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Marinari G, Iannetta D, Holash RJ, Zagatto AM, Keir DA, Murias JM. Heavy-intensity priming exercise extends the V̇o 2max plateau and increases peak-power output during ramp-incremental exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 327:R164-R172. [PMID: 38842514 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00016.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated whether a heavy-intensity priming exercise precisely prescribed within the heavy-intensity domain would lead to a greater peak-power output (POpeak) and a longer maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) plateau. Twelve recreationally active adults participated in this study. Two visits were required: 1) a step-ramp-step test [ramp-incremental (RI) control], and 2) an RI test preceded by a priming exercise within the heavy-intensity domain (RI primed). A piecewise equation was used to quantify the V̇o2 plateau duration (V̇o2plateau-time). The mean response time (MRT) was computed during the RI control condition. The delta (Δ) V̇o2 slope (S; mL·min-1·W-1) and V̇o2-Y intercept (Y; mL·min-1) within the moderate-intensity domain between conditions (RI primed minus RI control) were also assessed using a novel graphical analysis. V̇o2plateau-time (P = 0.001; d = 1.27) and POpeak (P = 0.003; d = 1.08) were all greater in the RI primed. MRT (P < 0.001; d = 2.45) was shorter in the RI primed compared with the RI control. A larger ΔV̇o2plateau-time was correlated with a larger ΔMRT between conditions (r = -0.79; P = 0.002). This study demonstrated that heavy-intensity priming exercise lengthened the V̇o2plateau-time and increased POpeak. The overall faster RI-V̇o2 responses seem to be responsible for the longer V̇o2plateau-time. Specifically, a shorter MRT, but not changes in RI-V̇o2-slopes, was associated with a longer V̇o2plateau-time following priming exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY It remains unclear whether priming exercise extends the maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) plateau and increases peak-power output (POpeak) during ramp-incremental (RI) tests. This study demonstrates that a priming exercise, precisely prescribed within the heavy-intensity domain, extends the plateau at V̇o2max and leads to a greater POpeak. Specifically, the extended V̇o2max plateau was associated with accelerated RI-V̇o2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Marinari
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Danilo Iannetta
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Alessandro M Zagatto
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Keir
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Bertucci DR, de Carvalho CD, Scariot PPM, Kalva-Filho CA, Luches-Pereira G, Arruda TB, Alves IS, Gardim CB, Castiglia M, Riberto M, Gobatto CA, Papoti M. Four-week experimental plus 1-week taper period using live high train low does not alter muscle glycogen content. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1795-1805. [PMID: 38231229 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 4-week live high train low (LHTL; FiO2 ~ 13.5%), intervention, followed by a tapering phase, on muscle glycogen concentration. Fourteen physically active males (28 ± 6 years, 81.6 ± 15.4 kg, 179 ± 5.2 cm) were divided into a control group (CON; n = 5), and the group that performed the LHTL, which was exposed to hypoxia (LHTL; n = 9). The subjects trained using a one-legged knee extension exercise, which enabled four experimental conditions: leg training in hypoxia (TLHYP); leg control in hypoxia (CLHYP, n = 9); leg trained in normoxia (TLNOR, n = 5), and leg control in normoxia (CLNOR, n = 5). All participants performed 18 training sessions lasting between 20 and 45 min [80-200% of intensity corresponding to the time to exhaustion (TTE) reached in the graded exercise test]. Additionally, participants spent approximately 10 h day-1 in either a normobaric hypoxic environment (14.5% FiO2; ~ 3000 m) or a control condition (i.e., staying in similar tents on ~ 530 m). Thereafter, participants underwent a taper protocol consisting of six additional training sessions with a reduced training load. SpO2 was lower, and the hypoxic dose was higher in LHTL compared to CON (p < 0.001). After 4 weeks, glycogen had increased significantly only in the TLNOR and TLHYP groups and remained elevated after the taper (p < 0.016). Time to exhaustion in the LHTL increased after both the 4-week training period and the taper compared to the baseline (p < 0.001). Although the 4-week training promoted substantial increases in muscle glycogen content, TTE increased in LHTL condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo R Bertucci
- Triângulo Mineiro Federal University (UFTM), Av. Frei Paulino, nº 30, Abadia, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Dellavechia de Carvalho
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Pedro P M Scariot
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (FCA-UNICAMP), R. Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Kalva-Filho
