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Bibard A, Martinetti D, Giraud A, Picado A, Chalvet-Monfray K, Porphyre T. Quantitative risk assessment for the introduction of bluetongue virus into mainland Europe by long-distance wind dispersal of Culicoides spp.: A case study from Sardinia. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2024. [PMID: 38955987 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Europe faces regular introductions and reintroductions of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes, most recently exemplified by the incursion of serotype 3 in the Netherlands. Although the long-distance wind dispersal of the disease vector, Culicoides spp., is recognized as a virus introduction pathway, it remains understudied in risk assessments. A Quantitative Risk Assessment framework was developed to estimate the risk of BTV-3 incursion into mainland Europe from Sardinia, where the virus has been present since 2018. We used an atmospheric transport model (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) to infer the probability of airborne dispersion of the insect vector. Epidemiological disease parameters quantified the virus prevalence in vector population in Sardinia and its potential first transmission after introduction in a new area. When assuming a 24h maximal flight duration, the risk of BTV introduction from Sardinia is limited to the Mediterranean Basin, mainly affecting the southwestern area of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Malta, and Corsica. The risk extends to the northern and central parts of Italy, Balearic archipelago, and mainland France and Spain, mostly when maximal flight duration is longer than 24h. Additional knowledge on vector flight conditions and Obsoletus complex-specific parameters could improve the robustness of the model. Providing both spatial and temporal insights into BTV introduction risks, our framework is a key tool to guide global surveillance and preparedness against epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bibard
- Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France, Saint-Priest, France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Villeurbanne, France
- Epidémiologie Des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques, UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Davide Martinetti
- Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux, UMR 0546, INRAE, Avignon, France
| | - Aymeric Giraud
- Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux, UMR 0546, INRAE, Avignon, France
| | - Albert Picado
- Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health France, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Karine Chalvet-Monfray
- Epidémiologie Des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques, UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Thibaud Porphyre
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Villeurbanne, France
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Davoudi Y, Nouri M, Haji Hajikolaei MR, Yazdani Paraei S, Javadi A, Esmaeilzadeh S. An outbreak of Akabane disease in a cattle herd on the Mughan plain, Iran. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2024; 15:303-308. [PMID: 39035479 PMCID: PMC11260222 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2024.2012333.4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
In November 2021, an investigation was conducted into an outbreak of abortion, stillbirth, and the birth of calves with congenital abnormalities (arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly) at a dairy farm in Dasht-e-Mughan city, Ardabil province. A total of 70 cows experienced these issues. To determine the cause of the outbreak, post-mortem brain tissue samples were collected from two calves affected by hydranencephaly, which occurred shortly after their birth. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing was conducted for multiple viruses, including bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), border disease, Akabane, Schmallenberg, and bluetongue viruses (BTVs). The samples were positive only for Akabane virus. Serum samples were collected from a group of 60 cattle, consisting of 45 adult cows and 15 younger calves aged between 8 to 10 months. These samples were analyzed to detect the presence of antibodies against the Akabane and Schmallenberg viruses. Both of these viruses are known to be responsible for causing abortion, stillbirth, and congenital abnormalities in calves. Among 45 cows that tested by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA), 26.66% and 33.33% exhibited antibodies against Akabane and Schmallenberg viruses, respectively. Notably, 20.00% of cows co-exhibited antibodies for both viruses. Despite PCR evidence implicating Akabane virus as the principal etiology of clinical signs observed in the affected herd, the high co-seropositivity to Schmallenberg virus, warrants a thorough investigation into potential viral interactions. Further research is required to determine the source of the virus and their transmission routes. This information could facilitate the refinement of disease control strategies and improving the management of reproductive challenges in such affected herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Davoudi
- Department of Veterinary, Sarab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sarab, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran;
| | | | - Shobeir Yazdani Paraei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran;
