1
|
Tong P, Pan J, Dang Y, Yang E, Jia C, Duan R, Tian S, Palidan N, Kuang L, Wang C, Lu G, Xie J. First identification and isolation of equine herpesvirus type 1 in aborted fetal lung tissues of donkeys. Virol J 2024; 21:117. [PMID: 38802935 PMCID: PMC11131334 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is commonly associated with horse abortion. Currently, there are no reported cases of abortion resulting from EHV-1 infection in donkeys. RESULTS This was the first survey-based study of Chinese donkeys. The presence of EHV-1 was identified by PCR. This survey was conducted in Chabuchar County, North Xinjiang, China, in 2020. A donkey EHV-1 strain (Chabuchar/2020) was successfully isolated in MDBK cells. Seventy-two of 100 donkey sera were able to neutralize the isolated EHV-1. Moreover, the ORF33 sequence of the donkey-origin EHV-1 Chabuchar/2020 strain showed high levels of similarity in both its nucleotide (99.7‒100%) and amino acid (99.5‒100%) sequences, with those of horse EHV-1 strains. EHV-1 Chabuchar/2020 showed significant consistency and was classified within cluster 1 of horse EHV-1 strains. Further, analysis of the expected ORF30 nucleotide sequence revealed that donkey EHV-1 strains contained guanine at position 2254, resulting in a change to aspartic acid at position 752 of the viral DNA polymerase. Therefore, these strains were classified as horse neuropathogenic strains. Lastly, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the partial ORF68 nucleotide sequences, showing that the identified donkey EHV-1 strain and the EHV-1 strain found in aborted Yili horses in China comprised a novel independent VIII group. CONCLUSION This study showed the first isolation and identification of EHV-1 as an etiological agent of abortions in donkeys. Further analysis of the ORF33, ORF30, and ORF68 sequences indicated that the donkey EHV-1 contained the neuropathogenic genotype of strains in the VIII group. It is thus important to be aware of EHV-1 infection in the donkey population, even though the virus has only been identified in donkey abortions in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Tong
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Juanjuan Pan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yueyi Dang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Enhui Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chenyang Jia
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruli Duan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuyao Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nuerlan Palidan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ling Kuang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chuanfeng Wang
- Key laboratory for animal disease detection, College of Animal Sciences, Yili Vocational and Technical College, Yili, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jinxin Xie
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Study and Creation for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Worku A, Molla W, Kenubih A, Gizaw D, Muluneh A, Admassu B, Ejo M, Dagnaw GG, Bitew AB, Fentahun T, Getnet K, Dejene H, Berrie K, Ibrahim SM, Gessese AT, Fenta MD, Dessalegn B, Birhan M, Kinde MZ. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of equine herpesvirus type-1/-4 in selected districts of Northwest Amhara, Ethiopia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 107:102155. [PMID: 38460360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, determine the distribution, and identify the epidemiological risk factors of EHV-1/-4 infections in selected districts of Northwest Amhara Region. 460 serum samples were collected from equines using multistage cluster sampling technique, and a competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was performed. Various risk factors for the occurrence of EHV-1/-4 were considered. Statistical analysis was performed using R version 4.3.1. 65.9% (303) equids were tested positive for antibodies against EHV-1/-4. Based on district, the highest prevalence was recorded in Wogera (86.1%), while the lowest was in Debark (47.4%). There was a significant difference (p <0.05; 95% CI: 1.1067993-3.682843) in the prevalence of EHV-1/-4 among species and donkeys are 2.019 times more likely to get an EHV infection than horses. The prevalence of EHV-1/-4 was highest in equids with the age of 3-8 years and lowest in < 3 years, and the difference was statistically significant (p <0.05; 95% CI: 1.9812042-6.771820). Statistically significant variation (p <0.05; 95% CI: 1.1173822-2.684013) was also observed between sex of equids in which females had 1.73 times higher chance to get EHV infection than males. Higher prevalence was found in lactating equids (81.6%), followed by pregnant equids (74.6%), and dry equids (66.4%). Generally, this study indicated a high and wide distribution of EHV-1/-4 infection in the study area, which needs due attention. Devising strategies to prevent and minimize the spread and occurrence of the infection is crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anmut Worku
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Molla
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and public health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Ambaye Kenubih
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Gizaw
- Animal Health Institute (AHI), Ministry of Livestock and Fishery, P. O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayelech Muluneh
- Animal Health Institute (AHI), Ministry of Livestock and Fishery, P. O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Bemrew Admassu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrat Ejo
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Getaneh Dagnaw
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Belete Bitew
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and public health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Tewodros Fentahun
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Kalkidan Getnet
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and public health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Haileyesus Dejene
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and public health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Berrie
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and public health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Saddam Mohammed Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Tesfaye Gessese
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Melkie Dagnaw Fenta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P. O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Dessalegn
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mastewal Birhan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrie Zemene Kinde