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo C. Coube, nº 14-01, Núcleo Habitacional Presidente Geisel, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Luches-Pereira
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (EEFERP-USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tarine B Arruda
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabela S Alves
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (EEFERP-USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila B Gardim
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Castiglia
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Riberto
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (FCA-UNICAMP), R. Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (EEFERP-USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Bruggisser F, Wagner J, Niemeyer M, Schoch R, Schwendinger F, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Knaier R. A verification phase adds little value to the determination of maximum oxygen uptake in well-trained adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1669-1681. [PMID: 38238521 PMCID: PMC11130000 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05388-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective was to investigate if performing a sub-peak or supra-peak verification phase following a ramp test provides additional value for determining 'true' maximum oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2). METHODS 17 and 14 well-trained males and females, respectively, performed two ramp tests each followed by a verification phase. While the ramp tests were identical, the verification phase differed in power output, wherein the power output was either 95% or 105% of the peak power output from the ramp test. The recovery phase before the verification phase lasted until capillary blood lactate concentration was ≤ 4 mmol·L-1. If a V ˙ O2 plateau occurred during ramp test, the following verification phase was considered to provide no added value. If no V ˙ O2 plateau occurred and the highest V ˙ O2 ( V ˙ O2peak) during verification phase was < 97%, between 97 and 103%, or > 103% of V ˙ O2peak achieved during the ramp test, no value, potential value, and certain value were attributed to the verification phase, respectively. RESULTS Mean (standard deviation) V ˙ O2peak during both ramp tests was 64.5 (6.0) mL·kg-1·min-1 for males and 54.8 (6.2) mL·kg-1·min-1 for females. For the 95% verification phase, 20 tests showed either a V ˙ O2 plateau during ramp test or a verification V ˙ O2peak < 97%, indicating no value, 11 showed potential value, and 0 certain value. For the 105% verification phase, the values were 26, 5, and 0 tests, respectively. CONCLUSION In well-trained adults, a sub-peak verification phase might add little value in determining 'true' maximum V ˙ O2, while a supra-peak verification phase adds no value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Bruggisser
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Wagner
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Max Niemeyer
- Department Medicine, Training and Health, Institute of Sports Science and Motologie, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raphael Schoch
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Schwendinger
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Knaier
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Zubac D, Obad A, Šupe-Domić D, Zec M, Bošnjak A, Ivančev V, Valić Z. Larger splenic emptying correlate with slower EPOC kinetics in healthy men and women during supine cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2271-2281. [PMID: 37270751 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated whether larger splenic emptying augments faster excess post-exercise O2 consumption (EPOC) following aerobic exercise cessation. METHODS Fifteen healthy participants (age 24 ± 4, 47% women) completed 3 laboratory visits at least 48-h apart. After obtaining medical clearance and familiarizing themselves with the test, they performed a ramp-incremental test in the supine position until task failure. At their final visit, they completed three step-transition tests from 20 W to a moderate-intensity power output (PO), equivalent to [Formula: see text]O2 at 90% gas exchange threshold, where data on metabolic, cardiovascular, and splenic responses were recorded simultaneously. After step-transition test cessation, EPOCfast was recorded, and the first 10 min of the recovery period was used for further analysis. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after the end of exercise. RESULTS In response to moderate-intensity supine cycling ([Formula: see text]O2 = ~ 2.1 L·min-1), a decrease in spleen volume of ~ 35% (p = 0.001) was observed, resulting in a transient increase in red cell count of ~ 3-4% (p = 0.001) in mixed venous blood. In parallel, mean blood pressure, heart rate, and stroke volume increased by 30-100%, respectively. During recovery, mean τ[Formula: see text]O2 was 45 ± 18 s, the amplitude was 2.4 ± 0.5 L·min-1, and EPOCfast was 1.69 L·O2. Significant correlations were observed between the percent change in spleen volume and (i) EPOCfast (r = - 0.657, p = 0.008) and (ii) τ[Formula: see text]O2 (r = - 0.619, p = 0.008), but not between the change in spleen volume and (iii) [Formula: see text]O2 peak (r = 0.435, p = 0.105). CONCLUSION Apparently, during supine cycling, individuals with larger spleen emptying tend to have slower [Formula: see text] O2 recovery kinetics and a greater EPOCfast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Zubac
