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Khassanova G, Jatayev S, Gabdola A, Kuzbakova M, Zailasheva A, Kylyshbayeva G, Schramm C, Schleyer K, Philp-Dutton L, Sweetman C, Anderson P, Jenkins CLD, Soole KL, Shavrukov Y. Haplotypes of ATP-Binding Cassette CaABCC6 in Chickpea from Kazakhstan Are Associated with Salinity Tolerance and Leaf Necrosis via Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules 2024; 14:823. [PMID: 39062537 PMCID: PMC11275178 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salinity tolerance was studied in chickpea accessions from a germplasm collection and in cultivars from Kazakhstan. After NaCl treatment, significant differences were found between genotypes, which could be arranged into three groups. Those that performed poorest were found in group 1, comprising five ICC accessions with the lowest chlorophyll content, the highest leaf necrosis (LN), Na+ accumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and a low glutathione ratio GSH/GSSG. Two cultivars, Privo-1 and Tassay, representing group 2, were moderate in these traits, while the best performance was for group 3, containing two other cultivars, Krasnokutsky-123 and Looch, which were found to have mostly green plants and an exact opposite pattern of traits. Marker-trait association (MTA) between 6K DArT markers and four traits (LN, Na+, MDA, and GSH/GSSG) revealed the presence of four possible candidate genes in the chickpea genome that may be associated with the three groups. One gene, ATP-binding cassette, CaABCC6, was selected, and three haplotypes, A, D1, and D2, were identified in plants from the three groups. Two of the most salt-tolerant cultivars from group 3 were found to have haplotype D2 with a novel identified SNP. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that this gene was strongly expressed after NaCl treatment in the parental- and breeding-line plants of haplotype D2. Mass spectrometry of seed proteins showed a higher accumulation of glutathione reductase and S-transferase, but not peroxidase, in the D2 haplotype. In conclusion, the CaABCC6 gene was hypothesized to be associated with a better response to oxidative stress via glutathione metabolism, while other candidate genes are likely involved in the control of chlorophyll content and Na+ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulmira Khassanova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
- A.I. Barayev Research and Production Centre of Grain Farming, Shortandy 021601, Kazakhstan
| | - Satyvaldy Jatayev
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ademi Gabdola
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Marzhan Kuzbakova
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Aray Zailasheva
- Faculty of Agronomy, S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (S.J.); (A.G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Gulnar Kylyshbayeva
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Central Asian Innovation University, Shymkent 160000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Carly Schramm
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Kathryn Schleyer
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Lauren Philp-Dutton
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Peter Anderson
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Colin L. D. Jenkins
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Kathleen L. Soole
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Yuri Shavrukov
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (C.S.); (K.S.); (L.P.-D.); (C.S.); (P.A.); (C.L.D.J.); (K.L.S.)
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Apodiakou A, Alseekh S, Hoefgen R, Whitcomb SJ. Overexpression of SLIM1 transcription factor accelerates vegetative development in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1327152. [PMID: 38571711 PMCID: PMC10988502 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1327152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The transcription factor Sulfur Limitation 1 (SLIM1) belongs to the plant-specific Ethylene Insenstive3-Like transcription factor family and is known to coordinate gene expression in response to sulfur deficiency. However, the roles of SLIM1 in nutrient-sufficient conditions have not been characterized. Employing constitutive SLIM1 overexpression (35S::SLIM1) and CRISPR/Cas9 mutant plants (slim1-cr), we identified several distinct phenotypes in nutrient-sufficient conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpression of SLIM1 results in plants with approximately twofold greater rosette area throughout vegetative development. 35S::SLIM1 plants also bolt earlier and exhibit earlier downregulation of photosynthesis-associated genes and earlier upregulation of senescence-associated genes than Col-0 and slim1-cr plants. This suggests that overexpression of SLIM1 accelerates development in A. thaliana. Genome-wide differential gene expression analysis relative to Col-0 at three time points with slim1-cr and two 35S::SLIM1 lines allowed us to identify 1,731 genes regulated directly or indirectly by SLIM1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Apodiakou
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sarah J. Whitcomb
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
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Shi A, Xu J, Guo Y, Rensing C, Chang J, Zhang T, Zhang L, Xing S, Ni W, Yang W. Jasmonic acid's impact on Sedum alfredii growth and cadmium tolerance: A physiological and transcriptomic study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169939. [PMID: 38211868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Soil cadmium (Cd) pollution is escalating, necessitating effective remediation strategies. This study investigated the effects of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) on Sedum alfredii Hance under Cd stress, aiming to enhance its phytoextraction efficiency. Initially, experiments were conducted to assess the impact of various concentrations of JA added to environments with Cd concentrations of 100, 300, and 500 μmol/L. The results determined that a concentration of 1 μmol/L JA was optimal. This concentration effectively mitigated the level of ROS products by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, JA fostered Cd absorption and accumulation, while markedly improving plant biomass and photosynthetic performance. In further experiments, treatment with 1 μmol/L JA under 300 μmol/L Cd stress was performed and transcriptomic analysis unveiled a series of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) instrumental in the JA-mediated Cd stress response. These DEGs encompass not only pathways of JA biosynthesis and signaling but also genes encoding functions that influence antioxidant systems and photosynthesis, alongside genes pertinent to cell wall synthesis, and metal chelation and transport. This study highlights that JA treatment significantly enhances S. alfredii's Cd tolerance and accumulation, offering a promising strategy for plant remediation and deepening our understanding of plant responses to heavy metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Shi
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Junlong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yingmin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jinqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Taoxiang Zhang
- College of Juncao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shihe Xing
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wuzhong Ni
