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Kretschmer T, van der Ploeg R, Kaufman T. Peer victimization in early adolescence and maladjustment in adulthood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02532-5. [PMID: 39073497 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Studies report different effect sizes for associations between peer victimization and later maladjustment. A possible origin of this heterogeneity is the length of the interval between victimization and maladjustment assessments. Effect sizes might also vary as a function of reporter. Longitudinal data from TRAILS, a study of adolescents followed from age 11 to 29 (baseline n = 2229) were used to test whether peer victimization assessed from adolescents themselves, their parents, teachers, and peers predicted internalizing symptoms, thought problems, and somatic complaints at six follow-ups with a temporal distance of up to 19 years. Neither self- nor peer-reported victimization predicted later maladjustment. In contrast, parent-reported victimization stably predicted adult maladjustment. Teacher-reported victimization also predicted maladjustment but associations were weaker and largely non-significant when parent reports were accounted for simultaneously. Parent-reported peer victimization has traditionally played a minor role in bullying research as parents are usually not present when victimization occurs. The results of this study however suggest that parents should be listened to when talking about their offspring being victimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kretschmer
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Rozenstraat 38, 9713TJ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rozemarijn van der Ploeg
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Rozenstraat 38, 9713TJ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Franzen M, van Duijn MAJ, de Jong PJ, Veenstra R, Aan Het Rot M. How do victims of bullying develop depression? Testing interpersonal style to explain the victimization-depression link. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024. [PMID: 39044317 DOI: 10.1111/jora.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
This study tested to what extent the relation between bullying victimization and future symptoms of depression could be explained by victims being more hostile and less assertive than non-involved individuals. Data came from waves 2-4 of the Dutch TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Participants' bullying experiences were assessed at age 13, interpersonal style at age 16, and depression symptoms at age 19. Mediation analyses were performed primarily on 274 self-reported victims and 1498 non-involved peers. Self-reported victims had an increased risk for depression symptoms. About a third of that risk could be explained by victims' hostile style, which was also higher than those of non-involved peers. Although victims also reported lower levels of assertiveness than non-involved peers, this interpersonal style did not mediate the link between bullying victimization and depression. Our findings suggest that high hostility, but not low assertiveness, partly explains the increased depression risk of self-reported victims. Therefore, interventions could focus on addressing hostility, to help reduce the likelihood that adolescents who have experienced bullying victimization will have more interpersonal conflicts and mental health problems in the future. Supplementary materials also include analyses for bullies and bully-victims, and for peer-reported measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minita Franzen
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J de Jong
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - René Veenstra
- Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Aan Het Rot
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Salazar Flórez JE, Humberto Montoya W, Giraldo Cardona LS. Risk Factors Associated With Bullying in Context of a Territory Exposed to Armed Conflict: A Cross-sectional Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:2552-2575. [PMID: 38149609 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231220026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
School violence and bullying are current and problematic events during adolescence. They are likely to have a marked presence in places highly exposed to armed conflict and violent environments, representing a double public health problem. The study aims to estimate the prevalence of different types of school violence perpetrated and experienced by school adolescents in a community with a history of exposure to armed conflict. Two thousand one hundred eighty-five school adolescents from a municipality in Colombia (males = 54.1%, 14-16 years = 38.6%) participated in the study. Nine educational institutions were included. A systematic random sampling was designed, with a proportional allocation of 35% within each school year from sixth to eleventh grade. The School Coexistence and Circumstances Affecting it-ECECA survey was applied. The prevalence and risks of bully and bullying were estimated. RRa were calculated with the 95% confidence interval adjusted for the other confounding variables. Analyses were constructed from generalized linear models, under the Poisson family and a logarithmic link function. We found a 9.3% of bullying victimization and a 3.5% prevalence of bully. A higher risk of bully was found among males, persons between 10 and 14 years of age, residents of rural or urban dispersed areas, residents of violent neighborhoods, alcohol consumers at school, and victims of aggression in childhood (RRa > 1.0, p-values <.05). The risk of victimization of bullying was higher in students younger than 15 years old, as residents of urban areas, having a history of childhood aggression, suffering abuse by a close person, and as alcohol users at school. This study provides evidence of risk factors for aggression and bullying that have implications for possible prevention measures in multiple social domains, including the individual, the family, and the school environment.
