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Zhu J, Wang J, Kang W, Zhang X, Kerdsin A, Yao H, Zheng H, Wu Z. Streptococcus suis serotype 4: a population with the potential pathogenicity in humans and pigs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2352435. [PMID: 38703011 PMCID: PMC11097711 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2352435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major bacterial pathogen in pigs and an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Different S. suis serotypes exhibit diverse characteristics in population structure and pathogenicity. Surveillance data highlight the significance of S. suis serotype 4 (SS4) in swine streptococcusis, a pathotype causing human infections. However, except for a few epidemiologic studies, the information on SS4 remains limited. In this study, we investigated the population structure, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial characteristics of SS4 based on 126 isolates, including one from a patient with septicemia. We discovered significant diversities within this population, clustering into six minimum core genome (MCG) groups (1, 2, 3, 4, 7-2, and 7-3) and five lineages. Two main clonal complexes (CCs), CC17 and CC94, belong to MCG groups 1 and 3, respectively. Numerous important putative virulence-associated genes are present in these two MCG groups, and 35.00% (7/20) of pig isolates from CC17, CC94, and CC839 (also belonging to MCG group 3) were highly virulent (mortality rate ≥ 80%) in zebrafish and mice, similar to the human isolate ID36054. Cytotoxicity assays showed that the human and pig isolates of SS4 strains exhibit significant cytotoxicity to human cells. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 95.83% of strains isolated from our labs were classified as multidrug-resistant. Prophages were identified as the primary vehicle for antibiotic resistance genes. Our study demonstrates the public health threat posed by SS4, expanding the understanding of SS4 population structure and pathogenicity characteristics and providing valuable information for its surveillance and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlu Zhu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- WOAH Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiming Kang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiyan Zhang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Huochun Yao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- WOAH Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Zheng
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, MOE Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- WOAH Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on the Technology of Pig-breeding and Pig-disease Prevention, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Hatrongjit R, Fittipaldi N, Gottschalk M, Kerdsin A. Genomic epidemiology in Streptococcus suis: Moving beyond traditional typing techniques. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27818. [PMID: 38509941 PMCID: PMC10951601 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a bacterial gram-positive pathogen that causes invasive infections in swine and is also a zoonotic disease agent. Traditional molecular typing techniques such as ribotyping, multilocus sequence typing, pulse-field gel electrophoresis, or randomly amplified polymorphic DNA have been used to investigate S. suis population structure, evolution, and genetic relationships and support epidemiological and virulence investigations. However, these traditional typing techniques do not fully reveal the genetically heterogeneous nature of S. suis strains. The high-resolution provided by whole-genome sequencing (WGS), which is now more affordable and more commonly available in research and clinical settings, has unlocked the exploration of S. suis genetics at full resolution, permitting the determination of population structure, genetic diversity, identification of virulent clades, genetic markers, and other bacterial features of interest. This approach will likely become the new gold standard for S. suis strain typing as WGS instruments become more widely available and traditional typing techniques are gradually replaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- GREMIP, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- GREMIP, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
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Dechêne-Tempier M, de Boisséson C, Lucas P, Bougeard S, Libante V, Marois-Créhan C, Payot S. Virulence genes, resistome and mobilome of Streptococcus suis strains isolated in France. Microb Genom 2024; 10:001224. [PMID: 38536216 PMCID: PMC10995628 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a leading cause of infection in pigs, causing extensive economic losses. In addition, it can also infect wild fauna, and can be responsible for severe infections in humans. Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been described in S. suis worldwide and most of the AMR genes are carried by mobile genetic elements (MGEs). This contributes to their dissemination by horizontal gene transfer. A collection of 102 strains isolated from humans, pigs and wild boars in France was subjected to whole genome sequencing in order to: (i) study their genetic diversity, (ii) evaluate their content in virulence-associated genes, (iii) decipher the mechanisms responsible for their AMR and their association with MGEs, and (iv) study their ability to acquire extracellular DNA by natural transformation. Analysis by hierarchical clustering on principal components identified a few virulence-associated factors that distinguish invasive CC1 strains from the other strains. A plethora of AMR genes (n=217) was found in the genomes. Apart from the frequently reported erm(B) and tet(O) genes, more recently described AMR genes were identified [vga(F)/sprA, vat(D)]. Modifications in PBPs/MraY and GyrA/ParC were detected in the penicillin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates respectively. New AMR gene-MGE associations were detected. The majority of the strains have the full set of genes required for competence, i.e for the acquisition of extracellular DNA (that could carry AMR genes) by natural transformation. Hence the risk of dissemination of these AMR genes should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Dechêne-Tempier
