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Winkler TS, Vollmer SK, Dyballa-Rukes N, Metzger S, Stetter MG. Isoform-resolved genome annotation enables mapping of tissue-specific betalain regulation in amaranth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1082-1100. [PMID: 38584577 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Betalains are coloring pigments produced in some families of the order Caryophyllales, where they replace anthocyanins as coloring pigments. While the betalain pathway itself is well studied, the tissue-specific regulation of the pathway remains mostly unknown. We enhance the high-quality Amaranthus hypochondriacus reference genome and produce a substantially more complete genome annotation, incorporating isoform details. We annotate betalain and anthocyanin pathway genes along with their regulators in amaranth and map the genetic control and tissue-specific regulation of the betalain pathway. Our improved genome annotation allowed us to identify causal mutations that lead to a knock-out of red betacyanins in natural accessions of amaranth. We reveal the tissue-specific regulation of flower color via a previously uncharacterized MYB transcription factor, AhMYB2. Downregulation of AhMYB2 in the flower leads to reduced expression of key betalain enzyme genes and loss of red flower color. Our improved amaranth reference genome represents the most complete genome of amaranth to date and is a valuable resource for betalain and amaranth research. High similarity of the flower betalain regulator AhMYB2 to anthocyanin regulators and a partially conserved interaction motif support the co-option of anthocyanin regulators for the betalain pathway as a possible reason for the mutual exclusiveness of the two pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom S Winkler
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Susanne K Vollmer
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Nadine Dyballa-Rukes
- MS Platform, Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Sabine Metzger
- MS Platform, Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Markus G Stetter
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
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2
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Duan S, Feng G, Limpens E, Bonfante P, Xie X, Zhang L. Cross-kingdom nutrient exchange in the plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus-bacterium continuum. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41579-024-01073-7. [PMID: 39014094 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The association between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) affects plant performance and ecosystem functioning. Recent studies have identified AMF-associated bacteria as cooperative partners that participate in AMF-plant symbiosis: specific endobacteria live inside AMF, and hyphospheric bacteria colonize the soil that surrounds the extraradical hyphae. In this Review, we describe the concept of a plant-AMF-bacterium continuum, summarize current advances and provide perspectives on soil microbiology. First, we review the top-down carbon flow and the bottom-up mineral flow (especially phosphorus and nitrogen) in this continuum, as well as how AMF-bacteria interactions influence the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients (for example, carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen). Second, we discuss how AMF interact with hyphospheric bacteria or endobacteria to regulate nutrient exchange between plants and AMF, and the possible molecular mechanisms that underpin this continuum. Finally, we explore future prospects for studies on the hyphosphere to facilitate the utilization of AMF and hyphospheric bacteria in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Wang P, Zhong Y, Li Y, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Li J, Chen Z, Limpens E. The phosphate starvation response regulator PHR2 antagonizes arbuscule maintenance in Medicago. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38803107 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Phosphate starvation response (PHR) transcription factors play essential roles in regulating phosphate uptake in plants through binding to the P1BS cis-element in the promoter of phosphate starvation response genes. Recently, PHRs were also shown to positively regulate arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in rice and lotus by controlling the expression of many symbiotic genes. However, their role in arbuscule development has remained unclear. In Medicago, we previously showed that arbuscule degradation is controlled by two SPX proteins that are highly expressed in arbuscule-containing cells. Since SPX proteins bind to PHRs and repress their activity in a phosphate-dependent manner, we investigated whether arbuscule maintenance is also regulated by PHR. Here, we show that PHR2 is a major regulator of the phosphate starvation response in Medicago. Knockout of phr2 showed reduced phosphate starvation response, symbiotic gene expression, and fungal colonization levels. However, the arbuscules that formed showed less degradation, suggesting a negative role for PHR2 in arbuscule maintenance. This was supported by the observation that overexpression of PHR2 led to enhanced degradation of arbuscules. Although many arbuscule-induced genes contain P1BS elements in their promoters, we found that the P1BS cis-elements in the promoter of the symbiotic phosphate transporter PT4 are not required for arbuscule-containing cell expression. Since both PHR2 and SPX1/3 negatively affect arbuscule maintenance, our results indicate that they control arbuscule maintenance partly via different mechanisms. While PHR2 potentiates symbiotic gene expression and colonization, its activity in arbuscule-containing cells needs to be tightly controlled to maintain a successful symbiosis in Medicago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
- Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Yanan Zhong
- Laboratory of Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Wenqian Zhu
- Laboratory of Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yuexuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jingyang Li
- Laboratory of Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Zuohong Chen
- Laboratory of Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Erik Limpens
- Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
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4
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Yang SY, Lin WY, Hsiao YM, Chiou TJ. Milestones in understanding transport, sensing, and signaling of the plant nutrient phosphorus. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1504-1523. [PMID: 38163641 PMCID: PMC11062440 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As an essential nutrient element, phosphorus (P) is primarily acquired and translocated as inorganic phosphate (Pi) by plant roots. Pi is often sequestered in the soil and becomes limited for plant growth. Plants have developed a sophisticated array of adaptive responses, termed P starvation responses, to cope with P deficiency by improving its external acquisition and internal utilization. Over the past 2 to 3 decades, remarkable progress has been made toward understanding how plants sense and respond to changing environmental P. This review provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms that regulate or coordinate P starvation responses, emphasizing P transport, sensing, and signaling. We present the major players and regulators responsible for Pi uptake and translocation. We then introduce how P is perceived at the root tip, how systemic P signaling is operated, and the mechanisms by which the intracellular P status is sensed and conveyed. Additionally, the recent exciting findings about the influence of P on plant-microbe interactions are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and prospects concerning the interplay between P and other nutrients and strategies to enhance P utilization efficiency are discussed. Insights obtained from this knowledge may guide future research endeavors in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yi Yang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
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5
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Ji C, Song F, He C, An J, Huang S, Yu H, Lu H, Xiao S, Bucher M, Pan Z. Integrated miRNA-mRNA analysis reveals candidate miRNA family regulating arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis of Poncirus trifoliata. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1805-1821. [PMID: 36760042 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Over 70% land plants live in mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and maintenance of symbiosis requires transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. The former has been widely studied, whereas the latter mediated by symbiotic microRNAs (miRNAs) remains obscure, especially in woody plants. Here, we performed high-throughput sequencing of the perennial woody citrus plant Poncirus trifoliata and identified 3750 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 42 miRNAs (DEmiRs) upon AM fungal colonization. By analyzing cis-regulatory elements in the promoters of the DEGs, we predicted 329 key AM transcription factors (TFs). A miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was then constructed by integrating these data. Several candidate miRNA families of P. trifoliata were identified whose members target known symbiotic genes, such as miR167h-AMT2;3 and miR156e-EXO70I, or key TFs, such as miR164d-NAC and miR477a-GRAS, thus are involved in AM symbiotic processes of fungal colonization, arbuscule development, nutrient exchange and phytohormone signaling. Finally, analysis of selected miRNA family revealed that a miR159b conserved in mycorrhizal plant species and a Poncirus-specific miR477a regulate AM symbiosis. The role of miR477a was likely to target GRAS family gene RAD1 in citrus plants. Our results not only revealed that miRNA-mRNA network analysis, especially miRNA-TF analysis, is effective in identifying miRNA family regulating AM symbiosis, but also shed light on miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of AM symbiosis in woody citrus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanya Ji
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Song
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan He
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianyong An
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shengyu Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Lu
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Paries M, Gutjahr C. The good, the bad, and the phosphate: regulation of beneficial and detrimental plant-microbe interactions by the plant phosphate status. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37145847 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi ) is indispensable for life on this planet. However, for sessile land plants it is poorly accessible. Therefore, plants have developed a variety of strategies for enhanced acquisition and recycling of Pi . The mechanisms to cope with Pi limitation as well as direct uptake of Pi from the substrate via the root epidermis are regulated by a conserved Pi starvation response (PSR) system based on a family of key transcription factors (TFs) and their inhibitors. Furthermore, plants obtain Pi indirectly through symbiosis with mycorrhiza fungi, which employ their extensive hyphal network to drastically increase the soil volume that can be explored by plants for Pi . Besides mycorrhizal symbiosis, there is also a variety of other interactions with epiphytic, endophytic, and rhizospheric microbes that can indirectly or directly influence plant Pi uptake. It was recently discovered that the PSR pathway is involved in the regulation of genes that promote formation and maintenance of AM symbiosis. Furthermore, the PSR system influences plant immunity and can also be a target of microbial manipulation. It is known for decades that the nutritional status of plants influences the outcome of plant-microbe interactions. The first molecular explanations for these observations are now emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Paries