- Department 1 of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen, Bonn, Cologne, Düsseldorf, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
| | - Ante Obad
- University Department for Health Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Daniela Šupe-Domić
- University Department for Health Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirela Zec
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Center Split, Split, Croatia
| | | | | | - Zoran Valić
- School of Medicine, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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Is the maximal lactate steady state concept really relevant to predict endurance performance? Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2259-2269. [PMID: 35849182 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is no convincing evidence for the idea that a high power output at the maximal lactate steady state (PO_MLSS) and a high fraction of [Formula: see text]O2max at MLSS (%[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS) are decisive for endurance performance. We tested the hypotheses that (1) %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS is positively correlated with the ability to sustain a high fraction of [Formula: see text]O2max for a given competition duration (%[Formula: see text]O2_TT); (2) %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS improves the prediction of the average power output of a time trial (PO_TT) in addition to [Formula: see text]O2max and gross efficiency (GE); (3) PO_MLSS improves the prediction of PO_TT in addition to [Formula: see text]O2max and GE. METHODS Twenty-one recreationally active participants performed stepwise incremental tests on the first and final testing day to measure GE and check for potential test-related training effects in terms of changes in the minimal lactate equivalent power output (∆PO_LEmin), 30-min constant load tests to determine MLSS, a ramp test and verification bout for [Formula: see text]O2max, and 20-min time trials for %[Formula: see text]O2_TT and PO_TT. Hypothesis 1 was tested via bivariate and partial correlations between %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS and %[Formula: see text]O2_TT. Multiple regression models with [Formula: see text]O2max, GE, ∆PO_LEmin, and %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS (Hypothesis 2) or PO_MLSS instead of %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS (Hypothesis 3), respectively, as predictors, and PO_TT as the dependent variable were used to test the hypotheses. RESULTS %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS was not correlated with %[Formula: see text]O2_TT (r = 0.17, p = 0.583). Neither %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS (p = 0.424) nor PO_MLSS (p = 0.208) did improve the prediction of PO_TT in addition to [Formula: see text]O2max and GE. CONCLUSION These results challenge the assumption that PO_MLSS or %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS are independent predictors of supra-MLSS PO_TT and %[Formula: see text]O2_TT.
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Ketogenic Diet, Physical Activity, and Hypertension-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082567. [PMID: 34444726 PMCID: PMC8398985 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies link cardiovascular diseases (CVD) with unhealthy lifestyles (unhealthy dietary habits, alcohol consumption, smoking, and low levels of physical activity). Therefore, the strong need for CVD prevention may be pursued through an improved control of CVD risk factors (impaired lipid and glycemic profiles, high blood pressure, and obesity), which is achievable through an overall intervention aimed to favor a healthy lifestyle. Focusing on diet, different recommendations emphasize the need to increase or avoid consumption of entire classes of food, with only partly known and only partly foreseeable consequences on the overall level of health. In recent years, the ketogenic diet (KD) has been proposed to be an effective lifestyle intervention for metabolic syndrome, and although the beneficial effects on weight loss and glucose metabolism seems to be well established, the effects of a prolonged KD on the ability to perform different types of exercise and the influence of KD on blood pressure (BP) levels, both in normotensives and in hypertensives, are not so well understood. The objective of this review is to analyze, on the basis of current evidence, the relationship between KD, regular physical activity, and BP.