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.Box 196, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Emelogu U, Lewin AC, Balasuriya UBR, Liu CC, Wilkes RP, Zhang J, Mills EP, Carter RT. Phylogenomic assessment of 23 equid alphaherpesvirus 1 isolates obtained from USA-based equids. Virol J 2023; 20:278. [PMID: 38031153 PMCID: PMC10688130 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a global viral pathogen of domestic equids which causes reproductive, respiratory and neurological disease. Few isolates acquired from naturally infected USA-based hosts have been fully sequenced and analyzed to date. An ORF 30 (DNA polymerase) variant (A2254G) has previously been associated with neurological disease in host animals. The purpose of this study was to perform phylogenomic analysis of EHV-1 isolates acquired from USA-based hosts and compare these isolates to previously sequenced global isolates. METHODS EHV-1 was isolated from 23 naturally infected USA-based equids (6 different states, 15 disease outbreaks) with reproductive (22/23) or neurological disease (1/23). Following virus isolation, EHV-1 DNA was extracted for sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. Following reference-based assembly, whole viral genomes were annotated and assessed. Previously sequenced EHV-1 isolates (n = 114) obtained from global host equids were included in phylogenomic analyses. RESULTS The overall average genomic distance was 0.0828% (SE 0.004%) for the 23 newly sequenced USA isolates and 0.0705% (SE 0.003%) when all 137 isolates were included. Clade structure was predominantly based on geographic origin. Numerous nucleotide substitutions (mean [range], 179 [114-297] synonymous and 81 [38-120] non-synonymous substitutions per isolate) were identified throughout the genome of the newly sequenced USA isolates. The previously described ORF 30 A2254G substitution (associated with neurological disease) was found in only one isolate obtained from a host with non-neurological clinical signs (reproductive disease), six additional, unique, non-synonymous ORF 30 substitutions were detected in 22/23 USA isolates. Evidence of recombination was present in most (22/23) of the newly sequenced USA isolates. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the genomes of the 23 newly sequenced EHV-1 isolates obtained from USA-based hosts were broadly similar to global isolates. The previously described ORF 30 A2254G neurological substitution was infrequently detected in the newly sequenced USA isolates, most of which were obtained from host animals with reproductive disease. Recombination was likely to be partially responsible for genomic diversity in the newly sequenced USA isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugochi Emelogu
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Rebecca P Wilkes
- Purdue University, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Iowa State University, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Erinn P Mills
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barbosa JD, Lins ADMC, Bomjardim HDA, Silveira NDSES, Barbosa CC, Beuttemmuller EA, Brito MF, Salvarani FM. Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Myeloencephalitis in the Brazilian Amazon. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010059. [PMID: 36611668 PMCID: PMC9817990 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigative and epidemiological study was carried out for equine herpesvirus type 1 (HVE-1) in 10 outbreaks of neurological disease from different farms in the state of Pará, Brazil. 25 horses were studied: six male and 19 females, aged between one and 13 years. A necropsy of six horses was performed, and the others recovered either with or without treatment (T1-vitamin B1 + dexamentasone; T2-vitamin B1 + flunixim meglumine). Animals that received treatment recovered after eight days. The main clinical signs observed were motor incoordination, progressive paresis, thoracic and/or pelvic limbs abducted after induction of clinical examination, knuckling of the hind fetlocks, sagging and swaying of the hindquarters while standing or walking and paresis. All animals were positive: 88% (22/25) in nested PCR and 72% (18/25) in serum neutralization (including three negatives in serology). Focal brownish areas compatible with hemorrhage were found in the white and gray matter of the spinal cord of two animals. On histological analysis, there were perivasculitis and neutrophilic vasculitis in the gray matter of the spinal cord and brain. Based on the evidence, this work proves the circulation of HVE-1 in the Amazon biome, mainly in the state of Pará, Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Diomedes Barbosa
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique dos Anjos Bomjardim
- Instituto de Estudos do Trópico Úmido (IETU), Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará (Unifesspa), Xinguara 68557-335, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Cordeiro Barbosa
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil
| | - Edsel Alves Beuttemmuller
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-070, PR, Brazil
| | - Marilene Farias Brito
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública (DESP), Instituto de Veterinária (IV), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe Masiero Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wondimagegnehu K, Leta S, Amenu K, Negussie H. Molecular detection and assessment of the epidemiological risk factors associated with equine herpesvirus 2 and 5 in working equids in central Ethiopia. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2396-2403. [DOI: 10.1002/vms3.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kifle Wondimagegnehu
- Alage Agricultural Technical Vocational Education and Training College Ministry of Agriculture Alage Ethiopia
| | - Samson Leta
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University Bishoftu Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Amenu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University Bishoftu Ethiopia
| | - Haileleul Negussie
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University Bishoftu Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Although equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a relatively uncommon manifestation of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection, it can cause devastating losses during outbreaks. Antemortem diagnosis of EHM relies mainly on the molecular detection of EHV-1 in nasal secretions and blood. Management of horses affected by EHM is aimed at supportive nursing and nutritional care, at reducing central nervous system inflammation and preventing thromboembolic sequelae. Horses exhibiting sudden and severe neurologic signs consistent with a diagnosis of EHM pose a definite risk to the surrounding horse population. Consequently, early intervention to prevent the spread of infection is required.
