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Singh Rawat S, Laxmi A. Light at the end of the tunnel: integrating signaling pathways in the coordination of lateral root development. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1895-1908. [PMID: 39171690 DOI: 10.1042/bst20240049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) encompasses a range of physical root attributes, including the lateral roots (LRs), root hairs and adventitious roots, in addition to the primary or main root. This overall structure is a crucial trait for efficient water and mineral capture alongside providing anchorage to the plant in the soil and is vital for plant productivity and fitness. RSA dynamics are dependent upon various environmental cues such as light, soil pH, water, mineral nutrition and the belowground microbiome. Among these factors, light signaling through HY5 significantly influences the flexibility of RSA by controlling different signaling pathways that converge at photoreceptors-mediated signaling, also present in the 'hidden half'. Furthermore, several phytohormones also drive the formation and emergence of LRs and are critical to harmonize intra and extracellular stimuli in this regard. This review endeavors to elucidate the impact of these interactions on RSA, with particular emphasis on LR development and to enhance our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing the light-regulation of LR growth and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Singh Rawat
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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2
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Li J, Yang J, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Gao C, Chen S, Liesche J. Parallel auxin transport via PINs and plasmodesmata during the Arabidopsis leaf hyponasty response. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 43:4. [PMID: 38117314 PMCID: PMC10733227 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The leaf hyponasty response depends on tip-to-petiole auxin transport. This transport can happen through two parallel pathways: active trans-membrane transport mediated by PIN proteins and passive diffusion through plasmodesmata. A plant's ability to counteract potential shading by neighboring plants depends on transport of the hormone auxin. Neighbor sensing at the leaf tip triggers auxin production. Once this auxin reaches the abaxial petiole epidermis, it causes cell elongation, which leads to leaf hyponasty. Two pathways are known to contribute to this intercellular tip-to-petiole auxin movement: (i) transport facilitated by plasma membrane-localized PIN auxin transporters and (ii) diffusion enabled by plasmodesmata. We tested if these two modes of transport are arranged sequentially or in parallel. Moreover, we investigated if they are functionally linked. Mutants in which one of the two pathways is disrupted indicated that both pathways are necessary for a full hyponasty response. Visualization of PIN3-GFP and PIN7-GFP localization indicated PIN-mediated transport in parallel to plasmodesmata-mediated transport along abaxial midrib epidermis cells. We found plasmodesmata-mediated cell coupling in the pin3pin4pin7 mutant to match wild-type levels, indicating no redundancy between pathways. Similarly, PIN3, PIN4 and PIN7 mRNA levels were unaffected in a mutant with disrupted plasmodesmata pathway. Our results provide mechanistic insight on leaf hyponasty, which might facilitate the manipulation of the shade avoidance response in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhou Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semiarid Lands, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jintao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semiarid Lands, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yibo Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shaolin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semiarid Lands, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Johannes Liesche
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semiarid Lands, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Manna M, Rengasamy B, Ambasht NK, Sinha AK. Characterization and expression profiling of PIN auxin efflux transporters reveal their role in developmental and abiotic stress conditions in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1059559. [PMID: 36531415 PMCID: PMC9751476 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1059559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The auxin efflux transporter proteins called PINs ferry auxin from its source to sinks in particular directions depending on their polar localizations in the plasma membrane, thus facilitating the development of the entire plant architecture. The rice genome has 12 PIN genes distributed over eight chromosomes. To study their roles in plant development, abiotic stress responsiveness, and shaping an auxin-dependent root architecture, a genome-wide analysis was carried out. Based on phylogeny, cellular localization, and hydrophilic loop domain size, the PINs were categorized into canonical and noncanonical PINs. PINs were found expressed in all of the organs of plants that emphasized their indispensable role throughout the plant's life cycle. We discovered that PIN5C and PIN9 were upregulated during salt and drought stress. We also found that regardless of its cellular level, auxin functioned as a molecular switch to turn on auxin biosynthesis genes. On the contrary, although PIN expression was upregulated upon initial treatment with auxin, prolonged auxin treatment not only led to their downregulation but also led to the development of auxin-dependent altered root formation in rice. Our study paves the way for developing stress-tolerant rice and plants with a desirable root architecture by genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini Manna
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Alok Krishna Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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4
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Tran Q, Osabe K, Entani T, Wazawa T, Hattori M, Nagai T. Application of Green-enhanced Nano-lantern as a bioluminescent ratiometric indicator for measurement of Arabidopsis thaliana root apoplastic fluid pH. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3157-3170. [PMID: 35864560 PMCID: PMC9542637 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant root absorbs water and nutrients from the soil, and the root apoplastic fluid (AF) is an important intermediate between cells and the surrounding environment. The acid growth theory suggests that an acidic AF is needed for cell wall expansion during root growth. However, technical limitations have precluded the quantification of root apoplastic fluid pH (AF-pH). Here, we used Green-enhanced Nano-lantern (GeNL), a chimeric protein of the luciferase NanoLuc (Nluc) and the green fluorescent protein mNeonGreen (mNG), as a ratiometric pH indicator based on the pH dependency of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer efficiency from Nluc to mNG. Luminescence spectrum of GeNL changed reciprocally from pH 4.5 to 7.5, with a pKa of 5.5. By fusing GeNL to a novel signal peptide from Arabidopsis thaliana Cellulase 1, we localised GeNL in A. thaliana AF. We visualised AF dynamics at subcellular resolution over 30 min and determined flow velocity in the maturation zone to be 0.97± 0.06 μm/s. We confirmed that the developing root AF is acidic in the pH range of 5.1-5.7, suggesting that the AF-pH is tightly regulated during root elongation. These results support the acid growth theory and provide evidence for AF-pH maintenance despite changes in ambient pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tran
