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Hirbec H, Déglon N, Foo LC, Goshen I, Grutzendler J, Hangen E, Kreisel T, Linck N, Muffat J, Regio S, Rion S, Escartin C. Emerging technologies to study glial cells. Glia 2020; 68:1692-1728. [PMID: 31958188 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development, physiological functions, and pathologies of the brain depend on tight interactions between neurons and different types of glial cells, such as astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Assessing the relative contribution of different glial cell types is required for the full understanding of brain function and dysfunction. Over the recent years, several technological breakthroughs were achieved, allowing "glio-scientists" to address new challenging biological questions. These technical developments make it possible to study the roles of specific cell types with medium or high-content workflows and perform fine analysis of their mutual interactions in a preserved environment. This review illustrates the potency of several cutting-edge experimental approaches (advanced cell cultures, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human glial cells, viral vectors, in situ glia imaging, opto- and chemogenetic approaches, and high-content molecular analysis) to unravel the role of glial cells in specific brain functions or diseases. It also illustrates the translation of some techniques to the clinics, to monitor glial cells in patients, through specific brain imaging methods. The advantages, pitfalls, and future developments are discussed for each technique, and selected examples are provided to illustrate how specific "gliobiological" questions can now be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hirbec
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lynette C Foo
- Neuroimmunology and Neurodegeneration Section, The Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Inbal Goshen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jaime Grutzendler
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Emilie Hangen
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Tirzah Kreisel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nathalie Linck
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Muffat
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara Regio
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sybille Rion
- Neuroimmunology and Neurodegeneration Section, The Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Escartin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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To KKW, Fong W, Tong CWS, Wu M, Yan W, Cho WCS. Advances in the discovery of microRNA-based anticancer therapeutics: latest tools and developments. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:63-83. [PMID: 31739699 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1690449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs that repress the expression of their target genes by reducing mRNA stability and/or inhibiting translation. miRNAs are known to be aberrantly regulated in cancers. Modulators of miRNA (mimics and antagonists) have emerged as novel therapeutic tools for cancer treatment.Areas covered: This review summarizes the various strategies that have been applied to correct the dysregulated miRNA in cancer cells. The authors also discuss the recent advances in the technical development and preclinical/clinical evaluation of miRNA-based therapeutic agents.Expert opinion: Application of miRNA-based therapeutics for cancer treatment is appealing because they are able to modulate multiple dysregulated genes and/or signaling pathways in cancer cells. Major obstacles hindering their clinical development include drug delivery, off-target effects, efficacious dose determination, and safety. Tumor site-specific delivery of novel miRNA therapeutics may help to minimize off-target effects and toxicity. Combination of miRNA therapeutics with other anticancer treatment modalities could provide a synergistic effect, thus allowing the use of lower dose, minimizing off-target effects, and improving the overall safety profile in cancer patients. It is critical to identify individual miRNAs with cancer type-specific and context-specific regulation of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in order to facilitate the precise use of miRNA anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Winnie Fong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christy W S Tong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mingxia Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Morgan MA, Schambach A. Engineering CAR-T Cells for Improved Function Against Solid Tumors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2493. [PMID: 30420856 PMCID: PMC6217729 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering T cells to create clinically applied chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has led to improved patient outcomes for some forms of hematopoietic malignancies. While this has inspired the biomedical community to develop similar strategies to treat solid tumor patients, challenges such as the immunosuppressive character of the tumor microenvironment, CAR-T cell persistence and trafficking to the tumor seem to limit CAR-T cell efficacy in solid cancers. This review provides an overview of mechanisms that tumors exploit to evade eradication by CAR-T cells as well as emerging approaches that incorporate genetic engineering technologies to improve CAR-T cell activity against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Morgan