Collapse
|
7
|
Carvelli A, Nielsen SS, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L. Clinical impact, diagnosis and control of Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection in Europe. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07230. [PMID: 35414834 PMCID: PMC8985062 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) can affect the entire equine sector in EU, and the large outbreak reported in 2021 in Spain drew attention to the needs of the European Commission for scientific advice for the assessment of EHV-1 infection within the framework of Animal Health Law. EHV-1 is considered endemic in the EU; its main risk is linked to the characteristic of producing latent life-long infections. These can reactivate producing clinical disease, which can include respiratory, abortive and possibly fatal neurological forms. From the epidemiological and genomic viewpoint, there are no specific neuropathogenic EHV-1 strains; the respiratory, reproductive and neurological signs are not found to be strain-specific. This was also the case of the virus that caused the outbreak in Valencia (Spain) in 2021, which was genetically closely related to other viruses circulating before in Europe, and did not present the so-called neuropathogenic genotype. The outbreak reported in Valencia was followed by wide geographic spread of the virus possibly due to a delay in diagnosis and late application of biosecurity measures. The recommended and most sensitive diagnostic test for detecting EHV-1 is PCR performed on swabs collected according to the type of clinical signs. Serological assays on paired blood samples can help to detect a recent infection, while no diagnostic methods are available to detect EHV-1 latent infections. Safe movements of horses can be ensured at premovement phase by testing and issuing health certificates, and by isolating animals upon arrival at new premises with regular health monitoring. In case of suspicion, movements should be forbidden and EHV-1 infection early detected/confirmed by validated diagnostic tools. During outbreaks, no movements should be allowed until 21 days after the detection of the last case. In general, vaccination against EHV-1 should be promoted, although this offers limited protection against the neurological form of the disease.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abisheva A, Abishov A, Khairullaeva K, Shynybayev K, Kalissynov B, Maikhin K, Kydyrmanov A, Karamendin K, Valdovska A, Syrym N. AK-2011 strain for the development of a vaccine against equine rhinopneumonitis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1972-e1981. [PMID: 35315978 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine rhinopneumonitis is an acute, highly contagious disease found virtually worldwide. The purpose of the studies presented in this paper is to develop a technology for the manufacture of a cell-derived equine rhinopneumonitis vaccine, as well as to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the newly developed vaccine in laboratory animals model. The object of the studies was the AK-2011 strain isolated from the horses suffering from rhinopneumonitis during an outbreak of abortions. The viability of the AK-2011 strain was assessed using a continuous line of calf trachea cells, a continuous line of calf kidney cells, a continuous line of sheep kidney cells, a continuous line of bovine kidney cells, a continuous line of green monkey kidney cells, a continuous line of Syrian hamster kidney cells, a primary trypsinized culture of horse kidney cells grown in tubes and flasks, and the AK-2011 laboratory strain of equine rhinopneumonitis virus with biological activity of 6.0 lg TCID50/cm 3 . Sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were performed. The virus isolated from the ORF68 gene in Kazakhstan appeared to be the most similar to the T-953 and 2222-03 strains isolated in the USA and Australia, respectively, in terms of phylogenetics. As to primary infections, cytopathic effects (CPE) induced by the AK-2011 virus stain (dilution 101 ) in calf trachea and horse kidney cell cultures were stable from the 1st to 10th passages, with biological activity of 5.75-6.00 lg TCID50/cm 3 . CPE caused by the virus were apparent on days 2-3, further developed intensively, and extended to 60-80% of the cell monolayer on days 5-7. The vaccine results can be used to immunize horses on farms against rhinopneumonia, and horses should be immunized twice with an interval of 2-3 months. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aigerim Abisheva
- Laboratory of Cell Cultures and Culture Media, LLP «SPE DiaVak-ABN», Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Kuralay Khairullaeva
- Laboratory of Cell Cultures and Culture Media, LLP «SPE DiaVak-ABN», Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Kydyrbay Maikhin
- National Reference Veterinary Center Almaty Branch, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidyn Kydyrmanov
- Laboratory of Viral Ecology, LLP «SPC of Microbiology and Virology», Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kobey Karamendin
- Laboratory of Viral Ecology, LLP «SPC of Microbiology and Virology», Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Anda Valdovska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Nazym Syrym
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
An Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus-4 in an Ecological Donkey Milk Farm in Romania. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030468. [PMID: 35335100 PMCID: PMC8953855 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesviruses are important pathogens causing significant economic loss in equine and asinine populations. EHV-1/4 strains are mainly associated with respiratory distress. The aim of this study is to report the first EHV 4-associated respiratory disease in donkeys in Romania. Thirty-seven of three hundred jennies in an ecological donkey farm in southwest Romania started initially showing signs of severe upper respiratory tract disease, with ten concomitant late abortions/neonatal deaths and three neurological cases. There were nine fatalities. Pathological examination was performed, and samples were collected for Real-Time PCR analysis and histology. In addition, serum samples from 28 individuals with respiratory symptoms were collected and tested using indirect ELISA. RT-PCR identified the EHV-4 strain. Acute, diffuse necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia with occasional intraepithelial intranuclear viral inclusion bodies was identified. Additionally, EHV-1/4-specific antibodies were found in 15 of the 28 sampled animals. Few studies on donkeys and herpesviruses have been published, and this is the first reported case of EHV-4 outbreak in Romania. There is a need for more extensive seroprevalence studies as, currently, the status of EHV-4 infection in donkeys in Romania is unknown.
