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Pignataro T, Lourenço GM, Beirão M, Cornelissen T. Wings are not perfect: increased wing asymmetry in a tropical butterfly as a response to forest fragmentation. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2023; 110:28. [PMID: 37289369 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-023-01856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation and ecosystem changes have the potential to affect animal populations in different ways. To effectively monitor these changes, biomonitoring tools have been developed and applied to detect changes in population structure and/or individual traits that reflect such changes. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) represents random deviations from perfect symmetry in bilateral traits from perfect symmetry in response to genetic and/or environmental stresses. In this study, we evaluated the use of FA as a tool to monitor stress caused by forest fragmentation and edge formation, using the tropical butterfly M. helenor (Nymphalidae) as a model species. We collected adult butterflies from three fragments of Atlantic Forest in Brazil encompassing both edge and interior habitats. Four wing traits (wing length, wing width, ocelli area, and ocelli diameter) were evaluated. Butterflies captured at edge sites exhibited higher FA values for wing length and wing width compared to those captured at interior sites, whereas traits related to ocelli did not show differences between the two habitat types. Our results suggest that the differences in abiotic and biotic conditions between forest interior and edges can act as a source of stress, impacting the symmetry of flight-related traits. On the other hand, as ocelli are crucial for butterfly camouflage and counter-predator strategies, our results indicate that this trait may be more conserved. By employing FA, we identified trait-specific responses to habitat fragmentation, thus suggesting its potential as a biomarker for environmental stress that can be used in butterflies to monitor habitat quality and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Pignataro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- Centro de Síntese Ecológica e Conservação (CSEC), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Giselle Martins Lourenço
- Centro de Síntese Ecológica e Conservação (CSEC), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Acervo Biológico da Amazônia Meridional, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
- Núcleo de Estudo da Biodiversidade da Amazônia Mato-grossense, Instituto Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Acervo Biológico da Amazônia Meridional, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Marina Beirão
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Insetos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Cornelissen
- Centro de Síntese Ecológica e Conservação (CSEC), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Atkinson J, Brudvig LA, Mallen-Cooper M, Nakagawa S, Moles AT, Bonser SP. Terrestrial ecosystem restoration increases biodiversity and reduces its variability, but not to reference levels: A global meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1725-1737. [PMID: 35559594 PMCID: PMC9320827 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ecological restoration projects often have variable and unpredictable outcomes, and these can limit the overall impact on biodiversity. Previous syntheses have investigated restoration effectiveness by comparing average restored conditions to average conditions in unrestored or reference systems. Here, we provide the first quantification of the extent to which restoration affects both the mean and variability of biodiversity outcomes, through a global meta-analysis of 83 terrestrial restoration studies. We found that, relative to unrestored (degraded) sites, restoration actions increased biodiversity by an average of 20%, while decreasing the variability of biodiversity (quantified by the coefficient of variation) by an average of 14%. As restorations aged, mean biodiversity increased and variability decreased relative to unrestored sites. However, restoration sites remained, on average, 13% below the biodiversity of reference (target) ecosystems, and were characterised by higher (20%) variability. The lower mean and higher variability in biodiversity at restored sites relative to reference sites remained consistent over time, suggesting that sources of variation (e.g. prior land use, restoration practices) have an enduring influence on restoration outcomes. Our results point to the need for new research confronting the causes of variability in restoration outcomes, and close variability and biodiversity gaps between restored and reference conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Atkinson
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lars A Brudvig
- Department of Plant Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Max Mallen-Cooper
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela T Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen P Bonser
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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Lourenço GM, Dáttilo W, Ribeiro SP, Freitas AVL. Biological Aspects and Movements of Neotropical Fruit-Feeding Butterflies. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:43-53. [PMID: 34590292 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The patterns of insect movement are the cumulate product of many individual decisions and can be shaped by the way morphology and behaviour interacts with landscape structure and composition. Hence, the ongoing process of habitat fragmentation increases the distance among suitable habitats and changes those in such a way that it may favour some movement behaviour. Our study described some biological traits (sex ratio, age structure and individual permanence in a population), as well as the movements of fruit-feeding butterflies along the horizontal dimension (among habitats: forest interior, natural forest transition - ecotone and anthropogenic forest transition - edge) and the vertical dimension (between canopy and understory). We sampled butterflies monthly over 1 year in the Atlantic rainforest, South-eastern Brazil, following a standardized design using bait traps. We found that sex ratio was male biased for five out of the six more abundant species and the age structure showed an increase in recruitment of new individuals in the dry season followed by a noticeable aging of the populations in the wet season. In general, our results revealed an aggregated spatial distribution, in which few individuals travelled long distances while most individuals were recaptured in the same trap, suggesting that all studied habitats currently provide the necessary conditions for the maintenance of butterfly populations, favouring fewer movements and narrow home ranges for both sexes and species. Conservation of a set of heterogeneous habitats it is especially important for the maintenance of sedentary butterflies and of those that move large distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle M Lourenço
