1
|
Van Godwin J, Moore G, O’Reilly D, Hamilton M, Clift N, Moore SC. Hospital-based violence prevention programmes in South Wales Emergency Departments: A process evaluation protocol. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293086. [PMID: 37878634 PMCID: PMC10599583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addressing violence related harm is a global public health priority. While violence is primarily managed in the criminal justice system, healthcare supports and manages those injured by violence. Emergency Departments (EDs), the primary destination for those seriously injured, have emerged as a candidate location for violence prevention initiatives. There is limited evaluation of ED-based violence prevention, and a lack of guidance for the implementation and delivery of them. Nurse-led Violence Prevention Teams (VPTs) have been developed and implemented in two EDs in Wales, UK. This protocol describes methods used in the process evaluation of these VPTs. AIM To understand how VPTs function, how they were implemented, and mechanisms of impact, as well as the exploration of wider contextual factors influencing their function. METHODS Adopting a critical realist approach and informed by the Medical Research Council (MRC) guidance for process evaluations, the process evaluation will employ qualitative methods to collect and analyse data: a scoping review of evidence of effectiveness that considers the causal mechanisms underpinning violence; a documentary analysis to determine operational considerations concerning the development, implementation and delivery of the VPTs; a descriptive analysis of routine ED data to characterise the prevalence of violence-related attendances in each ED; interviews with professional stakeholders (N = 60) from the violence prevention ecologies in which the VPTs are embedded. DISCUSSION This protocol outlines a process evaluation of a novel, nurse led violence prevention intervention. Findings will be used to inform policy makers' decision making on whether and how VPTs should be used in practice in other EDs across the UK, and the extent that a single operational model should be adjusted to address the local characteristic of violence. To the authors knowledge, this is the first process evaluation of a UK-based, nurse led Emergency Department Violence Prevention Team. TRIAL REGISTRATION Protocol registration ISRCTN: 15286575. Registered 13th March, 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Van Godwin
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, SPARK, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Moore
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, SPARK, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, School of Social Sciences, SPARK, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - David O’Reilly
- South Wales Trauma Network, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, Wales, United Kingdom
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, ICT Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Hamilton
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, SPARK, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh Clift
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, SPARK, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C. Moore
- Violence Research Group, School of Dentistry, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Security, Crime and Intelligence Innovation Institute, SPARK, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Herrmann A, Glaser J, Greitemeyer T. Spillover and crossover effects of exposure to work-related aggression and adversities: A dyadic diary study. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:85-95. [PMID: 36283119 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have produced extensive evidence on the manifold and severe outcomes for victims of aggression exposure in the workplace. However, due to the dominating individual-centered approach, most findings miss a social network perspective. Consequently, knowledge of negative spillover to different life-domains or crossover to uninvolved individuals alongside a detailed understanding of the involved transmission processes remains scarce. By integrating social aggression theorizing, the present study investigated transmission routes (emphatic, behavioral) of experienced adversities and aggression at work toward perpetration of aggressive behavior and potential spillover and crossover effects into the private life domain in a diary study of 72 mixed dyads. Analyses of mediation based upon the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model revealed an association between the frequency of perpetrating aggressive behavior in the work context and a spillover into the private life domain via aggression-promoting internal states (emotions, cognitions, arousal). Based on the different patterns of mediation, it appears that adversities follow a mental transmission process, whereby experienced aggression displayed behavioral assimilation. In contrast, no crossover effects of exposure to adversities or aggression at work to a study partner at home could be detected. Practical and theoretical implications as well as limitations and ideas for future work are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Glaser
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moore SC, Woolley TE, White J. An Exploration of the Multiplicative Effect of "Other People" and Other Environmental Effects on Violence in the Night-Time Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16963. [PMID: 36554844 PMCID: PMC9779416 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristics of night-time environments (NTEs) in which alcohol is consumed and that contribute to violence are poorly described. We explore competing explanations for violence in the NTE, with a particular focus on the number of patrons and its association with assault-related visits to a hospital emergency department. Other environmental features including the weather and notable events were also considered. The primary aim was to stimulate debate around the causal mechanisms responsible for violence. METHODS Assault-related ED visits occurring between 8 pm and 4 am were recorded at the University Hospital of Wales, the single Emergency Department (ED) serving Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom. Footfall was derived from the total number of unique MAC addresses recorded per hour collected from ten wireless fidelity monitoring tools located in the city centre. A narrative review of the literature concerning alcohol and violence informed exploratory analyses into the association between night-time footfall, sporting events, the weather, and other potential predictors of assault-related visits to the ED. We developed analytic methods from formal accounts of queueing. RESULTS International rugby matches at home, the weather (temperature), national holidays, the day of the week, and number of patrons in the NTE predicted assault-related injury (R2 = 0.70), with footfall yielding a positive non-linear exponential association consistent with predictions derived from mathematical models of queueing. DISCUSSION Assault-related visits to the ED have a non-linear association with the number of people socialising in the night-time environment and are further influenced by the weather and notable events. Opportunities for further research that might inform policy and interventions aimed at better managing NTEs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Moore