Collapse
|
10
|
Tong P, Duan R, Palidan N, Deng H, Duan L, Ren M, Song X, Jia C, Tian S, Yang E, Kuang L, Xie J. Outbreak of neuropathogenic equid herpesvirus 1 causing abortions in Yili horses of Zhaosu, North Xinjiang, China. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:83. [PMID: 35232435 PMCID: PMC8886757 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EHV-1 is one of the most serious viral pathogens that frequently cause abortion in horses around the world. However, so far, relatively little information is available on EHV-1 infections as they occur in China. In January 2021, during an abortion storm which occurred in Yili horses at the Chinese State Studs of Zhaosu (North Xinjiang, China), 43 out of 800 pregnant mares aborted. Results PCR detection revealed the presence of EHV-1 in all samples as the possible cause of all abortions, although EHV-4, EHV-2 and EHV-5 were also found to circulate in the aborted fetuses. Furthermore, the partial ORF33 sequences of the 43 EHV-1 shared 99.3–100% and 99.0–100% similarity in nucleotide and amino acid sequences respectively. These sequences not only indicated a highly conserved region but also allowed the strains to group into six clusters. In addition, based on the predicted ORF30 nucleotide sequence, it was found that all the strains carried a guanine at the 2254 nucleotide position (aspartic acid at position 752 of the viral DNA polymerase) and were, therefore, identified as neuropathogenic strains. Conclusion This study is the first one that establishes EHV-1 as the cause of abortions in Yili horses, of China. Further characterization of the ORF30 sequences revealed that all the EHV-1 strains from the study carried the neuropathogenic genotype. Totally, neuropathogenic EHV-1 infection in China’s horse population should be concerned although the virus only detected in Yili horse abortions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03171-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Tong
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruli Duan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nuerlan Palidan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | | | - Liya Duan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Meiling Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Cisen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaozhen Song
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Tiankang biological Co., Ltd, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chenyang Jia
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuyao Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Enhui Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ling Kuang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jinxin Xie
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Carvelli A, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Baldinelli F, Van der Stede Y. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus-1. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07036. [PMID: 35035581 PMCID: PMC8753587 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of: Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of the disease to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of the disease according to disease prevention and control measures as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, and expert judgement on each criterion at individual and collective level. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether the criterion is fulfilled (66-100%) or not (0-33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment (33-66%). For the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. According to the assessment performed, Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the Animal Health Law with 33-90% certainty. According to the criteria as in Annex IV of the AHL related to Article 9 of the AHL for the categorisation of diseases according to the level of prevention and control, it was assessed with less than 1% certainty that EHV-1 fulfils the criteria as in Section 1 (category A), 1-5% for the criteria as in Section 2 (category B), 10-66% for the criteria as in Section 3 (category C), 66-90% for the criteria as in Section 4 (category D) and 33-90% for the criteria as in Section 5 (category E). The animal species to be listed for EHV-1 infection according to Article 8(3) criteria are the species belonging to the families of Equidae, Bovidae, Camelidae, Caviidae, Cervidae, Cricetidae, Felidae, Giraffidae, Leporidae, Muridae, Rhinocerontidae, Tapiridae and Ursidae.
Collapse
|
12
|
Temesgen T, Getachew Y, Negussie H. Molecular Identification of Equine Herpesvirus 1, 2, and 5 in Equids with Signs of Respiratory Disease in Central Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2021; 12:337-345. [PMID: 34956854 PMCID: PMC8694401 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s339042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Equine herpesvirus (EHV) infections have major economic, health, and welfare impacts on equids. This study was performed in three selected zones of central Ethiopia with the objectives of detecting EHV-1, -2, and -5 in horses and donkeys with suggestive signs of respiratory tract disease and to assess epidemiological risk factors associated with infections. Methods A total of 58 nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from donkeys and horses showing clinical signs of respiratory disease. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect EHV-1, -2, and -5. Evaluation of the associated risk factors was conducted using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results Among the 58 equids tested, 36 (62%), 31 (53%), and 15 (25%) equids were positive for EHV-1, -2, and -5, respectively. Concurrent infections with EHV-1 and EHV-2 (31%), EHV-1 and EHV-5 (17%), EHV-2 and EHV-5 (15.5%), and EHV-1, -2, and -5 (13%) were recorded. EHV-1 was detected significantly in higher proportion in donkeys (76%; 95% CI: 1.066–2.251; P = 0.047) compared with horses (51.5%). In contrast, horses had fourteen times more likely to be positive for EHV-2 (OR: 13.66; 95% CI: 3.119–59.816; P = 0.001) compared to donkeys. Detection of EHV-1, -2, and -5 was no significant association with age, sex, and body condition score. Conclusion The present study revealed the molecular evidence of EHV-1, -2, and -5 infection in donkeys and horses with signs of respiratory disease. It also documented that donkeys and horses have varying levels of susceptibility to EHVs. This species-specific in susceptibility difference to EHVs infections should be further elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuge Temesgen
