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Lee HH, Seong JY, Kang H, Cho H. Euglena gracilis Enhances Innate and Adaptive Immunity through Specific Expression of Dectin-1 in CP-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice. Nutrients 2024; 16:3158. [PMID: 39339758 PMCID: PMC11434765 DOI: 10.3390/nu16183158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis), a species of unicellular algae, can accumulate large amounts of β-1,3-glucan paramylon, a polysaccharide, in its cytoplasm and has recently attracted interest as a bioproduct due to its various health benefits. In this study, the immune-enhancing effect of E. gracilis powder (EP) was investigated in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In vitro, the production of NO and cytokines and the mechanism of the signaling pathway of β-1,3-glucan were identified in RAW264.7 cells. In vivo, cyclophosphamide-induced (CP-induced) immunosuppressed C57BL/6 female mice were orally administered with three different concentrations (100, 300, and 600 mg/kg) of EP daily. After 14 days, the organs and whole blood were collected from each animal for further study. RESULTS The weight loss of CP-treated mice was reversed by treatment with EP to levels comparable to those of control mice. In addition, the frequencies of NK1.1+, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and B220+ in immune cells isolated from the spleen were increased by EP treatment compared with water or RG. The secretion of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12 from splenocytes was also increased by EP treatment, as was the level of IgM in the serum of the mice. Finally, EP treatment specifically upregulated the expression of dectin-1 in the liver of CP-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS E. gracilis could be a good candidate for a natural immune stimulator in the innate and adaptive response by secreting TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12 through stimulating dectin-1 expression on the surface of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Seong
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojeung Kang
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, VOICE (MRC), Cancer Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosun Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
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Rainer H, Goretzki A, Lin YJ, Schiller HR, Krause M, Döring S, Strecker D, Junker AC, Wolfheimer S, Toda M, Scheurer S, Schülke S. Characterization of the Immune-Modulating Properties of Different β-Glucans on Myeloid Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9914. [PMID: 39337403 PMCID: PMC11433108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In allergen-specific immunotherapy, adjuvants are explored for modulating allergen-specific Th2 immune responses to re-establish clinical tolerance. One promising class of adjuvants are β-glucans, which are naturally derived sugar structures and components of dietary fibers that activate C-type lectin (CLR)-, "Toll"-like receptors (TLRs), and complement receptors (CRs). We characterized the immune-modulating properties of six commercially available β-glucans, using immunological (receptor activation, cytokine secretion, and T cell modulating potential) as well as metabolic parameters (metabolic state) in mouse bone marrow-derived myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). All tested β-glucans activated the CLR Dectin-1a, whereas TLR2 was predominantly activated by Zymosan. Further, the tested β-glucans differentially induced mDC-derived cytokine secretion and activation of mDC metabolism. Subsequent analyses focusing on Zymosan, Zymosan depleted, β-1,3 glucan, and β-1,3 1,6 glucan revealed robust mDC activation with the upregulation of the cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40), CD80, CD86, and MHCII to different extents. β-glucan-induced cytokine secretion was shown to be, in part, dependent on the activation of the intracellular Dectin-1 adapter molecule Syk. In co-cultures of mDCs with Th2-biased CD4+ T cells isolated from birch allergen Bet v 1 plus aluminum hydroxide (Alum)-sensitized mice, these four β-glucans suppressed allergen-induced IL-5 secretion, while only Zymosan and β-1,3 glucan significantly suppressed allergen-induced interferon gamma (IFNγ) secretion, suggesting the tested β-glucans to have distinct effects on mDC T cell priming capacity. Our experiments indicate that β-glucans have distinct immune-modulating properties, making them interesting adjuvants for future allergy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Rainer
- Section Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Goretzki
- Section Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Yen-Ju Lin
- Section Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Hannah Ruth Schiller
- Section Research Allergology, Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Maren Krause
- Section Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Sascha Döring
- Section Research Allergology, Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Daniel Strecker
- Section Research Allergology, Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | | | - Sonja Wolfheimer
- Section Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Masako Toda
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Stephan Scheurer
- Section Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Section Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
- Section Research Allergology, Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