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division of Hematology/Oncology Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Ex Vivo Major Histocompatibility Complex I Knockdown Prolongs Rejection-free Allograft Survival. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2018; 6:e1825. [PMID: 30276052 PMCID: PMC6157929 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Widespread application of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is currently limited by the required lifelong systemic immunosuppression and its associated morbidity and mortality. This study evaluated the efficacy of ex vivo (after procurement but before transplantation) engineering of allografts using small interfering RNA to knockdown major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) and prolong rejection-free survival. Methods: Endothelial cells (ECs) were transfected with small interfering RNA targeted against MHC-I (siMHC-I) for all in vitro experiments. MHC-I surface expression and knockdown duration were evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and flow cytometry. After stimulating Lewis recipient cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) with allogeneic controls or siMHC-I–silenced ECs, lymphocyte proliferation, CTL-mediated and natural killer–mediated EC lysis were measured. Using an established VCA rat model, allografts were perfused ex vivo with siMHC-I before transplantation. Allografts were analyzed for MHC-I expression and clinical/histologic evidence of rejection. Results: Treatment with siMHC-I resulted in 80% knockdown of mRNA and 87% reduction in cell surface expression for up to 7 days in vitro (P < 0.05). Treatment of ECs with siMHC-I reduced lymphocyte proliferation and CTL-mediated cytotoxicity (77% and 50%, respectively, P < 0.01), without increasing natural killer–mediated cytotoxicity (P = 0.66). In a rat VCA model, ex vivo perfusion with siMHC-I reduced expression in all tissue compartments by at least 50% (P < 0.05). Knockdown prolonged rejection-free survival by 60% compared with nonsense-treated controls (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Ex vivo siMHC-I engineering can effectively modify allografts and significantly prolong rejection-free allograft survival. This novel approach may help reduce future systemic immunosuppression requirements in VCA recipients.
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Herrera-Carrillo E, Liu YP, Berkhout B. Improving miRNA Delivery by Optimizing miRNA Expression Cassettes in Diverse Virus Vectors. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2018; 28:177-190. [PMID: 28712309 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2017.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA interference pathway is an evolutionary conserved post-transcriptional gene regulation mechanism that is exclusively triggered by double-stranded RNA inducers. RNAi-based methods and technologies have facilitated the discovery of many basic science findings and spurred the development of novel RNA therapeutics. Transient induction of RNAi via transfection of synthetic small interfering RNAs can trigger the selective knockdown of a target mRNA. For durable silencing of gene expression, either artificial short hairpin RNA or microRNA encoding transgene constructs were developed. These miRNAs are based on the molecules that induce the natural RNAi pathway in mammals and humans: the endogenously expressed miRNAs. Significant efforts focused on the construction and delivery of miRNA cassettes in order to solve basic biology questions or to design new therapy strategies. Several viral vectors have been developed, which are particularly useful for the delivery of miRNA expression cassettes to specific target cells. Each vector system has its own unique set of distinct properties. Thus, depending on the specific application, a particular vector may be most suitable. This field was previously reviewed for different viral vector systems, and now the recent progress in the field of miRNA-based gene-silencing approaches using lentiviral vectors is reported. The focus is on the unique properties and respective limitations of the available vector systems for miRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Herrera-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Poi Liu
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Inwood S, Buehler E, Betenbaugh M, Lal M, Shiloach J. Identifying HIPK1 as Target of miR-22-3p Enhancing Recombinant Protein Production From HEK 293 Cell by Using Microarray and HTP siRNA Screen. Biotechnol J 2017; 13. [PMID: 28987030 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein expression from human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293) is an important tool for structural and clinical studies. It is previously shown that microRNAs (small, noncoding RNAs) are effective means for improved protein expression from these cells, and by conducting a high-throughput screening of the human microRNA library, several microRNAs are identified as potential candidates for improving expression. From these, miR-22-3p is chosen for further study since it increased the expression of luciferase, two membrane proteins and a secreted fusion protein with minimal effect on the cells' growth and viability. Since each microRNA can interact with several gene targets, it is of interest to identify the repressed genes for understanding and exploring the improved expression mechanism for further implementation. Here, the authors describe a novel approach for identification of the target genes by integrating the differential gene expression analysis with information obtained from our previously conducted high-throughput siRNA screening. The identified genes were validated as being involved in improving luciferase expression by using siRNA and qRT-PCR. Repressing the target gene, HIPK1, is found to increase luciferase and GPC3 expression 3.3- and 2.2-fold, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Inwood