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, Freising, 85354, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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7
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Wang Y, Xu Q, Shan H, Ni Y, Xu M, Xu Y, Cheng B, Li X. Genome-wide analysis of 14-3-3 gene family in four gramineae and its response to mycorrhizal symbiosis in maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1117879. [PMID: 36875617 PMCID: PMC9982033 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1117879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins (regulatory protein family) are phosphate serine-binding proteins. A number of transcription factors and signaling proteins have been shown to bind to the 14-3-3 protein in plants, which plays a role in regulating their growth (seed dormancy, cell elongation and division, vegetative and reproduction growth and stress response (salt stress, drought stress, cold stress). Therefore, the 14-3-3 genes are crucial in controlling how plants respond to stress and develop. However, little is known about the function of 14-3-3 gene families in gramineae. In this study, 49 14-3-3 genes were identified from four gramineae, including maize, rice, sorghum and brachypodium, and their phylogeny, structure, collinearity and expression patterns of these genes were systematically analyzed. Genome synchronization analysis showed large-scale replication events of 14-3-3 genes in these gramineae plants. Moreover, gene expression revealed that the 14-3-3 genes respond to biotic and abiotic stresses differently in different tissues. Upon arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, the expression level of 14-3-3 genes in maize significantly increased, suggesting the important role of 14-3-3 genes in maize-AM symbiosis. Our results provide a better understanding on the occurrence of 14-3-3 genes in Gramineae plants, and several important candidate genes were found for futher study on AMF symbiotic regulation in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hanchen Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Ni
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Minyan Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yunjian Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology and Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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8
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Gao YQ, Chao DY. Localization and circulation: vesicle trafficking in regulating plant nutrient homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1350-1363. [PMID: 36321185 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient homeostasis is essential for plant growth and reproduction. Plants, therefore, have evolved tightly regulated mechanisms for the uptake, translocation, distribution, and storage of mineral nutrients. Considering that inorganic nutrient transport relies on membrane-based transporters and channels, vesicle trafficking, one of the fundamental cell biological processes, has become a hotspot of plant nutrition studies. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the study of how vesicle trafficking regulates nutrient homeostasis to contribute to the adaptation of plants to heterogeneous environments. We also discuss new perspectives on future studies, which may inspire researchers to investigate new approaches to improve the human diet and health by changing the nutrient quality of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Gao
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence & School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Dai-Yin Chao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Che X, Lai W, Wang S, Wang X, Hu W, Chen H, Xie X, Tang M. Multiple PHT1 family phosphate transporters are recruited for mycorrhizal symbiosis in Eucalyptus grandis and conserved PHT1;4 is a requirement for the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2020-2039. [PMID: 35512354 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Eucalypts engage in a mutualistic endosymbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to acquire mineral nutrients from soils, particularly inorganic phosphate (Pi). In return, the host plant provides organic carbons to its fungal partners. However, the mechanism by which the Eucalyptus plants acquire Pi released from the AM fungi has remained elusive. In this study, we investigated the characterization of potential PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1 (PHT1) family Pi transporters in AM symbiosis in Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. We show that multiple PHT1 family Pi transporters were recruited for AM symbiosis in E. grandis. We further report that EgPT4, an E. grandis member of the PHT1 family, is conserved across angiosperms and is exclusively expressed in AM roots with arbuscule-containing cells and localizes to the periarbuscular membrane (PAM). EgPT4 was able to complement a yeast mutant strain defective in all inorganic Pi transporters and mediate Pi uptake. Importantly, EgPT4 is essential for improved E. grandis growth, total phosphorus concentration and arbuscule development during symbiosis. Moreover, silencing of EgPT4 led to the induction of polyphosphate accumulation relevant genes of Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198. Collectively, our results unravel a pivotal role for EgPT4 in symbiotic Pi transport across the PAM required for arbuscule development in E. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrong Che
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Sijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Ming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
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10
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Sun D, Zhang X, Liao D, Yan S, Feng H, Tang Y, Cao Y, Qiu R, Ma LQ. Novel Mycorrhiza-Specific P Transporter PvPht1;6 Contributes to As Accumulation at the Symbiotic Interface of As-Hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14178-14187. [PMID: 36099335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is toxic and ubiquitous in the environment, posing a growing threat to human health. As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata has been used for phytoremediation of As-contaminated soil. Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhances As accumulation by P. vittata, which is different from As inhibition in typical plants. In this study, P. vittata seedlings inoculated with or without AMF were cultivated in As-contaminated soils for 2 months. AMF-root symbiosis enhanced plant growth, with 64.5% greater As contents in the fronds. After exposure to AsV for 2 h, the arsenate (AsV) and arsenite (AsIII) contents in AMF-roots increased by 1.8- and 3.6-fold, suggesting more efficient As uptake by P. vittata with AMF-roots. Plants take up and transport AsV via phosphate transporters (Phts). Here, for the first time, we identified a novel mycorrhiza-specific Pht transporter, PvPht1;6, from P. vittata. The transcripts of PvPht1;6 were strongly induced in AMF-roots, which were localized to the plasma membrane of arbuscule-containing cells. By complementing a yeast mutant lacking 5-Phts, we confirmed PvPht1;6's transport activity for both P and AsV. In contrast to typical AMF-inducible phosphate transporter LePT4 from tomato, PvPht1;6 showed greater AsV transport capacity. The results suggest that PvPht1;6 is probably critical for AsV transport at the periarbuscular membrane of P. vittata root cells, revealing the underlying mechanism of efficient As accumulation in P. vittata with AMF-roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dehua Liao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Shuang Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huayuan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yetao Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Liu YN, Liu CC, Guo R, Tian L, Cheng JF, Wu YN, Wang D, Wang B. The Rice Qa-SNAREs in SYP13 Subfamily Are Involved in Regulating Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Seed Fertility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:898286. [PMID: 35665185 PMCID: PMC9158536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.898286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Qa-SNARE gene SYP132 (isoform α) was previously reported to affect arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in the legume species Medicago truncatula. In non-legumes especially monocots, it remains unknown whether certain SNARE genes are also involved in AM symbiosis. In this work, we studied a rice orthologous gene OsSYP132, which showed induced expression in mycorrhizal roots and two paralogous genes OsSYP131a and OsSYP131b, which were not induced by the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. After employing CRISPR/Cas9 technique to generate their mutants, the Ossyp131a homozygous mutant T0 plants exhibited a dwarf phenotype and produced no fertile seeds, indicating a required role of this gene in seed fertility. Unlike the case in legume, the Ossyp132 mutants exhibited normal mycorrhizal phenotype, so did the Ossyp131b mutants. In the Ossyp131b Ossyp132 double mutants, however, the colonization rate and arbuscule abundance level decreased markedly, indicating an impaired fungal proliferation ability in rice roots. Such a defect was further confirmed by the reduced expression levels of AM marker genes. Our results in rice therefore demonstrated that while SYP13II members showed evolutionary and induction patterns specific to symbiosis, AM symbiosis is in fact controlled by the combined action of both SYP13I and SYP13II clades, revealing a functional redundancy among SYNTAXIN genes in mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Na Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Chen Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Fei Cheng
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Wang P, Limpens E, Yao R. Orchestrating plant direct and indirect phosphate uptake pathways. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:319-321. [PMID: 34953721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A recent groundbreaking study by Shi et al. reveals an extensive transcriptional regulatory network for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in rice. The finding that phosphate starvation response (PHR) transcription factors centrally orchestrate the direct and indirect AM pathways for inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake in rice opens a wealth of opportunities for plant breeding to enhance nutrient acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruifeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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13
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Xu Y, Liu F, Wu F, Zhao M, Zou R, Wu J, Li X. A novel SCARECROW-LIKE3 transcription factor LjGRAS36 in Lotus japonicus regulates the development of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:573-583. [PMID: 35465207 PMCID: PMC8986927 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi improves plants' nutrient uptake. During this process, transcription factors have been highlighted to play crucial roles. Members of the GRAS transcription factor gene family have been reported involved in AM symbiosis, but little is known about SCARECROW-LIKE3 (SCL3) genes belonging to this family in Lotus japonicus. In this study, 67 LjGRAS genes were identified from the L. japonicus genome, seven of which were clustered in the SCL3 group. Three of the seven LjGRAS genes expression levels were upregulated by AM fungal inoculation, and our biochemical results showed that the expression of LjGRAS36 was specifically induced by AM colonization. Functional loss of LjGRAS36 in mutant ljgras36 plants exhibited a significantly reduced mycorrhizal colonization rate and arbuscular size. Transcriptome analysis showed a deficiency of LjGRAS36 led to the dysregulation of the gibberellic acid signal pathway associated with AM symbiosis. Together, this study provides important insights for understanding the important potential function of SCL3 genes in regulating AM symbiotic development. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01161-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjian Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Health in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Fang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China
