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Reddy H, Srinivas MV, Vasu J, Prabavathy A, Dhodapkar R, Mukhopadhyay HK. Whole-genome sequence analysis of canine parvovirus reveals replacement with a novel CPV-2c strain throughout India. Arch Virol 2024; 169:189. [PMID: 39192096 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) infection causes severe gastroenteritis in canines, with high mortality in puppies. This virus evolved from feline panleukopenia virus by altering its transferrin receptor (TfR), followed by the emergence of CPV-2 variants in subsequent years with altered immunodominant amino acid residues in the VP2 protein. While previous studies have focused on the VP2 gene, there have been fewer studies on non-structural protein (NS1 and NS2) genes. In the present study, CPV genome sequences from clinical samples collected from canines throughout India in 2023, previous Indian CPV isolates from 2009-2019, and the current Indian CPV vaccine strain were compared. The study showed that the CPV-2c (N426E) variant had almost completely replaced the previously dominant CPV-2a variant (N426) in India. The Q370R mutation of VP2 was the most common change in the recent CPV-2c strain (CPV-2c 370Arg variant). Phylogenetic analysis showed the existence of three clades among the recent CPV-2c strains, and sequence analysis identified several new sites of positive selection in the VP1 (N-terminus), VP2, NS1, and NS2 protein-encoding genes in recent CPV strains, indicating the emergence of new CPV-2c variants with varied antigenic and replication properties. The predominant 'CPV-2c 370Arg variants' were grouped with the Chinese and Nigerian CPV-2c strains but were separate from the CPV vaccine strain and earlier isolates from our repository. VP2 epitope analysis predicted nine amino acid variations (including two new variations) in four potential linear B-cell epitopes in the CPV-2c 370Arg variants that might make vaccine failure more likely. This pan-Indian study lays the foundation for further research concerning the dynamics of virus evolution and understanding genetic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education & Research, Puducherry, 605 009, India
| | - Mouttou Vivek Srinivas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education & Research, Puducherry, 605 009, India.
| | - Jayalakshmi Vasu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education & Research, Puducherry, 605 009, India
| | - Abiramy Prabavathy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education & Research, Puducherry, 605 009, India
| | - Rahul Dhodapkar
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Hirak Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education & Research, Puducherry, 605 009, India
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Magouz A, El-Kon I, Raya-Álvarez E, Khaled E, Alkhalefa N, Alhegaili AS, El-khadragy MF, Agil A, Elmahallawy EK. Molecular typing of canine parvovirus type 2 by VP2 gene sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism in affected dogs from Egypt. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1254060. [PMID: 38143867 PMCID: PMC10740174 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1254060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is one of the most common infectious diseases in dogs characterized by severe gastroenteritis, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. Little information is available about this topic in Egypt, particularly in the Delta region. This study reports the prevalence and molecular analysis of CPV-2 variants collected from El-Gharbia and Kafrelsheikh governorates in the Delta of Egypt. Methods In this study, 320 rectal swabs were collected from infected domestic dogs from two districts in delta Egypt. The samples were investigated by rapid immunochromatographic test and polymerase chain reaction for detection the prevalence of CPV-2 variants. The genetic characterization was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and partial VP2 gene sequence. Results and discussion The viral antigen was detected in (264/320, 82.5%) of samples by IC test, while PCR was found more sensitive by detecting (272/320, 85%) positive samples. The RFLP technique using MboII restriction enzyme was successfully used for the differentiation of CPV-2c antigenic variants from CPV-2a/2b strains. Interestingly, the molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed that both CPV-2a and CPV-2c are circulating in the study area. Deduced amino acid sequence analysis showed changes at residue (N426E) and residue (T440A).: Our results indicated that CPV-2 is prevalent among dogs in Egypt, and therefore further molecular and epidemiological studies of CPV-2 are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Magouz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ismail El-Kon
