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Ji L, Borges BC, Martel DT, Wu C, Liberman MC, Shore SE, Corfas G. From hidden hearing loss to supranormal auditory processing by neurotrophin 3-mediated modulation of inner hair cell synapse density. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002665. [PMID: 38935589 PMCID: PMC11210788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss of synapses between spiral ganglion neurons and inner hair cells (IHC synaptopathy) leads to an auditory neuropathy called hidden hearing loss (HHL) characterized by normal auditory thresholds but reduced amplitude of sound-evoked auditory potentials. It has been proposed that synaptopathy and HHL result in poor performance in challenging hearing tasks despite a normal audiogram. However, this has only been tested in animals after exposure to noise or ototoxic drugs, which can cause deficits beyond synaptopathy. Furthermore, the impact of supernumerary synapses on auditory processing has not been evaluated. Here, we studied mice in which IHC synapse counts were increased or decreased by altering neurotrophin 3 (Ntf3) expression in IHC supporting cells. As we previously showed, postnatal Ntf3 knockdown or overexpression reduces or increases, respectively, IHC synapse density and suprathreshold amplitude of sound-evoked auditory potentials without changing cochlear thresholds. We now show that IHC synapse density does not influence the magnitude of the acoustic startle reflex or its prepulse inhibition. In contrast, gap-prepulse inhibition, a behavioral test for auditory temporal processing, is reduced or enhanced according to Ntf3 expression levels. These results indicate that IHC synaptopathy causes temporal processing deficits predicted in HHL. Furthermore, the improvement in temporal acuity achieved by increasing Ntf3 expression and synapse density suggests a therapeutic strategy for improving hearing in noise for individuals with synaptopathy of various etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchao Ji
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Beatriz C. Borges
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David T. Martel
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Calvin Wu
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - M. Charles Liberman
- Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School. Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Shore
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Corfas
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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2
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Jigo M, Carmel JB, Wang Q, Rodenkirch C. Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation improves sensory performance in humans: a randomized controlled crossover pilot study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3975. [PMID: 38368486 PMCID: PMC10874458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate senses depend on high-fidelity encoding by sensory receptors and error-free processing in the brain. Progress has been made towards restoring damaged sensory receptors. However, methods for on-demand treatment of impaired central sensory processing are scarce. Prior invasive studies demonstrated that continuous vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in rodents can activate the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system to rapidly improve central sensory processing. Here, we investigated whether transcutaneous VNS improves sensory performance in humans. We conducted three sham-controlled experiments, each with 12 neurotypical adults, that measured the effects of transcutaneous VNS on metrics of auditory and visual performance, and heart rate variability (HRV). Continuous stimulation was delivered to cervical (tcVNS) or auricular (taVNS) branches of the vagus nerve while participants performed psychophysics tasks or passively viewed a display. Relative to sham stimulation, tcVNS improved auditory performance by 37% (p = 0.00052) and visual performance by 23% (p = 0.038). Participants with lower performance during sham conditions experienced larger tcVNS-evoked improvements (p = 0.0040). Lastly, tcVNS increased HRV during passive viewing, corroborating vagal engagement. No evidence for an effect of taVNS was observed. These findings validate the effectiveness of tcVNS in humans and position it as a method for on-demand interventions of impairments associated with central sensory processing dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason B Carmel
- Sharper Sense, Inc., New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology and Orthopedics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Sharper Sense, Inc., New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles Rodenkirch
- Sharper Sense, Inc., New York, NY, USA.