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Asossa University, Asossa, Ethiopia
| | - Yitbarek Getachew
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Haileleul Negussie
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Scheurer L, Bachofen C, Hardmeier I, Lechmann J, Schoster A. Prevalence of Nasal Shedding of Equid Gammaherpesviruses in Healthy Swiss Horses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091686. [PMID: 34578268 PMCID: PMC8473365 DOI: 10.3390/v13091686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid Gamma herpesvirus (eGHV) infections have been reported worldwide and may be correlated with clinical signs, e.g., affecting the respiratory tract in young horses. eGHV are shed by healthy horses as well as horses with respiratory tract disease. The prevalence in healthy Swiss horses is unknown to date but this data would provide valuable information for causal diagnosis in clinical cases and formulation of biosecurity recommendations. Nasal swabs from 68 healthy horses from 12 Swiss stables and 2 stables near the Swiss border region in Germany were analyzed by panherpes nested PCR. Positive samples were sequenced. A multivariable model was used to determine if sex, age, breed, canton, or stable had a significant effect on the shedding status of each detected eGHV. Overall, the eGHV prevalence was 59% (n = 68); the prevalence for equid herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2), equid herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5) and asinine herpesvirus-5 (AHV-5) was 38%, 12% and 9%, respectively. Co-infections with multiple eGHVs were observed in 25% of the positive samples. The odds of shedding EHV-2 decreased with age (p = 0.01) whereas the odds of shedding AHV-5 increased with age (p = 0.04). Breed, sex, canton, or stable had no significant association with eGHV shedding. As EHV-2 shedding was common in healthy horses a positive PCR result must be interpreted with caution regarding the formulation of biosecurity recommendations and causal diagnosis. As EHV-5 and AHV-5 shedding was less common than EHV-2, a positive test result is more likely to be of clinical relevance. Shedding of multiple eGHV complicates the interpretation of positive test results in a horse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scheurer
- Klinik für Pferdemedizin, Departement für Pferde, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (I.H.)
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institut für Virologie, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (C.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Isabelle Hardmeier
- Klinik für Pferdemedizin, Departement für Pferde, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (I.H.)
| | - Julia Lechmann
- Institut für Virologie, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (C.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Angelika Schoster
- Klinik für Pferdemedizin, Departement für Pferde, Vetsuisse Fakultät Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (L.S.); (I.H.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Câmara RJF, Bueno BL, Resende CF, Balasuriya UBR, Sakamoto SM, dos Reis JKP. Viral Diseases that Affect Donkeys and Mules. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122203. [PMID: 33255568 PMCID: PMC7760297 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Donkeys have been neglected and threatened by abandonment, indiscriminate slaughter, and a lack of proper sanitary management. They are often treated as “small horses.” However, donkeys and horses have significant genetic, physiological, and behavioral differences. Specific knowledge about viral infectious diseases that affect donkeys and mules is important to mitigate disease outbreaks. Thus, the purpose of this review is to provide a brief update on viral diseases of donkeys and mules and ways to prevent their spread. Abstract Donkeys (Equus asinus) and mules represent approximately 50% of the entire domestic equine herd in the world and play an essential role in the lives of thousands of people, primarily in developing countries. Despite their importance, donkeys are currently a neglected and threatened species due to abandonment, indiscriminate slaughter, and a lack of proper sanitary management. Specific knowledge about infectious viral diseases that affect this group of Equidae is still limited. In many cases, donkeys and mules are treated like horses, with the physiological differences between these species usually not taken into account. Most infectious diseases that affect the Equidae family are exclusive to the family, and they have a tremendous economic impact on the equine industry. However, some viruses may cross the species barrier and affect humans, representing an imminent risk to public health. Nevertheless, even with such importance, most studies are conducted on horses (Equus caballus), and there is little comparative information on infection in donkeys and mules. Therefore, the objective of this article is to provide a brief update on viruses that affect donkeys and mules, thereby compromising their performance and well-being. These diseases may put them at risk of extinction in some parts of the world due to neglect and the precarious conditions they live in and may ultimately endanger other species’ health and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Jéssica Falcão Câmara
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.J.F.C.); (B.L.B.); (C.F.R.)
| | - Bruna Lopes Bueno
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.J.F.C.); (B.L.B.); (C.F.R.)
| | - Cláudia Fideles Resende
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.J.F.C.); (B.L.B.); (C.F.R.)