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Enas Khaled
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Noura Alkhalefa
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Alaa S. Alhegaili
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal F. El-khadragy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Agil
- Department of Pharmacology, Biohealth Institute Granada (IBs Granada) and Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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Ndiana LA, Lanave G, Desario C, Odigie AE, Madubuike KG, Lucente MS, Ezeifeka CA, Patruno G, Lorusso E, Elia G, Buonavoglia C, Decaro N. Detection of Selected Canine Viruses in Nigerian Free-Ranging Dogs Traded for Meat Consumption. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061119. [PMID: 36978659 PMCID: PMC10044693 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal trade favors the spreading of emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Concerns have been previously expressed regarding the risks of dog trade in spreading zoonotic pathogens in Nigeria. However, the role of these dogs in disseminating highly pathogenic canine viruses has not yet been explored. The present study aimed to identify selected canine viruses in dogs traded for meat consumption in Nigeria. A total of 100 blood samples were screened for carnivore protoparvovirus-1 (CPPV-1), canine adenovirus 1/2 (CAdV-1/2), canine circovirus (CaCV), and canine distemper virus (CDV) by using real-time PCR and conventional PCR and/or sequencing. CPPV-1 DNA was identified in 83% of canine samples while CaCV DNA and CDV RNA were detected in 14% and 17% of the dog samples, respectively. None of the dogs tested positive for CAdV-1/2. The CaCVs identified in this study clustered along with other European, Asian, and American strains. Moreover, CDV strains identified in Nigeria clustered in a separate lineage with the closest genetic relatedness to the Europe-South America-1 clade. Further surveys prior to and after arrival of dogs at the slaughtering points are required to clarify the real virus burden in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Ndiana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuhaia Ikot Ekpene Road, Umudike 440101, Nigeria
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Costantina Desario
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Amienwanlen E Odigie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Kelechi G Madubuike
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuhaia Ikot Ekpene Road, Umudike 440101, Nigeria
| | - Maria Stella Lucente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Chukwuemeka A Ezeifeka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuhaia Ikot Ekpene Road, Umudike 440101, Nigeria
| | - Giovanni Patruno
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lorusso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
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Fu P, He D, Cheng X, Niu X, Wang C, Fu Y, Li K, Zhu H, Lu W, Wang J, Chu B. Prevalence and Characteristics of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 in Henan Province, China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0185622. [PMID: 36377944 PMCID: PMC9769957 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01856-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the epidemic profile and genetic diversity of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), a total of 111 clinical samples collected from dogs suspected of CPV-2 infection in 10 cities of Henan province of China during 2020 to 2021 were screened by PCR. The results showed a CPV-2-positive rate of 88.29% (98/111). Nearly full-length genomes of 98 CPV-2 strains were sequenced and analyzed. CPV-2c strains (91.84%, 90/98) were significantly higher than that of new CPV-2a strains (8.16%, 8/98) in Henan province without detecting other CPV genotypes, indicating that CPV-2c has become the dominant genotype in Henan province. A phylogenetic analysis of NS1 and VP2 amino acids grouped the strains in this study with Asian strains, which clustered into an identical branch. Based on the CPV-2 VP2 sequences in this study and available in the NCBI database, the adaptation analyses showed that 17 positive selection sites and 10 parallel evolution sites were identified in the VP2 protein of CPV-2, of which three sites (sites 5, 370, and 426) were both under positive selection pressure and parallel evolution. Interestingly, two amino acid mutations (A5G and Q370R) were also observed in the VP2 proteins of 82 CPV-2c strains in this study, which differed from the earlier CPV-2c strain (GU380303) in China. In addition, a unique mutation (I447M) was observed in the VP2 protein of five CPV-2c