- The Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institute at Cornell Tech, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Objective Detection of Tinnitus Based on Electrophysiology. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081086. [PMID: 36009149 PMCID: PMC9406100 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus, a common disease in the clinic, is associated with persistent pain and high costs to society. Several aspects of tinnitus, such as the pathophysiology mechanism, effective treatment, objective detection, etc., have not been elucidated. Any change in the auditory pathway can lead to tinnitus. At present, there is no clear and unified mechanism to explain tinnitus, and the hypotheses regarding its mechanism include auditory plasticity theory, cortical reorganization theory, dorsal cochlear nucleus hypothesis, etc. Current theories on the mechanism of tinnitus mainly focus on the abnormal activity of the central nervous system. Unfortunately, there is currently a lack of objective diagnostic methods for tinnitus. Developing a method that can detect tinnitus objectively is crucial, only in this way can we identify whether the patient really suffers from tinnitus in the case of cognitive impairment or medical disputes and the therapeutic effect of tinnitus. Electrophysiological investigations have prompted the development of an objective detection of tinnitus by potentials recorded in the auditory pathway. However, there is no objective indicator with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to diagnose tinnitus at present. Based on recent findings of studies with various methods, possible electrophysiological approaches to detect the presence of tinnitus have been summarized. We analyze the change of neural activity throughout the auditory pathway in tinnitus subjects and in patients with tinnitus of varying severity to find available parameters in these methods, which is helpful to further explore the feasibility of using electrophysiological methods for the objective detection of tinnitus.
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4
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Threlkeld SW, Cestero EM, Marshall J, Szmydynger-Chodobska J, Chodobski A. Deficits in Acoustic Startle Reactivity and Auditory Temporal Processing after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2022; 3:207-216. [PMID: 35734394 PMCID: PMC9153990 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2021.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) exacts significant neurological and financial costs on patients and their families. In adult patients with moderate-to-severe TBI, central auditory impairments have been reported. These auditory impairments may interfere with language receptivity, as observed in children with developmental brain injury. Although rodent models of TBI have been widely used to examine behavioral outcomes, few studies have evaluated how TBI affects higher-order central auditory processing across a range of cue complexities. Here, auditory processing was assessed using a modified acoustic startle paradigm. We used a battery of progressively complex stimuli (single-tone, silent gaps in white noise, and frequency-modulated [FM] sweeps) in adult rats that received unilateral controlled cortical impact injury. TBI subjects showed significant reductions in acoustic startle absolute responses across nearly all stimuli, regardless of cue, duration of stimuli, or cue complexity. Despite this overall reduction of startle magnitudes in injured animals, the detection of single-tone stimuli was comparable between TBI and sham-injured subjects, indicating intact hearing after TBI. TBI subjects showed deficits in rapid gap (5 ms) and FM sweep (175 ms) detection, and, in contrast to shams, they did not improve on detecting silent gaps and FM sweeps across days of testing. Our findings provide evidence for both low-level (brainstem-mediated) and higher-order central auditory processing deficits in a rodent model of TBI, which parallel sensory impairments observed in TBI patients. The present findings support the use of modified pre-pule auditory detection paradigms to investigate clinically relevant processes in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Marshall
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Joanna Szmydynger-Chodobska
- Neurotrauma and Brain Barriers Research Laboratory, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Adam Chodobski
- Neurotrauma and Brain Barriers Research Laboratory, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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5
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Fournier P, Hébert S. The gap prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (GPIAS) paradigm to assess auditory temporal processing: Monaural versus binaural presentation. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13755. [PMID: 33355931 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Gap Prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex (GPIAS) is a paradigm used to assess auditory temporal processing in both animals and humans. It consists of the presentation of a silent gap embedded in noise and presented a few milliseconds before a startle sound. The silent gap produces the inhibition of the startle reflex, a phenomenon called gap-prepulse inhibition (GPI). This paradigm is also used to detect tinnitus in animal models. The lack of inhibition by the silent gaps is suggested to be indicative of the presence of tinnitus "filling-in" the gaps. The current research aims at improving the GPIAS technique by comparing the GPI produced by monaural versus binaural silent gaps in 29 normal-hearing subjects. Two gap durations (5 or 50 ms), each embedded in two different frequency backgrounds (centered around 500 or 4 kHz). Both low- and high- frequency narrowband noises had a bandwidth of half an octave. Overall, the startle magnitude was greater for the binaural versus the monaural presentation, which might reflect binaural loudness summation. In addition, the GPI was similar between the monaural and the binaural presentations for the high-frequency background noise. However, the GPI was greater for the low-frequency background noise for the binaural, compared to the monaural, presentation. These findings suggest that monaural GPIAS might be more suited to detect tinnitus compared to the binaural presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Fournier
