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Werner KM, Berkman ET. Motivational dynamics of self-control. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 59:101859. [PMID: 39173561 PMCID: PMC11423838 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
How people respond to desires varies substantially across time and situations. Building on recent theoretical developments, we propose that motivation plays a central role in the dynamics of self-control as it unfolds across time. We illustrate the role of motivation in self-control by highlighting evidence that pursuing goals for intrinsic (vs. extrinsic) reasons plays a key role in shaping when and how people engage in self-control in service to their goals. We then expand this framework by outlining several promising directions for future research, specifically emphasizing the dynamic interplay between motivation and self-control at various stages in the regulation process. Ultimately, we posit that motivation is a key factor in helping people flexibly regulate desires in accordance with situational demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Werner
- Department of Psychology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon, USA.
| | - Elliot T Berkman
- Department of Psychology and Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon, USA
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2
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Camp N, Vagnetti R, Penner S, Ramos C, Hunter K, Hough J, Magistro D. It Is Not Just a Matter of Motivation: The Role of Self-Control in Promoting Physical Activity in Older Adults-A Bayesian Mediation Model. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1663. [PMID: 39201220 PMCID: PMC11353447 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12161663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to understand how psychological factors affect regular exercise in older adults, hypothesising that trait self-control mediates the relationship between motivation types (intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation) and exercise time. In this cross-sectional study, 430 older adults (mean age = 68.8 ± 6.72) completed questionnaires regarding their perceived trait self-control, motivation towards leisure activities, and level of physical activity. A Bayesian mediation analysis was performed, controlling for demographics. We documented positive direct (c' = 0.021, 95%CI [0.001, 0.043]) and indirect (ab = 0.028, 95%CI [0.014, 0.043]) effects of intrinsic motivation on exercise, a fully mediated indirect effect of extrinsic motivation on exercise (ab = 0.027, 95%CI [0.011, 0.046]), and negative direct (c' = -0.281, 95%CI [-0.368, -0.194]) and indirect (ab = -0.161, 95%CI [-0.221, -0.105]) effects of amotivation on exercise. There was no direct association between extrinsic motivation and exercise (c' = 0.013, 95% CI [-0.013, 0.037]). In conclusion, trait self-control mediates motivation to influence exercise behaviour in older adults. Intrinsically motivated individuals resist sedentary living and show higher self-control, while extrinsically motivated ones rely on self-control and are more susceptible to non-adherence during mental fatigue. High amotivation is linked to less exercise and reduced self-control, suggesting potential non-compliance with structured exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniele Magistro
- Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (N.C.); (R.V.); (S.P.); (C.R.); (K.H.); (J.H.)
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3
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Dreyer JO, Brandt AC, Lichtenstein S, Sina C, Smollich M. Impacts of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the dietary practices of university students in Germany. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1302308. [PMID: 38524854 PMCID: PMC10957756 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1302308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The dietary practices (DPs) of university students are influenced by many external factors. Therefore, we investigate how the DPs of students in Germany changed during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, what the main motivations were for those changes, and what effect the closure of university catering had on the DPs of students. Methods A total of 560 students from two universities in Lübeck (Germany) were surveyed online during a pilot phase. The final online questionnaire was subsequently administered at 10 other German universities (399 respondents). The questionnaire surveyed sociodemographic factors, dietary habits, food consumption frequencies, and the relevance of university catering before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Results Regarding changes in DPs, similarities to previous studies were found, especially positive eating behaviors and an increasing interest in health- and nutrition-related sustainability. Students prepared meals freshly more often during the pandemic; consumed legumes, plant-based meats and dairy alternatives more often; and reduced their consumption of meat and milk compared to before the pandemic. The consumption frequency of sweets also decreased. It was observed that students consider eating communal in the university canteen to be highly relevant for their social interactions, which was only possible to a limited extent during the pandemic. Conclusion In Germany, the DPs of university students as well as criteria regarding health and sustainability changed during the first 2 years of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The social aspect of DPs became evident due to closed university catering. Still, changes in dietary patterns and eating habits were positively related to health and revealed some differences in the cross section of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lüebeck, Germany