- Violence Research Group, Security, Crime & Intelligence Innovation Institute, SPARK, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Thomas E. Woolley
- School of Mathematics, Abacws, Senghennydd Road, Cathays, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK
| | - James White
- Centre for Trials Research, DECIPHer, School of Medicine, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wei M, Liu Y, Chen S. Violent Video Game Exposure and Problem Behaviors among Children and Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Deviant Peer Affiliation for Gender and Grade Differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15400. [PMID: 36430117 PMCID: PMC9691036 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on problem behavior theory, a mediation model for gender and grade differences is explored in this study. The study examined gender and grade differences in the effects of violent video games and deviant peer affiliation on problem behaviors among children and adolescents. A total of 2118 children and adolescents from four primary and middle schools in China (M age = 13.08, SD = 2.17) were surveyed using an anonymous questionnaire on basic information, exposure to violent video games, deviant peer affiliation, and problem behaviors. The results showed that exposure to violent video games significantly positively predicted problem behaviors, and deviant peer affiliation played a mediating role. Significant gender and grade differences were found in the mediating effect. This finding helps understand the individual differences in the influencing factors of problem behaviors. Further, it has important implications for interventions to reduce problem behaviors among children and adolescents.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wachs S, Wettstein A, Bilz L, Krause N, Ballaschk C, Kansok-Dusche J, Wright MF. Playing by the Rules? An Investigation of the Relationship Between Social Norms and Adolescents' Hate Speech Perpetration in Schools. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP21143-NP21164. [PMID: 34866450 PMCID: PMC9554370 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211056032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hate speech is often discussed and investigated as an online phenomenon, while hate speech among adolescents in the real world (e.g., in schools) has rarely been researched. Consequently, not much is known about potential interpersonal correlates and theoretical frameworks that might help us better understand why adolescents engage in hate speech in offline environments. To add to the literature, this study investigates hate speech perpetration among young people by utilizing the Social Cognitive Theory; more specifically, the association between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech in schools, and whether this relation is weakened or strengthened by anti-hate speech injunctive norms and deviant peer pressure. The sample consists of 1719 young people (45.1% boys, 53.6% girls, 1.3% gender diverse) between 11 and 18 years old (Mage = 13.96; SD = .98) from 22 schools in Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure hate speech involvement and adolescents' perception of social norms (i.e., anti-hate speech injunctive norms and deviant peer pressure). Multilevel regression analyses revealed that witnessing and perpetrating hate speech were positively associated. Moreover, injunctive anti-hate speech norms were negatively related and deviant peer pressure positively related to hate speech perpetration. Finally, increasing levels of injunctive anti-hate speech norms weakened the relation between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech, whereas higher levels of deviant peer pressure strengthened this association. The findings demonstrate that the Social Cognitive Theory is a useful framework for understanding hate speech perpetration in schools. The results also highlight the importance of taking into account social norms and interpersonal relationships (e.g., within the class) when designing anti-hate speech prevention programs and not focusing solely on intrapersonal factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wachs
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- National Anti-Bullying Research and
Resource Centre, Institute of Education, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexander Wettstein
- Institute for Research, Development
and Evaluation, Bern University of Teacher
Education, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Bilz
- Department of Health Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology
Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Norman Krause
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cindy Ballaschk
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julia Kansok-Dusche
- Department of Health Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology
Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Michelle F. Wright
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Greitemeyer T. The dark and bright side of video game consumption: Effects of violent and prosocial video games. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 46:101326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
7
|
Krahé B. Teen dating violence: From analyzing the problem to finding solutions. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2021; 2021:169-175. [PMID: 34802180 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
8
|
Delhove M, Greitemeyer T. Violent media use and aggression: Two longitudinal network studies. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 161:697-713. [PMID: 33783337 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1896465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to violent media has been widely linked to increased aggression. In the present research, we examined whether violent media exposure would be associated with increased aggression, which would then spread within social networks like a contagious disease. Two groups of first year psychology students completed a questionnaire three times over the course of a year, measuring their media exposure, aggression, personality, and social relations within the group. Cross-sectional analysis provided mixed results in regards to the link between violent media and aggression. Siena analysis found no evidence of homophily (i.e., participants were not more likely to be friends with others similar to themselves) nor of social influence (i.e., participant's behavior did not predict a change in their friends' behavior). However, given the relatively small sample sizes and the weak ties between participants, more work is needed to assess the spread of violent media effects.