- Anses Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Mycoplasmologie, Bactériologie et Antibiorésistance, BP53 22440 Ploufragan, France
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, DynAMic, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Claire de Boisséson
- Anses Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Mycoplasmologie, Bactériologie et Antibiorésistance, BP53 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- Anses Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Génétique Virale et Biosécurité, BP53 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Stéphanie Bougeard
- Anses Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Épidémiologie, santé et bien-être, BP53 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Corinne Marois-Créhan
- Anses Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Mycoplasmologie, Bactériologie et Antibiorésistance, BP53 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie Payot
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, DynAMic, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Sheng Q, Xu Q, Lan Z, Wu Z. Comparative Genome Analysis of Two Streptococcus suis Serotype 8 Strains Identifies Two New Virulence-Associated Genes. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:572. [PMID: 38396540 PMCID: PMC10886379 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important zoonotic pathogen that can cause meningitis and septicemia in swine and humans. Among numerous pathogenic serotypes, S. suis serotype 8 has distinctive characteristics such as a high detection rate and causing multi-host infection. There is no complete genome of serotype 8 strains so far. In this study, the complete genome of two S. suis serotype 8 strains, virulent strain 2018WUSS151 and non-virulent strain WUSS030, were sequenced. Comparative genomic analysis showed that the homology of the two genomes reaches 99.68%, and the main difference is the distinctive prophages. There are 83 genes unique to virulent strain 2018WUSS151, including three putative virulence-associated genes (PVGs). Two PVGs, padR and marR, are passenger genes in ISSsu2 family transposons that are able to form circular DNA intermediates during transposition, indicating the possibility of horizontal transmission among S. suis strains. The deletion mutant of PVGs marR or atpase attenuated the virulence of serotype 2 virulent SC070731 in a mouse infection model, confirming their role in S. suis virulence. These findings contribute to clarifying the genomic characterization of S. suis serotype 8 and S. suis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sheng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China; (Q.S.); (Q.X.)
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- WOAH Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qiuhua Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China; (Q.S.); (Q.X.)
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- WOAH Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zouran Lan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China; (Q.S.); (Q.X.)
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China; (Q.S.); (Q.X.)
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- WOAH Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210014, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on the Technology of Pig-Breeding and Pig-Disease Prevention, Guangzhou 511400, China
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5
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Liang Z, Lu J, Bao Y, Chen X, Yao H, Wu Z. Glycerol metabolic repressor GlpR contributes to Streptococcus suis oxidative stress resistance and virulence. Microbes Infect 2024:105307. [PMID: 38309574 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial DeoR family transcription regulators regulate multiple physiological processes. Little is known about the function of DeoR family regulators in streptococci. Here, we identified a novel DeoR family regulator, GlpR, from Streptococcus suis, a pathogen causing severe diseases in pigs and humans. GlpR was involved in glycerol utilization and exhibited specific signature residues at positions 30-31 (KV) which are crucial for DNA binding. Deletion of glpR (ΔglpR) showed a significant increase in relative growth rate in glycerol medium compared to the wild-type (WT) and complementary strains (CΔglpR). Employing RNA-seq analysis, β-galactosidase activity analysis, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we discovered that GlpR directly represses the expression of glycerol metabolism-related genes pflB2, pflA1, and fsaA, encoding pyruvate formate-lyase and its activating enzyme, and fructose-6-phosphate aldolase, respectively. Compared to WT and CΔglpR, ΔglpR showed a reduced survival rate under oxidative stress and in murine macrophages and attenuated virulence in mice. GlpR probably enhances oxidative stress resistance and virulence in S. suis by functioning as a glycerol metabolic repressor decreasing energy consumption. These findings contribute to a better understanding of S. suis pathogenesis and enrich our knowledge of the biological functions of DeoR family regulators in streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; WOAH Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jiaxuan Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; WOAH Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yinli Bao
- Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Original Zoonosis, College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; WOAH Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; WOAH Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing 210014, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research on the Technology of Pig-breeding and Pig-disease Prevention, Guangzhou 511400, China.