| | - Martin Smollich
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lüebeck, Germany
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4
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Irvin RL, Wu D, Fetterman AK, Robinson MD. Heads of Worry, Hearts of Joy: Daily Diary Investigations of Self-Location and Well-Being. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:744-756. [PMID: 38156254 PMCID: PMC10751275 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
When people are asked to locate the self, they frequently choose the head and heart regions of the body. These bodily regions, in turn, are linked to an extensive set of metaphors, including those that conceptualize the heart as the locus of authenticity, love, and passion. Based on such considerations as well as frameworks within the self and well-being literatures, four samples of participants in three studies (total N = 527) were asked whether, on particular days, they perceived themselves to be located in their head regions of their bodies or their heart regions. When the self was perceived to be in the heart to a greater extent, participants reported higher levels of affective and eudaimonic well-being, as mediated by processes related to reward perception (Study 1), savoring (Study 2), and social activity (Study 3). In terms of daily experiences, the heart-located self is a happier self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta L. Irvin
- North Dakota State University, Psychology, NDSU Dept 2765, PO Box 6050, ND 58108-6050 Fargo, USA
| | - Dongjie Wu
- University of Houston, Houston, Texas USA
| | | | - Michael D. Robinson
- North Dakota State University, Psychology, NDSU Dept 2765, PO Box 6050, ND 58108-6050 Fargo, USA
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5
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Sun Z, Mu B. Motivating online language learning: exploring ideal L2 self, grit, and self-efficacy in relation to student satisfaction. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1293242. [PMID: 38023027 PMCID: PMC10679430 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1293242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study delves into the intricate network of motivational factors that influence online learning satisfaction among intermediate-level English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in mainland China. Methods A diverse sample of 496 EFL students participated in this research. Structural Equation Modeling was employed as the analytical method. Results The results of the study reveal significant and positive relationships between ideal L2 self and L2 grit with online learning satisfaction. Additionally, online learning self-efficacy emerged as a crucial mediator between ideal L2 self and online learning satisfaction, as well as between L2 grit and online learning satisfaction. Discussion These findings provide valuable insights into the motivational dynamics within online language learning contexts. They offer practical implications for educators and instructional designers seeking to enhance students' online learning experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Sun
- Department of Foreign Language, Lanzhou University of Finance and Economics, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingyu Mu
- Zhengzhou Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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Behrendt P, Camps J, Klumb PL. I can(not) control myself: The role of self‐transcendence values and situational strength in explaining depleted managers' interpersonal
injustice. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philine Behrendt
- Department of Psychology, Occupational Health Psychology University de Fribourg Freiburg Germany
| | - Jeroen Camps
- Applied Psychology, Thomas More Antwerpen Belgium
- Work and Organisation Studies KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Petra L. Klumb
- Department of Psychology, Occupational Health Psychology University de Fribourg Freiburg Germany
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7
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Xiao H, Li G, Chen Y, Wang P, Su J. The time effect on desire for self-improvement products. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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von Hoyer J, Hoppe A, Kammerer Y, Otto C, Pardi G, Rokicki M, Yu R, Dietze S, Ewerth R, Holtz P. The Search as Learning Spaceship: Toward a Comprehensive Model of Psychological and Technological Facets of Search as Learning. Front Psychol 2022; 13:827748. [PMID: 35369228 PMCID: PMC8964633 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.827748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a Web search engine is one of today's most frequent activities. Exploratory search activities which are carried out in order to gain knowledge are conceptualized and denoted as Search as Learning (SAL). In this paper, we introduce a novel framework model which incorporates the perspective of both psychology and computer science to describe the search as learning process by reviewing recent literature. The main entities of the model are the learner who is surrounded by a specific learning context, the interface that mediates between the learner and the information environment, the information retrieval (IR) backend which manages the processes between the interface and the set of Web resources, that is, the collective Web knowledge represented in resources of different modalities. At first, we provide an overview of the current state of the art with regard to the five main entities of our model, before we outline areas of future research to improve our understanding of search as learning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes von Hoyer
