1
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Mejía MA, Valdés-Sosa M, Bobes MA. Pupil dilation reflects covert familiar face recognition under interocular suppression. Conscious Cogn 2024; 123:103726. [PMID: 38972288 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
In prosopagnosia, brain lesions impair overt face recognition, but not face detection, and may coexist with residual covert recognition of familiar faces. Previous studies that simulated covert recognition in healthy individuals have impaired face detection as well as recognition, thus not fully mirroring the deficits in prosopagnosia. We evaluated a model of covert recognition based on continuous flash suppression (CFS). Familiar and unfamiliar faces and houses were masked while participants performed two discrimination tasks. With increased suppression, face/house discrimination remained largely intact, but face familiarity discrimination deteriorated. Covert recognition was present across all masking levels, evinced by higher pupil dilation to familiar than unfamiliar faces. Pupil dilation was uncorrelated with overt performance across subjects. Thus, CFS can impede overt face recognition without disrupting covert recognition and face detection, mirroring critical features of prosopagnosia. CFS could be used to uncover shared neural mechanisms of covert recognition in prosopagnosic patients and neurotypicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchell Valdés-Sosa
- Cuban Center for Neuroscience, Ave. 25 & 158, No. 15202. Cubanacan, Playa, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Maria Antonieta Bobes
- Cuban Center for Neuroscience, Ave. 25 & 158, No. 15202. Cubanacan, Playa, Havana, Cuba.
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2
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Kafkas A. Eyes on Memory: Pupillometry in Encoding and Retrieval. Vision (Basel) 2024; 8:37. [PMID: 38922182 PMCID: PMC11209248 DOI: 10.3390/vision8020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review critically examines the contributions of pupillometry to memory research, primarily focusing on its enhancement of our understanding of memory encoding and retrieval mechanisms mainly investigated with the recognition memory paradigm. The evidence supports a close link between pupil response and memory formation, notably influenced by the type of novelty detected. This proposal reconciles inconsistencies in the literature regarding pupil response patterns that may predict successful memory formation, and highlights important implications for encoding mechanisms. The review also discusses the pupil old/new effect and its significance in the context of recollection and in reflecting brain signals related to familiarity or novelty detection. Additionally, the capacity of pupil response to serve as a true memory signal and to distinguish between true and false memories is evaluated. The evidence provides insights into the nature of false memories and offers a novel understanding of the cognitive mechanisms involved in memory distortions. When integrated with rigorous experimental design, pupillometry can significantly refine theoretical models of memory encoding and retrieval. Furthermore, combining pupillometry with neuroimaging and pharmacological interventions is identified as a promising direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kafkas
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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3
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Rojas C, Vega-Rodríguez YE, Lagos G, Cabrera-Miguieles MG, Sandoval Y, Crisosto-Alarcón J. Applicability and usefulness of pupillometry in the study of lexical access. A scoping review of primary research. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1372912. [PMID: 38529093 PMCID: PMC10961345 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1372912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pupil dilation has been associated with the effort required to perform various cognitive tasks. At the lexical level, some studies suggest that this neurophysiological measure would provide objective, real-time information during word processing and lexical access. However, due to the scarcity and incipient advancement of this line of research, its applicability, use, and sensitivity are not entirely clear. This scoping review aims to determine the applicability and usefulness of pupillometry in the study of lexical access by providing an up-to-date overview of research in this area. Following the PRISMA protocol, 16 articles were included in this review. The results show that pupillometry is a highly applicable, useful, and sensitive method for assessing lexical skills of word recognition, word retrieval, and semantic activation. Moreover, it easily fits into traditional research paradigms and methods in the field. Because it is a non-invasive, objective, and automated procedure, it can be applied to any population or age group. However, the emerging development of this specific area of research and the methodological diversity observed in the included studies do not yet allow for definitive conclusions in this area, which in turn does not allow for meta-analyses or fully conclusive statements about what the pupil response actually reflects when processing words. Standardized pupillary recording and analysis methods need to be defined to generate more accurate, replicable research designs with more reliable results to strengthen this line of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rojas
- Department of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | | | - Gabriel Lagos
- Department of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - María Gabriela Cabrera-Miguieles
- Department of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
- Department of Spanish, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Yasna Sandoval
- Department of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
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4
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Siefert EM, He M, Festa EK, Heindel WC. Pupil size tracks cue-trace interactions during episodic memory retrieval. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14409. [PMID: 37571917 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to remember past events requires not only storing enduring engrams or memory traces of these events, but also successfully reactivating these latent traces in response to appropriate cues at the time of retrieval-a process that has been termed ecphory. However, relatively little is known about the processes that facilitate the dynamic interactions between retrieval cues and stored memory traces that are critical for successful recognition and recollection. Recently, an intriguing link between pupil dilation and recognition memory has been identified, with studied items eliciting greater pupil dilation than unstudied items during retrieval. However, the processes contributing to this "pupillary old/new effect" remain unresolved, with current explanations suggesting that it reflects the strength of the underlying memory trace. Here, we explore the novel hypothesis that the pupillary old/new effect does not index memory strength alone, but rather reflects the facilitation of cue-trace interactions during episodic memory retrieval that may be supported by activity within the pupil-linked locus coeruleus-noradrenergic (LC-NA) arousal system. First, we show that the magnitude of pupil dilation is influenced by the degree of overlap between cue and trace information. Second, we find that the magnitude of pupil dilation reflects the amount of study contextual information reinstated during retrieval. These findings provide a novel framework for understanding the pupillary old/new effect, and identify a potential role for the LC-NA system in recognition memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Siefert
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Neurosurgery, Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mingjian He
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena K Festa
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - William C Heindel
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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5
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De Cesarei A, D'Ascenzo S, Nicoletti R, Codispoti M. Novelty and learning in cognitive control: evidence from the Simon task. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:2390-2406. [PMID: 37000249 PMCID: PMC10497436 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
While information that is associated with inappropriate responses can interfere with an ongoing task and be detrimental to performance, cognitive control mechanisms and specific contextual conditions can alleviate interference from unwanted information. In the spatial correspondence (Simon) task, interference has been consistently shown to be reduced by spatial non-correspondence in the previous trial (i.e., correspondence sequence effect, CSE); however the mechanisms supporting this sequential effect are not well understood. Here we investigated the role of novelty and trial-to-trial changes in stimulus and response features in a Simon task, observing similar modulation of CSE for novel and non-novel stimulus changes. However, changing the response modality from trial to trial dampened CSE, and this dampening was more pronounced when the probability of switch trials was higher, suggesting a role for long-term learning. The results are consistent with recent accounts, which indicate that spatial interference can be prevented by cognitive control mechanisms triggered by learned bindings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Cesarei