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6
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Nicholson TL, Kalalah AA, Eppinger M. Population structure and genetic diversity of Streptococcus suis isolates obtained from the United States. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1250265. [PMID: 37808309 PMCID: PMC10551183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1250265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis are an extensive economic problem as well as an animal welfare concern for the global swine industry. Previous studies have evaluated the genomic diversity and population structure of S. suis isolates, however, the majority of these studies utilized isolates obtained from countries other than the U.S. This study applied whole genome sequencing and cgMLST-based typing to evaluate the population structure and genetic relatedness among S. suis isolates obtained within the U.S. The established high-resolution phylogenomic framework revealed extensive genomic variation and diversity among the sampled S. suis isolates, with isolates from the U.S. and from countries outside the U.S. found interspersed in the phylogeny. S. suis isolates obtained within the U.S. did not cluster by state or geographic location, however, isolates with similar serotypes, both obtained from within and outside the U.S., generally clustered together. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) values determined for the S. suis genomes were extensively broad, approaching the recommended species demarcation value, and correlated with the phylogenetic group distribution of the cgMLST-based tree. Numerous antimicrobial resistance (AMR) elements were identified among both U.S. and non-U.S. isolates with ble, tetO, and ermB genes identified as the most prevalent. The epf, mrp, and sly genes, historically used as markers for virulence potential, were also observed in the genomes of isolates that grouped together forming a subclade of clonal complex 1 (CC1) isolates. Collectively, the data in this report provides critical information needed to address potential biosurveillance needs and insights into the genetic diversity and population structure of S. suis isolates obtained within the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L. Nicholson
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anwar A. Kalalah
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (MMI), The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mark Eppinger
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (MMI), The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Wu CF, Chen SH, Chou CC, Wang CM, Huang SW, Kuo HC. Serotype and multilocus sequence typing of Streptococcus suis from diseased pigs in Taiwan. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8263. [PMID: 37217544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) infection can cause clinically severe meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia and septicemia in pigs. To date, studies on the serotypes, genotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. suis in affected pigs in Taiwan are rare. In this study, we comprehensively characterized 388 S. suis isolates from 355 diseased pigs in Taiwan. The most prevalent serotypes of S. suis were serotypes 3, 7 and 8. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed 22 novel sequence types (STs) including ST1831-1852 and one new clonal complex (CC), CC1832. The identified genotypes mainly belonged to ST27, ST94 and ST1831, and CC27 and CC1832 were the main clusters. These clinical isolates were highly susceptible to ceftiofur, cefazolin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and gentamicin. The bacteria were prone to be isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid in suckling pigs with the majority belonging to serotype 1 and ST1. In contrast, ST28 strains that corresponded to serotypes 2 and 1/2 were more likely to exist in the lungs of growing-finishing pigs, which posted a higher risk for food safety and public health. This study provided the genetic characterization, serotyping and the most current epidemiological features of S. suis in Taiwan, which should afford a better preventative and treatment strategy of S. suis infection in pigs of different production stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Hui Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan.
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Ji L, Chen Z, Li F, Hu Q, Xu L, Duan X, Wu H, Xu S, Chen Q, Wu S, Qiu S, Lu H, Jiang M, Cai R, Qiu Y, Li Y, Shi X. Epidemiological and genomic analyses of human isolates of Streptococcus suis between 2005 and 2021 in Shenzhen, China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1118056. [PMID: 37113229 PMCID: PMC10126776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1118056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes swine streptococcosis, which threatens human health and brings economic loss to the swine industry. Three-quarters of human S. suis infections are caused by serotype 2. A retrospective analysis of human S. suis cases in Shenzhen, a megacity in China, with high pork consumption, between 2005 and 2021 was conducted to understand its genomic epidemiology, pathogen virulence, and drug resistance characteristics. The epidemiological investigation showed that human cases of S. suis in Shenzhen were mainly associated with people who had been in close contact with raw pork or other swine products. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed that 33 human isolates in Shenzhen were dominated by serotype 2 (75.76%), followed by serotype 14 (24.24%), and the most prevalent sequence types (STs) were ST7 (48.48%) and ST1 (39.40%). ST242 (9.09%) and ST25 (3.03%), which were rarely reported, were also found. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Shenzhen human isolates had close genetic relatedness to isolates from Guangxi (China), Sichuan (China), and Vietnam. We found a new 82 KB pathogenicity island (PAI) in the serotype 2 isolate that may play a role in sepsis. Similarly, a serotype 14 isolate, containing 78 KB PAI, was isolated from a patient presenting with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSLS) who subsequently died. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was high in human isolates of S. suis from Shenzhen. Most human isolates were resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin, and 13 isolates had intermediate resistance to penicillin. In conclusion, swine importation from Guangxi, Sichuan, and Vietnam should be more closely monitored, and the use of antibiotics limited to reduce the potential for antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyin Ji