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityIbarakiJapan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Kenji Osabe
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityIbarakiJapan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Tetsuyuki Entani
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityIbarakiJapan
| | - Tetsuichi Wazawa
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityIbarakiJapan
| | - Mitsuru Hattori
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityIbarakiJapan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityIbarakiJapan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
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5
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Villacampa A, Fañanás‐Pueyo I, Medina FJ, Ciska M. Root growth direction in simulated microgravity is modulated by a light avoidance mechanism mediated by flavonols. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13722. [PMID: 35606933 PMCID: PMC9327515 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In a microgravity environment, without any gravitropic signal, plants are not able to define and establish a longitudinal growth axis. Consequently, absorption of water and nutrients by the root and exposure of leaves to sunlight for efficient photosynthesis is hindered. In these conditions, other external cues can be explored to guide the direction of organ growth. Providing a unilateral light source can guide the shoot growth, but prolonged root exposure to light causes a stress response, affecting growth and development, and also affecting the response to other environmental factors. Here, we have investigated how the protection of the root from light exposure, while the shoot is illuminated, influences the direction of root growth in microgravity. We report that the light avoidance mechanism existing in roots guides their growth towards diminishing light and helps establish the proper longitudinal seedling axis in simulated microgravity conditions. This process is regulated by flavonols, as shown in the flavonoid-accumulating mutant transparent testa 3, which shows an increased correction of the root growth direction in microgravity, when the seedling is grown with the root protected from light. This finding may improve the efficiency of water and nutrient sourcing and photosynthesis under microgravity conditions, as they exist in space, contributing to better plant fitness and biomass production in space farming enterprises, necessary for space exploration by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Villacampa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas – CSICMadridSpain
| | | | - F. Javier Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas – CSICMadridSpain
| | - Malgorzata Ciska
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas – CSICMadridSpain
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6
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Tissue specificity and responses to abiotic stresses and hormones of PIN genes in rice. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Cabrera J, Conesa CM, Del Pozo JC. May the dark be with roots: a perspective on how root illumination may bias in vitro research on plant-environment interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1988-1997. [PMID: 34942016 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Roots anchor plants to the soil, providing them with nutrients and water while creating a defence network and facilitating beneficial interactions with a multitude of living organisms and climatological conditions. To facilitate morphological and molecular studies, root research has been conducted using in vitro systems. However, under natural conditions, roots grow in the dark, mainly in the absence of illumination, except for the relatively low illumination of the upper soil surface, and this has been largely ignored. Here, we discuss the results found over the last decade on how experimental exposure of roots to light may bias root development and responses through the alteration of hormonal signalling, cytoskeleton organization, reactive oxygen species or the accumulation of flavonoids, among other factors. Illumination alters the uptake of nutrients or water, and also affects the response of the roots to abiotic stresses and root interactions with the microbiota. Furthermore, we review in vitro systems created to maintain roots in darkness, and provide a comparative analysis of root transcriptomes obtained with these devices. Finally, we identify other experimental variables that should be considered to better mimic soil conditions, whose improvement would benefit studies using in vitro cultivation or enclosed ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cabrera
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M Conesa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Agroambiental y de Biosistemas (ETSIAAB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Del Pozo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), UPM, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Yuan TT, Xiang ZX, Li W, Gao X, Lu YT. Osmotic stress represses root growth by modulating the transcriptional regulation of PIN-FORMED3. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1661-1673. [PMID: 34420215 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic stress influences root system architecture, and polar auxin transport (PAT) is well established to regulate root growth and development. However, how PAT responds to osmotic stress at the molecular level remains poorly understood. In this study, we explored whether and how the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED3 (PIN3) participates in osmotic stress-induced root growth inhibition in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We observed that osmotic stress induces a HD-ZIP II transcription factor-encoding gene HOMEODOMAIN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA2 (HAT2) expression in roots. The hat2 loss-of-function mutant is less sensitive to osmotic stress in terms of root meristem growth. Consistent with this phenotype, whereas the auxin response is downregulated in wild-type roots under osmotic stress, the inhibition of auxin response by osmotic stress was alleviated in hat2 roots. Conversely, transgenic lines overexpressing HAT2 (Pro35S::HAT2) had shorter roots and reduced auxin accumulation compared with wild-type plants. PIN3 expression was significantly reduced in the Pro35S::HAT2 lines. We determined that osmotic stress-mediated repression of PIN3 was alleviated in the hat2 mutant because HAT2 normally binds to the promoter of PIN3 and inhibits its expression. Taken together, our data revealed that osmotic stress inhibits root growth via HAT2, which regulates auxin activity by directly repressing PIN3 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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9
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Han H, Adamowski M, Qi L, Alotaibi SS, Friml J. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport regulations in plant tropic responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:510-522. [PMID: 34254313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tropisms, growth responses to environmental stimuli such as light or gravity, are spectacular examples of adaptive plant development. The plant hormone auxin serves as a major coordinative signal. The PIN auxin exporters, through their dynamic polar subcellular localizations, redirect auxin fluxes in response to environmental stimuli and the resulting auxin gradients across organs underlie differential cell elongation and bending. In this review, we discuss recent advances concerning regulations of PIN polarity during tropisms, focusing on PIN phosphorylation and trafficking. We also cover how environmental cues regulate PIN actions during tropisms, as well as the crucial role of auxin feedback on PIN polarity during bending termination. Finally, the interactions between different tropisms are reviewed to understand plant adaptive growth in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Han