strains, which was first reported in China. This study provides powerful insight to further our understanding of the epidemic status and evolution of CPV-2 in China. IMPORTANCE CPV-2 was the original virus strain identified in dogs, which cause an acute and lethal disease in dogs. Subsequently, the original CPV-2 was replaced throughout the world by novel antigenic variants (e.g., CPV-2a, CPV-2b, new CPV-2a, new CPV-2b, and CPV-2c). Currently, the epidemiological characteristics of CPV-2 in Henan province of China is still unclear. In our study, a total of 98 nearly full-length genomes of CPV-2 strains were obtained to explore prevalence and genetic evolution of CPV-2 in Henan Province. Moreover, the epidemiological and genetic evolution of CPV-2 in China since its discovery was also investigated. The results of this study will provide valuable information regarding the evolution of CPV-2 strains in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Dongchang He
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xinrui Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Congrong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yiqian Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Heshui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Weifei Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Beibei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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5
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Li S, Chen X, Hao Y, Zhang G, Lyu Y, Wang J, Liu W, Qin T. Characterization of the VP2 and NS1 genes from canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) in Northern China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:934849. [PMID: 36518900 PMCID: PMC9742280 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.934849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) cause severe disease in young animals, pups, and kittens. CPV-2 evolved from FPV by altering the species-specific binding of the viral capsid to the host receptor, i.e., the transferrin receptor (TfR), and CPV-2 genetic variants have been identified by specific VP2 amino acid residues (297, 426). Early studies focused on the main capsid protein VP2; however, there have been limited studies on the non-structural protein NS1. In this study, we identified the genetic variants of clinical samples in dogs and cats in northern China during 2019-2020. The genetic characterization and phylogenetic analyses of VP2 and NS1 gene were also conducted. The results revealed that the CPV-2c was identified as the major genetic variant. One new CPV-2b and two CPV-2c strains were collected from cats. Four mutation sites (60, 630, 443, and 545 amino acid residues) were located in the functional domains of the NS1 protein. The phylogenetic analysis of VP2 and NS1 genes showed that they were clustered by geographical regions and genotypes. The gene mutation rate of CPV-2 was increasing in recent years, resulting in a complex pattern of gene evolution in terms of host preference, geographical selection, and new genetic variants. This study emphasizes that continuous molecular epidemiological surveillance is required to understand the genetic diversity of FPV and CPV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Hao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianke Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Weiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Qin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Bahoussi AN, Wang PH, Ma ZH, Rani N, Wu C, Xing L. Identification of novel recombinants and proposed standard reference genomes for phylogenetic classification of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2): Comprehensive analysis revealing global evolutionary trait. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1030522. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained spread and continuous evolution of CPV-2 generate new genetic information; nevertheless, there is no adopted phylogenetic tool, and parvo virologists still refer to the three antigenic variants. Herein, this report attempted to review the evolutionary trait of CPV-2 and proposed standard reference genomes using the Maximum Likelihood-based phylogenetic analysis and Parsimony-Informative Sites. The analysis revealed three main evolutionary pathways where CPV-2 strains cluster into distinct clades depicted as GI, GII, or GIII, respectively. Furthermore, novel CPV-2 natural recombinants were detected, occurring only between the newly identified strains (2017–2020). Those findings provide unique insights into the evolutionary relatedness of CPV-2, clarify discrepancies between different geographic areas and will contribute to achieving a more reliable CPV-2 genetic and evolutionary genotyping classification.