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhigao Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Quality and Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liangcai Xu
- Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangke Duan
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanguang Wu
- Shenzhen Institute of Quality and Safety Inspection and Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiqin Xu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qiongcheng Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuxiang Qiu
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Huiqun Lu
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Cai
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaqun Qiu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolu Shi,
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9
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Liu Z, Xu Q, Liang P, Peng Z, Yao H, Zheng H, Wu Z. The characteristics of population structure and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus suis serotype 8, a non-negligible pathotype. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2495-e2505. [PMID: 35560732 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, the leading causative agent of swine streptococcosis, is considered as a severe zoonotic and foodborne pathogen for humans. Characteristics of population structure and pathogenicity of S. suis vary significantly by serotypes. As one of the main pathogenic serotypes causing clinical disease in pigs, very little is known about the pathogenicity, population structure, and antimicrobial resistance of S. suis serotype 8 (SS8). In this study, the genome of 26 SS8 strains isolated from healthy and diseased pigs was sequenced. Together with 38 sequences from NCBI, we found that SS8 population was clustered into 12 sequence types (ST) and 4 minimum core genome (MCG) groups, linked to the geographical distribution. Noteworthily, 10 strains belonged to MCG group 1 which was defined to possess the capacity to cause global outbreaks in our previous study. We found that 75% (9/12) of representative SS8 strains were virulent in mice and zebrafish, including all ST1241 strains. No virulence indicators were identified from 67 putative virulence-associated genes mainly identified among pathogenic serotype 2 strains. Instead, we found that the genotype of some of these genes was correlated to their evolution. All 26 isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant strains by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The high carrying rate of tetO and ermB, mainly disseminated by integrative mobilizable elements, contributed to the prevalent resistance phenotypes to macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines. These findings indicated that the pathogenic potential of SS8 cannot be ignored and provided valuable information for SS8 surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuhua Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
| | - Pujun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Zeren Peng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
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10
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Liang Z, Wu H, Bian C, Chen H, Shen Y, Gao X, Ma J, Yao H, Wang L, Wu Z. The antimicrobial systems of Streptococcus suis promote niche competition in pig tonsils. Virulence 2022; 13:781-793. [PMID: 35481413 PMCID: PMC9067509 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2069390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis can cause severe infections in pigs and humans. The tonsils of pigs are major niches for S. suis, and different serotypes of S. suis can be found in the same tonsil. Pig tonsil colonization by S. suis is believed to be an important source of infection for humans and pigs. However, how S. suis competes for a stable tonsil niche is unknown. Here, we found that S. suis strain WUSS351, isolated from a healthy pig tonsil, is virulent and multidrug-resistant. The ABC transporter system SstFEG, conferring resistance to bacitracin, was reported to confer a competitive survival advantage in vivo. In addition, strain WUSS351 has several antimicrobial systems, including a novel type VII secretion system (T7SS), lantibiotic bacteriocin, and lactococcin972-like bacteriocin Lcn351. Bacterial competition experiments demonstrated T7SS-mediated cell contact-dependent antagonism of S. suis. Antibacterial activity analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the culture-independent and culture-dependent pig tonsillar microbiome revealed that Lcn351 mainly targets S. suis, one of the core microbiomes in pig tonsils. Taken together, our results revealed the mechanism of the stable persistence of S. suis in the tonsil niche, which might have important implications for S. suis epidemiology, potentially influencing strain prevalence and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
| | - Huizhen Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Bian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanling Shen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueping Gao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
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11
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Genome analysis provides insight into hyper-virulence of Streptococcus suis LSM178, a human strain with a novel sequence type 1005. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23919. [PMID: 34907269 PMCID: PMC8671398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis has been well-recognized as a zoonotic pathogen worldwide, and the diversity and unpredictable adaptive potential of sporadic human strains represent a great risk to the public health. In this study, S. suis LSM178, isolated from a patient in contact with pigs and raw pork, was assessed as a hyper-virulent strain and interpreted for the virulence based on its genetic information. The strain was more invasive for Caco-2 cells than two other S. suis strains, SC19 and P1/7. Sequence analysis designated LSM178 with serotype 2 and a novel sequence type 1005. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LSM178 clustered with highly virulent strains including all human strains and epidemic strains. Compared with other strains, these S. suis have the most and the same virulent factors and a type I-89 K pathogenicity island. Further, groups of genes were identified to distinguish these highly virulent strains from other generally virulent strains, emphasizing the key roles of genes modeling transcription, cell barrier, replication, recombination and repair on virulence regulation. Additionally, LSM178 contains a novel prophage conducive potentially to pathogenicity.