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefania D'Ascenzo
- Department of Philosophy and Communication Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Nicoletti
- Department of Philosophy and Communication Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Codispoti
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Kafkas A, Brown T, Olusola N, Guo C. Pupil response patterns distinguish true from false memories. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17244. [PMID: 37821524 PMCID: PMC10567773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory is reconstructive and error-prone, which make memory illusions very common in everyday life. However, studying memory illusions can provide valuable insights into how memory works. Pupil response has emerged, in recent years, as an indicator of memory encoding and retrieval, however its validity as a measure of memory success is debated. In this study, we explored whether pupil response patterns can differentiate true from false memories and whether variations in the temporal dynamics of pupil response can elucidate the mechanisms underlying false memory creation. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm was employed to generate false memories in two separate experiments involving visual and auditory stimuli. Pupil responses effectively differentiated true from false memories based on variations in pupil amplitude at different temporal components. This discrimination remained consistent across both experiments, with slightly stronger effects in the auditory condition, aligning with the more pronounced false memory effects in this condition. Notably, differential pupil responses between true and false memories varied based on the type of memory involved at recognition. These findings provide valuable insights into the cognitive processes underlying memory distortions, with implications for theoretical frameworks and real-world contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kafkas
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Travorn Brown
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nifemi Olusola
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Chaodong Guo
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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7
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Parab S, Boster J, Washington P. Parkinson Disease Recognition Using a Gamified Website: Machine Learning Development and Usability Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e49898. [PMID: 37773607 PMCID: PMC10576230 DOI: 10.2196/49898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) affects millions globally, causing motor function impairments. Early detection is vital, and diverse data sources aid diagnosis. We focus on lower arm movements during keyboard and trackpad or touchscreen interactions, which serve as reliable indicators of PD. Previous works explore keyboard tapping and unstructured device monitoring; we attempt to further these works with structured tests taking into account 2D hand movement in addition to finger tapping. Our feasibility study uses keystroke and mouse movement data from a remotely conducted, structured, web-based test combined with self-reported PD status to create a predictive model for detecting the presence of PD. OBJECTIVE Analysis of finger tapping speed and accuracy through keyboard input and analysis of 2D hand movement through mouse input allowed differentiation between participants with and without PD. This comparative analysis enables us to establish clear distinctions between the two groups and explore the feasibility of using motor behavior to predict the presence of the disease. METHODS Participants were recruited via email by the Hawaii Parkinson Association (HPA) and directed to a web application for the tests. The 2023 HPA symposium was also used as a forum to recruit participants and spread information about our study. The application recorded participant demographics, including age, gender, and race, as well as PD status. We conducted a series of tests to assess finger tapping, using on-screen prompts to request key presses of constant and random keys. Response times, accuracy, and unintended movements resulting in accidental presses were recorded. Participants performed a hand movement test consisting of tracing straight and curved on-screen ribbons using a trackpad or mouse, allowing us to evaluate stability and precision of 2D hand movement. From this tracing, the test collected and stored insights concerning lower arm motor movement. RESULTS Our formative study included 31 participants, 18 without PD and 13 with PD, and analyzed their lower limb movement data collected from keyboards and computer mice. From the data set, we extracted 28 features and evaluated their significances using an extra tree classifier predictor. A random forest model was trained using the 6 most important features identified by the predictor. These selected features provided insights into precision and movement speed derived from keyboard tapping and mouse tracing tests. This final model achieved an average F1-score of 0.7311 (SD 0.1663) and an average accuracy of 0.7429 (SD 0.1400) over 20 runs for predicting the presence of PD. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary feasibility study suggests the possibility of using technology-based limb movement data to predict the presence of PD, demonstrating the practicality of implementing this approach in a cost-effective and accessible manner. In addition, this study demonstrates that structured mouse movement tests can be used in combination with finger tapping to detect PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Parab
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Jerry Boster
- Hawaii Parkinson Association, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Peter Washington
- Department of Information & Computer Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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8
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Xiao Y, Nie A. Does Expecting Matter? The Impact of Experimentally Established Expectations on Subsequent Memory Retrieval of Emotional Words. J Intell 2023; 11:130. [PMID: 37504773 PMCID: PMC10381812 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11070130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed that different degrees of expectation, including the bipolarity of the expected and unexpected, as well as an intermediate level (no expectation), can affect memory. However, only a few investigations have manipulated expectation through experimentally established schema, with no consideration of how expectation impacts both item and source memory. Furthermore, stimulus emotionality may also impact memory. Therefore, we conducted a study to investigate the effects of three levels of expectation on item and source memory while considering the impact of stimulus emotionality. The experiment began with a phase dedicated to learning the rules. In the subsequent study phase, negative and neutral words were manipulated as expected, no expectation, and unexpected, based on these rules. This was followed by tasks focused on item and source memory. The study found that there was a "U-shape" relationship between expectation and item memory. Additionally, the study revealed the distinct impacts of expectation on item and source memory. When it came to item memory, both expected and unexpected words were better remembered than those with no expectations. In source memory, expected words showed memory inferiority for expectation-irrelevant source information, but an advantage for expectation-relevant source information. Stimulus emotionality modulated the effect of expectation on both item and source memory. Our findings provide behavioral evidence for the schema-linked interactions between medial prefrontal and medial temporal regions (SLIMM) theory, which proposes that congruent and incongruent events enhance memory through different brain regions. The different patterns between item and source memory also support dual-process models. Moreover, we speculate that processing events with varying levels of emotionality may undermine the impact of expectation, as implied by other neural investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Xiao
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Aiqing Nie
- Department of Psychology, College of Educational Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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9
