to associate with RD occurrence. Gene set enrichment analysis suggested that RD significantly altered starch and GA metabolism in peel. Higher starch content and hydrolysed chain status were found in RD peel at cell division stage. RD occurrence on the peel was influenced significantly by GA, especially abundant GA before July. These changes may mean a significant alteration in sink strength of RD peel. The findings of this study provide insights into the emergence, development and molecular mechanisms of RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Lu
- Horticulture Department, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Centre for Citrus Improvement, Changsha, China
| | - Fei-Fei Li
- Horticulture Department, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Centre for Citrus Improvement, Changsha, China
- Institute of Horticulture, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha, China
| | - Jiang Xiong
- Horticulture Department, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Centre for Citrus Improvement, Changsha, China
| | - Xiong-Jun Cao
- Horticulture Department, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Centre for Citrus Improvement, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Ma
- Horticulture Department, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Centre for Citrus Improvement, Changsha, China
| | - Zi-Mu Zhang
- Horticulture Department, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Centre for Citrus Improvement, Changsha, China
| | - Shang-Yin Cao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shen-Xi Xie
- Horticulture Department, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Centre for Citrus Improvement, Changsha, China
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