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12
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Liang P, Wang M, Gottschalk M, Vela AI, Estrada AA, Wang J, Du P, Luo M, Zheng H, Wu Z. Genomic and pathogenic investigations of Streptococcus suis serotype 7 population derived from a human patient and pigs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1960-1974. [PMID: 34635002 PMCID: PMC8525962 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1988725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the important emerging zoonotic pathogens. Serotype 2 is most prevalent in patients worldwide. In the present study, we first isolated one S. suis serotype 7 strain GX69 from the blood culture of a patient with septicemia complicated with pneumonia in China. In order to deepen the understanding of S. suis serotype 7 population characteristics, we investigated the phylogenetic structure, genomic features, and virulence of S. suis serotype 7 population, including 35 strains and 79 genomes. Significant diversities were revealed in S. suis serotype 7 population, which were clustered into 22 sequence types (STs), five minimum core genome (MCG) groups, and six lineages. Lineages 1, 3a, and 6 were mainly constituted by genomes from Asia. Genomes of Lineages 2, 3b, and 5a were mainly from Northern America. Most of genomes from Europe (41/48) were clustered into Lineage 5b. In addition to strain GX69, 13 of 21 S. suis serotype 7 representative strains were classified as virulent strains using the C57BL/6 mouse model. Virulence-associated genes preferentially present in highly pathogenic S. suis serotype 2 strains were not suitable as virulence indicators for S. suis serotype 7 strains. Integrative mobilizable elements were widespread and may play a critical role in disseminating antibiotic resistance genes of S. suis serotype 7 strains. Our study confirmed S. suis serotype 7 is a non-negligible pathotype and deepened the understanding of the population structure of S. suis serotype 7, which provided valuable information for the improved surveillance of this serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pujun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliu Wang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Ana I. Vela
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria and Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - April A. Estrada
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Luo
- Yulin Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Yulin, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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13
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Whole-Genome Sequencing Evaluation of MALDI-TOF MS as a Species Identification Tool for Streptococcus suis. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0129721. [PMID: 34469186 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01297-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important bacterial pathogen in pigs that may also cause zoonotic disease in humans. The aim of the study was to evaluate matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) identification of S. suis case isolates from diseased pigs and tonsil isolates from healthy pigs and wild boar using sequence analysis methods. Isolates (n = 348) that had been classified as S. suis by MALDI-TOF MS were whole-genome sequenced and investigated using analyses of (i) the 16S rRNA gene, (ii) the recN gene, and (iii) whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI). Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that 82.8% (288 out of 348) of the isolates were S. suis, while recN gene analysis indicated that 75.6% (263 out of 348) were S. suis. ANI analysis classified 44.3% (154 out of 348) as S. suis. In total, 44% (153 out of 348) of the investigated isolates were classified as S. suis by all of the species identification methods employed. The mean MALDI-TOF MS score was significantly higher for the S. suis case isolates than for the tonsil isolates; however, the difference is of limited practical use. The results show that species confirmation beyond MALDI-TOF MS is needed for S. suis isolates. Since the resolution of 16S rRNA gene analysis is too low for Streptococcus spp., ANI analysis with a slightly lowered cutoff of 94% may be used instead of, or in addition to, recN gene analysis. Supplementation of the MALDI-TOF MS reference library with mass spectra from S. orisratti, S. parasuis, S. ruminantium, and additional S. suis serotypes should be considered in order to produce more accurate classifications.
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Dechêne-Tempier M, Marois-Créhan C, Libante V, Jouy E, Leblond-Bourget N, Payot S. Update on the Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance and the Mobile Resistome in the Emerging Zoonotic Pathogen Streptococcus suis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081765. [PMID: 34442843 PMCID: PMC8401462 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen causing important economic losses in swine production. The most commonly used antibiotics in swine industry are tetracyclines, beta-lactams, and macrolides. Resistance to these antibiotics has already been observed worldwide (reaching high rates for macrolides and tetracyclines) as well as resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, amphenicols, and glycopeptides. Most of the resistance mechanisms are encoded by antibiotic resistance genes, and a large part are carried by mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that can be transferred through horizontal gene transfer. This review provides an update of the resistance genes, their combination in multidrug isolates, and their localization on MGEs in S. suis. It also includes an overview of the contribution of biofilm to antimicrobial resistance in this bacterial species. The identification of resistance genes and study of their localization in S. suis as well as the environmental factors that can modulate their dissemination appear essential in order to decipher the role of this bacterium as a reservoir of antibiotic genes for other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Dechêne-Tempier
- Anses Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Mycoplasmologie, Bactériologie et Antibiorésistance, F-22440 Ploufragan, France; (M.D.-T.); (C.M.-C.); (E.J.)
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, DynAMic, F-54000 Nancy, France; (V.L.); (N.L.-B.)
| | - Corinne Marois-Créhan
- Anses Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Mycoplasmologie, Bactériologie et Antibiorésistance, F-22440 Ploufragan, France; (M.D.-T.); (C.M.-C.); (E.J.)
| | - Virginie Libante
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, DynAMic, F-54000 Nancy, France; (V.L.); (N.L.-B.)
| | - Eric Jouy
- Anses Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Mycoplasmologie, Bactériologie et Antibiorésistance, F-22440 Ploufragan, France; (M.D.-T.); (C.M.-C.); (E.J.)