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Paraskevoudi N, SanMiguel I. Sensory suppression and increased neuromodulation during actions disrupt memory encoding of unpredictable self-initiated stimuli. Psychophysiology 2022; 60:e14156. [PMID: 35918912 PMCID: PMC10078310 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Actions modulate sensory processing by attenuating responses to self- compared to externally generated inputs, which is traditionally attributed to stimulus-specific motor predictions. Yet, suppression has been also found for stimuli merely coinciding with actions, pointing to unspecific processes that may be driven by neuromodulatory systems. Meanwhile, the differential processing for self-generated stimuli raises the possibility of producing effects also on memory for these stimuli; however, evidence remains mixed as to the direction of the effects. Here, we assessed the effects of actions on sensory processing and memory encoding of concomitant, but unpredictable sounds, using a combination of self-generation and memory recognition task concurrently with EEG and pupil recordings. At encoding, subjects performed button presses that half of the time generated a sound (motor-auditory; MA) and listened to passively presented sounds (auditory-only; A). At retrieval, two sounds were presented and participants had to respond which one was present before. We measured memory bias and memory performance by having sequences where either both or only one of the test sounds were presented at encoding, respectively. Results showed worse memory performance - but no differences in memory bias -, attenuated responses, and larger pupil diameter for MA compared to A sounds. Critically, the larger the sensory attenuation and pupil diameter, the worse the memory performance for MA sounds. Nevertheless, sensory attenuation did not correlate with pupil dilation. Collectively, our findings suggest that sensory attenuation and neuromodulatory processes coexist during actions, and both relate to disrupted memory for concurrent, albeit unpredictable sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Paraskevoudi
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Departament de Psicologia Clinica i Psicobiologia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iria SanMiguel
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Departament de Psicologia Clinica i Psicobiologia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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10
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Zhang K, Bromberg-Martin ES, Sogukpinar F, Kocher K, Monosov IE. Surprise and recency in novelty detection in the primate brain. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2160-2173.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Campos-Arteaga G, Araneda A, Ruiz S, Rodríguez E, Sitaram R. Classifying brain states and pupillary responses associated with the processing of old and new information. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 176:129-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Franzen L, Cabugao A, Grohmann B, Elalouf K, Johnson AP. Individual pupil size changes as a robust indicator of cognitive familiarity differences. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262753. [PMID: 35061832 PMCID: PMC8782349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive psychology has a long history of using physiological measures, such as pupillometry. However, their susceptibility to confounds introduced by stimulus properties, such as color and luminance, has limited their application. Pupil size measurements, in particular, require sophisticated experimental designs to dissociate relatively small changes in pupil diameter due to cognitive responses from larger ones elicited by changes in stimulus properties or the experimental environment. Here, building on previous research, we present a pupillometry paradigm that adapts the pupil to stimulus properties during the baseline period without revealing stimulus meaning or context by using a pixel-scrambled image mask around an intact image. We demonstrate its robustness in the context of pupillary responses to branded product familiarity. Results show larger average and peak pupil dilation for passively viewed familiar product images and an extended later temporal component representing differences in familiarity across participants (starting around 1400 ms post-stimulus onset). These amplitude differences are present for almost all participants at the single-participant level, and vary somewhat by product category. However, amplitude differences were absent during the baseline period. These findings demonstrate that involuntary pupil size measurements combined with the presented paradigm are successful in dissociating cognitive effects of familiarity from physical stimulus confounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon Franzen
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Marketing, John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Amanda Cabugao
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bianca Grohmann
- Department of Marketing, John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karine Elalouf
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aaron P. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Vision Health Research Network, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Oliveira J, Fernandes M, Rosa PJ, Gamito P. Is Pupil Activity Associated With the Strength of Memory Signal for Words in a Continuous Recognition Memory Paradigm? Front Psychol 2021; 12:686183. [PMID: 34887795 PMCID: PMC8649631 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on pupillometry provides an increasing evidence for associations between pupil activity and memory processing. The most consistent finding is related to an increase in pupil size for old items compared with novel items, suggesting that pupil activity is associated with the strength of memory signal. However, the time course of these changes is not completely known, specifically, when items are presented in a running recognition task maximizing interference by requiring the recognition of the most recent items from a sequence of old/new items. The sample comprised 42 healthy participants who performed a visual word recognition task under varying conditions of retention interval. Recognition responses were evaluated using behavioral variables for discrimination accuracy, reaction time, and confidence in recognition decisions. Pupil activity was recorded continuously during the entire experiment. The results suggest a decrease in recognition performance with increasing study-test retention interval. Pupil size decreased across retention intervals, while pupil old/new effects were found only for words recognized at the shortest retention interval. Pupillary responses consisted of a pronounced early pupil constriction at retrieval under longer study-test lags corresponding to weaker memory signals. However, the pupil size was also sensitive to the subjective feeling of familiarity as shown by pupil dilation to false alarms (new items judged as old). These results suggest that the pupil size is related not only to the strength of memory signal but also to subjective familiarity decisions in a continuous recognition memory paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Oliveira
- Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro J Rosa
- Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Gamito
- Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
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14
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Frank D, Kafkas A. Expectation-driven novelty effects in episodic memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 183:107466. [PMID: 34048914 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel and unexpected stimuli are often prioritised in memory, given their inherent salience. Nevertheless, not all forms of novelty show such an enhancement effect. Here, we discuss the role expectation plays in modulating the way novelty affects memory processes, circuits, and subsequent performance. We first review independent effects of expectation on memory, and then consider how different types of novelty are characterised by expectation. We argue that different types of novelty defined by expectation implicate differential neurotransmission in memory formation brain regions and may also result in the creation of different types of memory. Contextual novelty, which is unexpected by definition, is often associated with better recollection, supported by dopaminergic-hippocampal interactions. On the other hand, expected stimulus novelty is supported by engagement of medial temporal cortices, as well as the hippocampus, through cholinergic modulation. Furthermore, when expected stimulus novelty results in enhanced memory, it is predominantly driven by familiarity. The literature reviewed here highlights the complexity of novelty-sensitive memory systems, the distinction between types of novelty, and how they are differentially affected by expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Frank
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain; Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Alex Kafkas
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK.