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Jing Z, Ji P, Wei Y, Hao F, Wei Y. Isolation and identification of a novel canine parvovirus type 2c strain in domestic cats in Dalian, China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1001604. [PMID: 36311677 PMCID: PMC9611770 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1001604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) are highly contagious and cause severe enteric diseases, with high mortality rates in dogs and cats. In the present study, we isolated and identified a novel CPV-2c strain (FPV-DL04 strain) from 18 cats with gastroenteritis symptoms and a positive parvovirus PCR test result in Dalian, China. Molecular characterization, sequence analysis, and phylogeny determination were performed on the VP2 gene of this strain. The results showed that the FPV-DL04 strain had 99.4% homology with the CPV-2c CN/HN1708 strain, and both strains had S297A and A300G key mutation sites. Interestingly, we also found that the DL04 strain has a A5G mutation site, but no F267Y and Y324I mutation sites. This study provided new important findings regarding the evolution of parvovirus infection in domestic cats in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanquan Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yanquan Wei
| | - Fuxing Hao
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Yanming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China,Yanming Wei
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8
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Packianathan R, Hodge A, Wright J, Lavidis L, Ameiss K, Yip HYE, Akbarzadeh M, Sharifian M, Amanollahi R, Khabiri A, Hemmatzadeh F. Cross-Neutralization of Vanguard C4 Vaccine Against Australian Isolates of Canine Parvovirus Variants CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:553-558. [PMID: 35997600 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) remains one of the most significant viral pathogens in dogs in Australia and worldwide despite the availability of safe and effective CPV vaccines. At least three different variants of CPV-2 have emerged and spread all around the world, namely CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c. The ability of the current vaccines containing either original CPV-2 type or CPV-2b variant to cross protect the heterologous variants has been well demonstrated in laboratory studies, despite some concerns regarding the vaccine efficacy against the emerging variants. Vanguard®, a series of multivalent vaccines, has been in the market for a considerable period of time and demonstrated to provide efficacy against all three types of CPV variants CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of the recently registered Vanguard C4 vaccine to induce cross-neutralizing antibodies against the Australian isolates of CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c variants. Blood samples collected from dogs vaccinated with Vanguard C4 were analyzed by virus neutralizing assays developed for each of three CPV variants. The results of the study demonstrated that Vanguard vaccine induced cross-neutralizing antibodies against the Australian isolates of CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, thus offering cross protection against all three Australian CPV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Packianathan
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Australia, Rhodes, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Hodge
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Australia, Rhodes, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Wright
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Australia, Rhodes, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lynette Lavidis
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Australia, Rhodes, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keith Ameiss
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Hiu Ying Esther Yip
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Malihe Akbarzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Maryam Sharifian
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Reza Amanollahi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Aliakbar Khabiri
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
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9
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Ndiana LA, Lanave G, Zarea AAK, Desario C, Odigie EA, Ehab FA, Capozza P, Greco G, Buonavoglia C, Decaro N. Molecular characterization of carnivore protoparvovirus 1 circulating in domestic carnivores in Egypt. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:932247. [PMID: 35937285 PMCID: PMC9354892 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.932247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), now included in the unique species Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPPV1), have been circulating in dogs and cats for several decades and are considered the causes of clinically important diseases, especially in young animals. While genetic evidence of the circulation of parvoviruses in Egyptian domestic carnivores has been provided since 2016, to date, all available data are based on partial fragments of the VP2 gene. This study reports the molecular characterization of CPPV strains from Egypt based on the full VP2 gene. Overall, 196 blood samples were collected from dogs and cats presented at veterinary clinics for routine medical assessment in 2019 in Egypt. DNA extracts were screened and characterized by real-time PCR. Positive samples were amplified by conventional PCR and then were sequenced. Nucleotide and amino acid changes in the sequences were investigated and phylogeny was inferred. Carnivore protoparvovirus DNA was detected in 18 out of 96 dogs (18.8%) and 7 of 100 cats (7%). Phylogenetic analyses based on the full VP2 gene revealed that 9 sequenced strains clustered with different CPV clades (5 with 2c, 2 with 2a, 1 with 2b, and 1 with 2) and 1 strain with the FPV clade. All three CPV variants were detected in dog and cat populations with a predominance of CPV-2c strains (7 of 18, 38.9%) in dog samples, thus mirroring the circulation of this variant in African, European, and Asian countries. Deduced amino acid sequence alignment revealed the presence of the previously unreported unique mutations S542L, H543Q, Q549H, and N557T in the Egyptian CPV-2c strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Ndiana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gianvito Lanave
| | - Aya A. K. Zarea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Veterinary Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Eugene A. Odigie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Fouad A. Ehab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Veterinary Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Paolo Capozza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Greco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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10
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Genetic characterization and evolutionary analysis of canine parvovirus in Tangshan, China. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2263-2269. [PMID: 35829824 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a major enteric virus of carnivores worldwide that poses a considerable threat to dogs. In this study, we investigated the genetic variation of CPV in Tangshan, China, and the relationships between CPV disease and the vaccination status, age, and gender of dogs. Seventy-seven fecal samples from dogs in Tangshan that tested positive for CPV were obtained for analysis. Twenty-two full-length VP2 gene sequences were successfully amplified. The 22 strains included 17 CPV-2c variants, four new CPV-2a variants, and one new CPV-2b variant. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all of the CPV-2c strains clustered together and were closely related to CPV-2c strains from Asia but distantly related to CPV-2c strains from Europe. Further amino acid sequence analysis showed that, relative to CPV-2c strains from Europe, most of the CPV-2c stains in this study had A5G, F267Y, Y324I, and Q370R mutations. These findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the variants of CPV circulating in China.