| | | | - Sophie Payot
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, DynAMic, F-54000 Nancy, France; (V.L.); (N.L.-B.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Zhu Y, Dong W, Ma J, Zhang Y, Zhong X, Pan Z, Liu G, Wu Z, Yao H. Comparative genetic analyses provide clues about capsule switching in Streptococcus suis 2 strains with different virulence levels and genetic backgrounds. Microbiol Res 2021; 250:126814. [PMID: 34256310 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major bacterial pathogen in the swine industry and an emerging zoonotic agent. S. suis produces an important extracellular component, capsular polysaccharide (CPS), based on which dozens of serotypes have been identified. Through virulence genotyping, we revealed the relatedness between subpopulations of S. suis serotype 2 (SS2), S. suis serotype 3 (SS3) and S. suis serotype 7 (SS7) strains despite their serotype differences. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to characterize the whole S. suis population and revealed capsule switching between S. suis strains. Importantly, capsule switching occurred in the SS2, SS3 and SS7 strains belonging to CC28 and CC29, which are phylogenetically distinct from the main CC1 SS2 lineage. To further explore capsule switching in S. suis, comparative genomic analyses were performed using available complete S. suis genomes. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the SS2 strains could be divided into two clades (1 and 2), and those classified into clade 2 colocalized with SS3 and SS7 strains, in accordance with the above virulence genotyping and MLST analyses. Clade 2 SS2 strains presented high genetic similarity to SS3 and SS7 and shared common competence and defensive elements with them but were significantly different from Clade 1 SS2 strains. Notably, although the cps loci shared by Clade 1 and 2 SS2 strains were almost identical, a specific region of the cps locus of strain NSUI002 (Clade 2 SS2) could be found in the SS3 cps locus but not in the Clade 1 SS2 strain. These data indicated that the SS2 strains in CC28 and CC29 might have acquired the cps locus through capsule switching, which could explain the distinct genetic lineages within the SS2 population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchu Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenyang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG) & Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guangjin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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16
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Wang X, Sun J, Bian C, Wang J, Liang Z, Shen Y, Yao H, Huang J, Wang L, Zheng H, Wu Z. The population structure, antimicrobial resistance, and pathogenicity of Streptococcus suis cps31. Vet Microbiol 2021; 259:109149. [PMID: 34147764 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause invasive infections in humans and pigs. The S. suis cps31 strains (SS31) were frequently isolated from healthy or diseased pigs and one human infection case caused by SS31 was reported in Thailand in 2015. However, except for a few epidemiologic studies, little information is available for SS31. To characterize SS31, a total of 75 SS31 strains were analyzed, including 52 strains that were isolated from healthy or diseased pigs and 23 strains whose information was accessed from NCBI. The MLST analysis showed that SS31 exhibited high heterogeneity. The phylogenetic analysis and minimum core-genome (MCG) classification revealed that 75 strains were clustered into 3 lineages. Strains from NCBI mainly at Lineage 2 belong to MCG7-3, and most of strains from China at Lineage 3 belong to MCG7-2. This finding indicated that their evolutionary path was different. All SS31 strains were resistant to more than three classes of antimicrobial agents, and major antimicrobial resistance genes for strains from Lineage 3 were carried by prophages. This observation is different from the previous observation that integrative conjugative elements and integrative and mobilizable elements are major vehicles of antimicrobial resistance genes for S. suis. In addition to strains isolated from diseased pigs, seven of 47 strains isolated from clinically healthy pigs were also pathogenic in a zebrafish infection model. These findings reveal unique characteristics of SS31 and contribute to establishing public health surveillance for SS31 and clarifying the diversity of S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junjie Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chen Bian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zijing Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanling Shen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinhu Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liping Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Zongfu Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Petrocchi-Rilo M, Martínez-Martínez S, Aguarón-Turrientes Á, Roca-Martínez E, García-Iglesias MJ, Pérez-Fernández E, González-Fernández A, Herencia-Lagunar E, Gutiérrez-Martín CB. Anatomical Site, Typing, Virulence Gene Profiling, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Resistance Genes of Streptococcus suis Isolates Recovered from Pigs in Spain. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060707. [PMID: 34208248 PMCID: PMC8230935 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of 207 Streptococcus suis isolates were collected from ten autonomous communities from Spain in 2019 to 2020 from pigs with meningitis, pneumonic lungs, arthritic joints or other swollen viscera, to a lesser extent. Thirteen capsular types were detected being the most prevalent serotype 2 (21.7%), followed by serotypes 1 (21.3%), 9 (19.3%) and 3 (6.3%). Serotypes 2 and 9 were recovered mainly from the central nervous system (CNS), while serotype 1 was isolated mostly from swollen joints and serotype 3 from the lungs. Twenty-five isolates (12.1%) could not be typed. The most prevalent pathotype was epf + mrp + sly + luxS (49 isolates, 23.8%), and it was related mainly to serotypes 1 and 2. Serotypes 1–3 and 9 were significantly associated with anatomical sites of isolation and virulence factors, serotype 9 (CNS) and serotypes 3 and 9 (lungs) being associated with virulence profiles without the epf gene. S. suis isolates showed globally high antimicrobial resistances, but ampicillin followed by spectinomycin and tiamulin resulted in the highest activities, while the greatest resistances were detected for sulphadimethoxine, tetracyclines, neomycin, clindamycin and macrolides. A total of 87.4% isolates were positive to the tetO gene, 62.4% to the ermB gene and 25.2% to the fexA gene, while 14.6% were positive to all three genes simultaneously. A significative association between isolate resistances to tetracyclines and macrolides and the resistance genes tested was established, except for phenicol resistance and the fexA gene. A set of 14 multiresistance patterns were obtained according to the number of antimicrobials to which the isolates were resistant, the resistances to 12 or more agents being the most prevalent ones. A remarkable amount of multiresistance profiles could be seen among the S. suis serotype 9 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máximo Petrocchi-Rilo
- Departmento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (S.M.-M.); (M.-J.G.-I.); (E.P.-F.); (A.G.-F.); (E.H.-L.)
