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Ellis RJ, Marquine MJ, Kaul M, Fields JA, Schlachetzki JCM. Mechanisms underlying HIV-associated cognitive impairment and emerging therapies for its management. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:668-687. [PMID: 37816937 PMCID: PMC11052664 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
People living with HIV are affected by the chronic consequences of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) despite antiretroviral therapies that suppress viral replication, improve health and extend life. Furthermore, viral suppression does not eliminate the virus, and remaining infected cells may continue to produce viral proteins that trigger neurodegeneration. Comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus are likely to contribute substantially to CNS injury in people living with HIV, and some components of antiretroviral therapy exert undesirable side effects on the nervous system. No treatment for HIV-associated NCI has been approved by the European Medicines Agency or the US Food and Drug Administration. Historically, roadblocks to developing effective treatments have included a limited understanding of the pathophysiology of HIV-associated NCI and heterogeneity in its clinical manifestations. This heterogeneity might reflect multiple underlying causes that differ among individuals, rather than a single unifying neuropathogenesis. Despite these complexities, accelerating discoveries in HIV neuropathogenesis are yielding potentially druggable targets, including excessive immune activation, metabolic alterations culminating in mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of metal ion homeostasis and lysosomal function, and microbiome alterations. In addition to drug treatments, we also highlight the importance of non-pharmacological interventions. By revisiting mechanisms implicated in NCI and potential interventions addressing these mechanisms, we hope to supply reasons for optimism in people living with HIV affected by NCI and their care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - María J Marquine
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Kaunda L, Ngoma MS, Menon JA, Heaton RK, Gianella S, Bharti AR, Letendre S, de Oliveira MF, Hestad KA. Effect of coinfections on neurocognitive functioning among people with clade C HIV infection in Zambia. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:45-52. [PMID: 36729300 PMCID: PMC10748732 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that many coinfections in people with HIV (PWH) are treatable or suppressible, they may still impact neurocognitive (NC) functioning. Here, we aim to evaluate the presence of latent/treated coinfections and their association with NC functioning in a cohort of PWH in Zambia. We carried out a cross-sectional, nested study involving 151 PWH with viral suppression, and a normative sample of 324 adults without HIV. Plasma samples from PWH who underwent a comprehensive NC assessment were evaluated for the presence of treated/latent coinfections that are common in Zambia. Information about treated pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was obtained from participants' clinical charts. Overall, PWH differed significantly from the HIV seronegatives on all neuropsychological domains except for fine motor control. ANOVA comparisons of all 3 HIV + groups' demographically corrected mean NC T-scores showed that the HIV + /TB + group had the poorest NC functioning in the following domains: executive functioning (F = 4.23, p = 0.02), working memory (F = 5.05, p = 0.002), verbal fluency (F = 4.24, p = 0.006), learning (F = 11.26, p < 0.001), delayed recall (F = 4.56, p = 0.01), and speed of information processing (F = 5.16, p = 0.005); this group also was substantially worse on the total battery (global mean T-scores; F = 8.02, p < 0.001). In conclusion, treated TB coinfection in PWH was associated with worse NC performance compared to both those with antibodies against other coinfections and without. PWH with antibodies for other coinfections (HIV + /CI +) showed somewhat better NC performance compared to those without (HIV + /CI -), which was not expected, although comparisons with the HIV + /CI + group are limited by its lack of specificity regarding type of coinfection being represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumbuka Kaunda
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Mary S Ngoma
- Department of Pediatrics, and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - J Anitha Menon
- Department of Psychology, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sara Gianella
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ajay R Bharti
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Knut A Hestad
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Hamar, Norway
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Charumbira MY, Berner K, Louw QA. Functioning Problems Associated with Health Conditions with Greatest Disease Burden in South Africa: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192315636. [PMID: 36497710 PMCID: PMC9735592 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A notable rise in health-related disability for which evidence-based rehabilitation is beneficial is evident in low-to-middle income countries. This scoping review aimed to systematically identify and map the most common functioning problems associated with health conditions that contribute most to disability in South Africa using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. Peer-reviewed evidence published from January 2006 to December 2021 was systematically searched from five databases. Some 268 studies reporting on functioning problems (impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions) in South African adults (>18 years) related to 10 health conditions were included. A total of 130 different functioning problems were mapped to the ICF. The most prevalent problems (top 20) were related to mobility, pain, and mental health but spanned across several ICF domains and were mostly in patients at primary care. The high prevalence and wide range of functioning problems may be particularly burdensome on an already strained primary health care (PHC) system. This points towards targeted planning of innovative strategies towards strengthening rehabilitation service delivery at primary care to address these complexities where there is an inadequate rehabilitation workforce.
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Diaz MM, Zacarías MG, Sotolongo P, Sanes MF, Franklin DJ, Marquine MJ, Cherner M, Cárcamo C, Ellis RJ, Lanata S, García PJ. Characterization of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged and Older Persons With HIV in Lima, Peru. Front Neurol 2021; 12:629257. [PMID: 34220665 PMCID: PMC8248346 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.629257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: With widespread use of antiretroviral medications, people living with HIV (PWH) are living longer worldwide, increasing their risk of developing neurocognitive impairment (NCI). The proportion of Peruvians over age 60 is expected to increase to 25% of the population by 2050, including PWH. Therefore, the problem of aging and NCI, especially in the setting of HIV infection, is uniquely pressing. We sought to study the rates of and risk factors associated with NCI among middle-aged and older PWH in Lima, Peru. Materials and Methods: Sociodemographic, medical (infectious and non-infectious), and psychiatric comorbidity and laboratory data were collected. We administered a brief neuropsychological battery evaluating seven cognitive domains affected in HIV-associated NCI and a depression screening. Cognitive test raw scores were converted to T-scores that were demographically adjusted. Descriptive statistics were performed together with regression (unadjusted and adjusted) analyses to determine potential risk factors for NCI among PWH. Results: This was a cross-sectional study in which 144 PWH aged ≥40 years attending a large HIV clinic in Lima, Peru, were recruited from September 2019 to March 2020. Mean age was 51.6 ± 7.7 years, and mean years of education were 14.0 ± 3.1 with 15% females. Median [interquartile range (IQR)] current CD4 and nadir CD4 were 554 (371, 723) and 179 (83, 291), respectively, and 10% currently had AIDS. The prevalence of NCI was 28.5%, and many demonstrated difficulty with attention and working memory (70%). One-quarter of PWH had mild depression or worse on Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9 ≥ 5). In bivariate analyses, neither a depression history nor a higher PHQ-9 score correlated with NCI. No other non-communicable medical or psychiatric comorbidity nor HIV characteristic was predictive of NCI. Having a positive lifetime history of hepatitis B infection, pulmonary tuberculosis, or syphilis increased risk of NCI (PR 1.72; 95% CI 1.04-2.86) in unadjusted analyses, but not in adjusted analyses. Conclusions: NCI among older Peruvians with HIV was found to be highly prevalent with levels consistent with prior reports of HIV-associated NCI worldwide. Common latent HIV-associated co-infections, including latent syphilis, hepatitis B infection, or pulmonary tuberculosis, may increase the risk of NCI among middle-aged and older PWH in Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M. Diaz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- University of California Global Health Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marcela Gil Zacarías
- Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia Sotolongo
- Department of Psychology, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, United States
| | - María F. Sanes
- Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Donald J. Franklin
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - María J. Marquine
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Cesar Cárcamo
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ronald J. Ellis
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Serggio Lanata
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Patricia J. García
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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