- École d'orthophonie et d'audiologie, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research, Université de Montréal and McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Aix-Marseille, Centre St-Charles-Pôle 3C, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Hébert
- École d'orthophonie et d'audiologie, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research, Université de Montréal and McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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6
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Ku Y, Kim DY, Kwon C, Noh TS, Park MK, Lee JH, Oh SH, Kim HC, Suh MW. Effect of age on the gap-prepulse inhibition of the cortical N1-P2 complex in humans as a step towards an objective measure of tinnitus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241136. [PMID: 33152745 PMCID: PMC7644010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gap-prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex has been widely used as a behavioral method for tinnitus screening in animal studies. The cortical-evoked potential gap-induced inhibition has also been investigated in animals as well as in human subjects. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of age on the cortical N1-P2 complex in the gap-prepulse inhibition paradigm. Fifty-seven subjects, aged 20 to 68 years, without continuous tinnitus, were tested with two effective gap conditions (embedded gap of 50- or 20-ms duration). Retest sessions were performed within one month. A significant gap-induced inhibition of the N1-P2 complex was found in both gap durations. Age differently affected the inhibition, depending on gap duration. With a 50-ms gap, the inhibition decreased significantly with the increase in age. This age-inhibition relationship was not found when using a 20-ms gap. The results were reproducible in the retest session. Our findings suggest that the interaction between age and gap duration should be considered when applying the gap-induced inhibition of the cortical-evoked potential as an objective measure of tinnitus in human subjects. Further studies with tinnitus patients are warranted to identify gap duration that would minimize the effects of age and maximize the difference in the inhibition between those with and without tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunseo Ku
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Do Youn Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chiheon Kwon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Soo Noh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Ha Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Chan Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Graduate School, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Whan Suh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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7
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Lee JH, Jung JY, Park I. A Gap Prepulse with a Principal Stimulus Yields a Combined Auditory Late Response. J Audiol Otol 2020; 24:149-156. [PMID: 32397012 PMCID: PMC7364191 DOI: 10.7874/jao.2019.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The gap prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response has been used to screen tinnitus in an animal model. Here, we examined changes in the auditory late response under various conditions of gap prepulse inhibition. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We recruited 19 healthy adults (5 males, 14 females) and their auditory late responses were recorded after various stimuli with or without gap prepulsing. The N1 and P2 responses were selected for analysis. The gap prepulse inhibition was estimated to determine the optimal auditory late response in the gap prepulse paradigm. RESULTS We found that the gap per se generated a response that was very similar to the response elicited by sound stimuli. This critically affected the gap associated with the maximal inhibition of the stimulus response. Among the various gap-stimulus intervals (GSIs) between the gap and principal stimulus, the GSI of 150 ms maximally inhibited the response. However, after zero padding was used to minimize artifacts after a P2 response to a gap stimulus, the differences among the GSIs disappeared. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the data suggest that both the prepulse inhibition and the gap per se should be considered when using the gap prepulse paradigm to assess tinnitus in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hun Lee
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jae Yun Jung
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ilyong Park
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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8
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Shore SE, Wu C. Mechanisms of Noise-Induced Tinnitus: Insights from Cellular Studies. Neuron 2019; 103:8-20. [PMID: 31271756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tinnitus, sound perception in the absence of physical stimuli, occurs in 15% of the population and is the top-reported disability for soldiers after combat. Noise overexposure is a major factor associated with tinnitus but does not always lead to tinnitus. Furthermore, people with normal audiograms can get tinnitus. In animal models, equivalent cochlear damage occurs in animals with and without behavioral evidence of tinnitus. But cochlear-nerve-recipient neurons in the brainstem demonstrate distinct, synchronized spontaneous firing patterns only in animals that develop tinnitus, driving activity in central brain regions and ultimately giving rise to phantom perception. Examining tinnitus-specific changes in single-cell populations enables us to begin to distinguish neural changes due to tinnitus from those that are due to hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Shore