- Knowledge Construction/Multimodal Interaction, IWM - Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anett Hoppe
- Visual Analytics, TIB - Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology, Hannover, Germany.,L3S Research Center, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kammerer
- Knowledge Construction/Multimodal Interaction, IWM - Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany.,Information Design, Hochschule der Medien, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Otto
- Visual Analytics, TIB - Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology, Hannover, Germany.,L3S Research Center, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg Pardi
- Knowledge Construction/Multimodal Interaction, IWM - Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Rokicki
- L3S Research Center, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ran Yu
- Data Science and Intelligent Systems, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Dietze
- Data & Knowledge Engineering, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Knowledge Technologies for the Social Sciences, GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralph Ewerth
- Visual Analytics, TIB - Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology, Hannover, Germany.,L3S Research Center, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Holtz
- Knowledge Construction/Multimodal Interaction, IWM - Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
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Murphy SL, Steel RP. P-Curve analysis of autonomous and controlling motivation priming effects supports their evidential value. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExtant literature consistently demonstrates the level of self-determination individuals experience or demonstrate during an activity can be primed. However, considering most of this literature comes from a period wherein p-hacking was prevalent (pre-2015), it may be that these effects reflect false positives. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether published literature showing autonomous and controlling motivation priming effects contain evidential value or not. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant priming research, while set rules determined which effects from each study would be used in p-curve analysis. Two p-curves including 33 effects each were constructed. P-curve analyses, even after excluding surprising effects (e.g., effects large in magnitude), demonstrated that literature showing autonomous and controlling motivation priming effects contained evidential value. The present findings support prior literature suggesting the effects of autonomous and controlling motivation primes exist at the population level. They also reduce (but do not eliminate) concerns from broader psychology that p-hacking may underlie reported effects.
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Troll ES, Venz L, Weitzenegger F, Loschelder DD. Working from home during the COVID-19 crisis: How self-control strategies elucidate employees' job performance. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2021; 71:853-880. [PMID: 34898804 PMCID: PMC8653060 DOI: 10.1111/apps.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Employees around the globe experience manifold challenges to maintain job performance during the so‐called work‐from‐home experiment caused by the COVID‐19 crisis. Whereas the self‐control literature suggests that higher trait self‐control should enable employees to deal with these demands more effectively, we know little about the underlying mechanisms. In a mixed‐methods approach and two waves of data collection, we examine how self‐control strategies elucidate the link between teleworking employees' trait self‐control and their job performance. Using a qualitative approach, we explored which strategies employees use to telework effectively (N = 266). In line with the process model of self‐control, reported strategies pertained to situation modification (i.e., altering the physical, somatic, or social conditions) and cognitive change (i.e., goal setting, planning/scheduling, and autonomous motivation). Subsequent preregistered, quantitative analyses with a diverse sample of 106 teleworkers corroborated that higher trait self‐control is related to job performance beyond situational demands and prior performance. Among all self‐control strategies, modifying somatic conditions and autonomous motivation was significantly associated with job performance and mediated the self‐control‐performance link. This research provides novel insights into the processes by which employees productively work from home and inspires a broad(er) view on the topic of self‐control at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Sarah Troll
- Department of Psychology University of Siegen Siegen Germany
| | - Laura Venz
- Institute of Management and Organization Leuphana University of Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
| | | | - David D Loschelder
- Institute of Management and Organization Leuphana University of Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
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11