| | - Sonia Martínez-Martínez
- Departmento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (S.M.-M.); (M.-J.G.-I.); (E.P.-F.); (A.G.-F.); (E.H.-L.)
| | | | | | - María-José García-Iglesias
- Departmento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (S.M.-M.); (M.-J.G.-I.); (E.P.-F.); (A.G.-F.); (E.H.-L.)
| | - Esther Pérez-Fernández
- Departmento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (S.M.-M.); (M.-J.G.-I.); (E.P.-F.); (A.G.-F.); (E.H.-L.)
| | - Alba González-Fernández
- Departmento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (S.M.-M.); (M.-J.G.-I.); (E.P.-F.); (A.G.-F.); (E.H.-L.)
| | - Elena Herencia-Lagunar
- Departmento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (S.M.-M.); (M.-J.G.-I.); (E.P.-F.); (A.G.-F.); (E.H.-L.)
| | - César-Bernardo Gutiérrez-Martín
- Departmento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (S.M.-M.); (M.-J.G.-I.); (E.P.-F.); (A.G.-F.); (E.H.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-98729-1203
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Zhu Y, Ma J, Zhang Y, Zhong X, Bai Q, Dong W, Pan Z, Liu G, Zhang C, Yao H. CrfP, a fratricide protein, contributes to natural transformation in Streptococcus suis. Vet Res 2021; 52:50. [PMID: 33762005 PMCID: PMC7992943 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcussuis (S.suis) is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes septicaemia, meningitis and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome in its host, and recent studies have shown that S.suis could be competent for natural genetic transformation. Transformation is an important mechanism for the horizontal transfer of DNA, but some elements that affect the transformation process need to be further explored. Upon entering the competent state, Streptococcus species stimulate the transcription of competence-related genes that are responsible for exogenous DNA binding, uptake and processing. In this study, we performed conserved promoter motif and qRT-PCR analyses and identified CrfP as a novel murein hydrolase that is widespread in S.suis and stimulated with a peptide pheromone in the competent state through a process controlled by ComX. A bioinformatics analysis revealed that CrfP consists of a CHAP hydrolase domain and two bacterial Src homology 3-binding (SH3b) domains. Further characterization showed that CrfP could be exported to extracellular bacterial cells and lytic S.suis strains of different serotypes, and this finding was verified by TEM and a turbidity assay. To investigate the potential effect of CrfP in vivo, a gene-deletion mutant (ΔcrfP) was constructed. Instead of stopping the natural transformation process, the inactivation of CrfP clearly reduced the effective transformation rate. Overall, these findings provide evidence showing that CrfP is important for S.suis serovar 2 competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchu Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qiankun Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenyang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guangjin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China.,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Capsular polysaccharide switching in Streptococcus suis modulates host cell interactions and virulence. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6513. [PMID: 33753801 PMCID: PMC7985379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Streptococcus suis defines various serotypes based on its composition and structure. Though serotype switching has been suggested to occur between S. suis strains, its impact on pathogenicity and virulence remains unknown. Herein, we experimentally generated S. suis serotype-switched mutants from a serotype 2 strain that express the serotype 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, or 14 CPS. The effects of serotype switching were then investigated with regards to classical properties conferred by presence of the serotype 2 CPS, including adhesion to/invasion of epithelial cells, resistance to phagocytosis by macrophages, killing by whole blood, dendritic cell-derived pro-inflammatory mediator production and virulence using mouse and porcine infection models. Results demonstrated that these properties on host cell interactions were differentially modulated depending on the switched serotypes, although some different mutations other than loci of CPS-related genes were found in each the serotype-switched mutant. Among the serotype-switched mutants, the mutant expressing the serotype 8 CPS was hyper-virulent, whereas mutants expressing the serotype 3 or 4 CPSs had reduced virulence. By contrast, switching to serotype 7, 9, or 14 CPSs had little to no effect. These findings suggest that serotype switching can drastically alter S. suis virulence and host cell interactions.