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The Oxygen Uptake Plateau-A Critical Review of the Frequently Misunderstood Phenomenon. Sports Med 2021; 51:1815-1834. [PMID: 33914281 PMCID: PMC8363556 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A flattening of the oxygen uptake–work rate relationship at severe exercise indicates the achievement of maximum oxygen uptake \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\left({\text{VO}}_{2\max } \right)$$\end{document}VO2max. Unfortunately, a distinct plateau \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\left( {{{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}} \right)$$\end{document}VO2pl at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2\max }$$\end{document}VO2maxis not found in all participants. The aim of this investigation was to critically review the influence of research methods and physiological factors on the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$\end{document}VO2pl incidence. It is shown that many studies used inappropriate definitions or methodical approaches to check for the occurrence of a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$\end{document}VO2pl. In contrast to the widespread assumptions it is unclear whether there is higher \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$\end{document}VO2pl incidence in (uphill) running compared to cycling exercise or in discontinuous compared to continuous incremental exercise tests. Furthermore, most studies that evaluated the validity of supramaximal verification phases, reported verification bout durations, which are too short to ensure that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2\max }$$\end{document}VO2max have been achieved by all participants. As a result, there is little evidence for a higher \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$\end{document}VO2pl incidence and a corresponding advantage for the diagnoses of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2\max }$$\end{document}VO2max when incremental tests are supplemented by supramaximal verification bouts. Preliminary evidence suggests that the occurrence of a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$\end{document}VO2pl in continuous incremental tests is determined by physiological factors like anaerobic capacity, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2}$$\end{document}VO2-kinetics and accumulation of metabolites in the submaximal intensity domain. Subsequent studies should take more attention to the use of valid \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2} {\text{pl}}$$\end{document}VO2pl definitions, which require a cut-off at ~ 50% of the submaximal \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2}$$\end{document}VO2 increase and rather large sampling intervals. Furthermore, if verification bouts are used to verify the achievement of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}VO2peak/\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\text{VO}}}_{2\max }$$\end{document}VO2max, it should be ensured that they can be sustained for sufficient durations.
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Costa VAB, Midgley AW, Carroll S, Astorino TA, de Paula T, Farinatti P, Cunha FA. Is a verification phase useful for confirming maximal oxygen uptake in apparently healthy adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247057. [PMID: 33596256 PMCID: PMC7888616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'verification phase' has emerged as a supplementary procedure to traditional maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) criteria to confirm that the highest possible VO2 has been attained during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). OBJECTIVE To compare the highest VO2 responses observed in different verification phase procedures with their preceding CPET for confirmation that VO2max was likely attained. METHODS MEDLINE (accessed through PubMed), Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane (accessed through Wiley) were searched for relevant studies that involved apparently healthy adults, VO2max determination by indirect calorimetry, and a CPET on a cycle ergometer or treadmill that incorporated an appended verification phase. RevMan 5.3 software was used to analyze the pooled effect of the CPET and verification phase on the highest mean VO2. Meta-analysis effect size calculations incorporated random-effects assumptions due to the diversity of experimental protocols employed. I2 was calculated to determine the heterogeneity of VO2 responses, and a funnel plot was used to check the risk of bias, within the mean VO2 responses from the primary studies. Subgroup analyses were used to test the moderator effects of sex, cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise modality, CPET protocol, and verification phase protocol. RESULTS Eighty studies were included in the systematic review (total sample of 1,680 participants; 473 women; age 19-68 yr.; VO2max 3.3 ± 1.4 L/min or 46.9 ± 12.1 mL·kg-1·min-1). The highest mean VO2 values attained in the CPET and verification phase were similar in the 54 studies that were meta-analyzed (mean difference = 0.03 [95% CI = -0.01 to 0.06] L/min, P = 0.15). Furthermore, the difference between the CPET and verification phase was not affected by any of the potential moderators such as verification phase intensity (P = 0.11), type of recovery utilized (P = 0.36), VO2max verification criterion adoption (P = 0.29), same or alternate day verification procedure (P = 0.21), verification-phase duration (P = 0.35), or even according to sex, cardiorespiratory fitness level, exercise modality, and CPET protocol (P = 0.18 to P = 0.71). The funnel plot indicated that there was no significant publication bias. CONCLUSIONS The verification phase seems a robust procedure to confirm that the highest possible VO2 has been attained during a ramp or continuous step-incremented CPET. However, given the high concordance between the highest mean VO2 achieved in the CPET and verification phase, findings from the current study would question its necessity in all testing circumstances. PROSPERO REGISTRATION ID CRD42019123540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. B. Costa