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Xu C, Ha X, Yang S, Tian X, Jiang H. Advances in understanding and treating diabetic kidney disease: focus on tubulointerstitial inflammation mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1232790. [PMID: 37859992 PMCID: PMC10583558 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1232790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a serious complication of diabetes that can lead to end-stage kidney disease. Despite its significant impact, most research has concentrated on the glomerulus, with little attention paid to the tubulointerstitial region, which accounts for the majority of the kidney volume. DKD's tubulointerstitial lesions are characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and loss of kidney function, and recent studies indicate that these lesions may occur earlier than glomerular lesions. Evidence has shown that inflammatory mechanisms in the tubulointerstitium play a critical role in the development and progression of these lesions. Apart from the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade, Sodium-Glucose Linked Transporter-2(SGLT-2) inhibitors and new types of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists have emerged as effective ways to treat DKD. Moreover, researchers have proposed potential targeted therapies, such as inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulating T cells and macrophages, among others. These therapies have demonstrated promising results in preclinical studies and clinical trials, suggesting their potential to treat DKD-induced tubulointerstitial lesions effectively. Understanding the immune-inflammatory mechanisms underlying DKD-induced tubulointerstitial lesions and developing targeted therapies could significantly improve the treatment and management of DKD. This review summarizes the latest advances in this field, highlighting the importance of focusing on tubulointerstitial inflammation mechanisms to improve DKD outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengren Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaowen Ha
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Shufen Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Hong Jiang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
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Singh RP, Bhardwaj A. β-glucans: a potential source for maintaining gut microbiota and the immune system. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1143682. [PMID: 37215217 PMCID: PMC10198134 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1143682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract holds a complex and dynamic population of microbial communities, which exerts a marked influence on the host physiology during homeostasis and disease conditions. Diet is considered one of the main factors in structuring the gut microbiota across a lifespan. Intestinal microbial communities play a vital role in sustaining immune and metabolic homeostasis as well as protecting against pathogens. The negatively altered gut bacterial composition has related to many inflammatory diseases and infections. β-glucans are a heterogeneous assemblage of glucose polymers with a typical structure comprising a leading chain of β-(1,4) and/or β-(1,3)-glucopyranosyl units with various branches and lengths as a side chain. β-glucans bind to specific receptors on immune cells and initiate immune responses. However, β-glucans from different sources differ in their structures, conformation, physical properties, and binding affinity to receptors. How these properties modulate biological functions in terms of molecular mechanisms is not known in many examples. This review provides a critical understanding of the structures of β-glucans and their functions for modulating the gut microbiota and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Pal Singh
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Hasan A, Roome T, Wahid M, Ansari SA, Khan JA, Jilani SNA, Jawed A, Kiyani A. Expression of Toll-like receptor 2, Dectin-1, and Osteopontin in murine model of pulpitis. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:1177-1192. [PMID: 36205788 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vivo animal study aimed to develop a murine model of pulpitis induced by pulp exposure with or without application of zymosan in Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice and observe expressions of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, Dectin-1, Osteopontin (OPN), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1ß. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 168 NMRI mice were divided into two groups, i.e., group A (n = 84) (pulpitis induced by pulp exposure only) and group B (n = 84) (pulpitis induced by pulp exposure and zymosan application). Right maxillary molar pulps were exposed with ¼ round bur, and animals were sacrificed at 0, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. The exposed teeth were obtained for real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and histological and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. RESULTS Histological evaluation revealed a time-dependent steady increase in inflammation. Similar time-dependent increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines was noted. Group A exhibited an increase in TLR-4, Dectin-1, and OPN at 6 h, while TLR-2 was expressed at 24 h. Group B expressed TLR-2, Dectin-1, and OPN at 9, 48, and 72 h, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Expression of OPN and TNF-α exhibited a similar pattern in both groups. IHC also detected expression of TLR-2, Dectin-1, TLR4, and CD68 in some cells at 6 and 9 h. CONCLUSIONS NMRI mice provided for a stable pulp inflammation model. Zymosan may be used to develop pulp inflammation model and study inflammatory response towards fungal antigens. Dental pulp expressed Dectin-1 receptor. OPN and TNF-α exhibited a similar expression pattern. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Innate immunity of dental pulp is capable of detecting fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Hasan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan.