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11
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Tang Y, Tang N, Zhu J, Wang M, Liu Y, Lyu Y. Molecular characteristics and genetic evolutionary analyses of circulating parvoviruses derived from cats in Beijing. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:195. [PMID: 35606875 PMCID: PMC9125828 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feline parvovirus (FPV) is a member of the family Parvoviridae, which is a major enteric pathogen of cats worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of feline parvovirus in Beijing of China and analyze the genetic features of detected viruses. Results In this study, a total of 60 (8.5%) parvovirus-positive samples were detected from 702 cat fecal samples using parvovirus-specific PCR. The complete VP2 genes were amplified from all these samples. Among them, 55 (91.7%) sequences were characterized as FPV, and the other five (8.3%) were typed as canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) variants, comprised of four CPV-2c and a new CPV-2b strain. In order to investigate the origin of CPV-2 variants in cats, we amplified full-length VP2 genes from seven fecal samples of dogs infected with CPV-2, which were further classified as CPV-2c. The sequences of new CPV-2b/MT270586 and CPV-2c/MT270587 detected from feline samples shared 100% identity with previous canine isolates KT156833 and MF467242 respectively, suggesting the CPV-2 variants circulating in cats might be derived from dogs. Sequence analysis indicated new mutations, Ala91Ser and Ser192Phe, in the FPV sequences, while obtained CPV-2c carried mutations reported in Asian CPV variants, showing they share a common evolutionary pattern with the Asian 2c strains. Interestingly, the FPV sequence (MT270571), displaying four CPV-specific residues, was found to be a putative recombinant sequence between CPV-2c and FPV. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP2 gene showed that amino acid and nucleotide mutations promoted the evolution of FPV and CPV lineages. Conclusions Our findings will be helpful to further understand the circulation and evolution of feline and canine parvovirus in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingru Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanli Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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12
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T598 and T601 phosphorylation sites of canine parvovirus NS1 are crucial for viral replication and pathogenicity. Vet Microbiol 2021; 264:109301. [PMID: 34915313 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is an important pathogen causing severe diseases in dogs and other wild carnivores. Phosphorylation of NS1 may be related to CPV-2 pathogenicity, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Here, we conducted parvovirus disease surveillance in Shaanxi Province of China and 51 fecal swabs were detected to be infected with CPV-2. The 7 CPV-2 strains were identified, all of which belonged to CPV-2c. The complete genome sequence of one of the strains (CPV-2c XY) was cloned into pKQLL plasmid to construct a full-length infectious clone plasmid pX-CPV-2c, which carried a genetic marker. The plasmid pX-CPV-2c was transfected into F81 cells for virus rescue. And the rescued virus, which was designed as X-CPV-2c, showed the similar biological property to parental CPV-2c XY in vitro and in vivo. We further constructed four NS1 phosphorylation site mutant strains (X-CPV-2cT584A, X-CPV-2cS592A, X-CPV-2cT598A/T601A and X-CPV-2cT617A) on the basis of X-CPV-2c. After the analysis and comparison of biological characteristics, the low pathogenic strain X-CPV-2cT598A/T601A was further screened out, which emphasized the importance of phosphorylation sites 598 T/601 T for the pathogenicity of CPV-2. Overall, our data indicated that T598 and T601, the C-terminal phosphorylation site of CPV-2 NS1, play important roles in viral pathogenicity and laid the foundation for the development of new attenuated live vaccine vectors.