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Calvin Wu
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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9
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Wang W, Zhang LS, Zinsmaier AK, Patterson G, Leptich EJ, Shoemaker SL, Yatskievych TA, Gibboni R, Pace E, Luo H, Zhang J, Yang S, Bao S. Neuroinflammation mediates noise-induced synaptic imbalance and tinnitus in rodent models. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000307. [PMID: 31211773 PMCID: PMC6581239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a major risk factor for tinnitus, hyperacusis, and central auditory processing disorder. Although recent studies indicate that hearing loss causes neuroinflammation in the auditory pathway, the mechanisms underlying hearing loss–related pathologies are still poorly understood. We examined neuroinflammation in the auditory cortex following noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and its role in tinnitus in rodent models. Our results indicate that NIHL is associated with elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines and microglial activation—two defining features of neuroinflammatory responses—in the primary auditory cortex (AI). Genetic knockout of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or pharmacologically blocking TNF-α expression prevented neuroinflammation and ameliorated the behavioral phenotype associated with tinnitus in mice with NIHL. Conversely, infusion of TNF-α into AI resulted in behavioral signs of tinnitus in both wild-type and TNF-α knockout mice with normal hearing. Pharmacological depletion of microglia also prevented tinnitus in mice with NIHL. At the synaptic level, the frequency of miniature excitatory synaptic currents (mEPSCs) increased and that of miniature inhibitory synaptic currents (mIPSCs) decreased in AI pyramidal neurons in animals with NIHL. This excitatory-to-inhibitory synaptic imbalance was completely prevented by pharmacological blockade of TNF-α expression. These results implicate neuroinflammation as a therapeutic target for treating tinnitus and other hearing loss–related disorders. Prolonged exposure to loud noises causes neuronal hyperexcitability and increases the risk of tinnitus. This study reveals that this type of tinnitus is mediated by noise-induced neuroinflammation; blockade of neuroinflammatory responses prevents noise-induced neuronal excitation/inhibition imbalance and tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Li. S. Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander K. Zinsmaier
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Genevieve Patterson
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Emily Jean Leptich
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Savannah L. Shoemaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tatiana A. Yatskievych
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Robert Gibboni
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Edward Pace
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sungchil Yang
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shaowen Bao
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Wilson CA, Berger JI, de Boer J, Sereda M, Palmer AR, Hall DA, Wallace MN. Gap-induced inhibition of the post-auricular muscle response in humans and guinea pigs. Hear Res 2019; 374:13-23. [PMID: 30685571 PMCID: PMC6408328 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A common method for measuring changes in temporal processing sensitivity in both humans and animals makes use of GaP-induced Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle (GPIAS). It is also the basis of a common method for detecting tinnitus in rodents. However, the link to tinnitus has not been properly established because GPIAS has not yet been used to objectively demonstrate tinnitus in humans. In guinea pigs, the Preyer (ear flick) myogenic reflex is an established method for measuring the acoustic startle for the GPIAS test, while in humans, it is the eye-blink reflex. Yet, humans have a vestigial remnant of the Preyer reflex, which can be detected by measuring skin surface potentials associated with the Post-Auricular Muscle Response (PAMR). A similar electrical potential can be measured in guinea pigs and we aimed to show that the PAMR could be used to demonstrate GPIAS in both species. In guinea pigs, we compare the GPIAS measured using the pinna movement of the Preyer reflex and the electrical potential of the PAMR to demonstrate that the two are at least equivalent. In humans, we establish for the first time that the PAMR provides a reliable way of measuring GPIAS that is a pure acoustic alternative to the multimodal eye-blink reflex. Further exploratory tests showed that while eye gaze position influenced the size of the PAMR response, it did not change the degree of GPIAS. Our findings confirm that the PAMR is a sensitive method for measuring GPIAS and suggest that it may allow direct comparison of temporal processing between humans and animals and may provide a basis for an objective test of tinnitus. Myogenic potentials from the guinea pig pinna show gap induced pre-pulse inhibition. Startle inhibition is also shown by gaps in background noise using the Preyer reflex. Startle potentials recorded behind the human pinna show gap-induced inhibition. Human post-auricular muscle potentials may form an objective test for tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Wilson
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joel I Berger
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jessica de Boer
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Magdalena Sereda
- Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Ropewalk House, 113 The Ropewalk, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alan R Palmer
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Deborah A Hall
- Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Ropewalk House, 113 The Ropewalk, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queens Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semeniyh, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mark N Wallace