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
- Research Center for Plant Functional Genes and Tissue Culture Technology, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Linlin Qi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Saqer S Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, Taif University, PO Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
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10
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Comprehensive Analysis and Expression Profiling of PIN, AUX/LAX, and ABCB Auxin Transporter Gene Families in Solanum tuberosum under Phytohormone Stimuli and Abiotic Stresses. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020127. [PMID: 33562678 PMCID: PMC7915614 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we provide comprehensive information on auxin transporter gene families in potato, including basic parameters, chromosomal distribution, phylogeny, co-expression network analysis, gene structure, tissue-specific expression patterns, subcellular localization, transcription analysis under exogenous hormone stimuli and abiotic stresses, and cis-regulatory element prediction. The responsiveness of auxin transporter family genes to auxin and polar auxin transport inhibitors implied their possible roles in auxin homoeostasis and redistribution. Additionally, the differential expression levels of auxin transporter family genes in response to abscisic acid and abiotic stresses suggested their specific adaptive mechanisms on tolerance to various environmental stimuli. Promoter cis-regulatory element description analyses indicated that a number of cis-regulatory elements within the promoters of auxin transporter genes in potato were targeted by relevant transcription factors to respond to diverse stresses. We are confident that our results provide a foundation for a better understanding of auxin transporters in potato, as we have demonstrated the biological significance of this family of genes in hormone signaling and adaption to environmental stresses. Abstract Auxin is the only plant hormone that exhibits transport polarity mediated by three families: auxin resistant (AUX) 1/like AUX1 (LAX) influx carriers, pin-formed (PIN) efflux carriers, and ATP-binding cassette B (ABCB) influx/efflux carriers. Extensive studies about the biological functions of auxin transporter genes have been reported in model plants. Information regarding these genes in potato remains scarce. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of auxin transporter gene families in potato to examine genomic distributions, phylogeny, co-expression analysis, gene structure and subcellular localization, and expression profiling using bioinformatics tools and qRT-PCR analysis. From these analyses, 5 StLAXs, 10 StPINs, and 22 StABCBs were identified in the potato genome and distributed in 10 of 18 gene modules correlating to the development of various tissues. Transient expression experiments indicated that three representative auxin transporters showed plasma membrane localizations. The responsiveness to auxin and auxin transport inhibitors implied their possible roles in mediating intercellular auxin homoeostasis and redistribution. The differential expression under abscisic acid and abiotic stresses indicated their specific adaptive mechanisms regulating tolerance to environmental stimuli. A large number of auxin-responsive and stress-related cis-elements within their promoters could account for their responsiveness to diverse stresses. Our study aimed to understand the biological significance of potato auxin transporters in hormone signaling and tolerance to environmental stresses.
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11
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García-González J, van Gelderen K. Bundling up the Role of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Primary Root Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:777119. [PMID: 34975959 PMCID: PMC8716943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary root growth is required by the plant to anchor in the soil and reach out for nutrients and water, while dealing with obstacles. Efficient root elongation and bending depends upon the coordinated action of environmental sensing, signal transduction, and growth responses. The actin cytoskeleton is a highly plastic network that constitutes a point of integration for environmental stimuli and hormonal pathways. In this review, we present a detailed compilation highlighting the importance of the actin cytoskeleton during primary root growth and we describe how actin-binding proteins, plant hormones, and actin-disrupting drugs affect root growth and root actin. We also discuss the feedback loop between actin and root responses to light and gravity. Actin affects cell division and elongation through the control of its own organization. We remark upon the importance of longitudinally oriented actin bundles as a hallmark of cell elongation as well as the role of the actin cytoskeleton in protein trafficking and vacuolar reshaping during this process. The actin network is shaped by a plethora of actin-binding proteins; however, there is still a large gap in connecting the molecular function of these proteins with their developmental effects. Here, we summarize their function and known effects on primary root growth with a focus on their high level of specialization. Light and gravity are key factors that help us understand root growth directionality. The response of the root to gravity relies on hormonal, particularly auxin, homeostasis, and the actin cytoskeleton. Actin is necessary for the perception of the gravity stimulus via the repositioning of sedimenting statoliths, but it is also involved in mediating the growth response via the trafficking of auxin transporters and cell elongation. Furthermore, auxin and auxin analogs can affect the composition of the actin network, indicating a potential feedback loop. Light, in its turn, affects actin organization and hence, root growth, although its precise role remains largely unknown. Recently, fundamental studies with the latest techniques have given us more in-depth knowledge of the role and organization of actin in the coordination of root growth; however, there remains a lot to discover, especially in how actin organization helps cell shaping, and therefore root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Judith García-González,
| | - Kasper van Gelderen
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Kasper van Gelderen,
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12