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13
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Takano T, Hamaguchi S, Hasegawa N, Doki T, Soma T. Predominance of canine parvovirus 2b in Japan: an epidemiological study during 2014-2019. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3151-3156. [PMID: 34387749 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is an important pathogen of domestic dogs and wild canids. In Japan, CPV-2 infection is one of the most common infectious diseases of dogs. We analyzed samples collected between 2014 and 2019 to identify antigenic variants of CPV-2 in dogs in Japan. Our results demonstrated that the CPV-2b variant was predominant. The CPV-2c variant was not found among our samples. Our findings demonstrate that the distribution of CPV-2 antigenic variants in Japan was more similar to that in Australia than to that in neighboring countries in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Shun Hamaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Doki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Takehisa Soma
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Marupi Lifetech Co., Ltd, Fushio-cho, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-0011, Japan
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14
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Molecular Epidemiological Survey of Canine Parvovirus Circulating in China from 2014 to 2019. PATHOGENS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:pathogens10050588. [PMID: 34064982 PMCID: PMC8150379 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The global distribution of canine parvovirus (CPV-2) derived from a closely related carnivore parvovirus poses a considerable threat to the dog population. The virus is continuously undergoing genetic evolution, giving rise to several variants. To investigate the prevalence of Chinese CPV-2 strains in recent years, a total of 30 CPV-2 strains were collected from 2018 to 2021 and the VP2 gene was sequenced and analyzed. Two variants, new CPV-2a (297Ala, 426Asn) and CPV-2c (426Glu), were identified. In contrast to previous reports, the CPV-2c variant has gained an epidemiological advantage over the new CPV-2a variant in China. To compensate for the relatively small sample size, 683 Chinese CPV-2 strains identified between 2014 and 2019 were retrieved from the GenBank database and previous publications, and analyses of these strains further supported our findings, which should be considered since the CPV-2c variant has been frequently associated with immune failure in adult dogs. VP2 protein sequence analysis revealed several amino acid substitutions, including Ala5Gly, Pro13Ser, Phe267Tyr, Tyr324Ile, Gln370Arg, Thr440Ala, and Lys570Arg. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length VP2 gene indicated a close relationship between Chinese strains and other Asian strains, suggesting mutual transmission between Asian countries. Furthermore, intercontinental transmission is a cause for concern. Surprisingly, two feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) strains with the Ile101Thr mutation in the VP2 protein were identified in canine fecal samples; FPV has been considered incapable of infecting dogs. This study clarified the epidemic characteristics of Chinese CPV-2 strains detected between 2014 and 2019, offering a reference for epidemic control. In addition, the detection of FPV in canine samples may provide information for future studies on the evolution of carnivore parvoviruses.