| | - Talat Roome
- Department of Pathology, Section Molecular Pathology, Dow International Medical College, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-e-Hijri Karachi, Pakistan.,Dow Institute for Advanced Biological and Animal Research, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-e-Hijri Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Wahid
- Department of Pathology, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-e-Hijri Karachi, Pakistan.,Dow Research Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-e-Hijri Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Akbar Ansari
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
| | - Javeria Ali Khan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Neha Ahmed Jilani
- Dow Institute for Advanced Biological and Animal Research, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-e-Hijri Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abira Jawed
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
| | - Amber Kiyani
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, 7th Avenue G-7/4, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Cui Z, Gong Y, Luo X, Zheng N, Tan S, Liu S, Li Y, Wang Q, Sun F, Hu M, Pan W, Yang X. β-Glucan alleviates goal-directed behavioral deficits in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:65. [PMID: 36782332 PMCID: PMC9926625 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05686-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a neuroinvasive parasite causing neuroinflammation, which in turn is associated with a higher risk for several psycho-behavioral disorders. There is an urgent need to identify drugs capable of improving cognitive deficits induced by T. gondii infection. β-Glucan, an active ingredient in mushrooms, could significantly enhance immunity. However, the effects of β-glucan against neuroinflammation and cognitive decline induced by T. gondii infection remain unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of β-glucan on goal-directed behavior of mice chronically infected by T. gondii Wh6 strain. METHODS A mice model of chronic T. gondii Wh6 infection was established by infecting mice by oral gavage with 10 cysts of T. gondii Wh6. Intraperitoneal injection of β-glucan was manipulated 2 weeks before T. gondii infection. Performance of the infected mice on the Y-maze test and temporal order memory (TOM) test was used to assess the goal-directed behavior. Golgi-Cox staining, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR and western blot assays were used to detect prefrontal cortex-associated pathological change and neuroinflammation. RESULTS The administration of β-glucan significantly prevented T. gondii Wh6-induced goal-directed behavioral impairment as assessed behaviorally by the Y-maze test and TOM test. In the prefrontal cortex, β-glucan was able to counter T. gondii Wh6-induced degeneration of neurites, impairment of synaptic ultrastructure and decrease of pre- and postsynaptic protein levels. Also, β-glucan significantly prevented the hyperactivation of pro-inflammatory microglia and astrocytes, as well as the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines caused by chronic T. gondii Wh6 infection. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that β-glucan prevents goal-directed behavioral impairment induced by chronic T. gondii infection in mice. These findings suggest that β-glucan may be an effective drug candidate to prevent T. gondii-associated psycho-behavioral disorders including goal-directed behavioral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Yuying Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaotong Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Niuyi Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Shimin Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Shuxi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Youwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Qingling Wang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Fenfen Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Minmin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Wei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
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β-Glucan ameliorates anxiety-like behavior in mice chronically infected with the Toxoplasma gondii Wh6 strain. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3513-3521. [PMID: 36163518 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection has been revealed to be a risk factor for neuropsychiatric diseases, including anxiety. However, there is no intervention strategy. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of β-glucan on T. gondii Wh6 strain-induced anxiety-like behavior in mice. The anxiety mouse model was established by infection with 10 cysts of the T. gondii Wh6 strain. β-Glucan was intraperitoneally administered 2 weeks before infection. Open field and elevated plus maze tests were performed to assess anxiety-like behavior. In the open field test, Wh6-infected mice spent less time in the central zone and had fewer entries into the central zone. In the elevated plus maze test, the infection reduced the frequency and time of head entries in the open arms. These results showed that Wh6 causes anxiety-like behavior in mice. Interestingly, the administration of β-glucan significantly ameliorated anxiety-like behavioral performance. The present study shows that β-glucan can alleviate the anxiety-like behavior induced by chronic T. gondii infection in mice, which indicates that β-glucan may be a potential drug candidate for treating T. gondii-related mental disorders, including anxiety.