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15
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Ryals AJ, Kelly ME, Cleary AM. Increased pupil dilation during tip-of-the-tongue states. Conscious Cogn 2021; 92:103152. [PMID: 34022638 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs) are feelings of impending word retrieval success during a current failure to retrieve a target word. Though much is known and understood about TOT states from decades of research, research on potential psychophysiological correlates of the TOT state is still in its infancy, and existing studies point toward the involvement of neural processes that are associated with enhanced attention, motivation, and information-seeking. In the present study, we demonstrate that, during instances of target retrieval failure, TOT states are associated with greater pupillary dilation (i.e., autonomic arousal) in 91% of our sample. This is the first study to demonstrate a pupillometric correlate of the TOT experience, and this finding provides an important step toward understanding emotional attributes associated with TOT states. Mean pupil dilation also increased such that instances of target identification failure that were unaccompanied by TOT states < instances in which TOTs occurred < instances of target identification success. It is possible that TOTs reflect an intermediary state between complete target retrieval failure and full target retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Ryals
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311280, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
| | - Megan E Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311280, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Anne M Cleary
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Behavioral Sciences Office 201, 1876 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1876, USA
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16
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Klatt S, Noël B, Brocher A. Pupil size in the evaluation of static and dynamic stimuli in peripheral vision. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250027. [PMID: 33970935 PMCID: PMC8109806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been evidenced that in attention-window tasks, the participants fixate on the center of a screen while inspecting two stimuli that appear at the same time in parafoveal vision. Such tasks have successfully been used to estimate a person's breadth of attention under various conditions. While behavioral investigations of visual attention have often made use of response accuracy, recent research has shown that the pupil size can also be used to track shifts of attention to the periphery. The main finding of previous studies is that the harder the evaluation of the stimuli becomes, e.g., because they appear farther away from the central fixation point, the stronger the pupils dilate. In this paper, we present experimental data suggesting that in an attention-window task, the pupil size can also be used to assess whether the participants attend to static, non-moving, or dynamic, moving stimuli. That is, regression models containing information on presentation mode (static vs. dynamic) and the visual angle between spatially separated stimuli better predict accuracy of perception and pupil dilation than model without these sources of information. This finding is useful for researchers who aim at understanding the human attentional system, including potential differences in its sensitivity to static and dynamic objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Klatt
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin Noël
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Brocher
- CRC Prominence in Language, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institut für Deutsche Sprache und Literatur I, Cologne, Germany
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17
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Gomes CA, Montaldi D, Mayes A. Can pupillometry distinguish accurate from inaccurate familiarity? Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13825. [PMID: 33951188 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pupillometry, the measurement of pupil diameter, has become increasingly popular as a tool to investigate human memory. It has long been accepted that the pupil is able to distinguish familiar from completely novel items, a phenomenon known as "pupil old/new effect". Surprisingly, most pupillometric studies on the pupil old/new effect tend to disregard the possibility that the pupillary response to familiarity memory may not be entirely exclusive. Here, we investigated whether the pupillary response to old items correctly judged familiar (hits; accurate familiarity) can be differentiated from the pupillary response to new items wrongly judged familiar (false alarms; inaccurate familiarity). We found no evidence that the two processes could be isolated, as both accurate and inaccurate familiarity showed nearly identical mean and across-time pupillary responses. However, both familiarity hits and false alarms showed pupillary responses unequivocally distinct from those observed during either recollection or novelty detection, which suggests that the pupil measure of familiarity hits and/or false alarms was sufficiently sensitive. The pupillary response to false alarms may have been partially driven by perceptual fluency, since novel objects incorrectly judged to be old (i.e., false alarms) showed a higher degree of similarity to studied images than items correctly judged as novel (i.e., correct rejections). Thus, our results suggest that pupil dilation may not be able to distinguish accurate from inaccurate familiarity using standard recognition memory paradigms, and they also suggest that the pupillary response during familiarity feelings may also partly reflect perceptual fluency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Gomes
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Neuropsychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniela Montaldi
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Mayes
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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18
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Quent JA, Henson RN, Greve A. A predictive account of how novelty influences declarative memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 179:107382. [PMID: 33476747 PMCID: PMC8024513 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A rich body of studies in the human and non-human literature has examined the question how novelty influences memory. For a variety of different stimuli, ranging from simple objects and words to vastly complex scenarios, the literature reports that novelty improves memory in some cases, but impairs memory in other cases. In recent attempts to reconcile these conflicting findings, novelty has been divided into different subtypes, such as relative versus absolute novelty, or stimulus versus contextual novelty. Nevertheless, a single overarching theory of novelty and memory has been difficult to attain, probably due to the complexities in the interactions among stimuli, environmental factors (e.g., spatial and temporal context) and level of prior knowledge (but see Duszkiewicz et al., 2019; Kafkas & Montaldi, 2018b; Schomaker & Meeter, 2015). Here we describe how a predictive coding framework might be able to shed new light on different types of novelty and how they affect declarative memory in humans. More precisely, we consider how prior expectations modulate the influence of novelty on encoding episodes into memory, e.g., in terms of surprise, and how novelty/surprise affect memory for surrounding information. By reviewing a range of behavioural findings and their possible underlying neurobiological mechanisms, we highlight where a predictive coding framework succeeds and where it appears to struggle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard N Henson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Greve
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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19
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Kafkas A. Encoding-linked pupil response is modulated by expected and unexpected novelty: Implications for memory formation and neurotransmission. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 180:107412. [PMID: 33609740 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Whether a novel stimulus is expected or unexpected may have implications for the kind of ensuing encoding and the type of subsequent memory. Pupil response was used in the present study to explore the way expected and unexpected stimuli are encoded and whether encoding-linked pupil response is modulated by expectation. Participants first established a contingency relationship between a series of symbols and the type of stimulus (man-made or natural) that followed each one. At encoding, some of the target stimuli violated the previously established relationship (i.e., unexpected), while the majority conformed to this relationship (i.e., expected). Expectation at encoding had opposite effects on familiarity and recollection, the two types of memory that support recognition, and modulated differently the way pupil response predicted subsequent memory. Encoding of unexpected novel stimuli was associated with increased pupil dilation as a predictor of subsequent memory type and strength. In contrast, encoding of expected novel stimuli was associated with decreased pupil response (constriction), which was predictive of subsequent memory type and strength. The findings support the close link between pupil response and memory formation, but critically indicate that this is modulated by the type of novelty as defined by expectation. These novel findings have important implications for the encoding mechanisms involved when different types of novelty are detected and is proposed to indicate the operation of different neurotransmitters during memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kafkas
- University of Manchester, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Manchester, UK.
