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Shi B, Lian Q, Gao H, Wang Y, Ma Q. TaCAP1 Interacts with TaLHCB1s and Positively Regulates Wheat Resistance Against Stripe Rust. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1646-1656. [PMID: 38648033 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0342-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Actin filaments and their associated actin-binding proteins play key roles in plant innate immune signaling. CAP1, or cyclase-associated protein 1, is an important regulatory factor of the actin cytoskeleton-associated signaling network and was hypothesized here to be involved in resistance against wheat stripe rust because TaCAP1 expression was upregulated in response to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Downregulation of TaCAP1 expression led to decreased resistance against Pst, in contrast to increased resistance upon TaCAP1 overexpressing, as demonstrated by the changes of phenotypes and hyphal growth. We found increased expression of pathogenesis-responsive or relative related genes and disease grade changed in TaCAP1 overexpressing plants. Our results also showed TaCAP1-regulated host resistance to Pst by inducing the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and mediating the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Additionally, TaCAP1 interacted with chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins TaLHCB1.3 and TaLHCB1.4, also known as the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex II subunit B, which belong to the light-harvesting complex II protein family. Silencing of two TaLHCB1 genes showed higher susceptibility to Pst, which reduced wheat resistance against Pst. Therefore, the data presented herein further illuminate our understanding that TaCAP1 interacts with TaLHCB1s and functions as a positive regulator of wheat resistance against stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China
| | - Qinggui Lian
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Haifeng Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Wang D, Du M, Lyu P, Li J, Meng H, Liu X, Shi M, Gong Y, Sha Q, Men Q, Li X, Sun Y, Guo S. Functional Characterization of the Soybean Glycine max Actin Depolymerization Factor GmADF13 for Plant Resistance to Drought Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1651. [PMID: 38931083 PMCID: PMC11207668 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Abiotic stress significantly affects plant growth and has devastating effects on crop production. Drought stress is one of the main abiotic stressors. Actin is a major component of the cytoskeleton, and actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are conserved actin-binding proteins in eukaryotes that play critical roles in plant responses to various stresses. In this study, we found that GmADF13, an ADF gene from the soybean Glycine max, showed drastic upregulation under drought stress. Subcellular localization experiments in tobacco epidermal cells and tobacco protoplasts showed that GmADF13 was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. We characterized its biological function in transgenic Arabidopsis and hairy root composite soybean plants. Arabidopsis plants transformed with GmADF13 displayed a more robust drought tolerance than wild-type plants, including having a higher seed germination rate, longer roots, and healthy leaves under drought conditions. Similarly, GmADF13-overexpressing (OE) soybean plants generated via the Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of the hairy roots showed an improved drought tolerance. Leaves from OE plants showed higher relative water, chlorophyll, and proline contents, had a higher antioxidant enzyme activity, and had decreased malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion levels compared to those of control plants. Furthermore, under drought stress, GmADF13 OE activated the transcription of several drought-stress-related genes, such as GmbZIP1, GmDREB1A, GmDREB2, GmWRKY13, and GmANK114. Thus, GmADF13 is a positive regulator of the drought stress response, and it may play an essential role in plant growth under drought stress conditions. These results provide new insights into the functional elucidation of soybean ADFs. They may be helpful for breeding new soybean cultivars with a strong drought tolerance and further understanding how ADFs help plants adapt to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deying Wang
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (D.W.); (M.D.); (P.L.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (X.L.); (M.S.); (Y.G.); (Q.S.); (Q.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Mengxue Du
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (D.W.); (M.D.); (P.L.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (X.L.); (M.S.); (Y.G.); (Q.S.); (Q.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Peng Lyu
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (D.W.); (M.D.); (P.L.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (X.L.); (M.S.); (Y.G.); (Q.S.); (Q.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Jingyu Li
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (D.W.); (M.D.); (P.L.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (X.L.); (M.S.); (Y.G.); (Q.S.); (Q.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Huiran Meng
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (D.W.); (M.D.); (P.L.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (X.L.); (M.S.); (Y.G.); (Q.S.); (Q.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinxin Liu
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (D.W.); (M.D.); (P.L.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (X.L.); (M.S.); (Y.G.); (Q.S.); (Q.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Mengmeng Shi
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (D.W.); (M.D.); (P.L.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (X.L.); (M.S.); (Y.G.); (Q.S.); (Q.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Yujie Gong
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (D.W.); (M.D.); (P.L.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (X.L.); (M.S.); (Y.G.); (Q.S.); (Q.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Qi Sha
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (D.W.); (M.D.); (P.L.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (X.L.); (M.S.); (Y.G.); (Q.S.); (Q.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Qingmei Men
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (D.W.); (M.D.); (P.L.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (X.L.); (M.S.); (Y.G.); (Q.S.); (Q.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaofei Li
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (D.W.); (M.D.); (P.L.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (X.L.); (M.S.); (Y.G.); (Q.S.); (Q.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Yongwang Sun
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (D.W.); (M.D.); (P.L.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (X.L.); (M.S.); (Y.G.); (Q.S.); (Q.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Shangjing Guo