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Benny J, Marchese A, Giovino A, Marra FP, Perrone A, Caruso T, Martinelli F. Gaining Insight into Exclusive and Common Transcriptomic Features Linked to Drought and Salinity Responses across Fruit Tree Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1059. [PMID: 32825043 PMCID: PMC7570245 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at identifying and mapping key genes expressed in root tissues involved in drought and salinity tolerance/resistance conserved among different fruit tree species. Twenty-six RNA-Seq samples were analyzed from six published studies in five plant species (Olea europaea, Vitis riparia Michx, Prunus mahaleb, Prunus persica, Phoenix dactylifera). This meta-analysis used a bioinformatic pipeline identifying 750 genes that were commonly modulated in three salinity studies and 683 genes that were commonly regulated among three drought studies, implying their conserved role in resistance/tolerance/response to these environmental stresses. A comparison was done on the genes that were in common among both salinity and drought resulted in 82 genes, of which 39 were commonly regulated with the same trend of expression (23 were upregulated and 16 were downregulated). Gene set enrichment and pathway analysis pointed out that pathways encoding regulation of defense response, drug transmembrane transport, and metal ion binding are general key molecular responses to these two abiotic stress responses. Furthermore, hormonal molecular crosstalk plays an essential role in the fine-tuning of plant responses to drought and salinity. Drought and salinity induced a different molecular "hormonal fingerprint". Dehydration stress specifically enhanced multiple genes responsive to abscisic acid, gibberellin, brassinosteroids, and the ethylene-activated signaling pathway. Salt stress mostly repressed genes encoding for key enzymes in signaling proteins in auxin-, gibberellin-(gibberellin 2 oxidase 8), and abscisic acid-related pathways (aldehyde oxidase 4, abscisic acid-responsive element-binding protein 3). Abiotic stress-related genes were mapped into the chromosome to identify molecular markers usable for the improvement of these complex quantitative traits. This meta-analysis identified genes that serve as potential targets to develop cultivars with enhanced drought and salinity resistance and/or tolerance across different fruit tree crops in a biotechnological sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubina Benny
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze—Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (J.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Annalisa Marchese
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze—Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (J.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Antonio Giovino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), 90011 Bagheria, Italy;
| | - Francesco Paolo Marra
- Department of Architecture (DARCH), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze—Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Anna Perrone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Tiziano Caruso
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze—Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (J.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Federico Martinelli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
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13
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Ge L, Chen R. Negative gravitropic response of roots directs auxin flow to control root gravitropism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2372-2383. [PMID: 30968964 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Root tip is capable of sensing and adjusting its growth direction in response to gravity, a phenomenon known as root gravitropism. Previously, we have shown that negative gravitropic response of roots (NGR) is essential for the positive gravitropic response of roots. Here, we show that NGR, a plasma membrane protein specifically expressed in root columella and lateral root cap cells, controls the positive root gravitropic response by regulating auxin efflux carrier localization in columella cells and the direction of lateral auxin flow in response to gravity. Pharmacological and genetic studies show that the negative root gravitropic response of the ngr mutants depends on polar auxin transport in the root elongation zone. Cell biology studies further demonstrate that polar localization of the auxin efflux carrier PIN3 in root columella cells and asymmetric lateral auxin flow in the root tip in response to gravistimulation is reversed in the atngr1;2;3 triple mutant. Furthermore, simultaneous mutations of three PIN genes expressed in root columella cells impaired the negative root gravitropic response of the atngr1;2;3 triple mutant. Our work revealed a critical role of NGR in root gravitropic response and provided an insight of the early events and molecular basis of the positive root gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfa Ge
- Department of Grass Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Development, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, 73401, Oklahoma
| | - Rujin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Development, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, 73401, Oklahoma
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14
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Zwiewka M, Bilanovičová V, Seifu YW, Nodzyński T. The Nuts and Bolts of PIN Auxin Efflux Carriers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:985. [PMID: 31417597 PMCID: PMC6685051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific proteins named PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers facilitate the direction of auxin flow and thus play a vital role in the establishment of local auxin maxima within plant tissues that subsequently guide plant ontogenesis. They are membrane integral proteins with two hydrophobic regions consisting of alpha-helices linked with a hydrophilic loop, which is usually longer for the plasma membrane-localized PINs. The hydrophilic loop harbors molecular cues important for the subcellular localization and thus auxin efflux function of those transporters. The three-dimensional structure of PIN has not been solved yet. However, there are scattered but substantial data concerning the functional characterization of amino acid strings that constitute these carriers. These sequences include motifs vital for vesicular trafficking, residues regulating membrane diffusion, cellular polar localization, and activity of PINs. Here, we summarize those bits of information striving to provide a reference to structural motifs that have been investigated experimentally hoping to stimulate the efforts toward unraveling of PIN structure-function connections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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15
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Sańko-Sawczenko I, Dmitruk D, Łotocka B, Różańska E, Czarnocka W. Expression Analysis of PIN Genes in Root Tips and Nodules of Lotus japonicus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E235. [PMID: 30634426 PMCID: PMC6359356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxins are postulated to be one of the pivotal factors in nodulation. However, their transporters in Lotus japonicus, the model species for the study of the development of determinate-type root nodules, have been scarcely described so far, and thus their role in nodulation has remained unknown. Our research is the first focusing on polar auxin transporters in L. japonicus. We analyzed and compared expression of PINs in 20 days post rhizobial inoculation (dpi) and 54 dpi root nodules of L. japonicus by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) along with the histochemical β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene assay in transgenic hairy roots. The results indicate that LjPINs are essential during root nodule development since they are predominantly expressed in the primordia and young, developing nodules. However, along with differentiation, expression levels of several PINs decreased and occurred particularly in the nodule vascular bundles, especially in connection with the root's stele. Moreover, our study demonstrated the importance of both polar auxin transport and auxin intracellular homeostasis during L. japonicus root nodule development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sańko-Sawczenko