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Eugen Buehler
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Michael Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Madhu Lal
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Joseph Shiloach
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Ricca A, Gritti A. Perspective on innovative therapies for globoid cell leukodystrophy. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1304-17. [PMID: 27638612 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), or Krabbe's disease, is a lysosomal storage disorder resulting from deficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase galactosylceramidase. The infantile forms are characterized by a unique relentless and aggressive progression with a wide range of neurological symptoms and complications. Here we review and discuss the basic concepts and the novel mechanisms identified as key contributors to the peculiar GLD pathology, highlighting their therapeutic implications. Then, we evaluate evidence from extensive experimental studies on GLD animal models that have highlighted fundamental requirements to obtain substantial therapeutic benefit, including early and timely intervention, high levels of enzymatic reconstitution, and global targeting of affected tissues. Continuous efforts in understanding GLD pathophysiology, the interplay between various therapies, and the mechanisms of disease correction upon intervention may allow advancing research with innovative approaches and prioritizing treatment strategies to develop more efficacious treatments. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ricca
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Elsner C, Bohne J. The retroviral vector family: something for everyone. Virus Genes 2017; 53:714-722. [PMID: 28762206 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
After 30 years of retroviral vector research it became clear that the parental viruses can be both friend and foe. Especially human immunodeficiency virus sparked a global pandemic, but could be converted into a versatile tool for cell therapy. For all retroviral genera, the way from virus to vector was similar resulting in split-vector systems based on the separation of the genes needed for vector particle formation and transgene expression. The first gene therapy trials, although clinically effective, revealed the genotoxicity of retroviral vectors caused by insertional mutagenesis. This issue was solved using self-inactivating vectors carrying weaker cellular promoters. Further fine-tuning was able to generate inducible systems. The current toolbox also contains vectors for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells or efficient RNA interference. More recently the application of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing led to the development of genome-wide small guide RNA libraries targeting all human genes and single lentiviral vectors for an easy delivery of Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Elsner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Bohne
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Demir ZC, Bastug A, Bodur H, Ergunay K, Ozkul A. MicroRNA expression profiles in patients with acute Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever reveal possible adjustments to cellular pathways. J Med Virol 2016; 89:417-422. [PMID: 27551771 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several viral diseases are associated with altered microRNA (miRNA) expression, which can provide vital information about how cellular pathways respond to infection. However, the miRNA profile of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHFV) infections are not known. To address this gap, we performed real-time PCR-based miRNA analysis in individuals with acute Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHFV) infections, with the goal of identifying pathways that might be associated with this disease. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analysed in eight individuals with detectable viral RNA and compared to five healthy subjects. A total of 106 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, of which 19 miRNAs were either fivefold prominently up- or down-regulation. Several miRNAs associated with cytokine expression, some of which were previously associated with Dengue and Hantavirus infections were revealed. Moreover, possible mechanisms related to secretion of adhesion molecules and viral escape from innate immunity were identified. Pathway enrichment analyses further revealed the putative involvement of TNF-alfa, TGF-beta, MAPK, WNT, and neurotrophin signaling pathways in disease pathogenesis. J. Med. Virol. 89:417-422, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aliye Bastug
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hurrem Bodur
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Ergunay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut Ozkul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Retroviral vector interactions with hematopoietic cells. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 21:41-46. [PMID: 27521874 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy using retroviral vectors is a powerful and promising approach to permanently correct many hematopoietic disorders. Increasing the transduction of quiescent HSCs and reducing genotoxicity are major challenges in the field. Retroviral vectors, including lentiviral and foamy vectors, have been extensively modified resulting in improved safety and efficacy. This review will focus on recent advances to improve vector entry, transduction efficiency, control of transgene expression and approaches to improve safety by modifying the retroviral integration profile.