| | - Fulang Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Manli Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Ruifan Zou
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Health in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
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14
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Das D, Gutjahr C. Old dog, new trick: The PHR-SPX system regulates arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:225-227. [PMID: 34968731 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debatosh Das
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 10 Yuexing 2nd Road, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Strasse 4, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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15
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Das D, Paries M, Hobecker K, Gigl M, Dawid C, Lam HM, Zhang J, Chen M, Gutjahr C. PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE transcription factors enable arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:477. [PMID: 35078978 PMCID: PMC8789775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a widespread symbiosis between roots of the majority of land plants and Glomeromycotina fungi. AM is important for ecosystem health and functioning as the fungi critically support plant performance by providing essential mineral nutrients, particularly the poorly accessible phosphate, in exchange for organic carbon. AM fungi colonize the inside of roots and this is promoted at low but inhibited at high plant phosphate status, while the mechanistic basis for this phosphate-dependence remained obscure. Here we demonstrate that a major transcriptional regulator of phosphate starvation responses in rice PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE 2 (PHR2) regulates AM. Root colonization of phr2 mutants is drastically reduced, and PHR2 is required for root colonization, mycorrhizal phosphate uptake, and yield increase in field soil. PHR2 promotes AM by targeting genes required for pre-contact signaling, root colonization, and AM function. Thus, this important symbiosis is directly wired to the PHR2-controlled plant phosphate starvation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debatosh Das
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 10 Yuexing 2nd Road, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Michael Paries
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Karen Hobecker
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Gigl
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 10 Yuexing 2nd Road, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 10 Yuexing 2nd Road, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Moxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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16
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Das D, Paries M, Hobecker K, Gigl M, Dawid C, Lam HM, Zhang J, Chen M, Gutjahr C. PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE transcription factors enable arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:477. [PMID: 35078978 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.05.467437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a widespread symbiosis between roots of the majority of land plants and Glomeromycotina fungi. AM is important for ecosystem health and functioning as the fungi critically support plant performance by providing essential mineral nutrients, particularly the poorly accessible phosphate, in exchange for organic carbon. AM fungi colonize the inside of roots and this is promoted at low but inhibited at high plant phosphate status, while the mechanistic basis for this phosphate-dependence remained obscure. Here we demonstrate that a major transcriptional regulator of phosphate starvation responses in rice PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE 2 (PHR2) regulates AM. Root colonization of phr2 mutants is drastically reduced, and PHR2 is required for root colonization, mycorrhizal phosphate uptake, and yield increase in field soil. PHR2 promotes AM by targeting genes required for pre-contact signaling, root colonization, and AM function. Thus, this important symbiosis is directly wired to the PHR2-controlled plant phosphate starvation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debatosh Das
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 10 Yuexing 2nd Road, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Michael Paries
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Karen Hobecker
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Gigl
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 10 Yuexing 2nd Road, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 10 Yuexing 2nd Road, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Moxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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17
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Seemann C, Heck C, Voß S, Schmoll J, Enderle E, Schwarz D, Requena N. Root cortex development is fine-tuned by the interplay of MIGs, SCL3 and DELLAs during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:948-965. [PMID: 34693526 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root development is a crucial process that determines the ability of plants to acquire nutrients, adapt to the substrate and withstand changing environmental conditions. Root plasticity is controlled by a plethora of transcriptional regulators that allow, in contrast to tissue development in animals, post-embryonic changes that give rise to new tissue and specialized cells. One of these changes is the accommodation in the cortex of hyperbranched hyphae of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, called arbuscules. Arbuscule-containing cells undergo massive reprogramming to coordinate developmental changes with transport processes. Here we describe a novel negative regulator of arbuscule development, MIG3. MIG3 induces and interacts with SCL3, both of which modulate the activity of the central regulator DELLA, restraining cortical cell growth. As in a tug-of-war, MIG3-SCL3 antagonizes the function of the complex MIG1-DELLA, which promotes the cell expansion required for arbuscule development, adjusting cell size during the dynamic processes of the arbuscule life cycle. Our results in the legume plant Medicago truncatula advance the knowledge of root development in dicot plants, showing the existence of additional regulatory elements not present in Arabidopsis that fine-tune the activity of conserved central modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Seemann
- Molecular Phytopathology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carolin Heck
- Molecular Phytopathology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefanie Voß
- Molecular Phytopathology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jana Schmoll
- Molecular Phytopathology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eileen Enderle
- Molecular Phytopathology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Diana Schwarz
- Molecular Phytopathology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Natalia Requena
- Molecular Phytopathology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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18
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Wang P, Snijders R, Kohlen W, Liu J, Bisseling T, Limpens E. Medicago SPX1 and SPX3 regulate phosphate homeostasis, mycorrhizal colonization, and arbuscule degradation. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3470-3486. [PMID: 34469578 PMCID: PMC8567062 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To acquire sufficient mineral nutrients such as phosphate (Pi) from the soil, most plants engage in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Attracted by plant-secreted strigolactones (SLs), the fungi colonize the roots and form highly branched hyphal structures called arbuscules inside inner cortex cells. The host plant must control the different steps of this interaction to maintain its symbiotic nature. However, how plants sense the amount of Pi obtained from the fungus, and how this determines the arbuscule lifespan, are far from understood. Here, we show that Medicago truncatula SPX-domain containing proteins SPX1 and SPX3 regulate root Pi starvation responses, in part by interacting with PHOSPHATE RESPONSE REGULATOR2, as well as fungal colonization and arbuscule degradation. SPX1 and SPX3 are induced upon Pi starvation but become more restricted to arbuscule-containing cells upon the establishment of symbiosis. This induction in arbuscule-containing cells is associated with the presence of cis-regulatory AW-boxes and transcriptional regulation by the WRINKLED1-like transcription factor WRI5a. Under Pi-limiting conditions, SPX1 and SPX3 facilitate the expression of the SL biosynthesis gene DWARF27, which could help explain the increased fungal branching in response to root exudates. Later, in arbuscule-containing cells, SPX1 and SPX3 redundantly control arbuscule degradation. Thus, SPX proteins play important roles as phosphate sensors to maintain a beneficial AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roxane Snijders
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence:
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19
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Shi J, Zhao B, Zheng S, Zhang X, Wang X, Dong W, Xie Q, Wang G, Xiao Y, Chen F, Yu N, Wang E. A phosphate starvation response-centered network regulates mycorrhizal symbiosis. Cell 2021; 184:5527-5540.e18. [PMID: 34644527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To secure phosphorus (P) from soil, most land plants use a direct phosphate uptake pathway via root hairs and epidermis and an indirect phosphate uptake pathway via mycorrhizal symbiosis. The interaction between these two pathways is unclear. Here, we mapped a network between transcription factors and mycorrhizal symbiosis-related genes using Y1H. Intriguingly, this gene regulatory network is governed by the conserved P-sensing pathway, centered on phosphate starvation response (PHR) transcription factors. PHRs are required for mycorrhizal symbiosis and regulate symbiosis-related genes via the P1BS motif. SPX-domain proteins suppress OsPHR2-mediated induction of symbiosis-related genes and inhibit mycorrhizal infection. In contrast, plants overexpressing OsPHR2 show improved mycorrhizal infection and are partially resistant to P-mediated inhibition of symbiosis. Functional analyses of network nodes revealed co-regulation of hormonal signaling and mycorrhizal symbiosis. This network deciphers extensive regulation of mycorrhizal symbiosis by endogenous and exogenous signals and highlights co-option of the P-sensing pathway for mycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincai Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Boyu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wentao Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiujin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunping Xiao
- Shanghai OE Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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20