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20
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Csink V, Mareschal D, Gliga T. Does surprise enhance infant memory? Assessing the impact of the encoding context on subsequent object recognition. INFANCY 2021; 26:303-318. [PMID: 33405346 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A discrepancy between what was predicted and what is observed has been linked to increased looking times, changes in brain electrical activity, and increased pupil dilation in infants. These processes associated with heightened attention and readiness to learn might enhance the encoding and memory consolidation of the surprising object, as suggested by both the infant and the adult literature. We therefore investigated whether the presence of surprise during the encoding context enhances subsequent encoding and recognition memory processes for the items that violated infants' expectations. Seventeen-month-olds viewed 20 familiar objects, half of which were labeled correctly, while the other half were mislabeled. Subsequently, infants were presented with a silent recognition memory test where the previously labeled objects appeared along with new images. Pupil dilation was measured, with more dilated pupils indicating (1) surprise during those labeling events where the item was mislabeled and (2) successful retrieval processes during the memory test. Infants responded with more pupil dilation to mislabeling compared to correct labeling. Importantly, despite the presence of a surprise response during mislabeling, infants only differentiated between the previously seen and unseen items at the memory test, offering no evidence that surprise had facilitated the encoding of the mislabeled items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Csink
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK
| | - Denis Mareschal
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK
| | - Teodora Gliga
- School of Psychology, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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21
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Mengoudi K, Ravi D, Yong KXX, Primativo S, Pavisic IM, Brotherhood E, Lu K, Schott JM, Crutch SJ, Alexander DC. Augmenting Dementia Cognitive Assessment With Instruction-Less Eye-Tracking Tests. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2020; 24:3066-3075. [PMID: 32749977 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2020.3004686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Eye-tracking technology is an innovative tool that holds promise for enhancing dementia screening. In this work, we introduce a novel way of extracting salient features directly from the raw eye-tracking data of a mixed sample of dementia patients during a novel instruction-less cognitive test. Our approach is based on self-supervised representation learning where, by training initially a deep neural network to solve a pretext task using well-defined available labels (e.g. recognising distinct cognitive activities in healthy individuals), the network encodes high-level semantic information which is useful for solving other problems of interest (e.g. dementia classification). Inspired by previous work in explainable AI, we use the Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) technique to describe our network's decisions in differentiating between the distinct cognitive activities. The extent to which eye-tracking features of dementia patients deviate from healthy behaviour is then explored, followed by a comparison between self-supervised and handcrafted representations on discriminating between participants with and without dementia. Our findings not only reveal novel self-supervised learning features that are more sensitive than handcrafted features in detecting performance differences between participants with and without dementia across a variety of tasks, but also validate that instruction-less eye-tracking tests can detect oculomotor biomarkers of dementia-related cognitive dysfunction. This work highlights the contribution of self-supervised representation learning techniques in biomedical applications where the small number of patients, the non-homogenous presentations of the disease and the complexity of the setting can be a challenge using state-of-the-art feature extraction methods.
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22
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Pajkossy P, Szőllősi Á, Racsmány M. Pupil size changes signal hippocampus-related memory functions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16393. [PMID: 33009460 PMCID: PMC7532445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A major task of episodic memory is to create unique, distinguishable representations of highly overlapping perceptual inputs. Several studies on this basic function have shown that it is based on the intact functioning of certain subregions of the hippocampus and is among the most sensitive behavioral indicators of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Here we assessed pupil dilation associated with performance in a widely used recognition paradigm that aims to uncover the intactness of fine-graded mnemonic discrimination. A sample of healthy undergraduate students was used. First, we showed that the correct discrimination between highly similar lure items and target items elicit larger pupil response than correct target identification. Second, we found that mnemonic discrimination is associated with larger pupil response in general as compared to target identification, regardless of whether the response was correct or not. These results suggest the pupil changes differentiate mnemonic discrimination and memory identification processes in recognition performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Pajkossy
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József u. 1, 1111, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Szőllősi
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József u. 1, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Racsmány
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József u. 1, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Campos-Arteaga G, Forcato C, Wainstein G, Lagos R, Palacios-García I, Artigas C, Morales R, Pedreira M, Rodríguez E. Differential neurophysiological correlates of retrieval of consolidated and reconsolidated memories in humans: An ERP and pupillometry study. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 174:107279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Pilarczyk J, Kuniecki M, Wołoszyn K, Sterna R. Blue blood, red blood. How does the color of an emotional scene affect visual attention and pupil size? Vision Res 2020; 171:36-45. [PMID: 32371225 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The function of color in the processing of emotional scenes is not entirely clear. While there are studies showing that color matters in terms of the capture of covert attention by emotional stimuli, the impact of color on fixation patterns, reflecting overt attention, is unresolved. Studies on the role of color in evoking emotional response have also produced mixed results. Here, we aimed to explore how image color and content influence pupillary response and the engagement of overt visual attention. In the first experiment, we examined the pupillary reaction to neutral images (intact and phase scrambled) in three color variants (natural, abnormal, and grayscale). In the second experiment, we investigated the pupillary changes and fixation pattern in response to images of different valence (neutral, positive, and negative), again in three color versions. The results showed that pupillary responses were influenced by both content and the color of the images. The pupillary response to phase-scrambled images did not differ between the color versions. Intact neutral and positive images, but not negative ones, evoked smaller pupil responses if they were presented in abnormal colors rather than natural ones. The initial capture of attention by emotional content depended on the color version, whereas holding of attention was affected solely by the emotional valence. Thus, color changes the physiological response to images, particularly low-arousing ones, and modulates the initial engagement of attention by image content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pilarczyk