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Farinelli G, Jofra Hernandez R, Rossi A, Ranucci S, Sanvito F, Migliavacca M, Brombin C, Pramov A, Di Serio C, Bovolenta C, Gentner B, Bragonzi A, Aiuti A. Lentiviral Vector Gene Therapy Protects XCGD Mice From Acute Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia and Inflammatory Response. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1873-1880. [PMID: 27456061 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency due to a deficiency in one of the subunits of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex. CGD patients are characterized by an increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections, and to granuloma formation due to the excessive inflammatory responses. Several gene therapy approaches with lentiviral vectors have been proposed but there is a lack of in vivo data on the ability to control infections and inflammation. We set up a mouse model of acute infection that closely mimic the airway infection in CGD patients. It involved an intratracheal injection of a methicillin-sensitive reference strain of S. aureus. Gene therapy, with hematopoietic stem cells transduced with regulated lentiviral vectors, restored the functional activity of NADPH oxidase complex (with 20-98% of dihydrorhodamine positive granulocytes and monocytes) and saved mice from death caused by S. aureus, significantly reducing the bacterial load and lung damage, similarly to WT mice even at low vector copy number. When challenged, gene therapy-treated XCGD mice showed correction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine imbalance at levels that were comparable to WT. Examined together, our results support the clinical development of gene therapy protocols using lentiviral vectors for the protection against infections and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Farinelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raisa Jofra Hernandez
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Rossi
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Ranucci
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maddalena Migliavacca
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Brombin
- CUSSB-University Center Center for Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Aleksandar Pramov
- CUSSB-University Center Center for Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Clelia Di Serio
- CUSSB-University Center Center for Statistics in the Biomedical Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Bernhard Gentner
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- Infection and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy, Italy
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Geisler A, Fechner H. MicroRNA-regulated viral vectors for gene therapy. World J Exp Med 2016; 6:37-54. [PMID: 27226955 PMCID: PMC4873559 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v6.i2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective gene therapy approaches require targeted tissue-specific transfer of a therapeutic transgene. Besides traditional approaches, such as transcriptional and transductional targeting, microRNA-dependent post-transcriptional suppression of transgene expression has been emerging as powerful new technology to increase the specificity of vector-mediated transgene expression. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs and often expressed in a tissue-, lineage-, activation- or differentiation-specific pattern. They typically regulate gene expression by binding to imperfectly complementary sequences in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the mRNA. To control exogenous transgene expression, tandem repeats of artificial microRNA target sites are usually incorporated into the 3' UTR of the transgene expression cassette, leading to subsequent degradation of transgene mRNA in cells expressing the corresponding microRNA. This targeting strategy, first shown for lentiviral vectors in antigen presenting cells, has now been used for tissue-specific expression of vector-encoded therapeutic transgenes, to reduce immune response against the transgene, to control virus tropism for oncolytic virotherapy, to increase safety of live attenuated virus vaccines and to identify and select cell subsets for pluripotent stem cell therapies, respectively. This review provides an introduction into the technical mechanism underlying microRNA-regulation, highlights new developments in this field and gives an overview of applications of microRNA-regulated viral vectors for cardiac, suicide gene cancer and hematopoietic stem cell therapy, as well as for treatment of neurological and eye diseases.