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Sérvio P Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia do Adoecimento & Florestas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André V L Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Souza JMT, Vázquez DP, Varassin IG. Abundance and phenology drive plant–pollinator network responses to restoration in the Southern Atlantic rainforest in Brazil. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana M. T. Souza
- Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Rua Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado, 5000, CEP 81280‐340, Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
| | - Diego P. Vázquez
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Cuyo CC 507, 5500 Mendoza Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Mendoza Argentina
| | - Isabela G. Varassin
- Laboratório de Interações e Biologia Reprodutiva Universidade Federal do Paraná CEP 81531‐980, Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
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Ouin A, Holland GJ, Tessier M, Clarke RH, Bennett AF. Do butterfly communities benefit from woodland restoration in rural environments? A landscape perspective from south‐eastern Australia. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Ouin
- UMR DYNAFOR (INRAe‐INP de Toulouse) Université de Toulouse Castanet‐Tolosan cedex 31326 France
| | - Greg J. Holland
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | | | - Rohan H. Clarke
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Andrew F. Bennett
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
- Research Centre for Future Landscapes La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
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Santos ADC, Sales PCL, Ribeiro DB, Silva PRR. Habitat conversion affects beta diversity in frugivorous butterfly assemblages. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2019.1710335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Danilo Bandini Ribeiro
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
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Milheiras SG, Guedes M, Augusto Barbosa Silva F, Aparício P, Mace GM. Patterns of biodiversity response along a gradient of forest use in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8486. [PMID: 32095341 PMCID: PMC7020811 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of tropical forests is increasingly at risk, including forests located within human-modified landscapes that retain high conservation value. People modify and interact with these landscapes through a wide range of uses. However, our knowledge of how different forest uses affect biodiversity is limited. Here, we analyse the responses of different taxa to four distinct categories of forest management, namely old-growth forest, Brazil nut extraction areas, reduced impact logging areas, and eucalyptus plantations. Within six independent replicates of each category, we sampled three taxa (fruit-feeding butterflies, dung beetles, and trees) in eastern Amazonia. Forests under moderate use (Brazil nut extraction and reduced-impact logging) had similar, albeit slightly lower, diversity levels relative to old-growth forests, while communities in plantations were significantly less diverse. Only 4%, 20%, and 17%, of the sampled butterfly, dung beetle, and tree species, respectively, were restricted to old-growth forests. This study provides further empirical evidence of the importance of old-growth forest conservation in the context of human-modified landscapes. It also suggests that landscape matrices integrating forest uses at varying intensities are well positioned to reconcile biodiversity conservation with the production of goods that support local livelihoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio G Milheiras
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Georgina M Mace
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Santos JP, Sobral‐Souza T, Brown KS, Vancine MH, Ribeiro MC, Freitas AVL. Effects of landscape modification on species richness patterns of fruit‐feeding butterflies in Brazilian Atlantic Forest. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie P. Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
| | - Thadeu Sobral‐Souza
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia Universidade Federal de Mato grosso (UFMT) Cuiabá Brazil
| | - Keith S. Brown
- Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
| | - Maurício Humberto Vancine
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Milton C. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - André V. L. Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
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Melo D, Filgueiras B, Iserhard C, Iannuzzi L, Freitas A, Leal I. Effect of habitat loss and fragmentation on fruit-feeding butterflies in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation have drastically altered the availability and quality of tropical forest habitats, but information on how such changes influence local biodiversity is still insufficient. Here, we examine the effects of both patch and landscape metrics on fruit-feeding butterfly assemblages in a fragmented landscape of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Our study was carried out in three habitat types: eight fragments (ranging from 8 to 126 ha), eight areas of forest edge (50 m from forest border), and eight areas of forest interior (>200 m from forest border) of the largest remnant (3500 ha) of the Atlantic Forest of northeast Brazil. Our results demonstrated that fragment area is negatively correlated with observed and estimated richness and abundance of butterflies, whereas habitat type is correlated with estimated richness and abundance of butterflies. Species composition responded to habitat type, fragment area, and distance between sample units. These findings illustrated (i) fruit-feeding butterfly sensitivity to habitat loss and fragmentation, (ii) that species composition and abundance are adequate parameters to access the responses of fruit-feeding butterflies to habitat loss and fragmentation, and (iii) the relevance of a heterogeneous and connected landscape for conservation of butterflies, where small fragments are important for generalist or open-habitat specialists and large remnants are key for disturbance-sensitive and threatened taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.H.A. Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - B.K.C. Filgueiras