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adrian W. Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, England
| | - Sean Carroll
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, England
| | - Todd A. Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, California, United States of America
| | - Tainah de Paula
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinics of Hypertension and Associated Metabolic Diseases, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe A. Cunha
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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9
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Wagner J, Niemeyer M, Infanger D, Hinrichs T, Guerra C, Klenk C, Königstein K, Cajochen C, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Knaier R. Verification-phase tests show low reliability and add little value in determining [Formula: see text]O2max in young trained adults. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245306. [PMID: 33428687 PMCID: PMC7799856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared the robustness of a [Formula: see text]-plateau definition and a verification-phase protocol to day-to-day and diurnal variations in determining the true [Formula: see text]. Further, the additional value of a verification-phase was investigated. METHODS Eighteen adults performed six cardiorespiratory fitness tests at six different times of the day (diurnal variation) as well as a seventh test at the same time the sixth test took place (day-to-day variation). A verification-phase was performed immediately after each test, with a stepwise increase in intensity to 50%, 70%, and 105% of the peak power output. RESULTS Participants mean [Formula: see text] was 56 ± 8 mL/kg/min. Gwet's AC1 values (95% confidence intervals) for the day-to-day and diurnal variations were 0.64 (0.22, 1.00) and 0.71 (0.42, 0.99) for [Formula: see text]-plateau and for the verification-phase 0.69 (0.31, 1.00) and 0.07 (-0.38, 0.52), respectively. In 66% of the tests, performing the verification-phase added no value, while, in 32% and 2%, it added uncertain value and certain value, respectively, in the determination of [Formula: see text]. CONCLUSION Compared to [Formula: see text]-plateau the verification-phase shows lower reliability, increases costs and only adds certain value in 2% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wagner
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Max Niemeyer
- Department Medicine, Training and Health, Institute of Sport Science and Motologie, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Denis Infanger
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timo Hinrichs
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clement Guerra
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Klenk
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Königstein
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Raphael Knaier
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Iannetta D, de Almeida Azevedo R, Ingram CP, Keir DA, Murias JM. Evaluating the suitability of supra-PO peak verification trials after ramp-incremental exercise to confirm the attainment of maximum O 2 uptake. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R315-R322. [PMID: 32697652 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00126.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During exhaustive ramp-incremental cycling tests, the incidence of O2 uptake (V̇o2) plateaus is low. To verify the attainment of maximum V̇o2 (V̇o2max), it is recommended that a trial at a power output (PO) corresponding to 110% of the ramp-derived peak (POpeak) is performed. It remains unclear whether verification trials set at this PO can be tolerated for long enough to allow attainment of V̇o2max. Eleven recreationally trained individuals performed five ramp tests of varying slope (5, 10, 15, 25, and 30 W/min), each followed, in series, by two verification trials: the first at 110% POpeak of the 25 W/min ramp and the second at 110% POpeak attained in the preceding ramp test. Exercise duration of the first verification trial was on average 81 ± 15 s (CV = 9 ± 3%) versus 162 ± 32, 121 ± 24, 103 ± 15, and 73 ± 10 s for the second verification trials at 110% of POpeak of the 5, 10, 15, and 30 W/min ramp tests, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared with the highest V̇o2 recorded during ramp tests, V̇o2 from the subsequent verification trials was not different for the 5, 10, and 15 W/min ramp tests (P > 0.05) but was lower for the 25 and 30 W/min ramp tests (P < 0.05). Verification trials at 110% POpeak of rapidly incrementing ramp tests (i.e., 25 W/min) were not sustained for long enough to allow the attainment of V̇o2max. With commonly used rapidly incrementing ramp tests engendering exhaustion within 8-12 min, verification trials less than POpeak should be preferred as they can be sustained sufficiently long to allow the attainment of V̇o2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Iannetta
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | | | - Daniel A Keir