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Bouwman EP, Reinders MJ, Galama J, Verain MCD. Context matters: Self-regulation of healthy eating at different eating occasions. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2021; 14:140-157. [PMID: 34313378 PMCID: PMC9291911 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Self-regulation plays an important role in healthy eating behaviors. The current research explores temporary fluctuations in self-regulation next to variations between individuals. In an online observational study, 892 participants (Mage = 44.3, SDage = 12.7) monitored their self-regulation three times a week before a meal moment for 3 weeks. To analyze the data, a random intercept and slopes model was used, including variables on within-individual level (i.e. meal moment, tiredness, distractedness, social, and physical environment) and variables on between-individual level (i.e. self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and perception of social and physical opportunity). Self-regulation was found to be higher at breakfast compared with dinner (estimate = -0.08, p < .001), higher at home than out-of-home (estimate = -0.08, p < .001) and lower when individuals are more tired (estimate = 0.04, p < .001) and distracted (estimate = 0.07, p < .001). Moreover, self-regulation was higher for individuals with higher levels of intrinsic motivation (estimate = 0.19, p < .001) and self-efficacy (estimate = 0.41, p < .001). Insights from this research advance our knowledge regarding temporal influences on self-regulation and can provide input for behavior change tools such as personalized dietary advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Bouwman
- Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Machiel J Reinders
- Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University & Research, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Galama
- Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Muriel C D Verain
- Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Multidimensional Models of Perfectionism and Procrastination: Seeking Determinants of Both. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145099. [PMID: 32679730 PMCID: PMC7400384 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: Perfectionism is currently conceptualized using a multidimensional model, with extensive research establishing the presence of both maladaptive and adaptive forms. However, the potential adaptability of procrastination, largely considered as a maladaptive construct, and its possible developmental connection to perfectionism remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the individual differences of the multidimensional models of both perfectionism and procrastination, as well as investigating potential links between the two constructs. Methods: A convenience sample of 206 undergraduate students participated in this study. Participants completed a questionnaire consisting of 236 questions regarding the variables under investigation. Results: The adaptive model of procrastination yielded largely insignificant results and demonstrated limited links with adaptive perfectionism, while maladaptive procrastination was consistently associated with maladaptive perfectionism, lending further evidence of a unidimensional model of procrastination. Conclusions: Many previous findings regarding the multidimensional model of perfectionism were replicated, along with new contributions focusing on the dual-process model and temporal orientation.
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13
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Taylor IM, Smith K, Hunte R. Motivational processes during physical endurance tasks. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1769-1776. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences Loughborough University Leicestershire UK
| | - Kieren Smith
- One‐Eighty Psychology Behaviour Support Oxford UK
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14
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Self-Regulation as a Basic Element of the Professional Culture of Engineers. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci9030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of the formation of the self-regulation of educational activities of students studying in a technical university. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the problem of the self-regulation of educational activities of students, presenting data from an experimental study of students’ self-regulation. Special attention is paid to the distinction between the terms self-control and self-regulation. This paper presents data on the state of self-regulation among students studying technical specialties. The research methodology is based on the theoretical analysis of the results of scientific works, which present the main provisions on the formation of students’ self-regulation. The research methods include questioning and a methodical experiment. The stages of the formation of students’ self-regulation are highlighted, and the main directions of teachers’ work on the formation of students’ self-regulation are determined. The structure of self-regulation is described and the condition for its formation is justified using the technology of self-regulation formation. Based on the study, students’ self-regulation is linked to the awareness of their professional and personal goals, as well as to the level of regulatory and reflective qualities. Personal and professional self-improvement in the process of vocational education depends on the level of the formation of regulatory and reflexive qualities.
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Bosma A, Boot C, De Maaker M, Boeije H, Schoonmade L, Anema J, Schaafsma F. Exploring self-control of workers with a chronic condition: a qualitative synthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2019.1631801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Bosma
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C.R.L. Boot
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. De Maaker
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H.R. Boeije
- NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L.J. Schoonmade
- Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J.R. Anema
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F.G. Schaafsma
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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