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15
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Doan HTT, Le XTK, Do RT, Nguyen KT, Le TH. Canine parvovirus type 2c in Vietnam continues to produce distinct descendants with new mutations restricted to Vietnamese variants. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1741-1749. [PMID: 33860842 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Viral protein 2 (VP2) of canine parvovirus (CPV) exhibits a high degree of genetic and antigenic diversity. We analyzed 88 Vietnamese CPV-VP2 sequences (1755 bp), 34 from this study and 54 from previous studies, and discovered a new sublineage, "new var.", within the lineage CPV-2c-"new", characterized by the mutation 5G/447M, which is restricted to the Vietnamese isolates. These new mutants appear to have emerged in recent years, accounting for 65.5% of the total. With strong nodal support (98%), the distinct Vietnamese 2c-"new-var." sublineage (5G/426E/447M) was found to be separate from the 2c-"new" sublineage (5G/426E/447I) within the 2c-(Asia)/Asia-2c lineage. Amino acid changes in epitopes of VP2 might have led to the generation of subvariants and affected the antigenicity, immunogenicity, or virulence of the virus, resulting in vaccine failure worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thi Thanh Doan
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Xuyen Thi Kim Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Roan Thi Do
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khue Thi Nguyen
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Hoa Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd., Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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16
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Tamukai K, Minami S, Kadekaru S, Mitsui I, Maeda K, Une Y. New canine parvovirus 2a infection in an imported Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:507-511. [PMID: 33473050 PMCID: PMC8025432 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-import from the Republic of Indonesia to Japan in 2017, two juvenile, captive bred Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinereus) exhibited gastrointestinal symptoms, including vomiting, diarrhea, and hematemesis, and died. One of them was examined postmortem. Microscopically, the small intestinal mucosa was necrotic with crypts lined by regenerating large epithelial cells. A gastric cardiac mucosal ulcerative lesion containing fungal yeasts and pseudohyphae morphologically indicated Candida spp. The lymph nodes exhibited marked lymphoid depletion. Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) was isolated from an oral swab, and virus protein 2 (VP2) gene sequencing revealed new CPV-2a. To our knowledge, this is the first new CPV-2a infection report in Asian small-clawed otters. This infection should be considered in gastrointestinal symptom-related cases in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tamukai
- Den-en-chofu Animal Hospital, 2-1-3 Denenchofu, Ota-ku, Tokyo 145-0071, Japan
| | - Shohei Minami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida-shi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Sho Kadekaru
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari-shi, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Ikki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari-shi, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yumi Une
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari-shi, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
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17
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Moon BY, Jang J, Kim SH, Kim YH, Lee HK, So B, Park CK, Lee KK. Genetic characterization of canine parvovirus type 2c from domestic dogs in Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1645-1653. [PMID: 32009300 PMCID: PMC7228216 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV‐2) is an aetiological agent that causes acute haemorrhagic enteritis and fatal myocarditis in dogs. Since CPV‐2 first emerged in the late 1970s, its rapid evolution has resulted in three antigenic variants: CPV‐2a, CPV‐2b and CPV‐2c. Here, we report, for the first time in Korea, two cases of CPV‐2c infection in two dogs with severe diarrhoea. The complete open reading frame (4,269nt) of CPV‐2, encoding both non‐structural (NS) and structural (VP) proteins, was sequenced. Based on the amino acid Gln present at residue 426 of the VP2 gene, these strains were typed as CPV‐2c, and were named Korea CPV‐2c_1 and Korea CPV‐2c_2. These strains shared 99.48% reciprocal nucleotide sequence identity and had the highest nucleotide identity (99.77%–99.34%) with Asian CPV strains isolated in China, Italy (found in a dog imported from Thailand), and Vietnam from 2013 to 2017. Phylogenetic analysis based on the non‐structural (NS1) and capsid (VP2) genes revealed that Korean CPV‐2c strains clustered closely to Asian CPV strains, and separately from strains isolated in Europe, South America and North America. Amino acid changes never reported before were observed in NS1 (Thr70Pro, Cys287Tyr), VP1 (Lys17Arg, Phe33Leu) and VP2 (Gln365His, Ala516Val). Additional observed mutations, including Phe267Tyr, Tyr324Ile and Gln370Arg, have been previously reported in the recent CPV‐2c strains with Asian origins. These results suggest that the Korean CPV‐2c strains were potentially introduced via neighbouring Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Youn Moon
- Animal Disease Diagnosis Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiung Jang
- Animal Disease Diagnosis Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hee Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnosis Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Hee Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnosis Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - ByungJae So
- Animal Disease Diagnosis Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnosis Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
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