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Garagounis C, Delkis N, Papadopoulou KK. Unraveling the roles of plant specialized metabolites: using synthetic biology to design molecular biosensors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1338-1352. [PMID: 33997999 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants are a rich source of specialized metabolites with a broad range of bioactivities and many applications in human daily life. Over the past decades significant progress has been made in identifying many such metabolites in different plant species and in elucidating their biosynthetic pathways. However, the biological roles of plant specialized metabolites remain elusive and proposed functions lack an identified underlying molecular mechanism. Understanding the roles of specialized metabolites frequently is hampered by their dynamic production and their specific spatiotemporal accumulation within plant tissues and organs throughout a plant's life cycle. In this review, we propose the employment of strategies from the field of Synthetic Biology to construct and optimize genetically encoded biosensors that can detect individual specialized metabolites in a standardized and high-throughput manner. This will help determine the precise localization of specialized metabolites at the tissue and single-cell levels. Such information will be useful in developing complete system-level models of specialized plant metabolism, which ultimately will demonstrate how the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites is integrated with the core processes of plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Garagounis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Plant and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Thessaly, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Delkis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Plant and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Thessaly, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Plant and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Thessaly, Larissa, 41500, Greece
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21
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22
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Fabiańska I, Pesch L, Koebke E, Gerlach N, Bucher M. Neighboring plants divergently modulate effects of loss-of-function in maize mycorrhizal phosphate uptake on host physiology and root fungal microbiota. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232633. [PMID: 32555651 PMCID: PMC7299352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize, a main crop worldwide, establishes a mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi providing nutrients to the roots from soil volumes which are normally not in reach of the non-colonized root. The mycorrhizal phosphate uptake pathway (MPU) spans from extraradical hyphae to root cortex cells housing fungal arbuscules and promotes the supply of phosphate to the mycorrhizal host in exchange for photosynthetic carbon. This symbiotic association with the mycobiont has been shown to affect plant host nutritional status and growth performance. However, whether and how the MPU affects the root microbial community associated with mycorrhizal hosts in association with neighboring plants, remains to be demonstrated. Here the maize germinal Mu transposon insertion mutant pht1;6, defective in mycorrhiza-specific Pi transporter PHT1;6 gene, and wild type B73 (wt) plants were grown in mono- and mixed culture and examined under greenhouse and field conditions. Disruption of the MPU in pht1;6 resulted in strongly diminished growth performance, in reduced P allocation to photosynthetic source leaves, and in imbalances in leaf elemental composition beyond P. At the microbial community level a loss of MPU activity had a minor effect on the root-associated fungal microbiome which was almost fully restricted to AM fungi of the Glomeromycotina. Moreover, while wt grew better in presence of pht1;6, pht1;6 accumulated little biomass irrespective of whether it was grown in mono- or mixed culture and despite of an enhanced fungal colonization of its roots in co-culture with wt. This suggested that a functional MPU is prerequisite to maintain maize growth and that neighboring plants competed for AM fungal Pi in low P soil. Thus future strategies towards improving yield in maize populations on soils with low inputs of P fertilizer could be realized by enhancing MPU at the individual plant level while leaving the root-associated fungal community largely unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fabiańska
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lina Pesch
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Koebke
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Gerlach
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Fabiańska I, Sosa-Lopez E, Bucher M. The role of nutrient balance in shaping plant root-fungal interactions: facts and speculation. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 49:90-96. [PMID: 31733616 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota colonizing plant roots and their vicinity were shown not to be just random associations, but compose, at least to some extent, host-selected microbial consortia. The plant physiological status, especially the nutrient status, prompts changes in plant morphology and metabolism, which successively imposes a selective pressure on microbial communities. It is well established that a low phosphate status of the host plant activates the molecular machinery underlying the development of mutualistic associations in the host root with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We hypothesize that the plant´s response to changing nutrient stoichiometry affects processes at the root-mycosphere interface which promote or repress also root interactions with microbial taxa other than AMF. As a consequence, fundamental mechanisms underlying these interactions would be shared in AM host and non-host plants. A detailed understanding of the processes involved in maintenance of plant nutrient homeostasis could contribute to novel strategies in tailoring predominantly parasitic or commensalistic plant-microbe interactions towards beneficial associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Fabiańska
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Esperanza Sosa-Lopez
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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An J, Sun M, van Velzen R, Ji C, Zheng Z, Limpens E, Bisseling T, Deng X, Xiao S, Pan Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Poncirus trifoliata identifies a core set of genes involved in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5255-5264. [PMID: 30312435 PMCID: PMC6184448 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The perennial woody plants of citrus are one of the most important fruit crops in the world and largely depends on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) to obtain essential nutrients from soil. However, the molecular aspects of AMS in citrus and perennial woody plants in general have largely been understudied. We used RNA-sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes in roots of Poncirus trifoliata upon mycorrhization by the AM fungus Glomus versiforme and evaluated their conservation by comparative transcriptome analyses with four herbaceous model plants. We identified 282 differentially expressed genes in P. trifoliata, including orthologs of 21 genes with characterized roles in AMS and 83 genes that are considered to be conserved in AM-host plants. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed a 'core set' of 156 genes from P. trifoliata whose orthologous genes from at least three of the five species also exhibited similar transcriptional changes during AMS. Functional analysis of one of these conserved AM-induced genes, a 3-keto-acyl-ACP reductase (FatG) involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, confirmed its involvement in AMS in Medicago truncatula. Our results identify a core transcriptional program for AMS that is largely conserved between P. trifoliata and other plants. The comparative transcriptomics approach adds to previous phylogenomics studies to identify conserved genes required for AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong An
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region, Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Mengqian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region, Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Robin van Velzen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Chuanya Ji
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region, Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zijun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region, Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Erik Limpens
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ton Bisseling
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region, Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region, Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research & Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland College Park, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region, Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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AP2 transcription factor CBX1 with a specific function in symbiotic exchange of nutrients in mycorrhizal Lotus japonicus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9239-E9246. [PMID: 30209216 PMCID: PMC6166803 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812275115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi promote phosphorus uptake into host plants in exchange for organic carbon. Physiological tracer experiments showed that up to 100% of acquired phosphate can be delivered to plants via the mycorrhizal phosphate uptake pathway (MPU). Previous studies revealed that the CTTC cis-regulatory element (CRE) is required for promoter activation of mycorrhiza-specific phosphate transporter and H+-ATPase genes. However, the precise transcriptional mechanism directly controlling MPU is unknown. Here, we show that CBX1 binds CTTC and AW-box CREs and coregulates mycorrhizal phosphate transporter and H+-ATPase genes. Interestingly, genes involved in lipid biosynthesis are also regulated by CBX1 through binding to AW box, including RAM2. Our work suggests a common regulatory mechanism underlying complex trait control of symbiotic exchange of nutrients. The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, a widespread mutualistic association between land plants and fungi, depends on reciprocal exchange of phosphorus driven by proton-coupled phosphate uptake into host plants and carbon supplied to AM fungi by host-dependent sugar and lipid biosynthesis. The molecular mechanisms and cis-regulatory modules underlying the control of phosphate uptake and de novo fatty acid synthesis in AM symbiosis are poorly understood. Here, we show that the AP2 family transcription factor CTTC MOTIF-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1 (CBX1), a WRINKLED1 (WRI1) homolog, directly binds the evolutionary conserved CTTC motif that is enriched in mycorrhiza-regulated genes and activates Lotus japonicus phosphate transporter 4 (LjPT4) in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the mycorrhiza-inducible gene encoding H+-ATPase (LjHA1), implicated in energizing nutrient uptake at the symbiotic interface across the periarbuscular membrane, is coregulated with LjPT4 by CBX1. Accordingly, CBX1-defective mutants show reduced mycorrhizal colonization. Furthermore, genome-wide–binding profiles, DNA-binding studies, and heterologous expression reveal additional binding of CBX1 to AW box, the consensus DNA-binding motif for WRI1, that is enriched in promoters of glycolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis genes. We show that CBX1 activates expression of lipid metabolic genes including glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase RAM2 implicated in acylglycerol biosynthesis. Our finding defines the role of CBX1 as a regulator of host genes involved in phosphate uptake and lipid synthesis through binding to the CTTC/AW molecular module, and supports a model underlying bidirectional exchange of phosphorus and carbon, a fundamental trait in the mutualistic AM symbiosis.