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Michał Kuniecki
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Kinga Wołoszyn
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Radosław Sterna
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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25
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Picture-evoked changes in pupil size predict learning success in children. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 192:104787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Jagiello R, Pomper U, Yoneya M, Zhao S, Chait M. Rapid Brain Responses to Familiar vs. Unfamiliar Music - an EEG and Pupillometry study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15570. [PMID: 31666553 PMCID: PMC6821741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human listeners exhibit marked sensitivity to familiar music, perhaps most readily revealed by popular “name that tune” games, in which listeners often succeed in recognizing a familiar song based on extremely brief presentation. In this work, we used electroencephalography (EEG) and pupillometry to reveal the temporal signatures of the brain processes that allow differentiation between a familiar, well liked, and unfamiliar piece of music. In contrast to previous work, which has quantified gradual changes in pupil diameter (the so-called “pupil dilation response”), here we focus on the occurrence of pupil dilation events. This approach is substantially more sensitive in the temporal domain and allowed us to tap early activity with the putative salience network. Participants (N = 10) passively listened to snippets (750 ms) of a familiar, personally relevant and, an acoustically matched, unfamiliar song, presented in random order. A group of control participants (N = 12), who were unfamiliar with all of the songs, was also tested. We reveal a rapid differentiation between snippets from familiar and unfamiliar songs: Pupil responses showed greater dilation rate to familiar music from 100–300 ms post-stimulus-onset, consistent with a faster activation of the autonomic salience network. Brain responses measured with EEG showed a later differentiation between familiar and unfamiliar music from 350 ms post onset. Remarkably, the cluster pattern identified in the EEG response is very similar to that commonly found in the classic old/new memory retrieval paradigms, suggesting that the recognition of brief, randomly presented, music snippets, draws on similar processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jagiello
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ulrich Pomper
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK. .,Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Makoto Yoneya
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, 243-0198, Japan
| | - Sijia Zhao
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Chait
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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27
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Beukema S. The Pupillary Response to the Unknown: Novelty Versus Familiarity. Iperception 2019; 10:2041669519874817. [PMID: 31523417 PMCID: PMC6732862 DOI: 10.1177/2041669519874817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Object recognition is a type of perception that enables observers to recognize familiar shapes and categorize them into real-world identities. In this preregistered study, we aimed to determine whether pupil size changes occur during the perception and recognition of identifiable objects. We compared pupil size changes for familiar objects, nonobjects, and random noise. Nonobjects and noise produced greater pupil dilation than familiar objects. Contrary to previous evidence showing greater pupil dilation to stimuli with more perceptual and affective content, these results indicate a greater pupil dilation to stimuli that are unidentifiable. This is consistent with the relative salience of novelty compared to familiarity at the physiological level driving the pupil response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Beukema
- McGill Vision Research, Department of
Ophthalmology, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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28
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Zhang F, Emberson LL. Opposing Timing Constraints Severely Limit the Use of Pupillometry to Investigate Visual Statistical Learning. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1792. [PMID: 31447735 PMCID: PMC6691770 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of visual statistical learning (VSL) research uses only offline measures, collected after the familiarization phase (i.e., learning) has occurred. Offline measures have revealed a lot about the extent of statistical learning (SL) but less is known about the learning mechanisms that support VSL. Studies have shown that prediction can be a potential learning mechanism for VSL, but it is difficult to examine the role of prediction in VSL using offline measures alone. Pupil diameter is a promising online measure to index prediction in VSL because it can be collected during learning, requires no overt action or task and can be used in a wide-range of populations (e.g., infants and adults). Furthermore, pupil diameter has already been used to investigate processes that are part of prediction such as prediction error and updating. While the properties of pupil diameter have the potentially to powerfully expand studies in VSL, through a series of three experiments, we find that the two are not compatible with each other. Our results revealed that pupil diameter, used to index prediction, is not related to offline measures of learning. We also found that pupil differences that appear to be a result of prediction, are actually a result of where we chose to baseline instead. Ultimately, we conclude that the fast-paced nature of VSL paradigms make it incompatible with the slow nature of pupil change. Therefore, our findings suggest pupillometry should not be used to investigate learning mechanisms in fast-paced VSL tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Lauren L Emberson
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
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29
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Peinkhofer C, Knudsen GM, Moretti R, Kondziella D. Cortical modulation of pupillary function: systematic review. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6882. [PMID: 31119083 PMCID: PMC6510220 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pupillary light reflex is the main mechanism that regulates the pupillary diameter; it is controlled by the autonomic system and mediated by subcortical pathways. In addition, cognitive and emotional processes influence pupillary function due to input from cortical innervation, but the exact circuits remain poorly understood. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the mechanisms behind pupillary changes associated with cognitive efforts and processing of emotions and to investigate the cerebral areas involved in cortical modulation of the pupillary light reflex. METHODOLOGY We searched multiple databases until November 2018 for studies on cortical modulation of pupillary function in humans and non-human primates. Of 8,809 papers screened, 258 studies were included. RESULTS Most investigators focused on pupillary dilatation and/or constriction as an index of cognitive and emotional processing, evaluating how changes in pupillary diameter reflect levels of attention and arousal. Only few tried to correlate specific cerebral areas to pupillary changes, using either cortical activation models (employing micro-stimulation of cortical structures in non-human primates) or cortical lesion models (e.g., investigating patients with stroke and damage to salient cortical and/or subcortical areas). Results suggest the involvement of several cortical regions, including the insular cortex (Brodmann areas 13 and 16), the frontal eye field (Brodmann area 8) and the prefrontal cortex (Brodmann areas 11 and 25), and of subcortical structures such as the locus coeruleus and the superior colliculus. CONCLUSIONS Pupillary dilatation occurs with many kinds of mental or emotional processes, following sympathetic activation or parasympathetic inhibition. Conversely, pupillary constriction may occur with anticipation of a bright stimulus (even in its absence) and relies on a parasympathetic activation. All these reactions are controlled by subcortical and cortical structures that are directly or indirectly connected to the brainstem pupillary innervation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Peinkhofer
