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De Coen J, Goossens L, Bosmans G, Debra G, Verbeken S. Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating symptoms in children's daily life: Can parents protect against appearance comparison on social media? Body Image 2024; 48:101647. [PMID: 38006679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that body dissatisfaction is common among children. However, it remains largely unknown how body dissatisfaction occurs on a daily basis and which environmental factors are linked to this. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) state body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, compensatory exercise and loss of control eating among children and its association with upward comparisons via social media and (2) whether trust in parents may attenuate this association. Children from 10 to 12 years old (N = 50) were assessed three times a day during a two-week period. Trust was examined via a baseline questionnaire. State body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, compensatory exercise, loss of control eating and upward comparisons were examined via Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). Multilevel analyses indicated that an a higher level of upward comparison is associated with a higher level of state body dissatisfaction, compensatory exercise and loss of control eating. Trust in father significantly moderated the association between appearance comparison and body dissatisfaction. No evidence was found for the protective role of trust in mother. Future research is necessary to enhance our understanding of state body dissatisfaction among children and of environmental factors that may protect children from the adverse effects of social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien De Coen
- Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lien Goossens
- Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Bosmans
- University of Leuven, Research Unit Clinical Psychology, Tiensestraat 102 - box 3720, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gillian Debra
- Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verbeken
- Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Kaurin A, Pilkonis PA, Wright AGC. Attachment Manifestations in Daily Interpersonal Interactions. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:546-558. [PMID: 36381494 PMCID: PMC9537404 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The predominant focus in attachment research on trait-like individual differences has overshadowed investigation of the ways in which working models of attachment represent dynamic, interpersonally responsive socio-affective systems. Intensive longitudinal designs extend previous work by evaluating to what extent attachment varies over social interactions and the functional processes that underlie its fluctuation. We examined momentary activation of attachment orientations in the stream of peoples' daily lives and how those patterns were linked to interpersonal behavior. Based on an event-contingent, ambulatory 7-day assessment protocol (N=263; 3,971 interactions) operationalized using Contemporary Integrative Interpersonal Theory, we examined whether contextually activated working models accounted for patterns of interpersonal (anti-)complementarity. Our analyses revealed that the situational activation of working models varied as a function of interpersonal perceptions of warmth, which were linked to greater state security and lower levels of anxious or avoidant expectations. These reactivity patterns, in turn, accounted for interpersonal complementarity. Avoidant attachment was linked to diminished and secure attachment to enhanced expressions of warmth. The analyses were robust even when controlling for momentary positive and negative affect and closeness of the relationship. Attachment expectations wax and wane across daily social interactions, and such fluctuations are reflective primarily of a process in which perceptions of others' warmth activate secure attachment expectations and lower insecure ones. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-022-00117-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kaurin
- Faculty of Health/School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 44, 58455 Witten, Germany
| | - Paul A Pilkonis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Hornstra R, Dekkers TJ, Bosmans G, van den Hoofdakker B, van der Oord S. Attachment Representation Moderates the Effectiveness of Behavioral Parent Training Techniques for Children with ADHD: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Microtrial. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1151-1164. [PMID: 35362776 PMCID: PMC9525431 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral parent training is an evidence-based intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but knowledge on the differential effects of behavioral techniques for specific subgroups of children is very limited. Attachment representations of children with ADHD may affect how receptive children are to changes in parenting. In this study, we investigated whether specific behavioral techniques were more or less effective for children with ADHD in relation to their attachment representations. We included parents of 74 children with ADHD (4-11 years, M = 8.15) who took part in a larger randomized controlled microtrial in which they were randomized to a two session training in antecedent-based techniques (i.e., stimulus control techniques: rules, instructions; n = 26), a two session training in consequent-based techniques (i.e., contingency management techniques: praise, rewards, ignoring; n = 25) or a waitlist control condition (n = 23). We examined whether attachment representation moderated the effectiveness of a) training versus waitlist, and b) antecedent- versus consequent-based techniques. Attachment representations were measured with a story stem task, the intervention outcome was daily parent-rated problem behaviors of the children. Attachment representation did not moderate the effects of the training compared to the waitlist. However, compared to antecedent-based techniques, consequent-based techniques were less effective for more securely and less disorganized attached children, and particularly effective for more disorganized attached children. This was the first study examining attachment as a moderator of behavioral techniques for ADHD. If replicated, the findings of this study can be used for treatment development and tailoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Hornstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
- Accare Child Study Center, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tycho J Dekkers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Accare Child Study Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Levvel, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guy Bosmans
- Department of Clinical Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara van den Hoofdakker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Accare Child Study Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia van der Oord
- Department of Clinical Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Abstract
The current study explored dynamics of secure state attachment expectations in everyday life in middle childhood, specifically state attachment carry-over and reactivity to experiences of caregiver support in the context of stress. In two independent samples (one community sample, N = 123; one adoption sample, N = 69), children (8–12 years) daily reported on their state attachment for respectively 14 and 7 consecutive days. Additionally, they reported daily on their experiences of distress and subsequent experiences of caregiver support. Results in both samples indicated that secure state attachment on a day-to-day basis is characterized by a significant positive carry-over effect, suggesting that state attachment fluctuations are (partially) self-predictive. In Study 1, experiencing no support following distress significantly related to intraindividual decreases in secure state attachment; in Study 2, experiencing effective support during distress related to intra-individual increases in secure state attachment. Taken together, the current studies provide novel and important insights into how state attachment temporally evolves on a day-to-day basis in middle childhood.