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Li M, Vultorius C, Bethi M, Yu Y. Spatial Organization of Dectin-1 and TLR2 during Synergistic Crosstalk Revealed by Super-resolution Imaging. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5781-5792. [PMID: 35913832 PMCID: PMC10636754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells recognize and elicit responses against pathogens by integrating signals from different types of cell-surface receptors. How the receptors interact in the membrane to enable their signaling crosstalk is poorly understood. Here, we reveal the nanoscale organization of TLR2 and Dectin-1, a receptor pair known to cooperate in regulating antifungal immunity, through their synergistic signaling crosstalk at macrophage cell membranes. Using super-resolution single-molecule localization microscopy, we show that discrete noncolocalized nanoclusters of Dectin-1 and TLR2 are partially overlapped during their synergistic crosstalk. Compared to when one type of receptor is activated alone, the simultaneous activation of Dectin-1 and TLR2 leads to a higher percentage of both receptors being activated by their specific ligands and consequently an increased level of tyrosine phosphorylation. Our results depict, in nanoscale detail, how Dectin-1 and TLR2 achieve synergistic signaling through the spatial organization of their receptor nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Christopher Vultorius
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Manisha Bethi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Mazire PH, Saha B, Roy A. Immunotherapy for visceral leishmaniasis: A trapeze of balancing counteractive forces. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108969. [PMID: 35738089 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, residing and replicating within the cells of the monocyte-macrophage (mono-mac) lineage, causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in humans. While, Leishmania infantum, is the main causative agent for zoonotic VL, where dogs are the main reservoirs of the disease. The chemotherapy is a serious problem because of restricted repertoire of drugs, drug-resistant parasites, drug-toxicity and the requirement for parenteral administration, which is a problem in resource-starved countries. Moreover, immunocompromised individuals, particularly HIV-1 infected are at higher risk of VL due to impairment in T-helper cell and regulatory cell responses. Furthermore, HIV-VL co-infected patients report poor response to conventional chemotherapy. Recent efforts are therefore directed towards devising both prophylactic and therapeutic immunomodulation. As far as prophylaxis is concerned, although canine vaccines for the disease caused by Leishmania infantum or Leishmania chagasi are available, no vaccine is available for use in humans till date. Therefore, anti-leishmanial immunotherapy triggering or manipulating the host's immune response is gaining momentum during the last two decades. Immunomodulators comprised of small molecules, anti-leishmanial peptides, complex ligands for host receptors, cytokines or their agonists and antibodies have been given trials both in experimental models and in humans. However, the success of immunotherapy in humans remains a far-off target. We, therefore, propose that devising a successful immunotherapy is an act of balancing enhanced beneficial Leishmania-specific responses and deleterious immune activation/hyperinflammation just as the swings in a trapeze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka H Mazire
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| | - Amit Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India.