| | - Amir Javadi
- Health Deputy of General Department of Veterinary Medicine in Qazvin Province, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Saleh Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran;
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Richard H, Martinetti D, Lercier D, Fouillat Y, Hadi B, Elkahky M, Ding J, Michel L, Morris CE, Berthier K, Maupas F, Soubeyrand S. Computing Geographical Networks Generated by Air-Mass Movement. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2023GH000885. [PMID: 37859755 PMCID: PMC10584379 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
As air masses move within the troposphere, they transport a multitude of components including gases and particles such as pollen and microorganisms. These movements generate atmospheric highways that connect geographic areas at distant, local, and global scales that particles can ride depending on their aerodynamic properties and their reaction to environmental conditions. In this article we present an approach and an accompanying web application called tropolink for measuring the extent to which distant locations are potentially connected by air-mass movement. This approach is based on the computation of trajectories of air masses with the HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion model, and on the computation of connection frequencies, called connectivities, in the purpose of building trajectory-based geographical networks. It is illustrated for different spatial and temporal scales with three case studies related to plant epidemiology. The web application that we designed allows the user to easily perform intensive computation and mobilize massive archived gridded meteorological data to build weighted directed networks. The analysis of such networks allowed us for example, to describe the potential of invasion of a migratory pest beyond its actual distribution. Our approach could also be used to compute geographical networks generated by air-mass movement for diverse application domains, for example, to assess long-term risk of spread from persistent or recurrent sources of pollutants, including wildfire smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - B. Hadi
- Plant Production and Protection Division (NSP)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)RomeItaly
| | - M. Elkahky
- Plant Production and Protection Division (NSP)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)RomeItaly
| | - J. Ding
- Plant Production and Protection Division (NSP)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)RomeItaly
| | - L. Michel
- Plateforme ESVINRAEBioSPAvignonFrance
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Hall RN, Torpy JR, Nye R, Zalcman E, Cowled BD. A quantitative risk assessment for the incursion of lumpy skin disease virus into Australia via long-distance windborne dispersal of arthropod vectors. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105990. [PMID: 37597306 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious disease of cattle and water buffalo caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). It is primarily transmitted mechanically by biting insects. LSDV has spread from Africa to the Middle-East, the Balkans, Caucasus, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Asia and India, suggesting that a wide variety of arthropod vectors are capable of mechanical transmission. In 2022, LSD was detected in Indonesia, heightening awareness for Australia's livestock industries. To better understand the risk of LSDV incursion to Australia we undertook a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) looking at windborne dispersal of arthropod vectors, assuming a hypothetical situation where LSD is endemic in south-east Asia and Papua New Guinea. We estimated the risk of LSDV incursion to be low, with a median incursion rate of one incursion every 403 years, based on a model where several infectious insects (i.e. a 'small batch' of 3-5) must bite a single bovine to transmit infection. The incursion risk increases substantially to one incursion every 7-8 years if a bite from a single insect is sufficient for transmission. The risk becomes negligible (one incursion every 20,706 years) if bites from many insects (i.e. a 'large batch' of 30-50 insects) are necessary. Critically, several of our parameter estimates were highly uncertain during sensitivity analyses. Thus, a key outcome of this QRA was to better prioritise surveillance activities and to understand the key research gaps associated with LSDV in the Australasian context. The current literature shows that multiple vectors are required for successful bovine-to-vector transmission of LSDV, suggesting that our estimate of one outbreak every 403 years more accurately represents the risk to Australia; however, the role of single insects in transmission has not yet been evaluated. Similarly, attempts to transmit LSDV between bovines by Culicoides have not been successful, although midges were the highest risk vector category in our model due to the high vector-to-host ratio for midges compared to other vector categories. Our findings provide further insight into the risk of LSD to Australian cattle industries and identify the Tiwi Islands and areas east of Darwin as priority regions for LSDV surveillance, especially between December and March.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn N Hall
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia.