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (D.W.); (M.D.); (P.L.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (X.L.); (M.S.); (Y.G.); (Q.S.); (Q.M.); (X.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Liu B, Wang N, Yang R, Wang X, Luo P, Chen Y, Wang F, Li M, Weng J, Zhang D, Yong H, Han J, Zhou Z, Zhang X, Hao Z, Li X. ZmADF5, a Maize Actin-Depolymerizing Factor Conferring Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Maize. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:619. [PMID: 38475468 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Drought stress is seriously affecting the growth and production of crops, especially when agricultural irrigation still remains quantitatively restricted in some arid and semi-arid areas. The identification of drought-tolerant genes is important for improving the adaptability of maize under stress. Here, we found that a new member of the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) family; the ZmADF5 gene was tightly linked with a consensus drought-tolerant quantitative trait locus, and the significantly associated signals were detected through genome wide association analysis. ZmADF5 expression could be induced by osmotic stress and the application of exogenous abscisic acid. Its overexpression in Arabidopsis and maize helped plants to keep a higher survival rate after water-deficit stress, which reduced the stomatal aperture and the water-loss rate, as well as improved clearance of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, seventeen differentially expressed genes were identified as regulated by both drought stress and ZmADF5, four of which were involved in the ABA-dependent drought stress response. ZmADF5-overexpressing plants were also identified as sensitive to ABA during the seed germination and seedling stages. These results suggested that ZmADF5 played an important role in the response to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ruisi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingshun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianfeng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Degui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongjun Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jienan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuecai Zhang
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Texcoco 06600, Mexico
| | - Zhuanfang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Sun Y, Shi M, Wang D, Gong Y, Sha Q, Lv P, Yang J, Chu P, Guo S. Research progress on the roles of actin-depolymerizing factor in plant stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1278311. [PMID: 38034575 PMCID: PMC10687421 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1278311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are highly conserved small-molecule actin-binding proteins found throughout eukaryotic cells. In land plants, ADFs form a small gene family that displays functional redundancy despite variations among its individual members. ADF can bind to actin monomers or polymerized microfilaments and regulate dynamic changes in the cytoskeletal framework through specialized biochemical activities, such as severing, depolymerizing, and bundling. The involvement of ADFs in modulating the microfilaments' dynamic changes has significant implications for various physiological processes, including plant growth, development, and stress response. The current body of research has greatly advanced our comprehension of the involvement of ADFs in the regulation of plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly with respect to the molecular regulatory mechanisms that govern ADF activity during the transmission of stress signals. Stress has the capacity to directly modify the transcription levels of ADF genes, as well as indirectly regulate their expression through transcription factors such as MYB, C-repeat binding factors, ABF, and 14-3-3 proteins. Furthermore, apart from their role in regulating actin dynamics, ADFs possess the ability to modulate the stress response by influencing downstream genes associated with pathogen resistance and abiotic stress response. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current advancements in plant ADF gene research and suggests that the identification of plant ADF family genes across a broader spectrum, thorough analysis of ADF gene regulation in stress resistance of plants, and manipulation of ADF genes through genome-editing techniques to enhance plant stress resistance are crucial avenues for future investigation in this field.
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Matsumoto T, Higaki T, Takatsuka H, Kutsuna N, Ogata Y, Hasezawa S, Umeda M, Inada N. Arabidopsis thaliana Subclass I ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTORs Regulate Nuclear Organization and Gene Expression. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1231-1242. [PMID: 37647615 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR (ADF) is a conserved protein that regulates the organization and dynamics of actin microfilaments. Eleven ADFs in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome are grouped into four subclasses, and subclass I ADFs, ADF1-4, are all expressed throughout the plant. Previously, we showed that subclass I ADFs function in the regulation of the response against powdery mildew fungus as well as in the regulation of cell size and endoreplication. Here, we report a new role of subclass I ADFs in the regulation of nuclear organization and gene expression. Through microscopic observation of epidermal cells in mature leaves, we found that the size of chromocenters in both adf4 and transgenic lines where expression of subclass I ADFs is downregulated (ADF1-4Ri) was reduced compared with that of wild-type Col-0. Arabidopsis thaliana possesses eight ACTIN (ACT) genes, among which ACT2, -7 and -8 are expressed in vegetative organs. The chromocenter size in act7, but not in the act2/8 double mutant, was enlarged compared with that in Col-0. Microarray analysis revealed that 1,818 genes were differentially expressed in adf4 and ADF1-4Ri. In particular, expression of 22 nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat genes, which are involved in effector-triggered plant immunity, was reduced in adf4 and ADF1-4Ri. qRT-PCR confirmed the altered expressions shown with microarray analysis. Overall, these results suggest that ADF regulates various aspects of plant physiology through its role in regulation of nuclear organization and gene expression. The mechanism how ADF and ACT regulate nuclear organization and gene expression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531 Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshiyuki Ogata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531 Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Hosei University, Kajino-cho 3-7-2 Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584 Japan
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho 8916-5 Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Noriko Inada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho 8916-5 Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
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Xu J, Dai S, Wang X, Gentile A, Zhang Z, Xie Q, Su Y, Li D, Wang B. Actin-Depolymerizing Factor Gene Family Analysis Revealed That CsADF4 Increased the Sensitivity of Sweet Orange to Bacterial Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3054. [PMID: 37687300 PMCID: PMC10490069 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) gene family regulates changes in actin. However, the entire ADF family in the sweet orange Citrus sinensis has not been systematically identified, and their expressions in different organs and biotic stress have not been determined. In this study, through phylogenetic analysis of the sweet orange ADF gene family, seven CsADFs were found to be highly conserved and sparsely distributed across the four chromosomes. Analysis of the cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region showed that the CsADF gene had the potential to impact the development of sweet oranges under biotic or abiotic stress. Quantitative fluorescence analysis was then performed. Seven CsADFs were differentially expressed against the invasion of Xcc and CLas pathogens. It is worth noting that the expression of CsADF4 was significantly up-regulated at 4 days post-infection. Subcellular localization results showed that CsADF4 was localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Overexpression of CsADF4 enhanced the sensitivity of sweet orange leaves to Xcc. These results suggest that CsADFs may regulate the interaction of C. sinensis and bacterial pathogens, providing a way to further explore the function and mechanisms of ADF in the sweet orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Suming Dai
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qingxiang Xie
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
| | - Yajun Su
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dazhi Li
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (X.W.)