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - C.A. Iserhard
- Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, C.P. 354, 96160-000, Brazil
| | - L. Iannuzzi
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - A.V.L. Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, C.P. 6109, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - I.R. Leal
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, CEP 50670-901, Brazil
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Lourenço GM, Soares GR, Santos TP, Dáttilo W, Freitas AVL, Ribeiro SP. Equal but different: Natural ecotones are dissimilar to anthropic edges. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213008. [PMID: 30830927 PMCID: PMC6398848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing deforestation worldwide has expanded the interfaces between fragmented forests and non-forest habitats. Human-made edges are very different from the original forest cover, with different microclimatic conditions. Conversely, the natural transitions (i.e., ecotones) are distinct from human-made forest edges. The human-made forest edges are usually sharp associated with disturbances, with abrupt changes in temperature, humidity, luminosity and wind incidence towards the forest interior. However, the natural forest-lake ecotones, even when abrupt, are composed of a complex vegetal physiognomy, with canopy structures close to the ground level and a composition of herbaceous and arboreal species well adapted to this transition range. In the present study, fruit-feeding butterflies were used as models to investigate whether faunal assemblages in natural ecotones are more similar to the forest interior than to the anthropic edges. Butterflies were sampled monthly over one year in the Rio Doce State Park, Southeastern Brazil, following a standardized design using a total of 90 bait traps, in three different forest habitats (forest interior, forest ecotone and anthropic edges), in both canopy and understory. A total of 11,594 individuals from 98 butterfly species were collected (3,151 individuals from 79 species in the forest interior, 4,321 individuals from 87 species in the ecotone and 4,122 individuals from 83 species in the edge). The results indicated that the butterfly richness and diversity were higher in transition areas (ecotones and edges). The ecotone included a combination of butterfly species from the forest interior and from anthropic edges. However, species composition and dominance in the ecotone were similar to the forest interior in both vertical strata. These results suggest that human made forest edges are quite distinct from ecotones. Moreover, ecotones represent unique habitats accommodating species adapted to distinct ecological conditions, while anthropic edges accommodate only opportunistic species from open areas or upper canopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle M. Lourenço
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glória R. Soares
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Talita P. Santos
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - André V. L. Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérvio P. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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The impacts of recurrent fires on diversity of fruit-feeding butterflies in a south-eastern Amazon forest. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467416000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:In the south-eastern Amazon, positive feedbacks between land use and severe weather events are increasing the frequency and intensity of fires, threatening local biodiversity. We sampled fruit-feeding butterflies in experimental plots in a south-eastern Amazon forest: one control plot, one plot burned every 3 y, one plot burned yearly. We also measured environmental parameters (canopy cover, temperature, humidity). Our results show no significant differences in overall species richness between plots (34, 37 and 33 species respectively), although richness was lower in burned plots during the dry season. We found significant differences in community composition and structure between control and burned plots, but not between burned treatments. In the control plot, forest-specialist species represented 64% of total abundance, decreasing to 50% in burned every 3 y and 54% in yearly burned plots. Savanna specialist species were absent in the control plot, but represented respectively 8% and 3% of total abundance in burned plots. The best predictor of the change in spatial community patterns and abundance of forest specialists was canopy cover. Although we found high resilience to forest burning in many species, our study suggests that fire disturbance can still be a threat to forest specialists due to changes in microclimate.
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Martins R, Antonini Y. Can pollination syndromes indicate ecological restoration success in tropical forests? Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Martins
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Department of Biodiversity and Evolution; Federal University of Ouro Preto; Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, s/n Ouro Preto Minas Gerais CEP-35400-000 Brazil
| | - Yasmine Antonini
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Department of Biodiversity and Evolution; Federal University of Ouro Preto; Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, s/n Ouro Preto Minas Gerais CEP-35400-000 Brazil
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