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Choi J, Summers W, Paszkowski U. Mechanisms Underlying Establishment of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbioses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:135-160. [PMID: 29856935 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants engage in mutually beneficial interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, the fungus providing phosphate and nitrogen in exchange for fixed carbon. During presymbiosis, both organisms communicate via oligosaccharides and butenolides. The requirement for a rice chitin receptor in symbiosis-induced lateral root development suggests that cell division programs operate in inner root tissues during both AM and nodule symbioses. Furthermore, the identification of transcription factors underpinning arbuscule development and degeneration reemphasized the plant's regulatory dominance in AM symbiosis. Finally, the finding that AM fungi, as lipid auxotrophs, depend on plant fatty acids (FAs) to complete their asexual life cycle revealed the basis for fungal biotrophy. Intriguingly, lipid metabolism is also central for asexual reproduction and interaction of the fungal sister clade, the Mucoromycotina, with endobacteria, indicative of an evolutionarily ancient role for lipids in fungal mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Choi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom;
| | - William Summers
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom;
| | - Uta Paszkowski
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom;
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27
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Liu F, Xu Y, Han G, Wang W, Li X, Cheng B. Identification and Functional Characterization of a Maize Phosphate Transporter Induced by Mycorrhiza Formation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1683-1694. [PMID: 29767790 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant life, although it is frequently not readily available to crops. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) can improve plant P levels by inducing the expression of some phosphate (Pi) transporters. Symbiotic Pi uptake by Pi transporters is crucial for AMF colonization and arbuscule dynamics. However, the functions of mycorrhiza-inducible maize Pi transporters are largely unclear. We focused on the interaction between the Pi concentration and AMF colonization in maize, and detecting the induction of a Pi transporter. We investigated AMF colonization and arbuscular development in maize under high and low Pi environments. Low Pi increased AMF colonization and promoted arbuscular development. Further measurement of P concentration showed that AMF significantly improved the maize P status under low Pi conditions. Here, we identified the Pi transporter gene, ZmPt9, which was induced by mycorrhiza formation. In addition, ZmPt9-overexpressing roots were difficult to colonize by AMF. Pi response analysis showed that ZmPt9 complements a yeast mutant defective in Pi transporter activity and improves the P concentration in rice. Together, these data indicated that ZmPt9 is a mycorrhiza-inducible Pi transporter gene involved in Pi uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, China
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, China
| | - Yunjian Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, China
| | - Guomin Han
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, China
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, China
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Lace B, Ott T. Commonalities and Differences in Controlling Multipartite Intracellular Infections of Legume Roots by Symbiotic Microbes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:661-672. [PMID: 29474692 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Legumes have the almost unique ability to establish symbiotic associations with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Forward and reverse genetics have identified a large number of genes that are required for either or both interactions. However, and in sharp contrast to natural soils, these interactions have been almost exclusively investigated under laboratory conditions by using separate inoculation systems, whereas both symbionts are simultaneously present in the field. Considering our recent understanding of the individual symbioses, the community is now promisingly positioned to co-inoculate plants with two or more microbes in order to understand mechanistically how legumes efficiently balance, regulate and potentially separate these symbioses and other endophytic microbes within the same root. Here, we discuss a number of key control layers that should be considered when assessing tri- or multipartite beneficial interactions and that may contribute to colonization patterns in legume roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Lace
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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29
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Pimprikar P, Gutjahr C. Transcriptional Regulation of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:673-690. [PMID: 29425360 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is an ancient symbiosis between land plants and fungi of the glomeromycotina that is widespread in the plant kingdom. AM improves plant nutrition, stress resistance and general plant performance, and thus represents a promising addition to sustainable agricultural practices. In return for delivering mineral nutrients, the obligate biotrophic AM fungi receive up to 20% of the photosynthetically fixed carbon from the plant. AM fungi colonize the inside of roots and form highly branched tree-shaped structures, called arbuscules, in cortex cells. The pair of the arbuscule and its host cell is considered the central functional unit of the symbiosis as it mediates the bidirectional nutrient exchange between the symbionts. The development and spread of AM fungi within the root is predominantly under the control of the host plant and depends on its developmental and physiological status. Intracellular accommodation of fungal structures is enabled by the remarkable plasticity of plant cells, which undergo drastic subcellular rearrangements. These are promoted and accompanied by cell-autonomous transcriptional reprogramming. AM development can be dissected into distinct stages using plant mutants. Progress in the application of laser dissection technology has allowed the assignment of transcriptional responses to specific stages and cell types. The first transcription factors controlling AM-specific gene expression and AM development have been discovered, and cis-elements required for AM-responsive promoter activity have been identified. An understanding of their connectivity and elucidation of transcriptional networks orchestrating AM development can be expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Pimprikar
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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Aloui A, Recorbet G, Lemaître-Guillier C, Mounier A, Balliau T, Zivy M, Wipf D, Dumas-Gaudot E. The plasma membrane proteome of Medicago truncatula roots as modified by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:1-16. [PMID: 28725961 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) roots, the plasma membrane (PM) of the host plant is involved in all developmental stages of the symbiotic interaction, from initial recognition to intracellular accommodation of intra-radical hyphae and arbuscules. Although the role of the PM as the agent for cellular morphogenesis and nutrient exchange is especially accentuated in endosymbiosis, very little is known regarding the PM protein composition of mycorrhizal roots. To obtain a global overview at the proteome level of the host PM proteins as modified by symbiosis, we performed a comparative protein profiling of PM fractions from Medicago truncatula roots either inoculated or not with the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. PM proteins were isolated from root microsomes using an optimized discontinuous sucrose gradient; their subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry (MS) identified 674 proteins. Cross-species sequence homology searches combined with MS-based quantification clearly confirmed enrichment in PM-associated proteins and depletion of major microsomal contaminants. Changes in protein amounts between the PM proteomes of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots were monitored further by spectral counting. This workflow identified a set of 82 mycorrhiza-responsive proteins that provided insights into the plant PM response to mycorrhizal symbiosis. Among them, the association of one third of the mycorrhiza-responsive proteins with detergent-resistant membranes pointed at partitioning to PM microdomains. The PM-associated proteins responsive to mycorrhization also supported host plant control of sugar uptake to limit fungal colonization, and lipid turnover events in the PM fraction of symbiotic roots. Because of the depletion upon symbiosis of proteins mediating the replacement of phospholipids by phosphorus-free lipids in the plasmalemma, we propose a role of phosphate nutrition in the PM composition of mycorrhizal roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achref Aloui
- UMR Agroécologie, INRA/AgroSup/University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, ERL 6003 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-lif, Tunisia
| | - Ghislaine Recorbet
- UMR Agroécologie, INRA/AgroSup/University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, ERL 6003 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France.
| | - Christelle Lemaître-Guillier
- UMR Agroécologie, INRA/AgroSup/University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, ERL 6003 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Mounier
- UMR Agroécologie, INRA/AgroSup/University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, ERL 6003 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Balliau
- UMR de Génétique végétale, PAPPSO, Ferme du Moulon, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- UMR de Génétique végétale, PAPPSO, Ferme du Moulon, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- UMR Agroécologie, INRA/AgroSup/University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, ERL 6003 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Eliane Dumas-Gaudot
- UMR Agroécologie, INRA/AgroSup/University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, ERL 6003 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
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31
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Harrison MJ, Ivanov S. Exocytosis for endosymbiosis: membrane trafficking pathways for development of symbiotic membrane compartments. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:101-108. [PMID: 28521260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During endosymbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or rhizobial bacteria, the microbial symbionts are housed within membrane-bound compartments in root cortex or nodule cells respectively. Their development involves polarized deposition of membrane around the symbionts as they enter the cells and the membranes show functional specialization, including transporters that mediate nutrient transfer between host and symbiont. The cellular changes associated with development of these compartments point to membrane deposition via exocytosis and over the past few years, researchers have uncovered several proteins within the exocytotic pathway that are required for development of endosymbiotic membrane compartments. The emerging theme is that unique membrane trafficking homologs or splice variants have evolved to enable exocytosis during endosymbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Harrison
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Sergey Ivanov