| | - James R Torpy
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
| | - Rachel Nye
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
| | - Emma Zalcman
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
| | - Brendan D Cowled
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
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Tzeng H, Tsai C, Ting L, Liao K, Tu W. Molecular epidemiology of Akabane virus in Taiwan. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2215-2222. [PMID: 35971895 PMCID: PMC9514474 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Akabane virus (AKAV) is a teratogenic and neuropathogenic arbovirus that infects livestock and wild animals. AKAVs are endemic arboviruses from dairy farms in Taiwan in 1989, and the first sequence was detected in cattle with nonsuppurative encephalitis in 1992. Objectives This study aims to understand the epidemiological relationships of the akabane viruses between Taiwan and nearby places. Methods In this study, 17 specimens were identified or isolated from vector insects, and ruminant fetuses collected from 1992 to 2015 were sequenced and analysed. Results Sequence analyses revealed all Taiwanese AKAVs belonged to genogroup Ia but diverged into two clusters in the phylogenetic trees, implying that at least two invasive events of AKAV may have occurred in Taiwan. Conclusions The two clusters of AKAVs could still be identified in Taiwan in 2015, and a reassortment event was observed, indicating that the two clusters of AKAVs are already endemic in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau‐You Tzeng
- Department of Entomology National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan
| | - Cheng‐Lung Tsai
- Department of Entomology National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City Taiwan
| | - Lu‐Jen Ting
- Council of Agriculture National Institute for Animal Health New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Kuei‐Min Liao
- Department of Entomology National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan
- National Mosquito‐Borne Diseases Control Research Center National Health Research Institutes Kaohsiung City Taiwan
| | - Wu‐Chun Tu
- Department of Entomology National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan
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Use of meteorological data in biosecurity. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 4:497-511. [PMID: 32935835 PMCID: PMC7803344 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pests, pathogens and diseases cause some of the most widespread and damaging impacts worldwide — threatening lives and leading to severe disruption to economic, environmental and social systems. The overarching goal of biosecurity is to protect the health and security of plants and animals (including humans) and the wider environment from these threats. As nearly all living organisms and biological systems are sensitive to weather and climate, meteorological, ‘met’, data are used extensively in biosecurity. Typical applications include, (i) bioclimatic modelling to understand and predict organism distributions and responses, (ii) risk assessment to estimate the probability of events and horizon scan for future potential risks, and (iii) early warning systems to support outbreak management. Given the vast array of available met data types and sources, selecting which data is most effective for each of these applications can be challenging. Here we provide an overview of the different types of met data available and highlight their use in a wide range of biosecurity studies and applications. We argue that there are many synergies between meteorology and biosecurity, and these provide opportunities for more widespread integration and collaboration across the disciplines. To help communicate typical uses of meteorological data in biosecurity to a wide audience we have designed the ‘Meteorology for biosecurity’ infographic.
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Mignotte A, Garros C, Dellicour S, Jacquot M, Gilbert M, Gardès L, Balenghien T, Duhayon M, Rakotoarivony I, de Wavrechin M, Huber K. High dispersal capacity of Culicoides obsoletus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), vector of bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses, revealed by landscape genetic analyses. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:93. [PMID: 33536057 PMCID: PMC7860033 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last two decades, recurrent epizootics of bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus have been reported in the western Palearctic region. These viruses affect domestic cattle, sheep, goats and wild ruminants and are transmitted by native hematophagous midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Culicoides dispersal is known to be stratified, i.e. due to a combination of dispersal processes occurring actively at short distances and passively or semi-actively at long distances, allowing individuals to jump hundreds of kilometers. METHODS Here, we aim to identify the environmental factors that promote or limit gene flow of Culicoides obsoletus, an abundant and widespread vector species in Europe, using an innovative framework integrating spatial, population genetics and statistical approaches. A total of 348 individuals were sampled in 46 sites in France and were genotyped using 13 newly designed microsatellite markers. RESULTS We found low genetic differentiation and a weak population structure for C. obsoletus across the country. Using three complementary inter-individual genetic distances, we did not detect any significant isolation by distance, but did detect significant anisotropic isolation by distance on a north-south axis. We employed a multiple regression on distance matrices approach to investigate the correlation between genetic and environmental distances. Among all the environmental factors that were tested, only cattle density seems to have an impact on C. obsoletus gene flow. CONCLUSIONS The high dispersal capacity of C. obsoletus over land found in the present study calls for a re-evaluation of the impact of Culicoides on virus dispersal, and highlights the urgent need to better integrate molecular, spatial and statistical information to guide vector-borne disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Mignotte
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Garros
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/12, 50, av. FD Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maude Jacquot
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/12, 50, av. FD Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/12, 50, av. FD Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Gardès
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe France
| | - Thomas Balenghien
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
- Unité Microbiologie, immunologie et maladies contagieuses, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, 10100 Rabat-Instituts, Morocco