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dominika Dmitruk
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Barbara Łotocka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Weronika Czarnocka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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16
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Muthert LWF, Izzo LG, van Zanten M, Aronne G. Root Tropisms: Investigations on Earth and in Space to Unravel Plant Growth Direction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1807. [PMID: 32153599 PMCID: PMC7047216 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Root tropisms are important responses of plants, allowing them to adapt their growth direction. Research on plant tropisms is indispensable for future space programs that envisage plant-based life support systems for long-term missions and planet colonization. Root tropisms encompass responses toward or away from different environmental stimuli, with an underexplored level of mechanistic divergence. Research into signaling events that coordinate tropistic responses is complicated by the consistent coincidence of various environmental stimuli, often interacting via shared signaling mechanisms. On Earth the major determinant of root growth direction is the gravitational vector, acting through gravitropism and overruling most other tropistic responses to environmental stimuli. Critical advancements in the understanding of root tropisms have been achieved nullifying the gravitropic dominance with experiments performed in the microgravity environment. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on root tropisms to different environmental stimuli. We highlight that the term tropism must be used with care, because it can be easily confused with a change in root growth direction due to asymmetrical damage to the root, as can occur in apparent chemotropism, electrotropism, and magnetotropism. Clearly, the use of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for tropism research contributed much to our understanding of the underlying regulatory processes and signaling events. However, pronounced differences in tropisms exist among species, and we argue that these should be further investigated to get a more comprehensive view of the signaling pathways and sensors. Finally, we point out that the Cholodny-Went theory of asymmetric auxin distribution remains to be the central and unifying tropistic mechanism after 100 years. Nevertheless, it becomes increasingly clear that the theory is not applicable to all root tropistic responses, and we propose further research to unravel commonalities and differences in the molecular and physiological processes orchestrating root tropisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi Gennaro Izzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luigi Gennaro Izzo,
| | - Martijn van Zanten
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Giovanna Aronne
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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17
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Li Y, Ruperao P, Batley J, Edwards D, Khan T, Colmer TD, Pang J, Siddique KHM, Sutton T. Investigating Drought Tolerance in Chickpea Using Genome-Wide Association Mapping and Genomic Selection Based on Whole-Genome Resequencing Data. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:190. [PMID: 29515606 PMCID: PMC5825913 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Drought tolerance is a complex trait that involves numerous genes. Identifying key causal genes or linked molecular markers can facilitate the fast development of drought tolerant varieties. Using a whole-genome resequencing approach, we sequenced 132 chickpea varieties and advanced breeding lines and found more than 144,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We measured 13 yield and yield-related traits in three drought-prone environments of Western Australia. The genotypic effects were significant for all traits, and many traits showed highly significant correlations, ranging from 0.83 between grain yield and biomass to -0.67 between seed weight and seed emergence rate. To identify candidate genes, the SNP and trait data were incorporated into the SUPER genome-wide association study (GWAS) model, a modified version of the linear mixed model. We found that several SNPs from auxin-related genes, including auxin efflux carrier protein (PIN3), p-glycoprotein, and nodulin MtN21/EamA-like transporter, were significantly associated with yield and yield-related traits under drought-prone environments. We identified four genetic regions containing SNPs significantly associated with several different traits, which was an indication of pleiotropic effects. We also investigated the possibility of incorporating the GWAS results into a genomic selection (GS) model, which is another approach to deal with complex traits. Compared to using all SNPs, application of the GS model using subsets of SNPs significantly associated with the traits under investigation increased the prediction accuracies of three yield and yield-related traits by more than twofold. This has important implication for implementing GS in plant breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongle Li
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Pradeep Ruperao
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tanveer Khan
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Timothy D. Colmer
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jiayin Pang
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kadambot H. M. Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tim Sutton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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18
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Liu F, Hu W, Vierstra RD. The Vacuolar Protein Sorting-38 Subunit of the Arabidopsis Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase Complex Plays Critical Roles in Autophagy, Endosome Sorting, and Gravitropism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:781. [PMID: 29967628 PMCID: PMC6016017 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The family of phosphatidylinositols (PtdIns) plays essential roles in membrane identity and intracellular trafficking events. In animals and yeast, PtdIn-3-phosphate, which is particularly important for endosomal sorting, lysosomal/vacuolar transport and autophagy, is assembled by two conserved kinase complexes comprised of the catalytic VACUOLAR PROTEIN SORTING (VPS)-34 subunit, along with VPS15, AUTOPHAGY-RELATED (ATG)-6, and either ATG14 (complex I) or VPS38 (complex II). Here, we describe the Arabidopsis ortholog of VPS38 and show by interaction assays that it assembles into a tetrameric PtdIn-3 kinase complex II. Plants missing VPS38 are viable but have dampened pollen germination and heightened seed abortion, and display a dwarf rosette phenotype, with defects in leaf and vascular development and sucrose sensing. vps38 seeds accumulate irregular protein storage vesicles and suppress processing of storage proteins into their mature forms. Consistent with a role for PtdIn-3-phosphate in autophagy, vps38 mutants are hypersensitive to nitrogen and fixed-carbon starvation and show reduced autophagic transport of cargo into vacuoles. vps38 seedlings also have dampened root gravitropism, which is underpinned by aberrant vectoral auxin transport likely caused by defects in plasma membrane/endosome cycling of the PIN-FORMED family of auxin transporters necessary for asymmetric cell elongation. Collectively, this study places VPS38 and its class-III PtdIn-3 kinase complex at the nexus of numerous endosomal trafficking events important to plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Liu