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Friedel T, Jung-Klawitter S, Sebe A, Schenk F, Modlich U, Ivics Z, Schumann GG, Buchholz CJ, Schneider IC. CD30 Receptor-Targeted Lentiviral Vectors for Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Specific Gene Modification. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:729-39. [PMID: 26956718 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultures of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) often contain cells of varying grades of pluripotency. We present novel lentiviral vectors targeted to the surface receptor CD30 (CD30-LV) to transfer genes into iPSCs that are truly pluripotent as demonstrated by marker gene expression. We demonstrate that CD30 expression is restricted to SSEA4(high) cells of human iPSC cultures and a human embryonic stem cell line. When CD30-LV was added to iPSCs during routine cultivation, efficient and exclusive transduction of cells positive for the pluripotency marker Oct-4 was achieved, while retaining their pluripotency. When added during the reprogramming process, CD30-LV solely transduced cells that became fully reprogrammed iPSCs as confirmed by co-expression of endogenous Nanog and the reporter gene. Thus, CD30-LV may serve as novel tool for the selective gene transfer into PSCs with broad applications in basic and therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Friedel
- 1 Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut , Langen, Germany
| | | | - Attila Sebe
- 2 Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut , Langen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schenk
- 3 Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center of Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt , Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Ute Modlich
- 3 Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center of Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt , Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- 2 Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut , Langen, Germany
| | | | - Christian J Buchholz
- 1 Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut , Langen, Germany
| | - Irene C Schneider
- 1 Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut , Langen, Germany
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El-Shamayleh Y, Ni AM, Horwitz GD. Strategies for targeting primate neural circuits with viral vectors. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:122-34. [PMID: 27052579 PMCID: PMC4961743 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00087.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the brain works requires understanding how different types of neurons contribute to circuit function and organism behavior. Progress on this front has been accelerated by optogenetics and chemogenetics, which provide an unprecedented level of control over distinct neuronal types in small animals. In primates, however, targeting specific types of neurons with these tools remains challenging. In this review, we discuss existing and emerging strategies for directing genetic manipulations to targeted neurons in the adult primate central nervous system. We review the literature on viral vectors for gene delivery to neurons, focusing on adeno-associated viral vectors and lentiviral vectors, their tropism for different cell types, and prospects for new variants with improved efficacy and selectivity. We discuss two projection targeting approaches for probing neural circuits: anterograde projection targeting and retrograde transport of viral vectors. We conclude with an analysis of cell type-specific promoters and other nucleotide sequences that can be used in viral vectors to target neuronal types at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine El-Shamayleh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Amy M Ni
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory D Horwitz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
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16
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Buchholz CJ, Friedel T, Büning H. Surface-Engineered Viral Vectors for Selective and Cell Type-Specific Gene Delivery. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:777-790. [PMID: 26497425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in gene transfer technology enables the delivery of genes precisely to the application-relevant cell type ex vivo on cultivated primary cells or in vivo on local or systemic administration. Gene vectors based on lentiviruses or adeno-associated viruses can be engineered such that they use a cell surface marker of choice for cell entry instead of their natural receptors. Binding to the surface marker is mediated by a targeting ligand displayed on the vector particle surface, which can be a peptide, single-chain antibody, or designed ankyrin repeat protein. Examples include vectors that deliver genes to specialized endothelial cells or lymphocytes, tumor cells, or particular cells of the nervous system with potential applications in gene function studies and molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Buchholz
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner sites Bonn-Cologne and Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
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17
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Merienne N, Delzor A, Viret A, Dufour N, Rey M, Hantraye P, Déglon N. Gene transfer engineering for astrocyte-specific silencing in the CNS. Gene Ther 2015; 22:830-9. [PMID: 26109254 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-type-specific gene silencing is critical to understand cell functions in normal and pathological conditions, in particular in the brain where strong cellular heterogeneity exists. Molecular engineering of lentiviral vectors has been widely used to express genes of interest specifically in neurons or astrocytes. However, we show that these strategies are not suitable for astrocyte-specific gene silencing due to the processing of small hairpin RNA (shRNA) in a cell. Here we develop an indirect method based on a tetracycline-regulated system to fully restrict shRNA expression to astrocytes. The combination of Mokola-G envelope pseudotyping, glutamine synthetase promoter and two distinct microRNA target sequences provides a powerful tool for efficient and cell-type-specific gene silencing in the central nervous system. We anticipate our vector will be a potent and versatile system to improve the targeting of cell populations for fundamental as well as therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Merienne
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies (LCMN), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DNC), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,LCMN, Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Delzor
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institute of Biomedical Imaging (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS-CEA URA2210, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - A Viret