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State Attachment Variability: Between- and within-Person Level Associations with Trait Attachment and Psychological Problems. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101264. [PMID: 34679330 PMCID: PMC8533933 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that inter-individual differences in the degree of state attachment variability are related to differences in trait attachment and psychological problems between children. In this study, we tested whether such associations are also relevant at a within-person level, and if so, whether intra-individual fluctuations in the degree of variability were predictive of or predicted by intra-individual fluctuations in trait attachment and psychological problems. Children (N = 152; Mage = 10.41 years, SDage = 0.60 at time 1) were tested three times over a period of one year. At each timepoint, children reported on their expectations of maternal support in different distressing situations. Additionally, we administered measures of trait attachment to children and psychological problems to children and their mothers. We used Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models to distinguish between-person from within-person associations between these constructs over time. The results revealed that the degree of state attachment variability was mainly relevant to understand differences between children in trait attachment and psychological problems: children who overall showed more state attachment variability were overall less securely attached at a trait-level and reported more psychological problems. Although evidence for within-person associations was less robust, there was some indication that the degree of state attachment variability might be related to the development of trust and psychological problems at a within-person level.
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Dagan O, Groh AM, Madigan S, Bernard K. A Lifespan Development Theory of Insecure Attachment and Internalizing Symptoms: Integrating Meta-Analytic Evidence via a Testable Evolutionary Mis/Match Hypothesis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091226. [PMID: 34573246 PMCID: PMC8469853 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment scholars have long argued that insecure attachment patterns are associated with vulnerability to internalizing symptoms, such as depression and anxiety symptoms. However, accumulating evidence from the past four decades, summarized in four large meta-analyses evaluating the link between insecure attachment subtypes and internalizing symptoms, provide divergent evidence for this claim. This divergent evidence may be accounted for, at least in part, by the developmental period under examination. Specifically, children with histories of deactivating (i.e., insecure/avoidant) but not hyperactivating (i.e., insecure/resistant) attachment patterns in infancy and early childhood showed elevated internalizing symptoms. In contrast, adolescents and adults with hyperactivating (i.e., insecure/preoccupied) but not deactivating (i.e., insecure/dismissing) attachment classifications showed elevated internalizing symptoms. In this paper, we summarize findings from four large meta-analyses and highlight the divergent meta-analytic findings that emerge across different developmental periods. We first present several potential methodological issues that may have contributed to these divergent findings. Then, we leverage clinical, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives to propose a testable lifespan development theory of attachment and internalizing symptoms that integrates findings across meta-analyses. According to this theory, subtypes of insecure attachment patterns may be differentially linked to internalizing symptoms depending on their mis/match with the developmentally appropriate orientation tendency toward caregivers (in childhood) or away from them (i.e., toward greater independence in post-childhood). Lastly, we offer future research directions to test this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Dagan
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashley M. Groh
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Sheri Madigan
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada;
| | - Kristin Bernard
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
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Bosmans G, Verschueren K, Cuyvers B, Minnis H. Current Perspectives on the Management of Reactive Attachment Disorder in Early Education. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:1235-1246. [PMID: 33376419 PMCID: PMC7755333 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s264148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) have special educational needs that are challenging for teachers in early education. In the current contribution, we will discuss a large body of research suggesting that stimulating these children's attachment development is feasible for teachers and potentially a successful strategy to ensure that these children thrive better in the classroom and socially. The current overview discusses research and theory on RAD and RAD treatment and results in the formulation of specific recommendations for the successful management of children with RAD in the classroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Bosmans
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karine Verschueren
- Department of School Psychology and Development in Context, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bien Cuyvers
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Helen Minnis
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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Arbel R, Smiley PA, Borelli JL. Charting the physiological time course of help-seeking during late childhood: Patterns of individual difference. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 201:104989. [PMID: 33002650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored whether variability in children's physiological reactivity-respiratory sinus arrhythmia and electrodermal activity-predict concurrent and subsequent levels of children's observed help-seeking (HS) from their mothers during a failure task. In addition, we tested whether children's perceptions of maternal positivity pre-task (CPMP) and children's fearful temperament moderate these effects. In a community sample of 101 mother-child dyads, children (8-12 years of age) underwent a repeated failure task while their respiratory sinus arrythmia and electrodermal activity were monitored; their HS behaviors were later coded. Multilevel path analyses indicated that high-fearful children increased their HS at the same time as and following increased physiological reactivity regardless of CPMP pre-task. Low-fearful children showed increases in HS at the same time as and following increased physiological reactivity only when they perceived their mothers' affect to be positive. This study demonstrates children's individual differences in the physiological underpinning of time-linked HS behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reout Arbel
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
| | | | - Jessica L Borelli
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Verhees MWFT, Ceulemans E, IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans‐Kranenburg MJ, Bosmans G. State attachment variability across distressing situations in middle childhood. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Ceulemans
- Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences Research Unit KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Marinus H. IJzendoorn
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies Erasmus University Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Primary Care Unit, School of Clinical Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | - Guy Bosmans
- Parenting and Special Education Research Unit KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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