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In vitro and In vivo Antibacterial Effects of Nisin Against Streptococcus suis. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:598-610. [PMID: 33404866 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nisin is a promising therapeutic candidate because of its potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The present study aimed to describe the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial effects of nisin against Streptococcus suis, an important zoonotic pathogen. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of nisin against different S. suis strains ranged from 0.12 to 4.0 μg/mL and from 0.25 to 8.0 μg/mL, respectively. Time-killing curve assays illustrated that nisin killed 100% of tested virulent S. suis strains within 4 h when used at 2× MIC, which indicates the rapid bactericidal activity of nisin against the bacteria. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed that nisin destroyed S. suis cell membrane integrity and affected its cellular ultrastructure, including a significantly wrinkled surface, intracellular content leakage, and cell lysis. In addition, nisin inhibited biofilm formation by S. suis in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited strong degrading activities against preformed biofilms. More importantly, nisin displayed antimicrobial activity against S. suis infection in vivo. Upon treatment with 5.0-10 mg/kg nisin solution, the survival rates of mice challenged with a lethal dose of virulent S. suis virulent ranged 87.5-100%. Nisin significantly decreased bacterial proliferation and translocation in the mouse spleen, brain, and blood. These results indicate that nisin has potential as a novel antimicrobial agent for the clinical treatment and prevention of infection caused by S. suis in animals.
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Segura M, Aragon V, Brockmeier SL, Gebhart C, de Greeff A, Kerdsin A, O’Dea MA, Okura M, Saléry M, Schultsz C, Valentin-Weigand P, Weinert LA, Wells JM, Gottschalk M. Update on Streptococcus suis Research and Prevention in the Era of Antimicrobial Restriction: 4th International Workshop on S. suis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050374. [PMID: 32422856 PMCID: PMC7281350 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a swine pathogen and a zoonotic agent afflicting people in close contact with infected pigs or pork meat. Sporadic cases of human infections have been reported worldwide. In addition, S. suis outbreaks emerged in Asia, making this bacterium a primary health concern in this part of the globe. In pigs, S. suis disease results in decreased performance and increased mortality, which have a significant economic impact on swine production worldwide. Facing the new regulations in preventive use of antimicrobials in livestock and lack of effective vaccines, control of S. suis infections is worrisome. Increasing and sharing of knowledge on this pathogen is of utmost importance. As such, the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the infection, antimicrobial resistance, progress on diagnosis, prevention, and control were among the topics discussed during the 4th International Workshop on Streptococcus suis (held in Montreal, Canada, June 2019). This review gathers together recent findings on this important pathogen from lectures performed by lead researchers from several countries including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Spain, Thailand, The Netherlands, UK, and USA. Finally, policies and recommendations for the manufacture, quality control, and use of inactivated autogenous vaccines are addressed to advance this important field in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.G.); Tel.: +1-450-773-8521 (ext. 0080) (M.S.); +1-450-773-8521 (ext. 8374) (M.G.)
| | - Virginia Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | | | - Connie Gebhart
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Astrid de Greeff
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand;
| | - Mark A O’Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia;
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan;
| | - Mariette Saléry
- French Agency for Veterinary Medicinal Products-French Agency for food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses-ANMV), 35302 Fougères, France;
| | - Constance Schultsz
- Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development and Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BP Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Lucy A. Weinert
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK;
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.G.); Tel.: +1-450-773-8521 (ext. 0080) (M.S.); +1-450-773-8521 (ext. 8374) (M.G.)
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A novel autolysin AtlA SS mediates bacterial cell separation during cell division and contributes to full virulence in Streptococcus suis. Vet Microbiol 2019; 234:92-100. [PMID: 31213278 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (SS) is a major pathogen in the swine industry, and also an important zoonotic agent for humans. The novel SS cell surface protein, AtlASS, comprising the special GW module and N-acetylmuramidases domain, was designated as a putative autolysin. Indeed, the atlASS deletion mutant almost completely lost its activity in Triton X-100 induced bacterial autolysis, while the wild-type and CΔatlASS strains showed significant decrease, to less than 20% of the initial OD600 values. Unexpectedly, both immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy confirmed that AtlASS is mainly located in the cell division septum, suggesting autolytic activity in peptidoglycan hydrolysis may be required for cell separation, thus modulating and truncating bacterial chain length. The biofilm capacity of the AtlASS mutation was reduced ˜ 40%, as compared to the wild-type strain. The ΔatlASS strain also attenuated bacterial adherence in human brain microvessel endothelial cells (HBMECs). Furthermore, we confirmed that AtlASS has fibrinogen/fibronectin binding capacities. In mouse infection model, the AtlASS inactivation also significantly attenuated bacterial virulence and proliferation in vivo. In conclusion, these results indicate that AtlASS autolysin modulates bacterial chain length, and contributes to the full virulence of SS during infection.
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