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Qiao Z, Pingault L, Zogli P, Langevin M, Rech N, Farmer A, Libault M. A comparative genomic and transcriptomic analysis at the level of isolated root hair cells reveals new conserved root hair regulatory elements. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:641-655. [PMID: 28687904 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A comparative transcriptomic and genomic analysis between Arabidopsis thaliana and Glycine max root hair genes reveals the evolution of the expression of plant genes after speciation and whole genome duplication. Our understanding of the conservation and divergence of the expression patterns of genes between plant species is limited by the quality of the genomic and transcriptomic resources available. Specifically, the transcriptomes generated from plant organs are the reflection of the contribution of the different cell types composing the samples weighted by their relative abundances in the sample. These contributions can vary between plant species leading to the generation of datasets which are difficult to compare. To gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of gene transcription in and between plant species, we performed a comparative transcriptomic and genomic analysis at the level of one single plant cell type, the root hair cell, and between two model plants: Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and soybean (Glycine max). These two species, which diverged 90 million years ago, were selected as models based on the large amount of genomic and root hair transcriptomic information currently available. Our analysis revealed in detail the transcriptional divergence and conservation between soybean paralogs (i.e., the soybean genome is the product of two successive whole genome duplications) and between Arabidopsis and soybean orthologs in this single plant cell type. Taking advantage of this evolutionary study, we combined bioinformatics, molecular, cellular and microscopic tools to characterize plant promoter sequences and the discovery of two root hair regulatory elements (RHE1 and RHE2) consistently and specifically active in plant root hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Lise Pingault
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Prince Zogli
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Micaela Langevin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Niccole Rech
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Andrew Farmer
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM, 87505, USA
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
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Chen X, Liao D, Yang X, Ji M, Wang S, Gu M, Chen A, Xu G. Three cis-Regulatory Motifs, AuxRE, MYCRS1 and MYCRS2, are Required for Modulating the Auxin- and Mycorrhiza-Responsive Expression of a Tomato GH3 Gene. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:770-778. [PMID: 28339724 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is well known to be a key regulator that acts in almost all physiological processes during plant growth, and in interactions between plants and microbes. However, to date, the regulatory mechanisms underlying auxin-mediated plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi symbiosis have not been well deciphered. Previously we identified a GH3 gene, SlGH3.4, strongly responsive to both auxin induction and mycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, we reported a refined dissection of the SlGH3.4 promoter activity using the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter. The SlGH3.4 promoter could drive GUS expression strongly in mycorrhizal roots of soybean and rice plants, and in IAA-treated soybean roots, but not in IAA-treated rice roots. A promoter deletion assay revealed three cis-acting motifs, i.e. the auxin-responsive element, AuxRE, and two newly identified motifs named MYCRS1 and MYCRS2, involved in the activation of auxin- and AM-mediated expression of SlGH3.4. Deletion of the AuxRE from the SlGH3.4 promoter caused almost complete abolition of GUS staining in response to external IAA induction. Seven repeats of AuxRE fused to the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S minimal promoter could direct GUS expression in both IAA-treated and AM fungal-colonized roots of tobacco plants. Four repeats of MYCRS1 or MYCRS2 fused to the CaMV35S minimal promoter was sufficient to drive GUS expression in arbuscule-containing cells, but not in IAA-treated tobacco roots. In summary, our results offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the potential cross-talk between the auxin and the AM regulatory pathways in modulating the expression of AM-responsive GH3 genes in diverse mycorrhizal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dehua Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minjie Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Liu J, Liu J, Chen A, Ji M, Chen J, Yang X, Gu M, Qu H, Xu G. Analysis of tomato plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase gene family suggests a mycorrhiza-mediated regulatory mechanism conserved in diverse plant species. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:645-56. [PMID: 27103309 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase (HA) is considered to play a crucial role in regulating plant growth and respoding to environment stresses. Multiple paralogous genes encoding different isozymes of HA have been identified and characterized in several model plants, while limited information of the HA gene family is available to date for tomato. Here, we describe the molecular and expression features of eight HA-encoding genes (SlHA1-8) from tomato. All these genes are interrupted by multiple introns with conserved positions. SlHA1, 2, and 4 were widely expressed in all tissues, while SlHA5, 6, and 7 were almost only expressed in flowers. SlHA8, the transcripts of which were barely detectable under normal or nutrient-/salt-stress growth conditions, was strongly activated in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal-colonized roots. Extreme lack of SlHA8 expression in M161, a mutant defective to AM fungal colonization, provided genetic evidence towards the dependence of its expression on AM symbiosis. A 1521-bp SlHA8 promoter could direct the GUS reporter expression specifically in colonized cells of transgenic tobacco, soybean, and rice mycorrhizal roots. Promoter deletion assay revealed a 223-bp promoter fragment of SlHA8 containing a variant of AM-specific cis-element MYCS (vMYCS) sufficient to confer the AM-induced activity. Targeted deletion of this motif in the corresponding promoter region causes complete abolishment of GUS staining in mycorrhizal roots. Together, these results lend cogent evidence towards the evolutionary conservation of a potential regulatory mechanism mediating the activation of AM-responsive HA genes in diverse mycorrhizal plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianjian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Minjie Ji
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiadong Chen
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mian Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Heck C, Kuhn H, Heidt S, Walter S, Rieger N, Requena N. Symbiotic Fungi Control Plant Root Cortex Development through the Novel GRAS Transcription Factor MIG1. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2770-2778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Systematic Identification, Evolution and Expression Analysis of the Zea mays PHT1 Gene Family Reveals Several New Members Involved in Root Colonization by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060930. [PMID: 27304955 PMCID: PMC4926463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Phosphate Transporter1 (PHT1) family of genes plays pivotal roles in the uptake of inorganic phosphate from soils. However, there is no comprehensive report on the PHT1 family in Zea mays based on the whole genome. In the present study, a total of 13 putative PHT1 genes (ZmPHT1;1 to 13) were identified in the inbred line B73 genome by bioinformatics methods. Then, their function was investigated by a yeast PHO84 mutant complementary experiment and qRT-PCR. Thirteen ZmPHT1 genes distributed on six chromosomes (1, 2, 5, 7, 8 and 10) were divided into two paralogues (Class A and Class B). ZmPHT1;1/ZmPHT1;9 and ZmPHT1;9/ZmPHT1;13 are produced from recent segmental duplication events. ZmPHT1;1/ZmPHT1;13 and ZmPHT1;8/ZmPHT1;10 are produced from early segmental duplication events. All 13 putative ZmPHT1s can completely or partly complement the yeast Pi-uptake mutant, and they were obviously induced in maize under low Pi conditions, except for ZmPHT1;1 (p < 0.01), indicating that the overwhelming majority of ZmPHT1 genes can respond to a low Pi condition. ZmPHT1;2, ZmPHT1;4, ZmPHT1;6, ZmPHT1;7, ZmPHT1;9 and ZmPHT1;11 were up-regulated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), implying that these genes might participate in mediating Pi absorption and/or transport. Analysis of the promoters revealed that the MYCS and P1BS element are widely distributed on the region of different AMF-inducible ZmPHT1 promoters. In light of the above results, five of 13 ZmPHT1 genes were newly-identified AMF-inducible high-affinity phosphate transporters in the maize genome. Our results will lay a foundation for better understanding the PHT1 family evolution and the molecular mechanisms of inorganic phosphate transport under AMF inoculation.
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Manck-Götzenberger J, Requena N. Arbuscular mycorrhiza Symbiosis Induces a Major Transcriptional Reprogramming of the Potato SWEET Sugar Transporter Family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:487. [PMID: 27148312 PMCID: PMC4830831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic microbes feeding on plants must obtain carbon from their hosts without killing the cells. The symbiotic Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonizing plant roots do so by inducing major transcriptional changes in the host that ultimately also reprogram the whole carbon partitioning of the plant. AM fungi obtain carbohydrates from the root cortex apoplast, in particular from the periarbuscular space that surrounds arbuscules. However, the mechanisms by which cortical cells export sugars into the apoplast for fungal nutrition are unknown. Recently a novel type of sugar transporter, the SWEET, able to perform not only uptake but also efflux from cells was identified. Plant SWEETs have been shown to be involved in the feeding of pathogenic microbes and are, therefore, good candidates to play a similar role in symbiotic associations. Here we have carried out the first phylogenetic and expression analyses of the potato SWEET family and investigated its role during mycorrhiza symbiosis. The potato genome contains 35 SWEETs that cluster into the same four clades defined in Arabidopsis. Colonization of potato roots by the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis imposes major transcriptional rewiring of the SWEET family involving, only in roots, changes in 22 of the 35 members. None of the SWEETs showed mycorrhiza-exclusive induction and most of the 12 induced genes belong to the putative hexose transporters of clade I and II, while only two are putative sucrose transporters from clade III. In contrast, most of the repressed transcripts (10) corresponded to clade III SWEETs. Promoter-reporter assays for three of the induced genes, each from one cluster, showed re-localization of expression to arbuscule-containing cells, supporting a role for SWEETs in the supply of sugars at biotrophic interfaces. The complex transcriptional regulation of SWEETs in roots in response to AM fungal colonization supports a model in which symplastic sucrose in cortical cells could be cleaved in the cytoplasm by sucrose synthases or cytoplasmic invertases and effluxed as glucose, but also directly exported as sucrose and then converted into glucose and fructose by cell wall-bound invertases. Precise biochemical, physiological and molecular analyses are now required to profile the role of each potato SWEET in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Requena
- Molecular Phytopathology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruhe, Germany