- National Citrus Improvement Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Sun Y, Wang D, Shi M, Gong Y, Yin S, Jiao Y, Guo S. Genome-wide identification of actin-depolymerizing factor gene family and their expression patterns under various abiotic stresses in soybean ( Glycine max). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1236175. [PMID: 37575943 PMCID: PMC10413265 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1236175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) encoded by a family of genes is highly conserved among eukaryotes and plays critical roles in the various processes of plant growth, development, and stress responses via the remodeling of the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. However, the ADF family and the encoded proteins in soybean (Glycine max) have not yet been systematically investigated. In this study, 18 GmADF genes (GmADF1 - GmADF18) were identified in the soybean genome and were mapped to 14 different chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into four groups, which was confirmed by their structure and the distribution of conserved motifs in the encoded proteins. Additionally, 29 paralogous gene pairs were identified in the GmADF family, and analysis of their Ka/Ks ratios indicated their purity-based selection during the evolutionary expansion of the soybean genome. The analysis of the expression profiles based on the RNA-seq and qRT-PCR data indicated that GmADFs were diversely expressed in different organs and tissues, with most of them responding actively to drought- and salt-induced stresses, suggesting the critical roles played by them in various biological processes. Overall, our study shows that GmADF genes may play a crucial role in response to various abiotic stresses in soybean, and the highly inducible candidate genes could be used for further functional studies and molecular breeding in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shangjing Guo
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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He M, Wang X, Bu Y, Yang X, Zhang L, Song X. Gibberellin confers to the expression of TaGA-6D and negatively regulates the fertility of wheat with Aegilops juvenalis cytoplasm. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023:111771. [PMID: 37328073 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As the trace signal molecules widely existing in plants, plant hormones can regulate physiological responses of plants at low concentrations. At present, the effect of plant endogenous hormones on wheat male fertility has attracted attention, but the molecular mechanism underlying fertility regulation is unclear. Given this, the anthers of five isonuclear alloplasmic male sterile lines and their maintainer line were RNA-sequenced. A gene TaGA-6D encoding gibberellin (GA) regulated protein was isolated, which was located to the nucleus, cell wall and/or cell membrane, and predominantly highly expressed in the anther of Ju706A, a male sterile line with Aegilops juvenalis cytoplasm. By spraying assay of GA with different concentrations on fertility line Ju706R, it was found that with the increase of exogenous GA concentration, the content of endogenous GA and expression level of TaGA-6D in anther gradually increased, and the fertility decreased. However, silencing of TaGA-6D partially restore the fertility of Ju706R sprayed with 1000ng/μl GA, and indicating that gibberellin can promote the expression of TaGA-6D and negatively regulates the fertility of wheat with Aegilops juvenalis cytoplasm, which providing new insights for understanding hormone regulation of male fertility in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting He
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yaning Bu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xuetong Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiyue Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Li WB, Song SW, Zhong MM, Liu LG, Su L, Han LB, Xia GX, Sun YD, Wang HY. VILLIN2 regulates cotton defense against Verticillium dahliae by modulating actin cytoskeleton remodeling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:666-679. [PMID: 36881883 PMCID: PMC10152694 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The active structural change of actin cytoskeleton is a general host response upon pathogen attack. This study characterized the function of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) actin-binding protein VILLIN2 (GhVLN2) in host defense against the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that GhVLN2 possessed actin-binding, -bundling, and -severing activities. A low concentration of GhVLN2 could shift its activity from actin bundling to actin severing in the presence of Ca2+. Knockdown of GhVLN2 expression by virus-induced gene silencing reduced the extent of actin filament bundling and interfered with the growth of cotton plants, resulting in the formation of twisted organs and brittle stems with a decreased cellulose content of the cell wall. Upon V. dahliae infection, the expression of GhVLN2 was downregulated in root cells, and silencing of GhVLN2 enhanced the disease tolerance of cotton plants. The actin bundles were less abundant in root cells of GhVLN2-silenced plants than in control plants. However, upon infection by V. dahliae, the number of actin filaments and bundles in the cells of GhVLN2-silenced plants was raised to a comparable level as those in control plants, with the dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton appearing several hours in advance. GhVLN2-silenced plants exhibited a higher incidence of actin filament cleavage in the presence of Ca2+, suggesting that pathogen-responsive downregulation of GhVLN2 could activate its actin-severing activity. These data indicate that the regulated expression and functional shift of GhVLN2 contribute to modulating the dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in host immune responses against V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang-Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lan-Gong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li-Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gui-Xian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong-Duo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hai-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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10
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The Cytoskeleton in Plant Immunity: Dynamics, Regulation, and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415553. [PMID: 36555194 PMCID: PMC9779068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton, consisting of actin filaments and microtubules, is a highly dynamic filamentous framework involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Recently, research has demonstrated that the plant cytoskeleton undergoes rapid remodeling upon sensing pathogen attacks, coordinating the formation of microdomain immune complexes, the dynamic and turnover of pattern-recognizing receptors (PRRs), the movement and aggregation of organelles, and the transportation of defense compounds, thus serving as an important platform for responding to pathogen infections. Meanwhile, pathogens produce effectors targeting the cytoskeleton to achieve pathogenicity. Recent findings have uncovered several cytoskeleton-associated proteins mediating cytoskeletal remodeling and defense signaling. Furthermore, the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is revealed to further feedback-regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and trigger salicylic acid (SA) signaling, suggesting an extremely complex role of the cytoskeleton in plant immunity. Here, we describe recent advances in understanding the host cytoskeleton dynamics upon sensing pathogens and summarize the effectors that target the cytoskeleton. We highlight advances in the regulation of cytoskeletal remodeling associated with the defense response and assess the important function of the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton in the immune response. Finally, we propose suggestions for future research in this area.