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Li W, Luo L, Zhu J, Yan H, Yang X, Tang W, Li D, He D, Wang J, Dai W, Ma X, Ao S, Ma W, Du N, Mao C, Diao X, Yang X, Liu D, Zhang Z, Liang H, Wang F. Water extract of Cayratia albifolia C.L.Li root relieves zymosan A-induced inflammation by restraining M1 macrophage polarization. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:153901. [PMID: 35026521 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cayratia albifolia C.L.Li (CAC) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used to treat inflammatory diseases. Our laboratory has firstly reported that the water extract from CAC relieved lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, however stronger evidence is still needed to prove its anti-inflammatory effects and the mechanisms involved are also ambiguous. PURPOSE This study sought to provide more evidence for the application of CAC in alleviating infectious inflammation and disclose novel pharmacological mechanisms. METHODS Mice were injected with zymA into their paws or peritoneal cavities, and then treated with CAC. ELISA, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were performed to detect the cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10) generation, the cell infiltration, and the CD86 or CD206 expression of macrophages. Then in vitro assays were performed on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and peritoneal macrophages (PMs) to detect their expression of iNOS, arg-1 and the cytokines above. On mechanisms, western blotting (WB), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and flow cytometry were carried out to measure NF-κB transcriptional activity, mitochondrial bioactivity and the mTORC1 activation when BMDMs were stimulated by zymA and treated with CAC. Finally, the chemical components consisted in the extract were analyzed by LC-MS. RESULTS 200 mg/kg CAC clearly inhibited zymA induced mouse paw edema and reduced the contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α rather than IL-10 in local tissues. CAC also reduced CD86 but not CD206 in macrophages in situ. Through in vitro experiments, it was discovered that CAC reduced the protein and mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and also inhibited iNOS expression, but showed no influence on IL-10 and arg-1 in macrophages. We found CAC reduced NF-κB transcriptional activity, down-regulated mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS levels, and inhibited mTORC1 activity. Finally, we identified 15 major compounds in the extract, among which 4-guanidinobutyric acid and kynurenic acid were the most abundant. CONCLUSION This study provides further evidence that CAC significantly reduces zymA induced infectious inflammation. In addition, this novel data revealed that CAC restrained M1 rather than promoting M2 macrophages polarization via multi-target inhibitory effects, based on its potentially active components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Li Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Junyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Huan Yan
- College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Engineering Technology Research center for Green Processing of Nature Product Center, Xinjiang Autonomous Academy of Instrumental Analysis, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Wanqi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Dandan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Dongmei He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jin Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weihong Dai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Shengxiang Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Nana Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Chengyi Mao
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xiaoyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Daoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zaiqi Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Dong Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Hunan, 418000, China.
| | - Huaping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Fangjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Center (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
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Golisch B, Lei Z, Tamura K, Brumer H. Configured for the Human Gut Microbiota: Molecular Mechanisms of Dietary β-Glucan Utilization. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2087-2102. [PMID: 34709792 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The β-glucans are a disparate group of structurally diverse polysaccharides, whose members are widespread in human diets as components of the cell walls of plants, algae, and fungi (including yeasts), and as bacterial exopolysaccharides. Individual β-glucans from these sources have long been associated with positive effects on human health through metabolic and immunological effects. Remarkably, the β-configured glucosidic linkages that define these polysaccharides render them inaccessible to the limited repertoire of digestive enzymes encoded by the human genome. As a result, the various β-glucans become fodder for the human gut microbiota (HGM) in the lower gastrointestinal tract, where they influence community composition and metabolic output, including fermentation to short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Only recently, however, have the specific molecular systems that enable the utilization of β-glucans by select members of the HGM been fully elucidated by combined genetic, biochemical, and structural biological approaches. In the context of β-glucan structures and their effects on human nutrition and health, we summarize here the functional characterization of individual polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) responsible for the saccharification of mixed-linkage β(1→3)/β(1→4)-glucans, β(1→6)-glucans, β(1→3)-glucans, β(1→2)-glucans, and xyloglucans in symbiotic human gut bacteria. These exemplar PULs serve as well-defined biomarkers for the prediction of β-glucan metabolic capability in individual bacterial taxa and across the global human population.