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, River Rd, Room 1043, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Sidnei Miyoshi Sakamoto
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar do Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde (DCS), Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte 59625-900, Brazil;
| | - Jenner Karlisson Pimenta dos Reis
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.J.F.C.); (B.L.B.); (C.F.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-31-3409-2100
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Goodrich EL, McLean A, Guarino C. A Pilot Serosurvey for Selected Pathogens in Feral Donkeys ( Equus asinus). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101796. [PMID: 33023217 PMCID: PMC7599684 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aimed to assess the pathogen exposure status of recently captured feral donkeys from Death Valley National Park, California. Assays to detect the presence of antibodies to equine herpesvirus 1, equine influenza virus, West Nile virus, and Borrelia burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease) were performed on serum samples from these feral donkeys. The results indicate that this population is mostly naïve and likely susceptible to these common equid pathogens upon removal from the wild. Abstract Recent removal and relocation of feral donkeys from vast public lands to more concentrated holding pens, training facilities, and offsite adoption locations raises several health and welfare concerns. Very little is known regarding the common equid pathogens that are circulating within the feral donkey population in and around Death Valley National Park, California, USA. The aim of this study was to utilize serologic assays to assess previous exposure of these donkeys to equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), equine influenza (EIV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Borrelia burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease). The results of this study indicate that this feral equid population is mostly naïve and likely susceptible to these common equid pathogens upon removal from the wild.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Goodrich
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +607-253-3972
| | - Amy McLean
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Cassandra Guarino
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oladunni FS, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2668. [PMID: 31849857 PMCID: PMC6901505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is one of the most important and prevalent viral pathogens of horses and a major threat to the equine industry throughout most of the world. EHV-1 primarily causes respiratory disease but viral spread to distant organs enables the development of more severe sequelae; abortion and neurologic disease. The virus can also undergo latency during which viral genes are minimally expressed, and reactivate to produce lytic infection at any time. Recently, there has been a trend of increasing numbers of outbreaks of a devastating form of EHV-1, equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy. This review presents detailed information on EHV-1, from the discovery of the virus to latest developments on treatment and control of the diseases it causes. We also provide updates on recent EHV-1 research with particular emphasis on viral biology which enables pathogenesis in the natural host. The information presented herein will be useful in understanding EHV-1 and formulating policies that would help limit the spread of EHV-1 within horse populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatai S. Oladunni
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - David W. Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Thomas M. Chambers
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Preziuso S, Sgorbini M, Marmorini P, Cuteri V. Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 from Italian Horses: Evaluation of the Variability of the ORF30, ORF33, ORF34 and ORF68 Genes. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090851. [PMID: 31540321 PMCID: PMC6784080 DOI: 10.3390/v11090851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen of horses. It is spread worldwide and causes significant economic losses. The ORF33 gene has a conserved region that is often used as target in diagnostic PCR protocols. Single nucleotide point (SNP) mutations in ORF30 are usually used to distinguish between neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic genotypes. An ORF68 SNP-based scheme has been used for grouping different isolates. Recently, the highest number of variable sites in EHV-1 from the UK has been found in ORF34. In this study, EHV-1 positive samples from Italian horses with a history of abortion were investigated by amplifying and sequencing the ORF30, ORF33, ORF34 and ORF68 genes. Most animals were infected by the neuropathogenic type A2254G. A 118 bp deletion was found at nucleotide positions 701–818 of the ORF68 gene, making impossible to assign the samples to a known group. Sequencing of the ORF34 gene with a newly designed nested PCR showed new SNPs. Analysis of these sequences and of those obtained from genetic databases allowed the identification of at least 12 groups. These data add depth to the knowledge of EHV-1 genotypes circulating in Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Preziuso
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (MC), Italy.
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Vincenzo Cuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (MC), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kay G, Tligui N, Semmate N, Azrib R, González FJN, Brizgys L, McLean A. Determining factors and interspecific modeling for serum amyloid a concentrations in working horses, donkeys, and mules. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:256-265. [PMID: 31325640 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein and α-globulin that is produced in the liver in response to inflammatory cytokines. Considered a major acute phase protein in most domestic species, its concentrations rapidly decrease after resolution of inflammation, making SAA measurement a useful tool for monitoring the course of inflammation in an individual animal. The objective of this study was to compare SAA values in working equids including mules, donkeys and horses as well as values for different diseases at various times of the year. Samples were collected from 77 equids; 13 mules, 17 donkeys and 47 horses from sick or injured animals who presented to the clinic. Twenty-eight disease clinical diagnoses were compared with most cases being acute colitis. A highly significant differences between species was found when comparing SAA concentrations of mules to horses (P < .001) using Dunn comparison pairwise test. A difference (P < .05) was found between donkeys and horses, but not donkeys to mules (P > .05). The study suggests that SAA can be a helpful tool for disease diagnosis in mules and donkeys and suggests that the inflammatory response of mules maybe less than that of horses and donkeys but future studies evaluating SAA in healthy mules compared to diseased should be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gigi Kay
- The American Fondouk Veterinary Clinic, Fes, Morocco
| | | | - Noha Semmate
- Institut Agronomic et Veterinaire, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rahma Azrib
- Institut Agronomic et Veterinaire, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Lauren Brizgys
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Amy McLean
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Molecular Characterisation of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Isolates from Cases of Abortion, Respiratory and Neurological Disease in Ireland between 1990 and 2017. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8010007. [PMID: 30650561 PMCID: PMC6471309 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple locus typing based on sequencing heterologous regions in 26 open reading frames (ORFs) of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) strains Ab4 and V592 was used to characterise 272 EHV-1 isolates from 238 outbreaks of abortion, respiratory or neurological disease over a 28-year period. The analysis grouped the 272 viruses into at least 10 of the 13 unique long region (UL) clades previously recognised. Viruses from the same outbreak had identical multi-locus profiles. Sequencing of the ORF68 region of EHV-1 isolates from 222 outbreaks established a divergence into seven groups and network analysis demonstrated that Irish genotypes were not geographically restricted but clustered with viruses from all over the world. Multi-locus analysis proved a more comprehensive method of strain typing than ORF68 sequencing. It was demonstrated that when interpreted in combination with epidemiological data, this type of analysis has a potential role in tracking virus between premises and therefore in the implementation of targeted control measures. Viruses from 31 of 238 outbreaks analysed had the proposed ORF30 G2254/D752 neuropathogenic marker. There was a statistically significant association between viruses of the G2254/D752 genotype and both neurological disease and hypervirulence as defined by outbreaks involving multiple abortion or neurological cases. The association of neurological disease in those with the G2254/D752 genotype was estimated as 27 times greater than in those with the A2254/N752 genotype.