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies (LCMN), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DNC), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,LCMN, Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Dufour
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institute of Biomedical Imaging (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS-CEA URA2210, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - M Rey
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies (LCMN), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DNC), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,LCMN, Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Hantraye
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institute of Biomedical Imaging (I2BM), Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS-CEA URA2210, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - N Déglon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies (LCMN), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (DNC), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.,LCMN, Neuroscience Research Center (CRN), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Ruiz AJ, Russell SJ. MicroRNAs and oncolytic viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 13:40-8. [PMID: 25863717 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate gene expression in mammalian cells and often exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns. Incorporation of microRNA target sequences can be used to control exogenous gene expression and viral tropism in specific tissues to enhance the therapeutic indices of oncolytic viruses expressing therapeutic transgenes. Continued development of this targeting strategy has resulted in the generation of unattenuated oncolytic viruses with enhanced potency, broad species-tropisms and reduced off-target toxicities in multiple-tissues simultaneously. Furthermore, oncolytic viruses have been used to enhance the delivery, duration and therapeutic efficacy of microRNA-based therapeutics designed to either restore or inhibit the function of dysregulated microRNAs in cancer cells. Recent efforts focused on combining oncolytic virotherapy and microRNA regulation have generated increasingly potent and safe cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn J Ruiz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Stephen J Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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19
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Lau S, Rylander Ottosson D, Jakobsson J, Parmar M. Direct neural conversion from human fibroblasts using self-regulating and nonintegrating viral vectors. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1673-1680. [PMID: 25482564 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings show that human fibroblasts can be directly programmed into functional neurons without passing via a proliferative stem cell intermediate. These findings open up the possibility of generating subtype-specific neurons of human origin for therapeutic use from fetal cell, from patients themselves, or from matched donors. In this study, we present an improved system for direct neural conversion of human fibroblasts. The neural reprogramming genes are regulated by the neuron-specific microRNA, miR-124, such that each cell turns off expression of the reprogramming genes once the cell has reached a stable neuronal fate. The regulated system can be combined with integrase-deficient vectors, providing a nonintegrative and self-regulated conversion system that rids problems associated with the integration of viral transgenes into the host genome. These modifications make the system suitable for clinical use and therefore represent a major step forward in the development of induced neurons for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shong Lau
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniella Rylander Ottosson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Jakobsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC A11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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20
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Chiriaco M, Farinelli G, Capo V, Zonari E, Scaramuzza S, Di Matteo G, Sergi LS, Migliavacca M, Hernandez RJ, Bombelli F, Giorda E, Kajaste-Rudnitski A, Trono D, Grez M, Rossi P, Finocchi A, Naldini L, Gentner B, Aiuti A. Dual-regulated lentiviral vector for gene therapy of X-linked chronic granulomatosis. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1472-1483. [PMID: 24869932 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated transgene expression may improve the safety and efficacy of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy. Clinical trials for X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) employing gammaretroviral vectors were limited by insertional oncogenesis or lack of persistent engraftment. Our novel strategy, based on regulated lentiviral vectors (LV), targets gp91(phox) expression to the differentiated myeloid compartment while sparing HSC, to reduce the risk of genotoxicity and potential perturbation of reactive oxygen species levels. Targeting was obtained by a myeloid-specific promoter (MSP) and posttranscriptional, microRNA-mediated regulation. We optimized both components in human bone marrow (BM) HSC and their differentiated progeny in vitro and in a xenotransplantation model, and generated therapeutic gp91(phox) expressing LVs for CGD gene therapy. All vectors restored gp91(phox) expression and function in human X-CGD myeloid cell lines, primary monocytes, and differentiated myeloid cells. While unregulated LVs ectopically expressed gp91(phox) in CD34(+) cells, transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally regulated LVs substantially reduced this off-target expression. X-CGD mice transplanted with transduced HSC restored gp91(phox) expression, and MSP-driven vectors maintained regulation during BM development. Combining transcriptional (SP146.gp91-driven) and posttranscriptional (miR-126-restricted) targeting, we achieved high levels of myeloid-specific transgene expression, entirely sparing the CD34(+) HSC compartment. This dual-targeted LV construct represents a promising candidate for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiriaco
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù and University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Farinelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Capo
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù and University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Zonari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Samantha Scaramuzza
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù and University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Sergi Sergi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Migliavacca
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Raisa Jofra Hernandez