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Kopiasz Ł, Dziendzikowska K, Gajewska M, Oczkowski M, Majchrzak-Kuligowska K, Królikowski T, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J. Effects of Dietary Oat Beta-Glucans on Colon Apoptosis and Autophagy through TLRs and Dectin-1 Signaling Pathways-Crohn's Disease Model Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020321. [PMID: 33499397 PMCID: PMC7911679 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Crohn’s disease (CD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract with alternating periods of exacerbation and remission. The aim of this study was to determine the time-dependent effects of dietary oat beta-glucans on colon apoptosis and autophagy in the CD rat model. Methods: A total of 150 Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two main groups: healthy control (H) and a TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzosulfonic acid)-induced colitis (C) group, both including subgroups fed with feed without beta-glucans (βG−) or feed supplemented with low- (βGl) or high-molar-mass oat beta-glucans (βGh) for 3, 7, or 21 days. The expression of autophagy (LC3B) and apoptosis (Caspase-3) markers, as well as Toll-like (TLRs) and Dectin-1 receptors, in the colon epithelial cells, was determined using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results: The results showed that in rats with colitis, after 3 days of induction of inflammation, the expression of Caspase-3 and LC3B in intestinal epithelial cells did not change, while that of TLR 4 and Dectin-1 decreased. Beta-glucan supplementation caused an increase in the expression of TLR 5 and Dectin-1 with no changes in the expression of Caspase-3 and LC3B. After 7 days, a high expression of Caspase-3 was observed in the colitis-induced animals without any changes in the expression of LC3B and TLRs, and simultaneously, a decrease in Dectin-1 expression was observed. The consumption of feed with βGl or βGh resulted in a decrease in Caspase-3 expression and an increase in TLR 5 expression in the CβGl group, with no change in the expression of LC3B and TLR 4. After 21 days, the expression of Caspase-3 and TLRs was not changed by colitis, while that of LC3B and Dectin-1 was decreased. Feed supplementation with βGh resulted in an increase in the expression of both Caspase-3 and LC3B, while the consumption of feed with βGh and βGl increased Dectin-1 expression. However, regardless of the type of nutritional intervention, the expression of TLRs did not change after 21 days. Conclusions: Dietary intake of βGl and βGh significantly reduced colitis by time-dependent modification of autophagy and apoptosis, with βGI exhibiting a stronger effect on apoptosis and βGh on autophagy. The mechanism of this action may be based on the activation of TLRs and Dectin-1 receptor and depends on the period of exacerbation or remission of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kopiasz
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (Ł.K.); (M.O.); (T.K.); (J.G.-O.)
| | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (Ł.K.); (M.O.); (T.K.); (J.G.-O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-2259-37-033
| | - Małgorzata Gajewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (K.M.-K.)
| | - Michał Oczkowski
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (Ł.K.); (M.O.); (T.K.); (J.G.-O.)
| | - Kinga Majchrzak-Kuligowska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.G.); (K.M.-K.)
| | - Tomasz Królikowski
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (Ł.K.); (M.O.); (T.K.); (J.G.-O.)
| | - Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (Ł.K.); (M.O.); (T.K.); (J.G.-O.)
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Sanchez V, Rosales-Mendoza S, Monreal-Escalante E, Murillo-Álvarez JI, Angulo C. Conjugation of β-glucans on heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) to enhance the immunogenic response in mouse leucocytes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111464. [PMID: 33255046 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important diarrhea-causing pathogen for humans. Heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) plays a crucial role in triggering diarrhea and ETEC pathogenesis. However, ST is a small peptide that lacks immunogenic activity itself but becomes immunogenic when it is coupled to a carrier molecule. In this study, the β-glucans (BG) from yeasts have been used to test their immunomodulatory activity and adjuvant effect on the properties of ST. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize a conjugate of yeast-derived β-glucan with the ST enterotoxin (BG-ST) and evaluate the antigenic and antioxidant activities in mouse splenocytes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed new bands and changes in morphology, respectively, confirming ST was successfully coupled to beta glucan. Additionally, according to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), conjugation efficiency was almost 90%. Cellular viability, phagocytic cell proportion, and respiratory burst enhanced splenocytes stimulated by BG-ST. In addition, nitric oxide production and antioxidant enzymes increased in cells stimulated with BG-ST, BG and ST. In conclusion, the results revealed the successful conjugation of β-glucan with ST peptide enhancing immune and antioxidant parameters to a greater extent than their individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sanchez
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico; Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª, Sección, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª, Sección, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico; CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S 23090, Mexico
| | - Jesús I Murillo-Álvarez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas-IPN (CICIMAR), Avenida IPN s/n, 23096 La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico.
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