Collapse
|
20
|
Matczuk AK, Skarbek M, Jackulak NA, Bażanów BA. Molecular characterisation of equid alphaherpesvirus 1 strains isolated from aborted fetuses in Poland. Virol J 2018; 15:186. [PMID: 30509297 PMCID: PMC6276253 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is one of the main infectious causative agents of abortion in mares and can also be associated with stillbirth, neonatal foal death, rhinopneumonitis in young horses and a neurological disorder called equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). The neuropathogenicity of the virus was shown to be significantly higher in EHV-1 strains that carry a single nucleotide point (SNP) mutation in the ORF30, which encodes a catalytic subunit of viral DNA polymerase (ORF30 D752). Another gene, ORF68 is frequently used for phylogenetic analysis of EHV-1. Methods 27 EHV-1 strains isolated from aborted equine fetuses in Poland, collected between 1993 and 2017, were subjected to PCR targeting the open reading frames (ORFs) 30 and 68 of the EHV-1 genome. PCR products obtained were sequenced and SNPs were analyzed and compared to sequences available in GenBank. Results None of the analyzed sequences belonged to the ORF30 D752neuropathogenic genotype: all EHV-1 belonged to the non-neuropathogenic variant N752. On the basis of ORF68 sequences, the majority of EHV-1 sequences (76.9%) cannot be assigned to any of the known groups; only six sequences (23.1%) clustered within groups II and IV. Conclusions EHV-1 strains obtained from abortion cases belong to the non-neuropathogenic genotype. Many EHV-1 ORF68 sequences have similar SNPs to those already described in Poland, but a clear geographical distribution was not observed. A single particular ORF68 sequence type was observed in strains isolated from 2001 onwards. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-1093-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karolina Matczuk
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, Wroclaw, 50-375, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Skarbek
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, Wroclaw, 50-375, Poland
| | - Natalia Anna Jackulak
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, Wroclaw, 50-375, Poland
| | - Barbara Anna Bażanów
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, Wroclaw, 50-375, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bryant NA, Wilkie GS, Russell CA, Compston L, Grafham D, Clissold L, McLay K, Medcalf L, Newton R, Davison AJ, Elton DM. Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:817-832. [PMID: 29423949 PMCID: PMC5947664 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV‐1) causes respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death and neurological disease in equines and is endemic in most countries. The viral factors that influence EHV‐1 disease severity are poorly understood, and this has hampered vaccine development. However, the N752D substitution in the viral DNA polymerase catalytic subunit has been shown statistically to be associated with neurological disease. This has given rise to the term “neuropathic strain,” even though strains lacking the polymorphism have been recovered from cases of neurological disease. To broaden understanding of EHV‐1 diversity in the field, 78 EHV‐1 strains isolated over a period of 35 years were sequenced. The great majority of isolates originated from the United Kingdom and included in the collection were low passage isolates from respiratory, abortigenic and neurological outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis of regions spanning 80% of the genome showed that up to 13 viral clades have been circulating in the United Kingdom and that most of these are continuing to circulate. Abortion isolates grouped into nine clades, and neurological isolates grouped into five. Most neurological isolates had the N752D substitution, whereas most abortion isolates did not, although three of the neurological isolates from linked outbreaks had a different polymorphism. Finally, bioinformatic analysis suggested that recombination has occurred between EHV‐1 clades, between EHV‐1 and equine herpesvirus 4, and between EHV‐1 and equine herpesvirus 8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Bryant
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - G S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - C A Russell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - L Compston
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - D Grafham
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - L Clissold
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - K McLay
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - L Medcalf
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - R Newton
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - A J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - D M Elton
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Maanen K, Zaag E, Buter R, Wollenberg L, Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan MS. Asinine herpesvirus‐3 (equine herpesvirus‐8)‐associated neurological disease in a donkey. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kees Maanen
- Department of Small Ruminants, Horses and Companion AnimalsGezondheidsdienst voor Dieren BVDeventerThe Netherlands
| | - Ellen Zaag
- Dierenkliniek de DeltaMaaslandThe Netherlands
| | - Rianne Buter
- R&D DepartmentGezondheidsdienst voor Dieren BVDeventerThe Netherlands
| | - Linda Wollenberg