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Gu M, Chen A, Sun S, Xu G. Complex Regulation of Plant Phosphate Transporters and the Gap between Molecular Mechanisms and Practical Application: What Is Missing? MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:396-416. [PMID: 26714050 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been almost 25 years since the first report of the gene encoding a high-affinity phosphate transporter (PT), PHO84, in yeast. Since then, an increasing number of yeast PHO84 homologs as well as other genes encoding proteins with phosphate (Pi) transport activities have been identified and functionally characterized in diverse plant species. Great progress has been made also in deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of the abundance and/or activity of these genes and their products. The regulatory genes affect plant Pi homeostasis commonly through direct or indirect regulation of the abundance of PTs at different levels. However, little has been achieved in the use of PTs for developing genetically modified crops with high phosphorus use efficiency (PUE). This might be a consequence of overemphasizing Pi uptake from the rhizosphere and lack of knowledge about the roles of PTs in Pi transport and recycling within the plant that are required to optimize PUE. Here, we mainly focused on the genes encoding proteins with Pi transport activities and the emerging understanding of their regulation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. In addition, we propose potential strategies for effective use of PTs in improving plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shubin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Liu W, Stewart CN. Plant synthetic promoters and transcription factors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 37:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vijayakumar V, Liebisch G, Buer B, Xue L, Gerlach N, Blau S, Schmitz J, Bucher M. Integrated multi-omics analysis supports role of lysophosphatidylcholine and related glycerophospholipids in the Lotus japonicus-Glomus intraradices mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:393-415. [PMID: 26297195 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of plant roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a complex trait resulting in cooperative interactions among the two symbionts including bidirectional exchange of resources. To study arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) trait variation in the model plant Lotus japonicus, we performed an integrated multi-omics analysis with a focus on plant and fungal phospholipid (PL) metabolism and biological significance of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Our results support the role of LPC as a bioactive compound eliciting cellular and molecular response mechanisms in Lotus. Evidence is provided for large interspecific chemical diversity of LPC species among mycorrhizae with related AMF species. Lipid, gene expression and elemental profiling emphasize the Lotus-Glomus intraradices interaction as distinct from other arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interactions. In G. intraradices, genes involved in fatty acid (FA) elongation and biosynthesis of unsaturated FAs were enhanced, while in Lotus, FA synthesis genes were up-regulated during AMS. Furthermore, FAS protein localization to mitochondria suggests FA biosynthesis and elongation may also occur in AMF. Our results suggest the existence of interspecific partitioning of PL resources for generation of LPC and novel candidate bioactive PLs in the Lotus-G. intraradices symbiosis. Moreover, the data advocate research with phylogenetically diverse Glomeromycota species for a broader understanding of the molecular underpinnings of AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Vijayakumar
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Kottman Hall, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Buer
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
- Bayer CropScience AG, Alfred-Nobel-Straße 50, D-40789, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Li Xue
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Gerlach
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Samira Blau
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jessica Schmitz
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
- Plant Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
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Handa Y, Nishide H, Takeda N, Suzuki Y, Kawaguchi M, Saito K. RNA-seq Transcriptional Profiling of an Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Provides Insights into Regulated and Coordinated Gene Expression in Lotus japonicus and Rhizophagus irregularis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1490-511. [PMID: 26009592 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression during arbuscular mycorrhizal development is highly orchestrated in both plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. To elucidate the gene expression profiles of the symbiotic association, we performed a digital gene expression analysis of Lotus japonicus and Rhizophagus irregularis using a HiSeq 2000 next-generation sequencer with a Cufflinks assembly and de novo transcriptome assembly. There were 3,641 genes differentially expressed during arbuscular mycorrhizal development in L. japonicus, approximately 80% of which were up-regulated. The up-regulated genes included secreted proteins, transporters, proteins involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism, ribosomes and histones. We also detected many genes that were differentially expressed in small-secreted peptides and transcription factors, which may be involved in signal transduction or transcription regulation during symbiosis. Co-regulated genes between arbuscular mycorrhizal and root nodule symbiosis were not particularly abundant, but transcripts encoding for membrane traffic-related proteins, transporters and iron transport-related proteins were found to be highly co-up-regulated. In transcripts of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, expansion of cytochrome P450 was observed, which may contribute to various metabolic pathways required to accommodate roots and soil. The comprehensive gene expression data of both plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide a powerful platform for investigating the functional and molecular mechanisms underlying arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Handa
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Nishide
- Data Integration and Analysis Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Naoya Takeda
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Liao D, Chen X, Chen A, Wang H, Liu J, Liu J, Gu M, Sun S, Xu G. The characterization of six auxin-induced tomato GH3 genes uncovers a member, SlGH3.4, strongly responsive to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:674-87. [PMID: 25535196 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the GH3 gene family is widely considered to be involved in a broad range of plant physiological processes, through modulation of hormonal homeostasis. Multiple GH3 genes have been functionally characterized in several plant species; however, to date, limited works to study the GH3 genes in tomato have been reported. Here, we characterize the expression and regulatory profiles of six tomato GH3 genes, SlGH3.2, SlGH3.3, SlGH3.4, SlGH3.7, SlGH3.9 and SlGH3.15, in response to different phytohormone applications and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization. All six GH3 genes showed inducible responses to external IAA, and three members were significantly up-regulated in response to AM symbiosis. In particular, SlGH3.4, the transcripts of which were barely detectable under normal growth conditions, was strongly activated in the IAA-treated and AM fungal-colonized roots. A comparison of the SlGH3.4 expression in wild-type plants and M161, a mutant with a defect in AM symbiosis, confirmed that SlGH3.4 expression is highly correlated to mycorrhizal colonization. Histochemical staining demonstrated that a 2,258 bp SlGH3.4 promoter fragment could drive β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression strongly in root tips, steles and cortical cells of IAA-treated roots, but predominantly in the fungal-colonized cells of mycorrhizal roots. A truncated 654 bp promoter failed to direct GUS expression in IAA-treated roots, but maintained the symbiosis-induced activity in mycorrhizal roots. In summary, our results suggest that a mycorrhizal signaling pathway that is at least partially independent of the auxin signaling pathway has evolved for the co-regulation of the auxin- and mycorrhiza-activated GH3 genes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianjian Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junli Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mian Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shubin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, China MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Xue L, Cui H, Buer B, Vijayakumar V, Delaux PM, Junkermann S, Bucher M. Network of GRAS transcription factors involved in the control of arbuscule development in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:854-71. [PMID: 25560877 PMCID: PMC4348782 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.255430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, in symbiosis with plants, facilitate acquisition of nutrients from the soil to their host. After penetration, intracellular hyphae form fine-branched structures in cortical cells termed arbuscules, representing the major site where bidirectional nutrient exchange takes place between the host plant and fungus. Transcriptional mechanisms underlying this cellular reprogramming are still poorly understood. GRAS proteins are an important family of transcriptional regulators in plants, named after the first three members: GIBBERELLIC ACID-INSENSITIVE, REPRESSOR of GAI, and SCARECROW. Here, we show that among 45 transcription factors up-regulated in mycorrhizal roots of the legume Lotus japonicus, expression of a unique GRAS protein particularly increases in arbuscule-containing cells under low phosphate conditions and displays a phylogenetic pattern characteristic of symbiotic genes. Allelic rad1 mutants display a strongly reduced number of arbuscules, which undergo accelerated degeneration. In further studies, two RAD1-interacting proteins were identified. One of them is the closest homolog of Medicago truncatula, REDUCED ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZATION1 (RAM1), which was reported to regulate a glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase that promotes cutin biosynthesis to enhance hyphopodia formation. As in M. truncatula, the L. japonicus ram1 mutant lines show compromised AM colonization and stunted arbuscules. Our findings provide, to our knowledge, new insight into the transcriptional program underlying the host's response to AM colonization and propose a function of GRAS transcription factors including RAD1 and RAM1 during arbuscule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Haitao Cui
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Benjamin Buer
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Vinod Vijayakumar
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Stefanie Junkermann
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
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Favre P, Bapaume L, Bossolini E, Delorenzi M, Falquet L, Reinhardt D. A novel bioinformatics pipeline to discover genes related to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis based on their evolutionary conservation pattern among higher plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:333. [PMID: 25465219 PMCID: PMC4274732 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genes involved in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis have been identified primarily by mutant screens, followed by identification of the mutated genes (forward genetics). In addition, a number of AM-related genes has been identified by their AM-related expression patterns, and their function has subsequently been elucidated by knock-down or knock-out approaches (reverse genetics). However, genes that are members of functionally redundant gene families, or genes that have a vital function and therefore result in lethal mutant phenotypes, are difficult to identify. If such genes are constitutively expressed and therefore escape differential expression analyses, they remain elusive. The goal of this study was to systematically search for AM-related genes with a bioinformatics strategy that is insensitive to these problems. The central element of our approach is based on the fact that many AM-related genes are conserved only among AM-competent species. RESULTS Our approach involves genome-wide comparisons at the proteome level of AM-competent host species with non-mycorrhizal species. Using a clustering method we first established orthologous/paralogous relationships and subsequently identified protein clusters that contain members only of the AM-competent species. Proteins of these clusters were then analyzed in an extended set of 16 plant species and ranked based on their relatedness among AM-competent monocot and dicot species, relative to non-mycorrhizal species. In addition, we combined the information on the protein-coding sequence with gene expression data and with promoter analysis. As a result we present a list of yet uncharacterized proteins that show a strongly AM-related pattern of sequence conservation, indicating that the respective genes may have been under selection for a function in AM. Among the top candidates are three genes that encode a small family of similar receptor-like kinases that are related to the S-locus receptor kinases involved in sporophytic self-incompatibility. CONCLUSIONS We present a new systematic strategy of gene discovery based on conservation of the protein-coding sequence that complements classical forward and reverse genetics. This strategy can be applied to diverse other biological phenomena if species with established genome sequences fall into distinguished groups that differ in a defined functional trait of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Favre