- College of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Yang W, Liu X, Yu S, Liu J, Jiang L, Lu X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Li X, Zhang S. The maize ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ZmMRPA6 confers cold and salt stress tolerance in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 43:13. [PMID: 38135780 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE ZmMRPA6 was cloned and characterized as the first ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter in maize to be proven to participate in cold and salt tolerance. Homologous genes AtABCC4 and AtABCC14 of ZmMRPA6 also responded to salt stress. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins are major transmembrane transporters that play significant roles in plant development against various abiotic stresses. However, available information regarding stress-related ABC genes in maize is minimal. In this study, a maize ABC transporter gene, ZmMRPA6, was identified through genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) for cold tolerance in maize seeds germination and functionally characterized. During germination and seedling stages, the zmmrpa6 mutant exhibited enhanced resistance to cold or salt stress. Mutated of ZmMRPA6 did not affect the expression of downstream response genes related cold or salt response at the transcriptional level. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that most of the differential proteins between zmmrpa6 and wild-type plants were involved in response to stress process including oxidative reduction, hydrolase activity, small molecule metabolism, and photosynthesis process. Meanwhile, the plants which lack the ZmMRPA6 homologous genes AtABCC4 or AtABCC14 were sensitive to salt stress in Arabidopsis. These results indicated that ZmMRPA6 and its homologous genes play a conserved role in cold and salt stress, and functional differentiation occurs in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. In summary, these findings dramatically improved our understanding of the function of ABC transporters resistance to abiotic stresses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shaowei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jisheng Liu
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250200, Shandong, China
| | - Lijun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiaoduo Lu
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250200, Shandong, China
| | - Yinggao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jiedao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Shuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Yao L, Wu X, Jiang X, Shan M, Zhang Z, Li Y, Yang A, Li Y, Yang C. Subcellular compartmentalization in the biosynthesis and engineering of plant natural products. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108258. [PMID: 37722606 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant natural products (PNPs) are specialized metabolites with diverse bioactivities. They are extensively used in the pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical and food industries. PNPs are synthesized in plant cells by enzymes that are distributed in different subcellular compartments with unique microenvironments, such as ions, co-factors and substrates. Plant metabolic engineering is an emerging and promising approach for the sustainable production of PNPs, for which the knowledge of the subcellular compartmentalization of their biosynthesis is instrumental. In this review we describe the state of the art on the role of subcellular compartments in the biosynthesis of major types of PNPs, including terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids and glucosinolates, and highlight the efforts to target biosynthetic pathways to subcellular compartments in plants. In addition, we will discuss the challenges and strategies in the field of plant synthetic biology and subcellular engineering. We expect that newly developed methods and tools, together with the knowledge gained from the microbial chassis, will greatly advance plant metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Xiuming Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Xun Jiang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Muhammad Shan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Zhuoxiang Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Yiting Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Changqing Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China.
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Qian T, Wang X, Liu J, Shi M, Zhao J, Sun P, Zheng G, Fang C, Xie X. ATP-binding cassette protein ABCC8 promotes anthocyanin accumulation in strawberry fruits. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108037. [PMID: 37722280 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important health-promoting flavonoid compounds that substantially contribute to fruit quality. Anthocyanin biosynthesis and most regulatory mechanisms are relatively well understood. However, the functions of anthocyanin transport genes in strawberry fruit remain unclear. In this study, a gene encoding an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein of type C, ABCC8, was isolated from strawberry fruits. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the transcript levels of FvABCC8 were the highest and were strongly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation during strawberry fruit ripening. Transient overexpression and RNAi of FvABCC8 led to an increase and decrease in anthocyanin content in strawberry fruits, respectively. Moreover, the ABCC8 promoter was activated by MYB and bHLH transcription factors MYB10, bHLH33, and MYC1. Sucrose enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in FvABCC8-overexpressing Arabidopsis, particularly at higher concentrations. FvABCC8-overexpressing lines were less sensitive to ABA during seed germination and seedling development. These results suggest that strawberry vacuolar anthocyanin transport may be mediated by the ABCC transporter ABCC8, the expression of which may be regulated by transcription factors MYB10, bHLH33, and MYC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qian
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Mengyun Shi
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Peipei Sun
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Guanghui Zheng
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Congbing Fang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Xingbin Xie
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Sylvia C, Sun J, Zhang Y, Ntini C, Ogutu C, Zhao Y, Han Y. Genome-Wide Analysis of ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters in Peach ( Prunus persica) and Identification of a Gene PpABCC1 Involved in Anthocyanin Accumulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031931. [PMID: 36768256 PMCID: PMC9916050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family is a large and diverse protein superfamily that plays various roles in plant growth and development. Although the ABC transporters are known to aid in the transport of a wide range of substrates across biological membranes, their role in anthocyanin transport remains elusive. In this study, we identified a total of 132 putative ABC genes in the peach genome, and they were phylogenetically classified into eight subfamilies. Variations in spatial and temporal gene expression levels resulted in differential expression patterns of PpABC family members in various tissues of peach. PpABCC1 was identified as the most likely candidate gene essential for anthocyanin accumulation in peach. Transient overexpression of PpABCC1 caused a significant increase in anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco leaves and peach fruit, whereas virus-induced gene silencing of PpABCC1 in the blood-fleshed peach resulted in a significant decrease in anthocyanin accumulation. The PpABCC1 promoter contained an MYB binding cis-element, and it could be activated by anthocyanin-activator PpMYB10.1 based on yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assays. Thus, it seems that PpABCC1 plays a crucial role in anthocyanin accumulation in peach. Our results provide a new insight into the vacuolar transport of anthocyanins in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherono Sylvia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juanli Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Charmaine Ntini
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Collins Ogutu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuepeng Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Y.H.)
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