1
|
Hashim N, Fischer NL, Kim EB, Yeung WJJ, Yu R. The influence of socioeconomic status and appearance-reality understanding on pre-schoolers' sharing and generosity. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 41:325-342. [PMID: 37114745 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Prosocial behaviour can be defined as any voluntary action that is performed to benefit another individual. Despite accumulating evidence of the importance of environmental variables (e.g., socioeconomic status; SES), and individual characteristics (e.g., theory of mind - ToM - skills), in influencing prosocial behaviours in young children, it is unknown how these factors relate to the underlying motivations for prosocial behaviours. Accordingly, both extrinsically (sharing) and intrinsically (generosity)-guided prosocial behaviours are measured in this study. We explore the influences of SES and ToM skills on young children's sharing behaviour and generosity, while controlling their age, working memory and language skills. Sixty-six 4- to 6 year olds (Mage = 5.24 years, SD = 0.73) from diverse SES (measured by parental education level) and ethnic backgrounds in Singapore completed tasks assessing the ToM measures of false belief and appearance-reality understanding, working memory, language skills, generosity, and sharing behaviour. The results of hierarchical regression analyses demonstrate that the father's education level and children's appearance-reality understanding were significant predictors of sharing, after controlling for age, working memory, language skills, and the mother's education level. Children's appearance-reality understanding was the sole predictor of children's generosity. Our findings highlight the impact of children's ability to hold different views of reality and their family's education levels on the development of sharing and generosity in early childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Hashim
- Centre for Family and Population Research, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Nastassja L Fischer
- Centre for Family and Population Research, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
- Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Elizabeth B Kim
- Centre for Family and Population Research, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
- Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Wei-Jun Jean Yeung
- Centre for Family and Population Research, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
- Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Centre for Family and Population Research, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
- Department of Management, Marketing, and Information Systems, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carlo G, Samper P, Malonda E, Mestre AL, Tur-Porcar AM, Mestre MV. Longitudinal paths between parents' use of rewards and young adolescents' moral traits and prosocial behaviors. J Adolesc 2022; 94:1096-1107. [PMID: 36000275 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although prior research shows supportive evidence that parental practices are associated with adolescents' prosocial behaviors, limited evidence exists on the effects of parents' use of social and material rewards on distinct forms of prosocial behaviors, and the mediating effects of sociocognitive and socioemotive traits in these relations. AIMS The present study was designed to examine the longitudinal relations among parents' use of social and material rewards, youth prosocial traits, and prosocial behaviors. MATERIALS & METHODS Participants were 417 adolescents (M age = 14.70 years; 225 girls) from Valencia, Spain who completed surveys on parents' use of social and material reward practices, prosocial moral reasoning, empathic concern, and six types of prosocial behaviors. RESULTS Path analyses showed that parents' use of social rewards was indirectly, positively related to emotional, dire, altruistic, public (negatively), and compliant prosocial behaviors via empathic concern. The use of social rewards was also indirectly positively linked to altruistic prosocial behaviors via both empathic concern and prosocial moral reasoning. In contrast, parents' use of material rewards predicted less prosocial moral reasoning, which in turn, was linked to more altruistic, prosocial behaviors. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The implications for parental socialization and self-determination theories of prosocial and moral development are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Carlo
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Paula Samper
- Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Malonda
- Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna L Mestre
- Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana M Tur-Porcar
- Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria V Mestre
- Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Children’s Self-Esteem and Attitudes toward Disability, Perceived Competence and Morality: The Indirect Effect of Cognitive Empathy. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9111705. [DOI: 10.3390/children9111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored children’s attitudes toward disability and the links with demographic factors (i.e., gender) and personal factors (i.e., empathy, sympathy, self-esteem). Our sample comprised 405 children aged 9 to 11 (M = 9.88, SD = 0.65, 47.4% males). First, we explored the links between self-esteem, empathy (cognitive and affective), and attitudes toward disability. Then, by using three scenarios involving a child in a wheelchair (Group 1), a child with an intellectual disability (Group 2), and a child with visual impairment (Group 3), we investigated the perceived competence and morality of these characters. The results suggested that cognitive empathy mediated the link between self-esteem and attitudes toward disability. Moreover, our data suggested that the character in a wheelchair (Group 1) received the highest scores regarding morality and competence, whereas the character with an intellectual disability (Group 2) received the lowest scores. We discuss the present findings regarding their practical implications for inclusive education strategies.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu F, Lee IC, Chang HL, Lin CP, Huang WH. Helping Others in Virtual Reality Increases Prosocial Self-understanding Among Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:1873-1885. [PMID: 35789320 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01652-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reflection on prosocial experiences may be helpful for adolescents highly attentive to their internal states (i.e., high private self-consciousness) to gain prosocial self-knowledge, yet adolescents with low private self-consciousness may not benefit from it. The current study proposed and examined that engaging in helping behavior would be beneficial for those with low private self-consciousness in self-understanding. Two experimental studies using immersive virtual environment technology were conducted to simulate helping situations. A total of 140 middle school students (n = 59, 47.5% female, Mage = 13.98, SD = 0.89, in Study 1; n = 81, 44.4% female, Mage = 15.31, SD = 1.18, in Study 2) completed the experiments. In both studies, adolescents engaging in helping behaviors identified themselves as more prosocial than those who did not engage in helping behaviors. In Study 2, adolescents' positive prosocial self-concept would increase more through engaging in prosocial behavior than by reflecting on past prosocial experiences. Furthermore, adolescents with high private self-consciousness can gain self-understanding both from self-reflection and engaging in prosocial behavior, whereas adolescents with low private self-consciousness benefit only from engaging in prosocial behavior. The findings suggest the need to consider individual differences and adopt appropriate ways of self-understanding when assisting adolescents' prosocial self-formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hu
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, No. 64, Sec.2, Zhinan Rd., Wenshan District, Taipei, 11605, Taiwan ROC
| | - I-Ching Lee
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Rd., Daan District, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan ROC.
| | - Han-Lin Chang
- Department of Business Administration, Fu Jen Catholic University, No. 510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang District, New Taipei, 24205, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chin-Ping Lin
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, No. 64, Sec.2, Zhinan Rd., Wenshan District, Taipei, 11605, Taiwan ROC
| | - Wen-Hao Huang
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, No. 64, Sec.2, Zhinan Rd., Wenshan District, Taipei, 11605, Taiwan ROC
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li S, Hao J. Are Adolescents With Higher Self-Esteem More Prosocial? Exploring the Moderating Effect of Self-Compassion in Different Genders. J Genet Psychol 2022; 183:364-380. [PMID: 35763492 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2022.2083937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed a positive relationship between self-esteem and prosocial behavior. Based on social mentality theory, the authors propose that self-compassion as a self-soothing system moderates the relationship in adolescents girls and not in adolescent boys. A total of 540 adolescents from 12 to 14 years old completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Self-Compassion Scale, and Prosocial Tendencies Measure. The results showed that both self-esteem and self-compassion were positively correlated with prosocial behavior, self-compassion moderated the relationship between self-esteem and altruistic or anonymous prosocial behavior, and self-compassion moderated the relationship between self-esteem and dire prosocial behavior and the moderating effect was moderated by gender. In conclusion, the present study indicates that self-esteem and self-compassion, as two important aspects of the self, are beneficial to prosocial behavior in adolescence. Self-compassion strengthens the relationship between self-esteem and specific prosocial behavior, especially for adolescent girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Considering the Role of Empathy in the Links Between Discrimination and Prosocial Behaviors. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-022-09406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Yin Y, Wang Y. Is empathy associated with more prosocial behaviour? A meta‐analysis. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- The Research Center for Psychological Education University of International Relations Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chocho-Orellana ÁX, Samper-García P, Malonda-Vidal E, Llorca-Mestre A, Zarco-Alpuente A, Mestre-Escrivá V. Psychosocial Effects of COVID-19 in the Ecuadorian and Spanish Populations: A Cross-Cultural Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:803290. [PMID: 35572278 PMCID: PMC9099241 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.803290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The world's population is currently overcoming one of the worst pandemics, and the psychological and social effects of this are becoming more apparent. We will present an analysis of the psychosocial effects of COVID-19: first, a cross-sectional study in an Ecuadorian sample (n = 301) and second, a comparative study between two samples from the Ecuadorian and Spanish populations (n = 83 each one). Participants completed an online survey to (1) describe how they felt (depression, anxiety, and stress) before and after confinement; (2) analyze which emotional and behavioral variables predict depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress perceived after the confinement; (3) carry out a comparative study in a sample of Ecuadorian and Spanish surveys. Results indicate, first, that Ecuadorians experience significantly more depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress after confinement. Second, variables which predict depressive symptoms and anxiety are greater public prosocial tendency, less stress as a challenge, and greater stress as a threat, as well as an empathetic tendency that implies greater emotional regulation. Experienced stress after confinement was predicted by a greater public prosocial tendency, as well as an empathetic tendency. Finally, scores for depression, anxiety, and stress are higher after confinement in both countries. However, results reveal the similarity of the psychosocial effects that are being experienced, regardless of the country, and the differences in the variables that can help explain these effects. This can contribute to the constitution of intervention plans which aim to soften and alleviate the effects produced by a situation such as that experienced with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Ximena Chocho-Orellana
- Department Educational Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Letters and Educational Sciences, University of Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Paula Samper-García
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Paula Samper-García
| | - Elisabeth Malonda-Vidal
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Llorca-Mestre
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Zarco-Alpuente
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicenta Mestre-Escrivá
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu D, Geldhof GJ, Buckingham M, Gonçalves C, Yang PJ, Michaelson LE, Berg J, Ni Y, Lerner RM. “Today, I cared about how a classmate felt”: Fluctuations in empathy are linked to daily mood in adolescence. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Current understanding of developmental changes in adolescent perspective taking. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 45:101308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Babik I, Gardner ES. Factors Affecting the Perception of Disability: A Developmental Perspective. Front Psychol 2021; 12:702166. [PMID: 34234730 PMCID: PMC8255380 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of disability is an important construct affecting not only the well-being of individuals with disabilities, but also the moral compass of the society. Negative attitudes toward disability disempower individuals with disabilities and lead to their social exclusion and isolation. By contrast, a healthy society encourages positive attitudes toward individuals with disabilities and promotes social inclusion. The current review explored disability perception in the light of the in-group vs. out-group dichotomy, since individuals with disabilities may be perceived as a special case of out-group. We implemented a developmental approach to study perception of disability from early age into adolescence while exploring cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of children’s attitudes. Potential factors influencing perception of disability were considered at the level of society, family and school environment, and the individual. Better understanding of factors influencing the development of disability perception would allow the design of effective interventions to improve children’s attitudes toward peers with disabilities, reduce intergroup biases, and promote social inclusion. Based on previous research in social and developmental psychology, education, and anthropology, we proposed an integrative model that provides a conceptual framework for understanding the development of disability perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Babik
- Department of Psychological Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Elena S Gardner
- Department of Psychological Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zahra ST, Saleem S, Subhan S, Mahmood Z. Interpersonal skills scale: Development and validation in urbanized sample of adolescents. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayyeda Taskeen Zahra
- Institute of Clinical Psychology University of Management and Technology Lahore Pakistan
| | - Sadia Saleem
- Institute of Clinical Psychology University of Management and Technology Lahore Pakistan
| | - Sara Subhan
- Institute of Clinical Psychology University of Management and Technology Lahore Pakistan
| | - Zahid Mahmood
- Institute of Clinical Psychology University of Management and Technology Lahore Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moral perfectionism and online prosocial behavior: The mediating role of moral identity and the moderating role of online interpersonal trust. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|