- />Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- />Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
- />SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Bapaume
- />Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Eligio Bossolini
- />Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- />Current address: Crop Genetics, Bayer CropScience NV, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- />Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- />Oncology Department, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- />SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Falquet
- />Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- />Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Didier Reinhardt
- />Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Gu M, Liu W, Meng Q, Zhang W, Chen A, Sun S, Xu G. Identification of microRNAs in six solanaceous plants and their potential link with phosphate and mycorrhizal signaling. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:1164-78. [PMID: 24975554 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To date, only a limited number of solanaceous miRNAs have been deposited in the miRNA database. Here, genome-wide bioinformatic identification of miRNAs was performed in six solanaceous plants (potato, tomato, tobacco, eggplant, pepper, and petunia). A total of 2,239 miRNAs were identified following a range of criteria, of which 982 were from potato, 496 from tomato, 655 from tobacco, 46 from eggplant, 45 were from pepper, and 15 from petunia. The sizes of miRNA families and miRNA precursor length differ in all the species. Accordingly, 620 targets were predicted, which could be functionally classified as transcription factors, metabolic enzymes, RNA and protein processing proteins, and other proteins for plant growth and development. We also showed evidence for miRNA clusters and sense and antisense miRNAs. Additionally, five Pi starvation- and one arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)-related cis-elements were found widely distributed in the putative promoter regions of the miRNA genes. Selected miRNAs were classified into three groups based on the presence or absence of P1BS and MYCS cis-elements, and their expression in response to Pi starvation and AM symbiosis was validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). These results show that conserved miRNAs exist in solanaceous species and they might play pivotal roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
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46
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Dörmann P, Kim H, Ott T, Schulze-Lefert P, Trujillo M, Wewer V, Hückelhoven R. Cell-autonomous defense, re-organization and trafficking of membranes in plant-microbe interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:815-22. [PMID: 25168837 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells dynamically change their architecture and molecular composition following encounters with beneficial or parasitic microbes, a process referred to as host cell reprogramming. Cell-autonomous defense reactions are typically polarized to the plant cell periphery underneath microbial contact sites, including de novo cell wall biosynthesis. Alternatively, host cell reprogramming converges in the biogenesis of membrane-enveloped compartments for accommodation of beneficial bacteria or invasive infection structures of filamentous microbes. Recent advances have revealed that, in response to microbial encounters, plasma membrane symmetry is broken, membrane tethering and SNARE complexes are recruited, lipid composition changes and plasma membrane-to-cytoskeleton signaling is activated, either for pre-invasive defense or for microbial entry. We provide a critical appraisal on recent studies with a focus on how plant cells re-structure membranes and the associated cytoskeleton in interactions with microbial pathogens, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and mycorrhiza fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
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47
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Bucher M, Hause B, Krajinski F, Küster H. Through the doors of perception to function in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:833-40. [PMID: 25414918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is initiated by the bidirectional exchange of diffusible molecules. While strigolactone hormones, secreted from plant roots,stimulate hyphal branching and fungal metabolism, fungal short-chain chitin oligomers as well assulfated and nonsulfated lipochitooligosaccharides (s/nsMyc-LCOs) elicit pre-symbiosis responses in the host. Fungal LCO signals are structurally related to rhizobial Nod-factor LCOs. Genome-wide expression studies demonstrated that defined sets of genes were induced by Nod-, sMyc- and nsMyc-LCOs, indicating LCO-specific perception in the pre-symbiosis phase. During hyphopodium formation and the subsequent root colonization, cross-talk between plant roots and AM fungi also involves phytohormones. Notably, gibberellins control arbuscule formation via DELLA proteins, which themselves serve as positive regulators of arbuscule formation. The establishment of arbuscules is accompanied by a substantial transcriptional and post-transcriptional reprogramming of host roots, ultimately defining the unique protein composition of arbuscule-containing cells. Based on cellular expression profiles, key check points of AM development as well as candidate genes encoding transcriptional regulators and regulatory microRNAs were identified. Detailed functional analyses of promoters specified short motifs sufficient for cell-autonomous gene regulation in cells harboring arbuscules, and suggested simultaneous, multi-level regulation of the mycorrhizal phosphate uptake pathway by integrating AM symbiosis and phosphate starvation response signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
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Ceasar SA, Hodge A, Baker A, Baldwin SA. Phosphate concentration and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation influence the growth, yield and expression of twelve PHT1 family phosphate transporters in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). PLoS One 2014; 9:e108459. [PMID: 25251671 PMCID: PMC4177549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element which plays several key roles in all living organisms. Setaria italica (foxtail millet) is a model species for panacoid grasses including several millet species widely grown in arid regions of Asia and Africa, and for the bioenergy crop switchgrass. The growth responses of S. italica to different levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and to colonisation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae (syn. Glomus mosseae) were studied. Phosphate is taken up from the environment by the PHT1 family of plant phosphate transporters, which have been well characterized in several plant species. Bioinformatic analysis identified 12 members of the PHT1 gene family (SiPHT1;1-1;12) in S. italica, and RT and qPCR analysis showed that most of these transporters displayed specific expression patterns with respect to tissue, phosphate status and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation. SiPHT1;2 was found to be expressed in all tissues and in all growth conditions tested. In contrast, expression of SiPHT1;4 was induced in roots after 15 days growth in hydroponic medium of low Pi concentration. Expression of SiPHT1;8 and SiPHT1;9 in roots was selectively induced by colonisation with F. mosseae. SiPHT1;3 and SiPHT1;4 were found to be predominantly expressed in leaf and root tissues respectively. Several other transporters were expressed in shoots and leaves during growth in low Pi concentrations. This study will form the basis for the further characterization of these transporters, with the long term goal of improving the phosphate use efficiency of foxtail millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Antony Ceasar
- Centre for Plant Sciences and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Baker
- Centre for Plant Sciences and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Baldwin
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Carbonnel S, Gutjahr C. Control of arbuscular mycorrhiza development by nutrient signals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:462. [PMID: 25309561 PMCID: PMC4160938 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich (LMU)Martinsried, Germany
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50
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Etemadi M, Gutjahr C, Couzigou JM, Zouine M, Lauressergues D, Timmers A, Audran C, Bouzayen M, Bécard G, Combier JP. Auxin perception is required for arbuscule development in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:281-92. [PMID: 25096975 PMCID: PMC4149713 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.246595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Most land plant species live in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi differentiate essential functional structures called arbuscules in root cortical cells from which mineral nutrients are released to the plant. We investigated the role of microRNA393 (miR393), an miRNA that targets several auxin receptors, in arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization. Expression of the precursors of the miR393 was down-regulated during mycorrhization in three different plant species: Solanum lycopersicum, Medicago truncatula, and Oryza sativa. Treatment of S. lycopersicum, M. truncatula, and O. sativa roots with concentrations of synthetic auxin analogs that did not affect root development stimulated mycorrhization, particularly arbuscule formation. DR5-GUS, a reporter for auxin response, was preferentially expressed in root cells containing arbuscules. Finally, overexpression of miR393 in root tissues resulted in down-regulation of auxin receptor genes (transport inhibitor response1 and auxin-related F box) and underdeveloped arbuscules in all three plant species. These results support the conclusion that miR393 is a negative regulator of arbuscule formation by hampering auxin perception in arbuscule-containing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Etemadi
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Jean-Malo Couzigou
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Mohamed Zouine
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Dominique Lauressergues
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Antonius Timmers
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Corinne Audran
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Guillaume Bécard
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Combier
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (M.E., J.-M.C., D.L., G.B., J.-P.C.);Institut National Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, F-52627 Auzeville, France (M.E., M.Z., C.A., M.B.);Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany (C.G.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France (A.T.)
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