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Heitmann AJ, Valla L, Albertini Früh E, Kvarme LG. A Path to Inclusiveness - Peer Support Groups as a Resource for Change. J Sch Nurs 2024; 40:285-294. [PMID: 35287497 PMCID: PMC11095054 DOI: 10.1177/10598405221085183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Being bullied is associated with anxiety, depression symptoms, and long-term negative health outcomes. The aim of this qualitative pilotstudy was to explore bullied children's experiences of support groups and how participating in a group affected the children. The sample consisted of 24 children aged 11-13 years. Four of them were bullied, while 20 participated in support groups. Individual and focus group interviews were conducted. The main theme identified was that support groups provide an opportunity for change and can help children to be included among peers. The changes were achieved through encouragement and support from peers. The children participating in the support groups reported a feeling of being selected. The groups provided fellowship, and an opportunity for change. Both getting support from and being part of a support group contributed to inclusion, strength, and valuable experiences. The findings suggest that a systemic approach to bullying is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisbeth Valla
- Oslo Metropolitan University, Pilestredet 32, N-0167, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Lisbeth G Kvarme
- Oslo Metropolitan University, Pilestredet 32, N-0167, Oslo, Norway
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Polanco C, Paskewich BS, Leff SS, Waasdorp TE. Relational Peer Victimization as a Predictor of Academic Engagement. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2023; 32:1882-1894. [PMID: 37484688 PMCID: PMC10361692 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-022-02470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Peer victimization can be detrimental to youth. This study examines a particular type of peer victimization, relational peer victimization, and its effect on students' engagement in the classroom. We specifically investigate the longitudinal relationship between relational peer victimization and academic engagement in a sample of 204 Black 3rd through 5th grade elementary school students by utilizing multiple informants: students and their parents reported on relational peer victimization, and teachers reported on students' academic engagement. Our findings showed convergence between student and parent reports of relational peer victimization and revealed that experiencing relational peer victimization during the beginning of the school year (fall) negatively predicts teacher reported academic engagement towards the end of the school year (spring). Our study suggests that relational peer victimization is a critical issue that educators and researchers should consider when trying to foster academic engagement. There is also a need for further research regarding the role that families play in providing support to Black relationally victimized youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Polanco
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Delaware, 111 Alison Hall West, 19716 Newark, DE, USA
- Center for Violence Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, 19104 Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brooke S. Paskewich
- Center for Violence Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, 19104 Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen S. Leff
- Center for Violence Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, 19104 Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tracy E. Waasdorp
- Center for Violence Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, 19104 Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Andrews NCZ, Cillessen AHN, Craig W, Dane AV, Volk AA. Bullying and the Abuse of Power. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BULLYING PREVENTION : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL BULLYING PREVENTION ASSOCIATION 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37361638 PMCID: PMC10112998 DOI: 10.1007/s42380-023-00170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Dan Olweus pioneered research on school bullying and identified the importance of, and risk factors associated with, bullying and victimization. In this paper, we conduct a narrative review of the critical notion of power within bullying. Specifically, we discuss Olweus's definition of bullying and the role of a power imbalance in distinguishing bullying behavior from other forms of aggression. Next, we discuss the changing nature of research on aggression (and the adaptiveness of aggression) throughout the years, the important role of power in these changes, and how the concept of power in relationships has helped elucidate the developmental origins of bullying. We discuss bullying interventions and the potential opportunities for interventions to reduce bullying by making conditions for bullying less favorable and beneficial. Finally, we discuss bullying and the abuse of power that extends beyond the school context and emerges within families, workplaces, and governments. By recognizing and defining school bullying as an abuse of power and a violation of human rights, Olweus has laid the foundation and created the impetus for researching and addressing bullying. This review highlights the importance of examining abuses of power not only in school relationships, but across human relationships and society in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C. Z. Andrews
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada
| | - Antonius H. N. Cillessen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Radboud University, Houtlaan 4, Nijmegen, 6525 XZ The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Craig
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Humphrey Hall, 62 Arch Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Andrew V. Dane
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada
| | - Anthony A. Volk
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1 Canada