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11
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Wang H, Liu Y, Liu W, Wu K, Wang X. F-actin dynamics in midgut cells enables virus persistence in vector insects. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1671-1685. [PMID: 36073369 PMCID: PMC9562576 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemipteran insects that transmit plant viruses in a persistent circulative manner acquire, retain and transmit viruses for their entire life. The mechanism enabling this persistence has remained unclear for many years. Here, we determined how wheat dwarf virus (WDV) persists in its leafhopper vector Psammotettix alienus. We found that WDV caused the up-regulation of actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) at the mRNA and protein levels in the midgut cells of leafhoppers after experiencing a WDV acquisition access period (AAP) of 6, 12 or 24 h. Experimental inhibition of F-actin depolymerization by jasplakinolide and dsRNA injection led to lower virus accumulation levels and transmission efficiencies, suggesting that depolymerization of F-actin regulated by ADF is essential for WDV invasion of midgut cells. Exogenous viral capsid protein (CP) inhibited ADF depolymerization of actin filaments in vitro and in Spodoptera frugiperda 9 (Sf9) cells because the CP competed with actin to bind ADF and then blocked actin filament disassembly. Interestingly, virions colocalized with ADF after a 24-h AAP, just as actin polymerization occurred, indicating that the binding of CP with ADF affects the ability of ADF to depolymerize F-actin, inhibiting WDV entry. Similarly, the luteovirus barley yellow dwarf virus also induced F-actin depolymerization and then polymerization in the gut cells of its vector Schizaphis graminum. Thus, F-actin dynamics are altered by nonpropagative viruses in midgut cells to enable virus persistence in vector insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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12
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Geng X, Wang X, Wang J, Yang X, Zhang L, Song X. TaEXPB5 functions as a gene related to pollen development in thermo-sensitive male-sterility wheat with Aegilops kotschyi cytoplasm. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111377. [PMID: 35820549 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male-sterility line with Aegilops kotschyi cytoplasm (K-TCMS) is completely male sterile under low temperature (< 18 ℃) during Zadoks growth stages 45-52, whereas its fertility can be restored under hot temperature (≥ 20 ℃). The K-TCMS line may facilitate hybrid breeding and hybrid wheat production. Therefore, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of its male sterility/fertility conversion, we conducted the association analysis of proteins and transcript expression to screen fertility related genes using RNA-seq, iTRAQ, and PRM-based assay. A gene encoding expansin protein in wheat, TaEXPB5, was isolated in K-TCMS line KTM3315A, which upregulated expression in the fertility anthers. Subcellular localization analysis suggested that TaEXPB5 protein localized to nucleus and cell wall. The silencing of TaEXPB5 displayed pollen abortion and the declination of fertility. Further, cytological investigation indicated that the silencing of TaEXPB5 induced the early degradation of tapetum and abnormal development of pollen wall. These results implied that TaEXPB5 may be essential for anther or pollen development and male fertility of KTM3315A. These findings provide a novel insight into molecular mechanism of fertility conversion for thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male-sterility wheat, and contribute to the molecular breeding of hybrid wheat in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxia Geng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jingchen Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xuetong Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiyue Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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13
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Sun Y, Zhong M, Li Y, Zhang R, Su L, Xia G, Wang H. GhADF6-mediated actin reorganization is associated with defence against Verticillium dahliae infection in cotton. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1656-1667. [PMID: 34515397 PMCID: PMC8578822 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) participate in plant defence responses; however, the functional mechanisms appear intricate and need further exploration. In this study, we identified an ADF6 gene in upland cotton (designated as GhADF6) that is evidently involved in cotton's response to the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. GhADF6 binds to actin filaments and possesses actin severing and depolymerizing activities in vitro and in vivo. When cotton root (the site of the fungus invasion) was inoculated with the pathogen, the expression of GhADF6 was markedly down-regulated in the epidermal cells. By virus-induced gene silencing analysis, the down-regulation of GhADF6 expression rendered the cotton plants tolerant to V. dahliae infection. Accordingly, the abundance of actin filaments and bundles in the root cells was significantly higher than that in the control plant, which phenocopied that of the V. dahliae-challenged wild-type cotton plant. Altogether, our results provide evidence that an increase in filament actin (F-actin) abundance as well as dynamic actin remodelling are required for plant defence against the invading pathogen, which are likely to be fulfilled by the coordinated expressional regulation of the actin-binding proteins, including ADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongduo Sun
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mengmeng Zhong
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuanbao Li
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ruihui Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lei Su
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Guixian Xia
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
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14
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Xu K, Zhao Y, Zhao S, Liu H, Wang W, Zhang S, Yang X. Genome-Wide Identification and Low Temperature Responsive Pattern of Actin Depolymerizing Factor (ADF) Gene Family in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:618984. [PMID: 33719289 PMCID: PMC7943747 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.618984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The actin depolymerizing factor (ADF) gene family, which is conserved in eukaryotes, is important for plant development, growth, and stress responses. Cold stress restricts wheat growth, development, and distribution. However, genome-wide identification and functional analysis of the ADF family in wheat is limited. Further, because of the promising role of ADF genes in cold response, there is need for an understanding of the function of this family on wheat under cold stress. In this study, 25 ADF genes (TaADFs) were identified in the wheat genome and they are distributed on 15 chromosomes. The TaADF gene structures, duplication events, encoded conversed motifs, and cis-acting elements were investigated. Expression profiles derived from RNA-seq data and real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed the tissue- and temporal-specific TaADF expression patterns. In addition, the expression levels of TaADF13/16/17/18/20/21/22 were significantly affected by cold acclimation or freezing conditions. Overexpression of TaADF16 increased the freezing tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis, possibly because of enhanced ROS scavenging and changes to the osmotic regulation in cells. The expression levels of seven cold-responsive genes were up-regulated in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants, regardless of whether the plants were exposed to low temperature. These findings provide fundamental information about the wheat ADF genes and may help to elucidate the regulatory effects of the encoded proteins on plant development and responses to low-temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Sihang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Haodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Cangzhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Cangzhou, China
| | - Shuhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xueju Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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15
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Zhang P, Qian D, Luo C, Niu Y, Li T, Li C, Xiang Y, Wang X, Niu Y. Arabidopsis ADF5 Acts as a Downstream Target Gene of CBFs in Response to Low-Temperature Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635533. [PMID: 33585491 PMCID: PMC7876393 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low temperature is a major adverse environment that affects normal plant growth. Previous reports showed that the actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in the plant response to low-temperature stress, but the regulatory mechanism of the actin cytoskeleton in this process is not clear. C-repeat binding factors (CBFs) are the key molecular switches for plants to adapt to cold stress. However, whether CBFs are involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton has not been reported. We found that Arabidopsis actin depolymerizing factor 5 (ADF5), an ADF that evolved F-actin bundling function, was up-regulated at low temperatures. We also demonstrated that CBFs bound to the ADF5 promoter directly in vivo and in vitro. The cold-induced expression of ADF5 was significantly inhibited in the cbfs triple mutant. The freezing resistance of the adf5 knockout mutant was weaker than that of wild type (WT) with or without cold acclimation. After low-temperature treatment, the actin cytoskeleton of WT was relatively stable, but the actin cytoskeletons of adf5, cbfs, and adf5 cbfs were disturbed to varying degrees. Compared to WT, the endocytosis rate of the amphiphilic styryl dye FM4-64 in adf5, cbfs, and adf5 cbfs at low temperature was significantly reduced. In conclusion, CBFs directly combine with the CRT/DRE DNA regulatory element of the ADF5 promoter after low-temperature stress to transcriptionally activate the expression of ADF5; ADF5 further regulates the actin cytoskeleton dynamics to participate in the regulation of plant adaptation to a low-temperature environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yue Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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16