| | - Maxime Duhayon
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Ignace Rakotoarivony
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Maïa de Wavrechin
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Huber
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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Aguilar-Vega C, Fernández-Carrión E, Lucientes J, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. A model for the assessment of bluetongue virus serotype 1 persistence in Spain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232534. [PMID: 32353863 PMCID: PMC7192634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus of ruminants that has been circulating in Europe continuously for more than two decades and has become endemic in some countries such as Spain. Spain is ideal for BTV epidemiological studies since BTV outbreaks from different sources and serotypes have occurred continuously there since 2000; BTV-1 has been reported there from 2007 to 2017. Here we develop a model for BTV-1 endemic scenario to estimate the risk of an area becoming endemic, as well as to identify the most influential factors for BTV-1 persistence. We created abundance maps at 1-km2 spatial resolution for the main vectors in Spain, Culicoides imicola and Obsoletus and Pulicaris complexes, by combining environmental satellite data with occurrence models and a random forest machine learning algorithm. The endemic model included vector abundance and host-related variables (farm density). The three most relevant variables in the endemic model were the abundance of C. imicola and Obsoletus complex and density of goat farms (AUC 0.86); this model suggests that BTV-1 is more likely to become endemic in central and southwestern regions of Spain. It only requires host- and vector-related variables to identify areas at greater risk of becoming endemic for bluetongue. Our results highlight the importance of suitable Culicoides spp. prediction maps for bluetongue epidemiological studies and decision-making about control and eradication measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Aguilar-Vega
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Carrión
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Lucientes
- Department of Animal Pathology (Animal Health), AgriFood Institute of Aragón IA2, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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van Rijn PA. Prospects of Next-Generation Vaccines for Bluetongue. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:407. [PMID: 31824966 PMCID: PMC6881303 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a haemorrhagic disease of wild and domestic ruminants with a huge economic worldwide impact on livestock. The disease is caused by BT-virus transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and disease control without vaccination is hardly possible. Vaccination is the most feasible and cost-effective way to minimize economic losses. Marketed BT vaccines are successfully used in different parts of the world. Inactivated BT vaccines are efficacious and safe but relatively expensive, whereas live-attenuated vaccines are efficacious and cheap but are unsafe because of under-attenuation, onward spread, reversion to virulence, and reassortment events. Both manufactured BT vaccines do not enable differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) and protection is limited to the respective serotype. The ideal BT vaccine is a licensed, affordable, completely safe DIVA vaccine, that induces quick, lifelong, broad protection in all susceptible ruminant species. Promising vaccine candidates show improvement for one or more of these main vaccine standards. BTV protein vaccines and viral vector vaccines have DIVA potential depending on the selected BTV antigens, but are less effective and likely more costly per protected animal than current vaccines. Several vaccine platforms based on replicating BTV are applied for many serotypes by exchange of serotype dominant outer shell proteins. These platforms based on one BTV backbone result in attenuation or abortive virus replication and prevent disease by and spread of vaccine virus as well as reversion to virulence. These replicating BT vaccines induce humoral and T-cell mediated immune responses to all viral proteins except to one, which could enable DIVA tests. Most of these replicating vaccines can be produced similarly as currently marketed BT vaccines. All replicating vaccine platforms developed by reverse genetics are classified as genetic modified organisms. This implies extensive and expensive safety trails in target ruminant species, and acceptance by the community could be hindered. Nonetheless, several experimental BT vaccines show very promising improvements and could compete with marketed vaccines regarding their vaccine profile, but none of these next generation BT vaccines have been licensed yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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10
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Aguilar-Vega C, Fernández-Carrión E, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. The possible route of introduction of bluetongue virus serotype 3 into Sicily by windborne transportation of infected Culicoides spp. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1665-1673. [PMID: 30973674 PMCID: PMC6850078 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In October 2017, the first outbreak of bluetongue virus serotype 3 (BTV-3) began in Italy, specifically in western Sicily. The route of entrance remains unclear, although since 2016 the same strain had been circulating only 150 km away, on the Tunisian peninsula of Cape Bon. The present analysis assessed the feasibility that wind could have carried BTV-3-infected Culicoides spp. from Tunisia to Sicily. An advection-deposition-survival (ADS) model was used to estimate when and where Culicoides spp. were likely to be introduced prior to the first BTV-3 report in Italy. Additionally, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used to support ADS outputs. The modelling suggests that during September 2017, strong wind currents and suitable climatic conditions could have allowed the transportation of Culicoides spp. from BTV-3-infected areas in Tunisia into Sicily. ADS simulations suggest that particles could have reached the province of Trapani in western Sicily on 2 and 12 September. These simulations suggest the feasibility of aerial transportation of infected Culicoides spp. from Tunisia into Sicily. They demonstrate the suitability of the ADS model for retrospective studies of long-range transportation of insects across large water bodies, which may enhance the early detection of vectorial disease introduction in a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Aguilar-Vega
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Carrión
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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