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiming Hu
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Richard D. Vierstra
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard D. Vierstra,
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19
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Wan J, Zhang P, Wang R, Sun L, Wang W, Zhou H, Xu J. UV-B Radiation Induces Root Bending Through the Flavonoid-Mediated Auxin Pathway in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:618. [PMID: 29868074 PMCID: PMC5966577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation-induced root bending has been reported; however, the underlying mechanisms largely remain unclear. Here, we investigate whether and how auxin and flavonoids are involved in UV-B radiation-induced root bending in Arabidopsis using physiological, pharmacological, and genetic approaches. UV-B radiation modulated the direction of root growth by decreasing IAA biosynthesis and affecting auxin distribution in the root tips, where reduced auxin accumulation and asymmetric auxin distribution were observed. UV-B radiation increased the distribution of auxin on the nonradiated side of the root tips, promoting growth and causing root bending. Further analysis indicated that UV-B induced an asymmetric accumulation of flavonoids; this pathway is involved in modulating the accumulation and asymmetric distribution of auxin in root tips and the subsequent redirection of root growth by altering the distribution of auxin carriers in response to UV-B radiation. Taken together, our results indicate that UV-B radiation-induced root bending occurred through a flavonoid-mediated phototropic response to UV-B radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- College of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Huakun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology of Cold Area in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Xu,
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20
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Wang Y, Yang L, Tang Y, Tang R, Jing Y, Zhang C, Zhang B, Li X, Cui Y, Zhang C, Shi J, Zhao F, Lan W, Luan S. Arabidopsis choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1) regulates secretory trafficking of auxin transporters to control seedling growth. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2004310. [PMID: 29283991 PMCID: PMC5746207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin controls a myriad of plant developmental processes and plant response to environmental conditions. Precise trafficking of auxin transporters is essential for auxin homeostasis in plants. Here, we report characterization of Arabidopsis CTL1, which controls seedling growth and apical hook development by regulating intracellular trafficking of PIN-type auxin transporters. The CTL1 gene encodes a choline transporter-like protein with an expression pattern highly correlated with auxin distribution and is enriched in shoot and root apical meristems, lateral root primordia, the vascular system, and the concave side of the apical hook. The choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1) protein is localized to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), prevacuolar compartment (PVC), and plasma membrane (PM). Disruption of CTL1 gene expression alters the trafficking of 2 auxin efflux transporters—Arabidopsis PM-located auxin efflux transporter PIN-formed 1 (PIN1) and Arabidopsis PM-located auxin efflux transporter PIN-formed 3 (PIN3)—to the PM, thereby affecting auxin distribution and plant growth and development. We further found that phospholipids, sphingolipids, and other membrane lipids were significantly altered in the ctl1 mutant, linking CTL1 function to lipid homeostasis. We propose that CTL1 regulates protein sorting from the TGN to the PM through its function in lipid homeostasis. Auxin, a plant hormone, controls many aspects of plant growth and development. The precise transport and distribution of auxin hold the key to its function. A number of transport proteins are known to be involved in auxin translocation, and the PIN proteins, which are an integral part of membranes in plants, play a pivotal role in this process. Several PIN proteins are localized in the plasma membrane to mediate auxin efflux from cells, but their regulation is not well known. In this report, we analyze the role of a choline transport protein, choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1), and find that it controls the trafficking of Arabidopsis PM-located auxin efflux transporter PIN-formed 1 (PIN1) and Arabidopsis PM-located auxin efflux transporter PIN-formed 3 (PIN3) to the plasma membrane, thereby regulating auxin distribution during plant growth and development. In addition, we show that CTL1 has a role in lipid homeostasis in the membrane; thus, these findings provide a mechanistic link between choline transport, lipid homeostasis, and vesicle trafficking in plants. We conclude that CTL1 is a new factor in secretory protein sorting and that this finding contributes to the understanding of not only auxin distribution in plants but also protein trafficking in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yumei Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Renjie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Yanping Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaning Cui
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jisen Shi
- Nanjing University–Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fugeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenzhi Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (SL)
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WL); (SL)
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Singh M, Gupta A, Laxmi A. Striking the Right Chord: Signaling Enigma during Root Gravitropism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1304. [PMID: 28798760 PMCID: PMC5529344 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants being sessile can often be judged as passive acceptors of their environment. However, plants are actually even more active in responding to the factors from their surroundings. Plants do not have eyes, ears or vestibular system like animals, still they "know" which way is up and which way is down? This is facilitated by receptor molecules within plant which perceive changes in internal and external conditions such as light, touch, obstacles; and initiate signaling pathways that enable the plant to react. Plant responses that involve a definite and specific movement are called "tropic" responses. Perhaps the best known and studied tropisms are phototropism, i.e., response to light, and geotropism, i.e., response to gravity. A robust root system is vital for plant growth as it can provide physical anchorage to soil as well as absorb water, nutrients and essential minerals from soil efficiently. Gravitropic responses of both primary as well as lateral root thus become critical for plant growth and development. The molecular mechanisms of root gravitropism has been delved intensively, however, the mechanism behind how the potential energy of gravity stimulus converts into a biochemical signal in vascular plants is still unknown, due to which gravity sensing in plants still remains one of the most fascinating questions in molecular biology. Communications within plants occur through phytohormones and other chemical substances produced in plants which have a developmental or physiological effect on growth. Here, we review current knowledge of various intrinsic signaling mechanisms that modulate root gravitropism in order to point out the questions and emerging developments in plant directional growth responses. We are also discussing the roles of sugar signals and their interaction with phytohormone machinery, specifically in context of root directional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