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Medical Faculty, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gitte M. Knudsen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rita Moretti
- Medical Faculty, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Neurological Unit, Trieste University Hospital, Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniel Kondziella
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Trondheim, Norway
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30
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Using task effort and pupil size to track covert shifts of visual attention independently of a pupillary light reflex. Behav Res Methods 2019. [PMID: 29516414 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-018-1033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We tested the link between pupil size and the task effort involved in covert shifts of visual attention. The goal of this study was to establish pupil size as a marker of attentional shifting in the absence of luminance manipulations. In three experiments, participants evaluated two stimuli that were presented peripherally, appearing equidistant from and on opposite sides of eye fixation. The angle between eye fixation and the peripherally presented target stimuli varied from 12.5° to 42.5°. The evaluation of more distant stimuli led to poorer performance than did the evaluation of more proximal stimuli throughout our study, confirming that the former required more effort than the latter. In addition, in Experiment 1 we found that pupil size increased with increasing angle and that this effect could not be reduced to the operation of low-level visual processes in the task. In Experiment 2 the pupil dilated more strongly overall when participants evaluated the target stimuli, which required shifts of attention, than when they merely reported on the target's presence versus absence. Both conditions yielded larger pupils for more distant than for more proximal stimuli, however. In Experiment 3, we manipulated task difficulty more directly, by changing the contrast at which the target stimuli were presented. We replicated the results from Experiment 1 only with the high-contrast stimuli. With stimuli of low contrast, ceiling effects in pupil size were observed. Our data show that the link between task effort and pupil size can be used to track the degree to which an observer covertly shifts attention to or detects stimuli in peripheral vision.
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31
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Kafkas A, Montaldi D. Expectation affects learning and modulates memory experience at retrieval. Cognition 2018; 180:123-134. [PMID: 30053569 PMCID: PMC6191926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to make predictions and monitor regularities has a profound impact on the way we perceive the environment, but the effect this mechanism has on memory is not well understood. In four experiments, we explored the effects on memory of the expectation status of information at encoding or at retrieval. In a rule-learning task participants learned a contingency relationship between 6 different symbols and the type of stimulus that followed each one. Either at encoding (Experiments 1a and 1b) or at retrieval (Experiments 2a and 2b), the established relationship was violated for a subset of stimuli resulting in the presentation of both expected and unexpected stimuli. The expectation status of the stimuli was found to have opposite effects on familiarity and recollection performance, the two kinds of memory that support recognition memory. At encoding (Experiments 1a and 1b), the presentation of expected stimuli selectively enhanced subsequent familiarity performance, while unexpected stimuli selectively enhanced subsequent recollection. Similarly, at retrieval (Experiments 2a and 2b), expected stimuli were more likely to be deemed familiar than unexpected stimuli, whereas unexpected stimuli were more likely to be recollected than were expected stimuli. These findings suggest that two separate memory enhancement mechanisms exist; one sensitive and modulating the accuracy of memory for the contextually distinctive or unexpected, and the other sensitive to and modulating the accuracy of memory for the expected. Therefore, the degree to which information fits with expectation has critical implications for the type of computational mechanism that will be engaged to support memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kafkas
- Memory Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Daniela Montaldi
- Memory Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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Suzuki Y, Minami T, Nakauchi S. Association between pupil dilation and implicit processing prior to object recognition via insight. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6874. [PMID: 29720610 PMCID: PMC5931995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insight refers to the sudden conscious shift in the perception of a situation following a period of unconscious processing. The present study aimed to investigate the implicit neural mechanisms underlying insight-based recognition, and to determine the association between these mechanisms and the extent of pupil dilation. Participants were presented with ambiguous, transforming images comprised of dots, following which they were asked to state whether they recognized the object and their level of confidence in this statement. Changes in pupil dilation were not only characterized by the recognition state into the ambiguous object but were also associated with prior awareness of object recognition, regardless of meta-cognitive confidence. Our findings indicate that pupil dilation may represent the level of implicit integration between memory and visual processing, despite the lack of object awareness, and that this association may involve noradrenergic activity within the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic (LC-NA) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Suzuki
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Tetsuto Minami
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan.
- Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Nakauchi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580, Japan
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Recognition memory and featural similarity between concepts: The pupil's point of view. Biol Psychol 2018; 135:159-169. [PMID: 29665431 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Differences in pupil dilation are observed for studied compared to new items in recognition memory. According to cognitive load theory, this effect reflects the greater cognitive demands of retrieving contextual information from study phase. Pupil dilation can also occur when new items conceptually related to old ones are erroneously recognized as old, but the aspects of similarity that modulate false memory and related pupil responses remain unclear. We investigated this issue by manipulating the degree of featural similarity between new (unstudied) and old (studied) concepts in an old/new recognition task. We found that new concepts with high similarity were mistakenly identified as old and had greater pupil dilation than those with low similarity, suggesting that pupil dilation reflects the strength of evidence on which recognition judgments are based and, importantly, greater locus coeruleus and prefrontal activity determined by the higher degree of retrieval monitoring involved in recognizing these items.