- Medical Research Council Institute of Hearing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Hearing Sciences, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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11
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Paul BT, Schoenwiesner M, Hébert S. Towards an objective test of chronic tinnitus: Properties of auditory cortical potentials evoked by silent gaps in tinnitus-like sounds. Hear Res 2018; 366:90-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Schilling A, Krauss P, Gerum R, Metzner C, Tziridis K, Schulze H. A New Statistical Approach for the Evaluation of Gap-prepulse Inhibition of the Acoustic Startle Reflex (GPIAS) for Tinnitus Assessment. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:198. [PMID: 29093668 PMCID: PMC5651238 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An increasingly used behavioral paradigm for the objective assessment of a possible tinnitus percept in animal models has been proposed by Turner and coworkers in 2006. It is based on gap-prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) and usually referred to as GPIAS. As it does not require conditioning it became the method of choice to study neuroplastic phenomena associated with the development of tinnitus. Objective: It is still controversial if GPIAS is really appropriate for tinnitus screening, as the hypothesis that a tinnitus percept impairs the gap detection ability ("filling-in interpretation" is still questioned. Furthermore, a wide range of criteria for positive tinnitus detection in GPIAS have been used across different laboratories and there still is no consensus on a best practice for statistical evaluation of GPIAS results. Current approaches are often based on simple averaging of measured PPI values and comparisons on a population level without the possibility to perform valid statistics on the level of the single animal. Methods: A total number of 32 animals were measured using the standard GPIAS paradigm with varying number of measurement repetitions. Based on this data further statistical considerations were performed. Results: We here present a new statistical approach to overcome the methodological limitations of GPIAS. In a first step we show that ASR amplitudes are not normally distributed. Next we estimate the distribution of the measured PPI values by exploiting the full combinatorial power of all measured ASR amplitudes. We demonstrate that the amplitude ratios (1-PPI) are approximately lognormally distributed, allowing for parametrical testing of the logarithmized values and present a new statistical approach allowing for a valid and reliable statistical assessment of PPI changes in GPIAS. Conclusion: Based on our statistical approach we recommend using a constant criterion, which does not systematically depend on the number of measurement repetitions, in order to divide animals into a tinnitus and a non-tinnitus group. In particular, we recommend using a constant threshold based on the effect size as criterion, as the effect size, in contrast to the p-value, does not systematically depend on the number of measurement repetitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Schilling
- Experimental Otolaryngology, ENT Hospital, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Krauss
- Experimental Otolaryngology, ENT Hospital, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Richard Gerum
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claus Metzner
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Tziridis
- Experimental Otolaryngology, ENT Hospital, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Schulze
- Experimental Otolaryngology, ENT Hospital, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Threlkeld SW, Lim YP, La Rue M, Gaudet C, Stonestreet BS. Immuno-modulator inter-alpha inhibitor proteins ameliorate complex auditory processing deficits in rats with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 64:173-179. [PMID: 28286301 PMCID: PMC5482760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is recognized as a significant problem in the perinatal period, contributing to life-long language-learning and other cognitive impairments. Central auditory processing deficits are common in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and have been shown to predict language learning deficits in other at risk infant populations. Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IAIPs) are a family of structurally related plasma proteins that modulate the systemic inflammatory response to infection and have been shown to attenuate cell death and improve learning outcomes after neonatal brain injury in rats. Here, we show that systemic administration of IAIPs during the early HI injury cascade ameliorates complex auditory discrimination deficits as compared to untreated HI injured subjects, despite reductions in brain weight. These findings have significant clinical implications for improving central auditory processing deficits linked to language learning in neonates with HI related brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Threlkeld
- Department of Neuroscience, Regis College, 235 Wellesley street, Weston MA, 02493, USA
| | - Yow-Pin Lim
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI 02903, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Molly La Rue
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Rhode Island College, 600 Mount Pleasant Ave. Providence, RI, 02904, USA
| | - Cynthia Gaudet
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Rhode Island College, 600 Mount Pleasant Ave. Providence, RI, 02904, USA
| | - Barbara S. Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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Ku Y, Ahn JW, Kwon C, Kim DY, Suh MW, Park MK, Lee JH, Oh SH, Kim HC. The gap-prepulse inhibition deficit of the cortical N1-P2 complex in patients with tinnitus: The effect of gap duration. Hear Res 2017; 348:120-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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