Collapse
|
9
|
Verheijen GP, Burk WJ, Stoltz SEMJ, van den Berg YHM, Cillessen AHN. A Longitudinal Social Network Perspective on Adolescents' Exposure to Violent Video Games and Aggression. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2021; 24:24-31. [PMID: 33434092 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents play video games as a social leisure activity, yet it is unclear whether peer influences play a role in spreading violent video game exposure (VVE) and aggression. It has been suggested that adolescents' aggression increases because of their friend's exposure to violent video games. This study tests this suggestion by using longitudinal social network analyses to investigate selection and socialization of aggression owing to VVE. A total of 796 adolescents from 34 different classrooms were followed from grade 7 to grade 8 (Mage = 12.60 years, 51 percent male adolescents). Exposure to violent video games, physical aggression, and within-classroom friendships were assessed at both time points. Data were analyzed by means of stochastic actor-based modeling in RSiena to estimate the effects of VVE and aggressive behavior on changes in friendships (selection), and the effects of friendships on changes in participants' VVE and aggressive behavior (socialization). Results showed homotypic selection effects, that is, adolescents became friends with peers who were similar in aggression and similar in violent video game exposure. Furthermore, there was a homotypic socialization effect, as friends became more similar in aggression over time. Friends did not become more similar in VVE over time. Violent games played by friends did not increase adolescents' own aggressive behavior. This suggests that concerns about peer influences on violent video games are unwarranted. Future studies on socialization processes of VVE should focus on influences from closest friends and investigate behavior during actual play.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geert P Verheijen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - William J Burk
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine E M J Stoltz
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Busching R, Krahé B. With a Little Help from Their Peers: The Impact of Classmates on Adolescents' Development of Prosocial Behavior. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:1849-1863. [PMID: 32529342 PMCID: PMC7423867 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Peer groups are critical socialization agents for the development of social behavior in adolescence, but studies examining peer-group effects on individuals' prosocial behavior are scarce. Using a two-wave, multilevel data set (N = 16,893, 8481 male; 8412 female; mean age at Time 1: 14.0 years) from 1308 classes in 252 secondary schools in Germany, main effects of the classroom level of prosocial behavior, cross-level interactions between the classroom and the individual levels of prosocial behavior at Time 1, and the moderating role of gender were examined. The results showed that adolescents in classrooms with high collective levels of prosocial behavior at Time 1 reported more prosocial behavior at Time 2, about two years later, reflecting a class-level main effect. A significant cross-level interaction indicated that a high classroom level of prosocial behavior particularly affected individuals with lower levels of prosocial behavior at Time 1. The influence of same-gender peers was larger compared with opposite-gender peers. The findings are discussed with respect to social learning mechanisms in the development of prosocial behavior and their implications for interventions to promote prosocial behavior.
Collapse
|
11
|
Krahé B. Risk Factors for the Development of Aggressive Behavior From Middle Childhood to Adolescence: The Interaction of Person and Environment. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721420917721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, I examine the development of aggressive behavior from middle childhood to adolescence as a result of the interaction between the person and the environment and discuss implications for intervention measures. Three main questions are addressed and illustrated by examples from recent research: What are intrapersonal risk factors for the development and persistence of aggressive behavior from middle childhood to adolescence? What factors in the social environment contribute to the development of aggressive behavior? How do individual dispositions and environmental risk factors interact to explain developmental trajectories of aggressive behavior?
Collapse
|
12
|
Greitemeyer T. The contagious impact of playing violent video games on aggression: Longitudinal evidence. Aggress Behav 2019; 45:635-642. [PMID: 31410869 PMCID: PMC6790614 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses have shown that violent video game play increases aggression in the player. The present research suggests that violent video game play also affects individuals with whom the player is connected. A longitudinal study (N = 980) asked participants to report on their amount of violent video game play and level of aggression as well as how they perceive their friends and examined the association between the participant's aggression and their friends' amount of violent video game play. As hypothesized, friends' amount of violent video game play at Time 1 was associated with the participant's aggression at Time 2 even when controlling for the impact of the participant's aggression at Time 1. Mediation analyses showed that friends' aggression at Time 1 accounted for the impact of friends' amount of violent video game play at Time 1 on the participant's aggression at Time 2. These findings suggest that increased aggression in video game players has an impact on the player's social network.
Collapse
|