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Niemeyer M, Leithäuser R, Beneke R. Effect of intensive prior exercise on muscle fiber activation, oxygen uptake kinetics, and oxygen uptake plateau occurrence. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2019-2028. [PMID: 32594244 PMCID: PMC7419380 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We tested the hypothesis that the described increase in oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}}$$\end{document}V˙O2)-plateau incidence following a heavy-severe prior exercise is caused by a steeper increase in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}}$$\end{document}V˙O2 and muscle fiber activation in the submaximal intensity domain. Methods Twenty-one male participants performed a standard ramp test, a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{{\text{2max}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max verification bout, an unprimed ramp test with an individualized ramp slope and a primed ramp test with the same ramp slope, which was preceded by an intensive exercise at 50% of the difference between gas exchange threshold and maximum workload. Muscle fiber activation was recorded from vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and gastrocnemius medialis using a surface electromyography (EMG) device in a subgroup of 11 participants. Linear regression analyses were used to calculate the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}}$$\end{document}V˙O2-(\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\Delta \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}} /\Delta P$$\end{document}ΔV˙O2/ΔP) and EMG-(∆RMS/∆P) ramp test kinetics. Results Twenty out of the 21 participants confirmed their \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{{\text{2max}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max in the verification bout. The \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}}$$\end{document}V˙O2-plateau incidence in these participants did not differ between the unprimed (n = 8) and primed (n = 7) ramp test (p = 0.500). The \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\Delta \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}} /\Delta P$$\end{document}ΔV˙O2/ΔP was lower in the primed compared to the unprimed ramp test (9.40 ± 0.66 vs. 10.31 ± 0.67 ml min−1 W−1, p < 0.001), whereas the ∆RMS/∆P did not differ between the ramp tests (0.62 ± 0.15 vs. 0.66 ± 0.14% W−1; p = 0.744). Conclusion These findings do not support previous studies, which reported an increase in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}}$$\end{document}V˙O2-plateau incidence as well as steeper increases in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}}$$\end{document}V˙O2 and muscle fiber activation in the submaximal intensity domain following a heavy-severe prior exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Niemeyer
- Medizin, Training und Gesundheit, Institut für Sportwissenschaft und Motologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Jahnstr. 12, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Renate Leithäuser
- Medizin, Training und Gesundheit, Institut für Sportwissenschaft und Motologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Jahnstr. 12, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Beneke
- Medizin, Training und Gesundheit, Institut für Sportwissenschaft und Motologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Jahnstr. 12, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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12
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Oxygen uptake plateau: calculation artifact or physiological reality? Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:231-242. [PMID: 31748882 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether the oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) plateau at [Formula: see text] is simply a calculation artifact caused by the variability of [Formula: see text] or a clearly identifiable physiological event. METHODS Forty-six male participants performed an incremental ramp and a [Formula: see text] verification test. Variability of the difference between adjacent sampling intervals (difference) and of the slope of the [Formula: see text]-workload relationship (slope) in the submaximal intensity domain were calculated. Workload defined sampling intervals used for the calculation of the difference and slope were systematically increased from 20 to 100 W until the expected risk of false plateau diagnoses based on the Gaussian distribution function was lower than 5%. Overall, more than 1500 differences and slopes were analyzed. Subsequently, frequencies of plateau diagnoses in the submaximal and maximal intensity domains were compared. RESULTS Variability of the difference and slope decreased with increasing sampling interval (p < 0.001). At a sampling interval of 50 W, the predefined acceptable risk of false plateau diagnoses (≤ 5%) was achieved. At this sampling interval, the actual frequency (1.4%) of false-positive plateau diagnoses did not differ from the expected frequency in the submaximal intensity domain (1.6%; p = 0.491). In contrast, the actual frequency at maximal intensity (35.7%) was significantly higher compared to the submaximal intensity domain (p < 0.001) and even higher than the expected frequency of false-positive diagnoses (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The [Formula: see text] plateau at [Formula: see text] represents a physiological event and no calculation artifact caused by [Formula: see text] variability. However, detecting a [Formula: see text] plateau with sufficient certainty requires large sampling intervals.
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