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Cao H, Amin R, Niu L, Song Z, Dong B, Li H, Wang L, Meng D, Yang Q, Fu Y. Multidimensional analysis of actin depolymerising factor family in pigeon pea under different environmental stress revealed specific response genes in each subgroup. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:180-194. [PMID: 32970987 DOI: 10.1071/fp20190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Actin depolymerising factor (ADF) is an actin binding protein that is ubiquitous in animal and plant cells. It plays an important role in plant growth and development, as well as resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. The research of plant ADF family has been restricted to Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and some herb crops, but no woody cash crops have been reported to date. All members of the Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. ADF (CcADF) family were identified from the pigeon pea genome, and distributed among the four subfamilies by phylogenetic analysis. CcADFs were relatively conservative in gene structure evolution, protein structure and functional expression, and different CcADFs showed specific expression patterns under different treatments. The expression characteristics of several key CcADFs were revealed by analysing the stress response pattern of CcADFs and the time series RNA-seq of aluminium stress. Among them, CcADF9 in the first subgroup specifically responded to aluminium stress in the roots; CcADF3 in the second subgroup intensively responded to fungal infection in the leaves; and CcADF2 in the fourth subgroup positively responded to various stress treatments in different tissues. This study extended the relationship between plant ADF family and aluminium tolerance, as well as adding to the understanding of CcADF family in woody crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Cao
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Environmental Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Rohul Amin
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Environmental Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lili Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zhihua Song
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Environmental Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Biying Dong
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Environmental Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Hanghang Li
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Environmental Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Litao Wang
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Environmental Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Dong Meng
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Environmental Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China; and Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Environmental Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China; and Corresponding authors. ;
| | - Yujie Fu
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Environmental Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China; and Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing 100083, PR China; and Key Laboratory of Forestry Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; and Corresponding authors. ;
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17
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Yang Q, Islam MA, Cai K, Tian S, Liu Y, Kang Z, Guo J. TaClpS1, negatively regulates wheat resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:555. [PMID: 33302867 PMCID: PMC7730799 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degradation of intracellular proteins plays an essential role in plant responses to stressful environments. ClpS1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase function as adaptors for selecting target substrates in caseinolytic peptidase (Clp) proteases pathways and the 26S proteasome system, respectively. Currently, the role of E3 ubiquitin ligase in the plant immune response to pathogens is well defined. However, the role of ClpS1 in the plant immune response to pathogens remains unknown. RESULTS Here, wheat (Triticum aestivum) ClpS1 (TaClpS1) was studied and resulted to encode 161 amino acids, containing a conserved ClpS domain and a chloroplast transit peptide (1-32 aa). TaClpS1 was found to be specifically localized in the chloroplast when expressed transiently in wheat protoplasts. The transcript level of TaClpS1 in wheat was significantly induced during infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Knockdown of TaClpS1 via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) resulted in an increase in wheat resistance against Pst, accompanied by an increase in the hypersensitive response (HR), accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of TaPR1 and TaPR2, and a reduction in the number of haustoria, length of infection hypha and infection area of Pst. Furthermore, heterologous expression of TaClpS1 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced the infection by Phytophthora parasitica. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TaClpS1 negatively regulates the resistance of wheat to Pst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Md Ashraful Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Kunyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
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18
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Yu Y, Qiao L, Chen J, Rong Y, Zhao Y, Cui X, Xu J, Hou X, Dong CH. Arabidopsis REM16 acts as a B3 domain transcription factor to promote flowering time via directly binding to the promoters of SOC1 and FT. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1386-1398. [PMID: 32391591 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Actin depolymerizing factor (ADF) is a key modulator for dynamic organization of actin cytoskeleton. Interestingly, it was found that the ADF1 gene silencing delays flowering, but its mechanism remains unclear. In this study, ADF1 was used as a bait to screen its interacting proteins by the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system. One of them, the REM16 transcription factor was identified. As one of the AP2/B3-like transcriptional factor family members, the REM16 contains two B3 domains and its transcript levels kept increasing during the floral transition stage. Overexpression of REM16 accelerates flowering while silencing of REM16 delays flowering. Gene expression analysis indicated that the key flowering activation genes such as CONSTANS (CO), FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), LEAFY (LFY) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS (SOC1) were upregulated in the REM16 overexpression lines, while the transcription of the flowering suppression gene FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) was decreased. In contrast, the REM16 gene silencing lines contained lower transcript levels of the CO, FT, LFY and SOC1 but higher transcript levels of the FLC compared with the wild-type plants. It was proved that REM16 could directly bind to the promoter regions of SOC1 and FT by in vitro and in vivo assays. Genetic analysis supported that REM16 acts upstream of SOC1 and FT in flowering pathways. All these studies provided strong evidence demonstrating that REM16 promotes flowering by directly activating SOC1 and FT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Longfei Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiacai Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongheng Rong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuhang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiankui Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinpeng Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaomin Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chun-Hai Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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19