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ezio Giorda
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry and B Cell Development, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Didier Trono
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Paolo Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù and University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù and University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy; "Vita-Salute" S. Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernhard Gentner
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù and University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy; San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET), Scientific Institute HS Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Wen X, Xu S, Liu H, Liang H, Yang C, Wang H. Construction and identification of the pshRNA-CACNA1G-SH-SY5Ycells targeted to silence Cav3.1 mRNA expression. Biomed Rep 2014; 1:669-673. [PMID: 24649007 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
T-type calcium channels are a class of low voltage-dependent calcium channels that may be activated following minor depolarizations of the cell membrane. Cav3.1 is the dominant subtype of the T-type calcium channel in SH-SY5Y cells. T-type channels play a key role in the regulation of the intracellular calcium concentration, which is involved in the neurotoxic effect of local anesthetics. However, there is a lack of specific inhibitors of T-type calcium channels. The existing T-type calcium channel inhibitors exhibit poor specificity and may block the high voltage-dependent calcium channels, such as the L- and N-type channels. Furthermore, there is no selectivity to the subtype of the T-type calcium channel. Therefore, the development of a specific T-type calcium channel inhibitor may contribute to the elucidation of the functions and characteristics of T-type calcium channels. The aim of this study was to silence the Cav3.1 mRNA expression in SH-SY5Y cells via the RNA interference (RNAi) method in order to construct pshRNA-CACNA1G-SH-SY5Y cells and assess Cav3.1 mRNA and protein expression by western blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identify the constructed cell line. The results demonstrated that Cav3.1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly reduced following transfection with the SH-SY5Y cells by the supernatant liquors. The results also demonstrated that the pshRNA-CACNA1G-SH-SY5Y cells were successfully constructed. These findings may contribute to the elucidation of the functions of Cav3.1 in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjie Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China ; Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan and Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Shiyuan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan and Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Hua Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan and Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Chenxiang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan and Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Hanbing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan and Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
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22
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Merienne N, Le Douce J, Faivre E, Déglon N, Bonvento G. Efficient gene delivery and selective transduction of astrocytes in the mammalian brain using viral vectors. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:106. [PMID: 23847471 PMCID: PMC3701857 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are now considered as key players in brain information processing because of their newly discovered roles in synapse formation and plasticity, energy metabolism and blood flow regulation. However, our understanding of astrocyte function is still fragmented compared to other brain cell types. A better appreciation of the biology of astrocytes requires the development of tools to generate animal models in which astrocyte-specific proteins and pathways can be manipulated. In addition, it is becoming increasingly evident that astrocytes are also important players in many neurological disorders. Targeted modulation of protein expression in astrocytes would be critical for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Gene transfer is valuable to target a subpopulation of cells and explore their function in experimental models. In particular, viral-mediated gene transfer provides a rapid, highly flexible and cost-effective, in vivo paradigm to study the impact of genes of interest during central nervous system development or in adult animals. We will review the different strategies that led to the recent development of efficient viral vectors that can be successfully used to selectively transduce astrocytes in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Merienne
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Amendola M, Giustacchini A, Gentner B, Naldini L. A double-switch vector system positively regulates transgene expression by endogenous microRNA expression (miR-ON vector). Mol Ther 2013; 21:934-46. [PMID: 23439497 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand and exploit microRNA (miR) regulation, a more precise characterization of miR expression patterns within a tissue or a lineage during development, differentiation, and homeostasis is needed. We previously showed that lentiviral vectors (LV) can be made responsive to miR to stringently control transgene expression as well as to report miR activity "live" and at the single-cell level. Although very useful, this approach reports miR activity by transgene suppression, hampering the direct identification and selection of miR-expressing cells. Here, we describe a strategy to couple transgene expression to the activity of the miR of interest. To this aim, we generated LV encoding two in-series OFF switches: a transcriptional repressor tagged with miR target sequences and a reporter cassette under the control of the repressor. Reporter expression is ON only when the miR is active and represses translation of the transcriptional repressor. We successfully applied this design to different types of repressors, multiple gene encoding vectors and delivered the system either by two separate or a self-contained vector. We demonstrated its performance by live monitoring of two miRs in different stages of human primary hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell differentiation in vivo. Further applications of this approach include imaging of rare miR-expressing cells and positive regulation of a therapeutic or selector gene in target cells identified by the expression of selected miRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Amendola
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Gene Therapy and Stem Cells, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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