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Wiertsema M, Vrijen C, van der Ploeg R, Sentse M, Kretschmer T. Bullying perpetration and social status in the peer group: A meta-analysis. J Adolesc 2023; 95:34-55. [PMID: 36281722 PMCID: PMC10092515 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Associations between bullying perpetration and social status vary, not only between different facets of social status but also between bullying in primary versus secondary school. The main aim of the present study was to meta-analyse existing evidence regarding the prospective associations between bullying perpetration and various facets of social status, that is, popularity, peer acceptance, peer rejection, and social preference. METHODS Electronic databases were searched to identify studies on bullying perpetration and later social status published up to January 17, 2022. Multilevel random effects models were performed using Metafor and differences in effect sizes as a function of substantive and methodological moderators were tested. RESULTS In total, 116 effects were included from 18 publications, reporting on 17 different samples and more than 15,000 participants (mean age bullying assessment = 11.57 years, on average 51% female participants). Most samples were from the United States (7) or Europe (7). Overall, bullies were more popular, but also more rejected and scored lower on social preference compared with non-bullies. These associations remained when effects were adjusted for previous social status and other confounders. No link between bullying perpetration and acceptance was found. There was little evidence that effect sizes differed as a function of moderators. CONCLUSIONS Bullies become more popular over time, but also have a higher risk of being rejected and being less socially preferred. Bullying perpetrators are more popular but also more rejected by their peers. There is no evidence that these links differ depending on sex or age at which perpetrators bully, reporter or type of bullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wiertsema
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Charlotte Vrijen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | | | - Miranda Sentse
- Institute of Criminal Law and CriminologyLeiden UniversityLeidenNetherlands
| | - Tina Kretschmer
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenNetherlands
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Espelage DL, Ingram KM, Hong JS, Merrin GJ. Bullying as a Developmental Precursor to Sexual and Dating Violence Across Adolescence: Decade in Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:1358-1370. [PMID: 34519239 PMCID: PMC9425722 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211043811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent bullying continues to be a major focus of scholarship across the globe. This article reviews research from 2010 to 2021 with a particular focus on longitudinal studies of the bully-sexual violence pathway (BSVP), where bullying serves as a precursor for sexual violence (SV) (e.g., sexual harassment, sexual coercion, and sexual assault) and teen dating violence via individual and socio-contextual mediators. Articles reviewed consisted of a total of 505, which included 17 meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Databases used for the search were Academic Search Complete, Education Full Text (H. W. Wilson), ERIC, National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts, PsycINFO, PubMed (Medline), and Social Sciences Abstracts (H. W. Wilson). In total, 107 peer-reviewed articles were included in this review. Potential mechanisms underlying the BSVP include social dominance orientation, exposure to sexual education, and alcohol use. Several school-based intervention approaches have evidenced marginal success in reducing rates of bullying and SV by targeting factors undergirding both behaviors. The efficacy of international prevention approaches is summarized. Gaps in the literature are identified and future research is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy L. Espelage
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Dorothy L. Espelage, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 103 Cameron Ave, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Kretschmer T, la Roi C, van der Ploeg R, Veenstra R. Benefits of Bullying? A Test of the Evolutionary Hypothesis in Three Cohorts. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:1178-1193. [PMID: 34448280 PMCID: PMC9545478 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent work on bullying perpetration includes the hypothesis that bullying carries an evolutionary advantage for perpetrators in terms of health and reproductive success. We tested this hypothesis in the National Child Development Study (n = 4998 male, n = 4831 female), British Cohort Study 1970 (n = 4261 male, n = 4432 female), and TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (n = 486 male, n = 521 female), where bullying was assessed in adolescence (NCDS, BCS70: age 16, TRAILS: age 14) and outcomes in adulthood. Partial support for the evolutionary hypothesis was found as bullies had more children in NCDS and engaged in sexual intercourse earlier in TRAILS. In contrast, bullies reported worse health in NCDS and BCS70.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaïm la Roi
- Institute for Future Studies & Swedish Institute for Social Research
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Veenstra R, Lodder GMA. On the microfoundations of the link between classroom social norms and behavioral development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/01650254221100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on the link between social norms and behavioral development as presented in research on norms regarding bullying and aggression. The aim is to present a conceptual framework for how classroom norms may explain children’s decisions to defend others or refrain from defending. Norms emerge from group consensus about what is appropriate in given social circumstances, and can also shape, constrain, and redirect behavior at the individual level. The study of norms has gained much attraction in peer relation research, and has turned attention to group-level processes, often defined at the classroom level, which create and sustain shared meanings that impact behavioral and social adjustment. Norm conformity, pluralistic ignorance, and power balance are presented as potential micro-level mechanisms for the link between classroom popularity (or rejection) norms and defending behavior. Directions for further research are discussed, including the need to assess and test the microfoundations directly, examine gender-specific versus common norms, focus on competing classroom norms, test developmental effects of norms, examine the impact of teachers on social norms, and pay attention to the influence of personal norms.
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Feng T, Wang X, Chen Q, Liu X, Yang L, Liu S, Zhang Y. Sympathy and active defending behaviors among Chinese adolescent bystanders: A moderated mediation model of attitude toward bullying and school connectedness. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
| | - Qiuxu Chen
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
| | - Xingchang Liu
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
| | - Lihong Yang
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
| | - Simeng Liu
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
| | - Yuchi Zhang
- Department of Educational Technology, School of Smart Education Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Educational Informatization Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou China
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