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Gene co-expression network analysis provides a novel insight into the dynamic response of wheat to powdery mildew stress. J Genet 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-020-01206-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Gu J, Sun J, Liu N, Sun X, Liu C, Wu L, Liu G, Zeng F, Hou C, Han S, Zhen W, Wang D. A novel cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase gene, TaCRK2, contributes to leaf rust resistance in wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:732-746. [PMID: 32196909 PMCID: PMC7170779 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is one of the most destructive fungal diseases in wheat production worldwide. The hypersensitive reaction (HR) is an important defence response against P. triticina infection. In this study, the physiological races 165 and 260 of P. triticina were combined with a line derived from the bread wheat cultivar Thatcher with the leaf rust resistance locus Lr26 to form compatible and incompatible combinations, respectively. Based on an RNA-Seq database of the interaction systems, a new wheat cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase gene, TaCRK2, is specifically induced and up-regulated in the incompatible combination. We identified that TaCRK2 was regulated in a Ca2+ -dependent manner. Knockdown of TaCRK2 by virus-induced gene silencing and RNAi leads to a dramatic increase in HR area and the number of haustorial mother cells at the single infection site. In addition, urediniospores, a P. triticina-specific pathogenic marker in compatible combinations, were observed on leaf surfaces of silenced plants at approximately 15 days after inoculation in the incompatible combination. Moreover, transcription levels of TaPR1, TaPR2, and TaPR5 were obviously reduced in TaCRK2-silenced plants. TaCRK2 overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana induced strong HR-like cell death. Finally, transient expression of green fluorescent protein fused with TaCRK2 in N. benthamiana indicated that TaCRK2 localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, TaCRK2 plays an important role in the resistance to P. triticina infection and has a positive regulation effect on the HR cell death process induced by P. triticina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Jiawei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Xizhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | | | - Lizhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Fanli Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Chunyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Shengfang Han
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Wenchao Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Regulation and Control of Crop Growth of HebeiCollege of AgronomyHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
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Ortega-Ortega Y, Carrasco-Castilla J, Juárez-Verdayes MA, Toscano-Morales R, Fonseca-García C, Nava N, Cárdenas L, Quinto C. Actin Depolymerizing Factor Modulates Rhizobial Infection and Nodule Organogenesis in Common Bean. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061970. [PMID: 32183068 PMCID: PMC7139724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin plays a critical role in the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Cytoskeletal rearrangements and changes in actin occur in response to Nod factors secreted by rhizobia during symbiotic interactions with legumes. These cytoskeletal rearrangements are mediated by diverse actin-binding proteins, such as actin depolymerization factors (ADFs). We examined the function of an ADF in the Phaseolus vulgaris-rhizobia symbiotic interaction (PvADFE). PvADFE was preferentially expressed in rhizobia-inoculated roots and nodules. PvADFE promoter activity was associated with root hairs harbouring growing infection threads, cortical cell divisions beneath root hairs, and vascular bundles in mature nodules. Silencing of PvADFE using RNA interference increased the number of infection threads in the transgenic roots, resulting in increased nodule number, nitrogen fixation activity, and average nodule diameter. Conversely, overexpression of PvADFE reduced the nodule number, nitrogen fixation activity, average nodule diameter, as well as NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) and EARLY NODULIN2 (ENOD2) transcript accumulation. Hence, changes in ADFE transcript levels affect rhizobial infection and nodulation, suggesting that ADFE is fine-tuning these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Ortega-Ortega
- Departamento de Biociencias y Agrobiotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada-CONACYT, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Janet Carrasco-Castilla
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos 17 León, León 37358, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Marco A. Juárez-Verdayes
- Departamento de Docencia, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Toscano-Morales
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Citlali Fonseca-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Actin-Depolymerizing Factor ( ADF) Family Genes and Expression Analysis of Responses to Various Stresses in Zea Mays L. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051751. [PMID: 32143437 PMCID: PMC7084653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) is a small class of actin-binding proteins that regulates the dynamics of actin in cells. Moreover, it is well known that the plant ADF family plays key roles in growth, development and defense-related functions. Results: Thirteen maize (Zea mays L., ZmADFs) ADF genes were identified using Hidden Markov Model. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 36 identified ADF genes in Physcomitrella patens, Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa japonica, and Zea mays were clustered into five groups. Four pairs of segmental genes were found in the maize ADF gene family. The tissue-specific expression of ZmADFs and OsADFs was analyzed using microarray data obtained from the Maize and Rice eFP Browsers. Five ZmADFs (ZmADF1/2/7/12/13) from group V exhibited specifically high expression in tassel, pollen, and anther. The expression patterns of 13 ZmADFs in seedlings under five abiotic stresses were analyzed using qRT-PCR, and we found that the ADFs mainly responded to heat, salt, drought, and ABA. Conclusions: In our study, we identified ADF genes in maize and analyzed the gene structure and phylogenetic relationships. The results of expression analysis demonstrated that the expression level of ADF genes was diverse in various tissues and different stimuli, including abiotic and phytohormone stresses, indicating their different roles in plant growth, development, and response to external stimulus. This report extends our knowledge to understand the function of ADF genes in maize.
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Sun G, Feng C, Guo J, Zhang A, Xu Y, Wang Y, Day B, Ma Q. The tomato Arp2/3 complex is required for resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Oidium neolycopersici. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2664-2680. [PMID: 31038756 PMCID: PMC7747227 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3 complex), a key regulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, has been linked to multiple cellular processes, including those associated with response to stress. Herein, the Solanum habrochaites ARPC3 gene, encoding a subunit protein of the Arp2/3 complex, was identified and characterized. ShARPC3 encodes a 174-amino acid protein possessing a conserved P21-Arc domain. Silencing of ShARPC3 resulted in enhanced susceptibility to the powdery mildew pathogen Oidium neolycopersici (On-Lz), demonstrating a role for ShARPC3 in defence signalling. Interestingly, a loss of ShARPC3 coincided with enhanced susceptibility to On-Lz, a process that we hypothesize is the result of a block in the activity of SA-mediated defence signalling. Conversely, overexpression of ShARPC3 in Arabidopsis thaliana, followed by inoculation with On-Lz, showed enhanced resistance, including the rapid induction of hypersensitive cell death and the generation of reactive oxygen. Heterologous expression of ShARPC3 in the arc18 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (i.e., ∆arc18) resulted in complementation of stress-induced phenotypes, including high-temperature tolerance. Taken together, these data support a role for ShARPC3 in tomato through positive regulation of plant immunity in response to O. neolycopersici pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chanjing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ancheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuanliu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Shi M, Li Y, Deng S, Wang D, Chen Y, Yang S, Wu J, Tian WM. The formation and accumulation of protein-networks by physical interactions in the rapid occlusion of laticifer cells in rubber tree undergoing successive mechanical wounding. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:8. [PMID: 30616545 PMCID: PMC6322289 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the wound response of plants has been extensively studied, little is known of the rapid occlusion of wounded cell itself. The laticifer in rubber tree is a specific type of tissue for natural rubber biosynthesis and storage. In natural rubber production, tapping is used to harvest the latex which flows out from the severed laticifer in the bark. Therefore, study of the rapid wound-occlusion of severed laticifer cells is important for understanding the rubber tree being protected from the continuously mechanical wounding. RESULTS Using cytological and biochemical techniques, we revealed a biochemical mechanism for the rapid occlusion of severed laticifer cells. A protein-network appeared rapidly after tapping and accumulated gradually along with the latex loss at the severed site of laticifer cells. Triple immunofluorescence histochemical localization showed that the primary components of the protein-network were chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and hevein together with pro-hevein (ProH) and its carboxyl-terminal part. Molecular sieve chromatography showed that the physical interactions among these proteins occurred under the condition of neutral pH. The interaction of β-1,3-glucanase respectively with hevein, chitinase and ProH was testified by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The interaction between actin and β-1,3-glucanase out of the protein inclusions of lutoids was revealed by pull-down. This interaction was pharmacologically verified by cytochalasin B-caused significant prolongation of the duration of latex flow in the field. CONCLUSIONS The formation of protein-network by interactions of the proteins with anti-pathogen activity released from lutoids and accumulation of protein-network by binding to the cytoskeleton are crucial for the rapid occlusion of laticifer cells in rubber tree. The protein-network at the wounded site of laticifer cells provides not only a physical barrier but also a biochemical barrier to protect the wounded laticifer cells from pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Shi
