1
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Bonavia T, Brox-Ponce J, Rodrigo MF. Level of Effort and Economic Dishonesty: Are Expectations Relevant? EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 19:335-347. [PMID: 38487317 PMCID: PMC10936141 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.10429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Some research has shown that expectations modulate people's economic dishonesty. These studies have allowed their participants to precisely establish the dishonest extra financial gain, without threatening their image of honesty. In this article, we show that in situations where our economic dishonesty is driven by hard-to-quantify motivators such as level of effort, it is difficult to change the categorization of (dishonest) judgments. Faced with this ambiguity, people make decisions guided by moral intuitions that are not conditioned by changing expectations. We carried out three studies (one single-group study and two experimental between-subjects studies) in which we tested whether the level of deception varies when manipulating expectations of transparency/privacy and dishonesty/honesty. Our results show that the levels of dishonesty remain low, regardless of the participants' expectations. When our decisions are motivated by more ambiguous factors, in terms of being able to justify ourselves, our economic dishonesty becomes more rigidly directed toward the dictates of our moral intuitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Bonavia
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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2
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The Role of Cognition in Dishonest Behavior. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030394. [PMID: 36979204 PMCID: PMC10046847 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dishonesty has received increased attention from many professionals in recent years for its relevance in many social areas such as finance and psychology, among others. Understanding the mechanisms underlying dishonesty and the channels in which dishonesty operates could enable the detection and even prevention of dishonest behavior. However, the study of dishonesty is a challenging endeavor; dishonesty is a complex behavior because it imposes a psychological and cognitive burden. The study of this burden has fostered a new research trend that focuses on cognition’s role in dishonesty. This paper reviews the theoretical aspects of how such cognitive processes modulate dishonest behavior. We will pay special attention to executive functions such as inhibitory processes, working memory, or set-shifting that may modulate the decision to be (dis)honest. We also account for some frameworks in cognitive and social psychology that may help understand dishonesty, such as the Theory of Mind, the role of creative processes, and discourse analyses within language studies. Finally, we will discuss some specific cognitive-based models that integrate cognitive mechanisms to explain dishonesty. We show that cognition and dishonest behavior are firmly related and that there are several important milestones to reach in the future to advance the understanding of dishonesty in our society.
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3
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Zhang Y, Zhai Y, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Gu R, Luo Y, Feng C. Loss context enhances preferences for generosity but reduces preferences for honesty: Evidence from a combined behavioural‐computational approach. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University) Ministry of Education Guangzhou China
- School of Psychology South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Yuzhu Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University) Ministry of Education Guangzhou China
- School of Psychology South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Xingmei Zhou
- Center of Brain Disorder and Cognitive Sciences College of Psychology and Sociology Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science Shenzhen University Center for Emotion and Brain Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience Shenzhen China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University) Ministry of Education Guangzhou China
- School of Psychology South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yue‐jia Luo
- The State Key Lab of Cognitive and Learning Faculty of Psychology Beijing Normal University Beijing China
- The Research Center of Brain Science and Visual Cognition Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
- College of Teacher Education Qilu Normal University Jinan China
| | - Chunliang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University) Ministry of Education Guangzhou China
- School of Psychology South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science South China Normal University Guangzhou China
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4
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Speer SPH, Smidts A, Boksem MAS. Cognitive control and dishonesty. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:796-808. [PMID: 35840475 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dishonesty is ubiquitous and imposes substantial financial and social burdens on society. Intuitively, dishonesty results from a failure of willpower to control selfish behavior. However, recent research suggests that the role of cognitive control in dishonesty is more complex. We review evidence that cognitive control is not needed to be honest or dishonest per se, but that it depends on individual differences in what we call one's 'moral default': for those who are prone to dishonesty, cognitive control indeed aids in being honest, but for those who are already generally honest, cognitive control may help them cheat to occasionally profit from small acts of dishonesty. Thus, the role of cognitive control in (dis)honesty is to override the moral default.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P H Speer
- Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Social Brain Lab, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ale Smidts
- Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A S Boksem
- Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Participatory Detection of Language Barriers towards Multilingual Sustainability(ies) in Africa. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14138133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
After decades of political, economic, and scientific efforts, humanity has not gotten any closer to global sustainability. With less than a decade to reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) deadline of the 2030 Agenda, we show that global development agendas may be getting lost in translation, from their initial formulation to their final implementation. Sustainability science does not “speak” most of the 2000 languages from Africa, where the lack of indigenous terminology hinders global efforts such as the COVID-19 pandemic fight. Sociolinguistics, social psychology, cognitive ergonomics, geography, environmental sciences, and artificial intelligence (AI) are all relevant disciplinary fields to uncover the “foreign language effect” that hinders the implementation of the SDGs in Africa. We make the case for detecting and addressing language barriers towards multilingual sustainability in Africa by (1) exploring the ”foreign language effect” among African decision-makers and recognising their alternative social representations about sustainability; and (2) detecting Western language stereotypes about sustainability. We propose rethinking SDG-related scientific notions through participatory natural language processing (NLP) and the study of African social representations of sustainability, thus enabling a more inclusive and efficient approach to “sustainability(ies)”.