- Department of Small Ruminants, Horses and Companion AnimalsGezondheidsdienst voor Dieren BVDeventerThe Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Hills SF, Rola J. Genetic characterization of equid herpesvirus type 1 from cases of abortion in Poland. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2329-2335. [PMID: 28451902 PMCID: PMC5506511 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a common viral infection associated with varied clinical outcomes including respiratory disease, abortion and neurological disease. We have characterized EHV-1 sequences (n = 38) obtained from cases of equine abortion in Poland between 1999 and 2016, based on sequencing of PCR products from open reading frames (ORF) 30 and 68 of the EHV-1 genome. The majority (81.6%) of sequences were not classified into any of the previously described groups based on the ORF68 sequence. The remaining sequences belonged to ORF68 group III (7.9%) or IV (10.5%). A haplotype network analysis did not show any obvious structure within networks of local Polish sequences, nor within a global network of 215 EHV-1 sequences when these networks were coloured based on the geographical origin of viruses or date of detection. Our data suggest that ORF68 does not provide a reliable molecular marker for epidemiological studies of EHV-1, at least in a global sense. Its usefulness to aid local investigations of individual outbreaks remains to be established. All but two Polish EHV-1 sequences belonged to the ORF30 N752 genotype. The two ORF30 D752 viruses were obtained from abortion cases in 2009 and 2010. Hence, abortion cases that occurred in Poland between 1999 and 2016 were caused predominantly by EHV-1 with the ORF30 N752 genotype, with no indication of an increase in the prevalence of the ORF30 D752 variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Stasiak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Simon F Hills
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Negussie H, Gizaw D, Tesfaw L, Li Y, Oguma K, Sentsui H, Tessema TS, Nauwynck HJ. Detection of Equine Herpesvirus (EHV) -1, -2, -4 and -5 in Ethiopian Equids with and without Respiratory Problems and Genetic Characterization of EHV-2 and EHV-5 Strains. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:1970-1978. [PMID: 28102009 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Infections with equine herpesviruses (EHVs) are widespread in equine populations worldwide. Whereas both EHV-1 and EHV-4 produce well-documented respiratory syndromes in equids, the contribution of EHV-2 and EHV-5 to disease of the respiratory tract is still enigmatic. This study describes the detection and genetic characterization of EHVs from equids with and without clinical respiratory disease. Virus-specific PCRs were used to detect EHV-1, -2, -4 and -5. From the total of 160 equids with respiratory disease, EHV-5 was detected at the highest prevalence (23.1%), followed by EHV-2 (20.0%), EHV-4 (8.1%) and EHV-1 (7.5%). Concurrent infections with EHV-2 and EHV-5 were recorded from nine (5.2%) diseased horses. Of the total of 111 clinically healthy equids, EHV-1 and EHV-4 were never detected whereas EHV-2 and EHV-5 were found in 8 (7.2%) and 18 (16.2%) horses, respectively. A significantly higher proportion of EHV-2-infected equids was observed in the respiratory disease group (32/160, 20.0%; P = 0.005) compared to those without disease (8/111; 7.2%). EHV-2-positive equids were three times more likely to display clinical signs of respiratory disease than EHV-2-negative equids (OR 3.22, 95% CI: 1.42-7.28). For EHV-5, the observed difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.166). The phylogenetic analysis of the gB gene revealed that the Ethiopian EHV-2 and EHV-5 strains had a remarkable genetic diversity, with a nucleotide sequence identity among each other that ranged from 94.0 to 99.4% and 95.1 to 100%, respectively. Moreover, the nucleotide sequence identity of EHV-2 and EHV-5 with isolates from other countries acquired from GenBank ranged from 92.9 to 99.1% and 95.1 to 99.5%, respectively. Our results suggest that besides EHV-1 and EHV-4, EHV-2 is likely to be an important contributor either to induce or predispose equids to respiratory disease. However, more work is needed to better understand the contribution of EHV-2 in the establishment of respiratory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Negussie
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia
| | - D Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - L Tesfaw
- National Veterinary Institute, Debre zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Y Li
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Oguma
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - H Sentsui
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - T S Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - H J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Anagha G, Gulati BR, Riyesh T, Virmani N. Genetic characterization of equine herpesvirus 1 isolates from abortion outbreaks in India. Arch Virol 2016; 162:157-163. [PMID: 27699511 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) is a common pathogen of horses that causes upper respiratory tract disease, abortion, neonatal death and neurological disease. The neurological form of disease is called equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). During the past decade, the incidence of EHM has been on the rise in Europe, North America, Australia and Asia. Some EHV1 isolates causing EHM exhibit a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the DNA polymerase gene (ORF30) at position 2254 (A2254 to G2254). Further, based on polymorphism in the ORF68, EHV1 isolates have been classified into different groups. The aim of the present study was to estimate the genetic diversity of EHV1 and to determine the prevalence of the neuropathogenic genotype of EHV1 in India. Out of 133 clinical specimens from abortion cases in northern India, 56 were positive for EHV1 infection. Analysis of the A/G SNP by real-time PCR and sequence analysis revealed that 54 of 56 samples (96.43 %) were of the non-neuropathogenic genotype (A2254), while two (3.57 %) had the neuropathogenic marker (G2254). Sequence analysis of the polymorphic region of ORF68 of EHV1 isolates (n = 9) from India indicated that the Delhi/1998, Tohana-2/2013, Hisar-2/2014 and Hisar-15/1990 isolates belonged to group 4, while the Jind/1996, Rajasthan/1998, Delhi-3/2007 and Tohana-5/1996 isolates clustered within group 5. One isolate (Hisar-7/1990) exhibited SNPs at positions C710 and C713, forming a separate group. Here, we report for the first time the detection of neuropathogenic genotypes of EHV1 in India and show that Indian EHV1 isolates cluster within groups 4 and 5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Anagha
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Baldev Raj Gulati
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
| | | | - Nitin Virmani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| |
Collapse
|