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22
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Zhu R, Dong X, Hao W, Gao W, Zhang W, Xia S, Liu T, Shang Z. Heterotrimeric G Protein-Regulated Ca 2+ Influx and PIN2 Asymmetric Distribution Are Involved in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots' Avoidance Response to Extracellular ATP. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1522. [PMID: 28919907 PMCID: PMC5585194 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) has been reported to be involved in plant growth as a primary messenger in the apoplast. Here, roots of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings growing in jointed medium bent upon contact with ATP-containing medium to keep away from eATP, showing a marked avoidance response. Roots responded similarly to ADP and bz-ATP but did not respond to AMP and GTP. The eATP avoidance response was reduced in loss-of-function mutants of heterotrimeric G protein α subunit (Gα) (gpa1-1 and gpa1-2) and enhanced in Gα-over-expression (OE) lines (wGα and cGα). Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo) tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and Gd3+ remarkably suppressed eATP-induced root bending. ATP-stimulated Ca2+ influx was impaired in Gα null mutants and increased in its OE lines. DR5-GFP and PIN2 were asymmetrically distributed in ATP-stimulated root tips, this effect was strongly suppressed by EGTA and diminished in Gα null mutants. In addition, some eATP-induced genes' expression was also impaired in Gα null mutants. Based on these results, we propose that heterotrimeric Gα-regulated Ca2+ influx and PIN2 distribution may be key signaling events in eATP sensing and avoidance response in Arabidopsis thaliana roots.
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23
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Žádníková P, Smet D, Zhu Q, Straeten DVD, Benková E. Strategies of seedlings to overcome their sessile nature: auxin in mobility control. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:218. [PMID: 25926839 PMCID: PMC4396199 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that are permanently restricted to their site of germination. To compensate for their lack of mobility, plants evolved unique mechanisms enabling them to rapidly react to ever changing environmental conditions and flexibly adapt their postembryonic developmental program. A prominent demonstration of this developmental plasticity is their ability to bend organs in order to reach the position most optimal for growth and utilization of light, nutrients, and other resources. Shortly after germination, dicotyledonous seedlings form a bended structure, the so-called apical hook, to protect the delicate shoot meristem and cotyledons from damage when penetrating through the soil. Upon perception of a light stimulus, the apical hook rapidly opens and the photomorphogenic developmental program is activated. After germination, plant organs are able to align their growth with the light source and adopt the most favorable orientation through bending, in a process named phototropism. On the other hand, when roots and shoots are diverted from their upright orientation, they immediately detect a change in the gravity vector and bend to maintain a vertical growth direction. Noteworthy, despite the diversity of external stimuli perceived by different plant organs, all plant tropic movements share a common mechanistic basis: differential cell growth. In our review, we will discuss the molecular principles underlying various tropic responses with the focus on mechanisms mediating the perception of external signals, transduction cascades and downstream responses that regulate differential cell growth and consequently, organ bending. In particular, we highlight common and specific features of regulatory pathways in control of the bending of organs and a role for the plant hormone auxin as a key regulatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Žádníková
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, GhentBelgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, GhentBelgium
| | - Dajo Smet
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, GhentBelgium
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, KlosterneuburgAustria
| | | | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, KlosterneuburgAustria
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Mo M, Yokawa K, Wan Y, Baluška F. How and why do root apices sense light under the soil surface? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:775. [PMID: 26442084 PMCID: PMC4585147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light can penetrate several centimeters below the soil surface. Growth, development and behavior of plant roots are markedly affected by light despite their underground lifestyle. Early studies provided contrasting information on the spatial and temporal distribution of light-sensing cells in the apical region of root apex and discussed the physiological roles of plant hormones in root responses to light. Recent biological and microscopic advances have improved our understanding of the processes involved in the sensing and transduction of light signals, resulting in subsequent physiological and behavioral responses in growing root apices. Here, we review current knowledge of cellular distributions of photoreceptors and their signal transduction pathways in diverse root tissues and root apex zones. We are discussing also the roles of auxin transporters in roots exposed to light, as well as interactions of light signal perceptions with sensing of other environmental factors relevant to plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Mo
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yinglang Wan
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yinglang Wan, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road No. 35, 100083 Beijing, China, ; František Baluška, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany,
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Yinglang Wan, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road No. 35, 100083 Beijing, China, ; František Baluška, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany,
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25