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6
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Stankovic M, Biedermann B, Hamamura T. Not all bilinguals are the same: A meta-analysis of the moral foreign language effect. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2022; 227:105082. [PMID: 35093765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2022.105082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows bilinguals employ different decision-making strategies in their foreign language compared to their native language (known as the Foreign Language Effect). When completing moral dilemmas, accumulating research findings indicate that bilinguals are more likely to endorse the utilitarian option. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate whether linguistic variables (proficiency, immersion, and language similarity) moderate utilitarian responding to moral dilemmas in a foreign language. A systematic literature search extracted experiments comparing binary responses to moral dilemmas among bilingual participants. Analyses confirmed a moral Foreign Language Effect within personal dilemmas, though this effect was moderated by self-reported reading proficiency, whereby bilinguals with higher self-reported reading proficiency were less likely to make a utilitarian choice. Our findings suggest that not all bilinguals may experience a Foreign Language Effect, with low self-reported reading proficiency being the most likely indicator of whether their response tendencies to a moral dilemma change in the foreign language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Stankovic
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, 208 Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Britta Biedermann
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, 208 Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, 208 Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Takeshi Hamamura
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, 208 Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
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7
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Yang X, Li L, Li R. Foreign Language Effect on Dishonesty. Front Psychol 2021; 12:633016. [PMID: 34777079 PMCID: PMC8581617 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the use of foreign languages affects individuals’ dishonesty. We recruited native Chinese speakers who can speak English as a foreign language at universities in China, and they were randomly assigned to a native language (NL) or foreign language (FL) condition. Participants in each condition were required to finish the same tasks, in which they would benefit more from lying; the tasks were administered in either Chinese or English. We conducted one die-roll game in Study 1 and one cheap-talk sender-receiver game in Study 2. In both Study 1 and Study 2, we found that the proportion of lying was significantly lower in the FL condition than in the NL condition. Our results imply that the FL effect on dishonesty may be due to the cognitive load of communicating in a FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Yang
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Economics and Finance, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Is it all about appearance? Limited cognitive control and information advantage reveal self-serving reciprocity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Hayakawa S, Pan Y, Marian V. Using a Foreign Language Changes Medical Judgments of Preventative Care. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1309. [PMID: 34679374 PMCID: PMC8534006 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, multilinguals around the world make important healthcare decisions while using a foreign language. The present study examined how the use of a native vs. non-native language shapes evaluations and decisions about preventative care. Bilinguals were randomly assigned to evaluate a series of medical scenarios in either their native or non-native language. Each scenario described potential adverse effects of a medical condition and a preventative treatment, as well as the population risk of disease- or treatment-related complications. Participants judged the perceived negativity and likelihood of experiencing adverse effects and indicated how willing they would be to accept the preventative treatment. We found that bilinguals using a foreign language perceived disease symptoms and treatment side effects to be less negative than those using their native tongue. Foreign language users were also more likely to account for the objective risks associated with medical conditions and treatments when making decisions about preventative care. We conclude that the use of a native vs. foreign language changes how people evaluate the consequences of accepting and declining preventative treatment, with potential implications for millions of providers and patients who routinely make medical choices in their non-native tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Hayakawa
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA;
| | - Yue Pan
- Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Viorica Marian
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA;
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10
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Andrade G. Arabic speakers offer more utilitarian responses when thinking about the trolley dilemma in English. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 42:6933-6935. [PMID: 34131375 PMCID: PMC8192268 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01976-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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11
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Vainapel S, Shani Y, Shalvi S. Motivated Interpretations of Deceptive Information. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030297. [PMID: 33652923 PMCID: PMC7996790 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine whether people seek information that might help them make sense of others' dishonest behavior. Participants were told that a hypothetical partner (either a friend or a stranger) had engaged in a task in which the partner could lie to boost their earnings at the expense of the participant's earnings. Participants were less likely to search for information that can justify potential dishonest behavior conducted by a friend than by a stranger (Experiment 1). When participants knew for certain that their partners had lied to them, they were less likely to assume that that the lie was justified when told that the partner was a friend rather than a stranger (Experiment 2). The results imply that people are more likely to search for information that may reduce the severity of possible dishonest behavior when a stranger, rather than a friend, is responsible for the behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Vainapel
- Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Yaniv Shani
- Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- Correspondence:
| | - Shaul Shalvi
- Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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12
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Abstract
One-shot anonymous unselfishness in economic games is commonly explained by social preferences, which assume that people care about the monetary pay-offs of others. However, during the last 10 years, research has shown that different types of unselfish behaviour, including cooperation, altruism, truth-telling, altruistic punishment and trustworthiness are in fact better explained by preferences for following one's own personal norms-internal standards about what is right or wrong in a given situation. Beyond better organizing various forms of unselfish behaviour, this moral preference hypothesis has recently also been used to increase charitable donations, simply by means of interventions that make the morality of an action salient. Here we review experimental and theoretical work dedicated to this rapidly growing field of research, and in doing so we outline mathematical foundations for moral preferences that can be used in future models to better understand selfless human actions and to adjust policies accordingly. These foundations can also be used by artificial intelligence to better navigate the complex landscape of human morality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Capraro
- Department of Economics, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Matjaž Perc
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan.,Alma Mater Europaea ECM, Slovenska ulica, 17 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstädterstraße 39, 1080 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Abstract
In recent years, a growing body of literature has shown that being in a foreign language (FL) context affects the way in which people make choices. This phenomenon is known as the foreign language effect (FLE). The FLE affects both moral decision-making and risk-aversion tendencies, but no cumulative evidence is available. Herein, we aimed to estimate, through a meta-analytical approach, the effect of being in an FL context as compared with that of a native language (NL). We found 17 studies matching our criteria and, in total, 47 experiments were included (N = 38 investigated the FLE in the moral decision-making domain; N = 9 investigated the FLE in the risk-aversion domain). Results showed that FL affects participants' decisions as compared with NL in both the moral decision-making and risk-aversion domains, inducing participants to be more willing to accept harm in order to maximize outcomes in the former and reducing risk aversion in the latter. In addition, two metaregressions were performed on the studies that investigated the moral decision-making domain in order to assess whether participants' proficiency in the FL, or NL-FL similarity, moderated the observed effect. Our findings indicate that proficiency in the FL does not moderate the observed effect, while NL-FL similarity does. Our results support previous findings on the FLE and provide suggestions for future research.
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14
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Kanngiesser P, Sunderarajan J, Woike JK. Keeping them honest: Promises reduce cheating in adolescents. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kanngiesser
- School of Psychology University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
- Faculty of Education and Psychology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - Jan K. Woike
- School of Psychology University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
- Center for Adaptive Rationality (ARC) Max Planck Institute for Human Development Berlin Germany
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15
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Seidler Y, Seiler-Ramadas R, Kundi M. 'No Austrian Mother Does This to Sleep Without a Baby!' Postnatal Acculturative Stress and 'Doing the Month' Among East Asian Women in Austria: Revisiting Acculturation Theories From a Qualitative Perspective. Front Psychol 2020; 11:977. [PMID: 32477230 PMCID: PMC7240129 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acculturative stress is a phenomenon describing negative emotions experienced by immigrants in their socio-cultural and psychological adaptation process to the host society’s dominant culture and its population. Acculturative stress is assumed to be one the reasons for higher prevalence of postnatal depression among immigrant women compared to non-immigrant women. Theories and models of acculturation and coping strategies suggest that certain cultural orientations or behaviors could mitigate acculturative stress and postnatal depression. Nevertheless, quantitative studies applying these theories have so far revealed inconsistent results. Given this background, we ask: what can a qualitative study of immigrant women’s postnatal experiences tell us about the interrelationships between immigrant mothers’ acculturation behaviors or cultural orientations, and maternal psychological health? Particularly, we explore the postnatal experiences of Chinese and Japanese women who gave birth in Austria, focusing on their experiences and behaviors influenced by their heritage culture’s postnatal practices (zuò yuè zi and satogaeri). Theoretically, we apply Berry’s acculturation model through a focus on what we call ‘Postnatal Acculturative Stress’ (PAS). By doing so, we identify factors that prevent or mitigate PAS. Another aim of this article is to critically reassess Berry’s model in the context of postnatal care and maternal psychological health. Data were analyzed using a combination of deductive and inductive method through the application of directed content analysis and phenomenological approach. Women’s postnatal experiences were summarized as an ‘unexpected solitary struggle in the midst of dual identity change’ in four specific domains: postnatal rest and diet, social support, feelings toward significant others and identity. Preventive and mitigating factors against PAS included trust (in self and one’s health beliefs) and mutual respectful relationships with and between the significant others. The application of Berry’s acculturation model provided a useful framework of analysis. Nevertheless, the multifarious complexity involved in the process of acculturation as well as different power dynamics in the family and healthcare settings makes it difficult to draw causal relationships between certain acculturation behaviors or cultural orientations with specific health outcomes. Health professionals should be aware of the complex psychosocial processes, contexts as well as social environment that shape immigrants’ acculturative behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Seidler
- Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Development Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Health and Migration, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Kundi
- Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Van der Cruyssen I, D’hondt J, Meijer E, Verschuere B. Does Honesty Require Time? Two Preregistered Direct Replications of Experiment 2 of Shalvi, Eldar, and Bereby-Meyer (2012). Psychol Sci 2020; 31:460-467. [PMID: 32156182 PMCID: PMC7168803 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620903716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shalvi, Eldar, and Bereby-Meyer (2012) found across two studies (N = 72 for each) that time pressure increased cheating. These findings suggest that dishonesty comes naturally, whereas honesty requires overcoming the initial tendency to cheat. Although the study's results were statistically significant, a Bayesian reanalysis indicates that they had low evidential strength. In a direct replication attempt of Shalvi et al.'s Experiment 2, we found that time pressure did not increase cheating, N = 428, point biserial correlation (rpb) = .05, Bayes factor (BF)01 = 16.06. One important deviation from the original procedure, however, was the use of mass testing. In a second direct replication with small groups of participants, we found that time pressure also did not increase cheating, N = 297, rpb = .03, BF01 = 9.59. These findings indicate that the original study may have overestimated the true effect of time pressure on cheating and the generality of the effect beyond the original context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewout Meijer
- Clinical Psychological Science Department, Maastricht University
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17
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van Ditmarsch H, Hendriks P, Verbrugge R. Editors' Review and Introduction: Lying in Logic, Language, and Cognition. Top Cogn Sci 2020; 12:466-484. [PMID: 32118362 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe some recent trends in research on lying from a multidisciplinary perspective, including logic, philosophy, linguistics, psychology, cognitive science, behavioral economics, and artificial intelligence. Furthermore, we outline the seven contributions to this special issue of topiCS.
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18
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Köbis NC, Verschuere B, Bereby-Meyer Y, Rand D, Shalvi S. Intuitive Honesty Versus Dishonesty: Meta-Analytic Evidence. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 14:778-796. [PMID: 31291557 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619851778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Is self-serving lying intuitive? Or does honesty come naturally? Many experiments have manipulated reliance on intuition in behavioral-dishonesty tasks, with mixed results. We present two meta-analyses (with evidential value) testing whether an intuitive mind-set affects the proportion of liars (k = 73; n = 12,711) and the magnitude of lying (k = 50; n = 6,473). The results indicate that when dishonesty harms abstract others, promoting intuition causes more people to lie, log odds ratio = 0.38, p = .0004, and people to lie more, Hedges's g = 0.26, p < .0001. However, when dishonesty inflicts harm on concrete others, promoting intuition has no significant effect on dishonesty (p > .63). We propose one potential explanation: The intuitive appeal of prosociality may cancel out the intuitive selfish appeal of dishonesty, suggesting that the social consequences of lying could be a promising key to the riddle of intuition's role in honesty. We discuss limitations such as the relatively unbalanced distribution of studies using concrete versus abstract victims and the overall large interstudy heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils C Köbis
- 1 Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam
| | | | | | - David Rand
- 4 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Shaul Shalvi
- 1 Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam
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19
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Maaravi Y, Idan O, Hochman G. And sympathy is what we need my friend-Polite requests improve negotiation results. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212306. [PMID: 30865655 PMCID: PMC6415778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The wording negotiators use shapes the emotions of their counterparts. These emotions, in turn, influence their counterparts' economic decisions. Building on this rationale, we examined how the language used during negotiation affects discount rate and willingness to engage in future deals. In three studies, participants assumed the role of retailers. Alleged counterparts (actually a computerized program) asked for a discount under three conditions: request, want, and demand. Results show that less extreme language (request/want) resulted in better outcomes than demanding a discount. Moreover, while the language used by the customer had an effect on experienced emotions, the positive emotions (sympathy and empathy) participants felt toward the customer mediated the relationship between the linguistic cue and the negotiation outcome. Our results inform both psycholinguistic research and negotiation research by demonstrating the causal role of linguistic cues in activating concept-knowledge relevant to different emotional experiences, and point to the down-the-line impact on shaping negotiation preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Maaravi
- The Adelson School of Entrepreneurship, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
| | - Orly Idan
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
| | - Guy Hochman
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
- * E-mail:
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