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Kafkas A, Montaldi D. How do memory systems detect and respond to novelty? Neurosci Lett 2018; 680:60-68. [PMID: 29408218 PMCID: PMC6565889 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of the memory system lies not only in its readiness to detect and retrieve old stimuli but also in its ability to detect and integrate novel information. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting that the neural substrates sensitive to detecting familiarity and novelty are not entirely overlapping. Instead, these partially distinct familiarity and novelty signals are integrated to support recognition memory decisions. We propose here that the mediodorsal thalamus is critical for familiarity detection, and for combining novelty signals from the medial temporal lobe cortex with the relative familiarity outputs of computations performed in other cortical structures, especially the prefrontal cortex. Importantly, we argue that the anterior hippocampus has a prominent role in detecting novelty and in communicating this with midbrain and striatal structures. We argue that different types of novelty (absolute or contextual) engage different neurotransmitter systems that converge in the hippocampus. We suggest that contextual or unexpected novelty triggers dopaminergic hippocampal-midbrain coupling and noradrenergic-mediated pupil dilation. In contrast, absolute novelty triggers cholinergic-mediated hippocampal encoding accompanied by diminished pupil dilation. These two, distinct hippocampal encoding mechanisms both lead to later recollection but are sensitive to different types of novelty. We conclude that this neurotransmitter-mediated hippocampal encoding establishes the hippocampus in an encoding mode that briefly prevents the engagement of retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kafkas
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Daniela Montaldi
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, UK
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35
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Emotional arousal and recognition memory are differentially reflected in pupil diameter responses during emotional memory for negative events in younger and older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 58:129-139. [PMID: 28734217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Brocher A, Graf T. Decision-related factors in pupil old/new effects: Attention, response execution, and false memory. Neuropsychologia 2017. [PMID: 28624522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the effects of decision-related factors on recognition memory in pupil old/new paradigms. In Experiment 1, we used an old/new paradigm with words and pseudowords and participants made lexical decisions during recognition rather than old/new decisions. Importantly, participants were instructed to focus on the nonword-likeness of presented items, not their word-likeness. We obtained no old/new effects. In Experiment 2, participants discriminated old from new words and old from new pseudowords during recognition, and they did so as quickly as possible. We found old/new effects for both words and pseudowords. In Experiment 3, we used materials and an old/new design known to elicit a large number of incorrect responses. For false alarms ("old" response for new word), we found larger pupils than for correctly classified new items, starting at the point at which response execution was allowed (2750ms post stimulus onset). In contrast, pupil size for misses ("new" response for old word) was statistically indistinguishable from pupil size in correct rejections. Taken together, our data suggest that pupil old/new effects result more from the intentional use of memory than from its automatic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brocher
- Department of German Literature and Linguistics I, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - Tim Graf
- Department of German Literature and Linguistics I, University of Cologne, Germany
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Brocher A, Graf T. Response: Commentary: Pupil old/new effects reflect stimulus encoding and decoding in short-term memory. Front Psychol 2017; 8:539. [PMID: 28439252 PMCID: PMC5383649 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brocher
- Institute of German Language and Literature I, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Tim Graf
- Institute of German Language and Literature I, University of CologneCologne, Germany
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Kafkas A, Montaldi D. Commentary: Pupil old/new effects reflect stimulus encoding and decoding in short-term memory. Front Psychol 2017; 8:277. [PMID: 28293207 PMCID: PMC5329021 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kafkas
- Memory Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Daniela Montaldi
- Memory Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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Kafkas A, Migo EM, Morris RG, Kopelman MD, Montaldi D, Mayes AR. Material Specificity Drives Medial Temporal Lobe Familiarity But Not Hippocampal Recollection. Hippocampus 2016; 27:194-209. [PMID: 27859925 PMCID: PMC5299537 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The specific role of the perirhinal (PRC), entorhinal (ERC) and parahippocampal cortices (PHC) in supporting familiarity‐based recognition remains unknown. An fMRI study explored whether these medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures responded in the same way or differentially to familiarity as a function of stimulus type at recognition. A secondary aim was to explore whether the hippocampus responds in the same way to equally strong familiarity and recollection and whether this is influenced by the kind of stimulus involved. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that familiarity responses in the PRC, ERC, PHC and the amygdala are material‐specific. Specifically, the PRC and ERC selectively responded to object familiarity, while the PHC responded to both object and scene familiarity. The amygdala only responded to familiarity memory for faces. The hippocampus did not respond to stimulus familiarity for any of the three types of stimuli, but it did respond to recollection for all three types of stimuli. This was true even when recollection was contrasted to equally accurate familiarity. Overall, the findings suggest that the role of the MTL neocortices and the amygdala in familiarity‐based recognition depends on the kind of stimulus in memory, whereas the role of the hippocampus in recollection is independent of the type of cuing stimulus. © 2016 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kafkas
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen M Migo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin G Morris
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Kopelman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Montaldi
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Mayes
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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40
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Hellmer K, Söderlund H, Gredebäck G. The eye of the retriever: developing episodic memory mechanisms in preverbal infants assessed through pupil dilation. Dev Sci 2016; 21. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kahl Hellmer
- Uppsala Child and Baby Lab; Department of Psychology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Hedvig Söderlund
- Uppsala Memory Lab; Department of Psychology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Gustaf Gredebäck
- Uppsala Child and Baby Lab; Department of Psychology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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41
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Brocher A, Graf T. Pupil old/new effects reflect stimulus encoding and decoding in short-term memory. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1823-1835. [PMID: 27706828 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We conducted five pupil old/new experiments to examine whether pupil old/new effects can be linked to familiarity and/or recollection processes of recognition memory. In Experiments 1-3, we elicited robust pupil old/new effects for legal words and pseudowords (Experiment 1), positive and negative words (Experiment 2), and low-frequency and high-frequency words (Experiment 3). Importantly, unlike for old/new effects in ERPs, we failed to find any effects of long-term memory representations on pupil old/new effects. In Experiment 4, using the words and pseudowords from Experiment 1, participants made lexical decisions instead of old/new decisions. Pupil old/new effects were restricted to legal words. Additionally requiring participants to make speeded responses (Experiment 5) led to a complete absence of old/new effects. Taken together, these data suggest that pupil old/new effects do not map onto familiarity and recollection processes of recognition memory. They rather seem to reflect strength of memory traces in short-term memory, with little influence of long-term memory representations. Crucially, weakening the memory trace through manipulations in the experimental task significantly reduces pupil/old new effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brocher
- Department of German Literature and Linguistics I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Graf
- Department of German Literature and Linguistics I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Novelty and emotion: Pupillary and cortical responses during viewing of natural scenes. Biol Psychol 2016; 113:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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