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Haga K, Sakai T. PINOID functions in root phototropism as a negative regulator. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e998545. [PMID: 26039488 PMCID: PMC4622605 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2014.998545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The PINOID (PID) family, which belongs to AGCVIII kinases, is known to be involved in the regulation of auxin efflux transporter PIN-formed (PIN) proteins through changes in the phosphorylation status. Recently, we demonstrated that the PID family is necessary for phytochrome-mediated phototropic enhancement in Arabidopsis hypocotyls and that the downregulation of PID expression by red-light pretreatment results in the promotion of the PIN-mediated auxin gradient during phototropic responses. However, whether PID participates in root phototropism in Arabidopsis seedlings has not been well studied. Here, we demonstrated that negative root phototropic responses are enhanced in the pid quadruple mutant and are severely impaired in transgenic plants expressing PID constitutively. The results indicate that the PID family functions in a negative root phototropism as a negative regulator. On the other hand, analysis with PID fused to a yellow fluorescent protein, VENUS, showed that unilateral blue-light irradiation causes a lower accumulation of PID proteins on the shaded side than on the irradiated side. This result suggests that the blue-light-mediated asymmetrical distribution of PID proteins may be one of the critical responses in phototropin-mediated signals during a negative root phototropism. Alternatively, such a transverse gradient of PID proteins may result from gravitropic stimulation produced by phototropic bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Haga
- Department of Human Science and Common Education; Nippon Institute of Technology; Saitama, Japan
- Correspondence to: Ken Haga;
| | - Tatsuya Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Niigata, Japan
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26
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Balzan S, Johal GS, Carraro N. The role of auxin transporters in monocots development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:393. [PMID: 25177324 PMCID: PMC4133927 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development, orchestrating cell division, elongation and differentiation, embryonic development, root and stem tropisms, apical dominance, and transition to flowering. Auxin levels are higher in undifferentiated cell populations and decrease following organ initiation and tissue differentiation. This differential auxin distribution is achieved by polar auxin transport (PAT) mediated by auxin transport proteins. There are four major families of auxin transporters in plants: PIN-FORMED (PIN), ATP-binding cassette family B (ABCB), AUXIN1/LIKE-AUX1s, and PIN-LIKES. These families include proteins located at the plasma membrane or at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which participate in auxin influx, efflux or both, from the apoplast into the cell or from the cytosol into the ER compartment. Auxin transporters have been largely studied in the dicotyledon model species Arabidopsis, but there is increasing evidence of their role in auxin regulated development in monocotyledon species. In monocots, families of auxin transporters are enlarged and often include duplicated genes and proteins with high sequence similarity. Some of these proteins underwent sub- and neo-functionalization with substantial modification to their structure and expression in organs such as adventitious roots, panicles, tassels, and ears. Most of the present information on monocot auxin transporters function derives from studies conducted in rice, maize, sorghum, and Brachypodium, using pharmacological applications (PAT inhibitors) or down-/up-regulation (over-expression and RNA interference) of candidate genes. Gene expression studies and comparison of predicted protein structures have also increased our knowledge of the role of PAT in monocots. However, knockout mutants and functional characterization of single genes are still scarce and the future availability of such resources will prove crucial to elucidate the role of auxin transporters in monocots development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Balzan
- Department of Agronomy, Animals, Food, Natural Resources and Environment, Agripolis, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Gurmukh S. Johal
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nicola Carraro
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
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27
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Leduc N, Roman H, Barbier F, Péron T, Huché-Thélier L, Lothier J, Demotes-Mainard S, Sakr S. Light Signaling in Bud Outgrowth and Branching in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 3:223-50. [PMID: 27135502 PMCID: PMC4844300 DOI: 10.3390/plants3020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Branching determines the final shape of plants, which influences adaptation, survival and the visual quality of many species. It is an intricate process that includes bud outgrowth and shoot extension, and these in turn respond to environmental cues and light conditions. Light is a powerful environmental factor that impacts multiple processes throughout plant life. The molecular basis of the perception and transduction of the light signal within buds is poorly understood and undoubtedly requires to be further unravelled. This review is based on current knowledge on bud outgrowth-related mechanisms and light-mediated regulation of many physiological processes. It provides an extensive, though not exhaustive, overview of the findings related to this field. In parallel, it points to issues to be addressed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Leduc
- Université d’Angers, L’Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (H.R.); (J.L.)
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
| | - Hanaé Roman
- Université d’Angers, L’Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (H.R.); (J.L.)
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
| | - François Barbier
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Thomas Péron
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Lydie Huché-Thélier
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Beaucouzé F-49070, France
| | - Jérémy Lothier
- Université d’Angers, L’Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (H.R.); (J.L.)
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabine Demotes-Mainard
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Beaucouzé F-49070, France
| | - Soulaiman Sakr
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France
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28
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Zhang KX, Xu HH, Gong W, Jin Y, Shi YY, Yuan TT, Li J, Lu YT. Proper PIN1 distribution is needed for root negative phototropism in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85720. [PMID: 24465665 PMCID: PMC3897508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants can be adapted to the changing environments through tropic responses, such as light and gravity. One of them is root negative phototropism, which is needed for root growth and nutrient absorption. Here, we show that the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED (PIN) 1 is involved in asymmetric auxin distribution and root negative phototropism. In darkness, PIN1 is internalized and localized to intracellular compartments; upon blue light illumination, PIN1 relocalize to basal plasma membrane in root stele cells. The shift of PIN1 localization induced by blue light is involved in asymmetric auxin distribution and root negative phototropic response. Both blue-light-induced PIN1 redistribution and root negative phototropism is mediated by a BFA-sensitive trafficking pathway and the activity of PID/PP2A. Our results demonstrate that blue-light-induced PIN1 redistribution participate in asymmetric auxin distribution and root negative phototropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng-Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Ya Shi
- Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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