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunnan Deng
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Dehong Vocational College, Mangshi, Dehong State, 678400, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyi Chen
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Yang
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jilin Wu
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Min Tian
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Li P, Day B. Battlefield Cytoskeleton: Turning the Tide on Plant Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:25-34. [PMID: 30355064 PMCID: PMC6326859 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0195-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system comprises a complex network of signaling processes, regulated not only by classically defined immune components (e.g., resistance genes) but also by a suite of developmental, environmental, abiotic, and biotic-associated factors. In total, it is the sum of these interactions-the connectivity to a seemingly endless array of environments-that ensures proper activation, and control, of a system that is responsible for cell surveillance and response to threats presented by invading pests and pathogens. Over the past decade, the field of plant pathology has witnessed the discovery of numerous points of convergence between immunity, growth, and development, as well as overlap with seemingly disparate processes such as those that underpin plant response to changes in the environment. Toward defining how immune signaling is regulated, recent studies have focused on dissecting the mechanisms that underpin receptor-ligand interactions, phospho-regulation of signaling cascades, and the modulation of host gene expression during infection. As one of the major regulators of these immune signaling cascades, the plant cytoskeleton is the stage from which immune-associated processes are mobilized and oriented and, in this role, it controls the movement of the organelles, proteins, and chemical signals that support plant defense signaling. In short, the cytoskeleton is the battlefield from which pathogens and plants volley virulence and resistance, transforming resistance to susceptibility. Herein, we discuss the role of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton as a platform for the function of the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Michigan State University Plant Resilience Institute, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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26
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Zhu X, Guo J, He F, Zhang Y, Tan C, Yang Q, Huang C, Kang Z, Guo J. Silencing PsKPP4, a MAP kinase kinase kinase gene, reduces pathogenicity of the stripe rust fungus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2590-2602. [PMID: 30047240 PMCID: PMC6638076 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many obligately parasitic pathogens absorb nutrients from host plants via specialized infection structures, called haustoria and infection hyphae, to further colonization and growth in the host plant. In the wheat (Triticum aestivum) stripe rust fungus, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) PsFUZ7 is involved in the regulation of haustorium formation and invasive growth. Here, we functionally characterized PsKPP4 of Pst, which is homologous to the yeast MAPKKK STE11. Similar to the silencing of PsFUZ7, the knockdown of PsKPP4 was detected in the vegetative hyphae and haustoria, resulting in the reduced pathogenicity of Pst. Pst urediniospores treated with the STE11 MAPKKK activation inhibitor produced deformed germ tubes. In addition, overexpression of PsKPP4 in fission yeast resulted in the production of fusiform cells and increased tolerance of yeast cells to oxidative stress. The transformation of PsKPP4 into the mst11 mutant of Magnaporthe oryzae partially restored mst11 function. The PsKPP4 protein contains a sterile alpha motif (SAM), Ras association (RA) and kinase domains, similar to its homologues in other fungi. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that the SAM domain is essential for the interaction between PsKPP4 and PsUBC2, a homologue of Ustilago maydis UBC2, known to interact with KPP4, which is associated with the regulation of the Fus3 cascade. Host-induced gene silencing of PsUBC2 reduced the pathogenicity of Pst slightly, indicating that PsUBC2 also plays a minor role in the regulation of the infection pathway of Pst. These observations indicate that PsKPP4, interacting with PsUBC2, may play an important role in the regulation of infection-related morphogenesis in Pst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100ShaanxiChina
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100ShaanxiChina
| | - Fuxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100ShaanxiChina
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100ShaanxiChina
| | - Chenglong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100ShaanxiChina
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100ShaanxiChina
| | - Chuanming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100ShaanxiChina
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100ShaanxiChina
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100ShaanxiChina
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27
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Li J, Staiger CJ. Understanding Cytoskeletal Dynamics During the Plant Immune Response. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:513-533. [PMID: 29975609 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton is a dynamic framework of cytoplasmic filaments that rearranges as the needs of the cell change during growth and development. Incessant turnover mechanisms allow these networks to be rapidly redeployed in defense of host cytoplasm against microbial invaders. Both chemical and mechanical stimuli are recognized as danger signals to the plant, and these are perceived and transduced into cytoskeletal dynamics and architecture changes through a collection of well-recognized, previously characterized players. Recent advances in quantitative cell biology approaches, along with the powerful molecular genetics techniques associated with Arabidopsis, have uncovered two actin-binding proteins as key intermediaries in the immune response to phytopathogens and defense signaling. Certain bacterial phytopathogens have adapted to the cytoskeletal-based defense mechanism during the basal immune response and have evolved effector proteins that target actin filaments and microtubules to subvert transcriptional reprogramming, secretion of defense-related proteins, and cell wall-based defenses. In this review, we describe current knowledge about host cytoskeletal dynamics operating at the crossroads of the molecular and cellular arms race between microbes and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
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Mamun MAA, Tang C, Sun Y, Islam MN, Liu P, Wang X, Kang Z. Wheat Gene TaATG8j Contributes to Stripe Rust Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061666. [PMID: 29874811 PMCID: PMC6032272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy-related 8 (ATG8) protein has been reported to be involved in plant’s innate immune response, but it is not clear whether such genes play a similar role in cereal crops against obligate biotrophic fungal pathogens. Here, we reported an ATG8 gene from wheat (Triticum aestivum), designated TaATG8j. This gene has three copies located in chromosomes 2AS, 2BS, and 2DS. The transcriptions of all three copies were upregulated in plants of the wheat cultivar Suwon 11, inoculated with an avirulent race (CYR23) of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal fungal pathogen of stripe rust. The transient expression of TaATG8j in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that TaATG8j proteins were distributed throughout the cytoplasm, but mainly in the nucleus and plasma membrane. The overexpression of TaATG8j in N. benthamiana slightly delayed the cell death caused by the mouse apoptotic protein BAX (BCL2-associated X protein). However, the expression of TaATG8j in yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) induced cell death. The virus-induced gene silencing of all TaATG8j copies rendered Suwon 11 susceptible to the avirulent Pst race CYR23, accompanied by an increased fungal biomass and a decreased necrotic area per infection site. These results indicate that TaATG8j contributes to wheat resistance against stripe rust fungus by regulating cell death, providing information for the understanding of the mechanisms of wheat resistance to the stripe rust pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdullah-Al Mamun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Regional Wheat Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Shyampur, Rajshahi-6212, Bangladesh.
| | - Chunlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yingchao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Md Nazrul Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Agrochemical and Environmental Research Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Ganakbari, Savar, Dhaka-1349, Bangladesh.
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Zhang J, Wang F, Liang F, Zhang Y, Ma L, Wang H, Liu D. Functional analysis of a pathogenesis-related thaumatin-like protein gene TaLr35PR5 from wheat induced by leaf rust fungus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:76. [PMID: 29728059 PMCID: PMC5935958 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants have evolved multifaceted defence mechanisms to resist pathogen infection. Production of the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in response to pathogen attack has been implicated in plant disease resistance specialized in systemic-acquired resistance (SAR). Our earlier studies have reported that a full length TaLr35PR5 gene, encoding a protein exhibiting amino acid and structural similarity to a sweet protein thaumatin, was isolated from wheat near-isogenic line TcLr35. The present study aims to understand the function of TaLr35PR5 gene in Lr35-mediated adult resistance to Puccinia triticina. RESULTS We determined that the TaLr35PR5 protein contained a functional secretion peptide by utilizing the yeast signal sequence trap system. Using a heterologous expression assay on onion epidermal cells we found that TaLr35PR5 protein was secreted into the apoplast of onion cell. Expression of TaLr35PR5 was significantly reduced in BSMV-induced gene silenced wheat plants, and pathology test on these silenced plants revealed that Lr35-mediated resistance phenotype was obviously altered, indicating that Lr35-mediated resistance was compromised. CONCLUSIONS All these findings strongly suggest that TaLr35PR5 is involved in Lr35-mediated adult wheat defense in response to leaf rust attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Zhang
- Center of Plant Disease and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center of Plant Disease and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Fang Liang
- Center of Plant Disease and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Center of Plant Disease and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Lisong Ma
- Center of Plant Disease and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, ACT, Acton, 2601, Australia.
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Center of Plant Disease and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
| | - Daqun Liu
- Center of Plant Disease and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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30
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Zhu X, Liu W, Chu X, Sun Q, Tan C, Yang Q, Jiao M, Guo J, Kang Z. The transcription factor PstSTE12 is required for virulence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:961-974. [PMID: 28710879 PMCID: PMC6638054 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is an obligate biotrophic fungus that causes extensive damage in wheat. The pathogen is now known to be a heteroecious fungus with an intricate life cycle containing sexual and asexual stages. Orthologues of the STE12 transcription factor that regulate mating and filamentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as virulence in other fungi, have been extensively described. Because reliable transformation and gene disruption methods are lacking for Pst, knowledge about the function of its STE12 orthologue is limited. In this study, we identified a putative orthologue of STE12 from Pst in haustoria-enriched transcripts and designated it as PstSTE12. The gene encodes a protein of 879 amino acids containing three helices in the homeodomain, conserved phenylalanine and tryptophan sites, and two C2 /H2 -Zn2+ finger domains. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses revealed that the expression of PstSTE12 was highly induced during the early infection stages and peaked during haustorium formation and the pycniospore stage in the aecial host barberry. Subcellular localization assays indicated that PstSTE12 is localized in the nucleus and functions as a transcriptional activator. Yeast one-hybrid assays revealed that PstSTE12 exhibits transcriptional activity, and that its C-terminus is necessary for the activation of transcription. PstSTE12 complemented the mating defect in an α ste12 mutant of S. cerevisiae. In addition, it partially complemented the defects of the Magnaporthe oryzae mst12 mutant in plant infection. Knocking down PstSTE12 via host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) mediated by Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) resulted in a substantial reduction in the growth and spread of hyphae in Pst and weakened the virulence of Pst on wheat. Our results suggest that PstSTE12 probably acts at an intersection participating in the invasion and mating processes of Pst, and provide new insights into the comprehension of the variation of virulence in cereal rust fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Xiuling Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Qixiong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Chenglong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Min Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi 712100China
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Park E, Nedo A, Caplan JL, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Plant-microbe interactions: organelles and the cytoskeleton in action. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1012-1028. [PMID: 29250789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1012 I. Introduction 1012 II. The endomembrane system in plant-microbe interactions 1013 III. The cytoskeleton in plant-microbe interactions 1017 IV. Organelles in plant-microbe interactions 1019 V. Inter-organellar communication in plant-microbe interactions 1022 VI. Conclusions and prospects 1023 Acknowledgements 1024 References 1024 SUMMARY: Plants have evolved a multilayered immune system with well-orchestrated defense strategies against pathogen attack. Multiple immune signaling pathways, coordinated by several subcellular compartments and interactions between these compartments, play important roles in a successful immune response. Pathogens use various strategies to either directly attack the plant's immune system or to indirectly manipulate the physiological status of the plant to inhibit an immune response. Microscopy-based approaches have allowed the direct visualization of membrane trafficking events, cytoskeleton reorganization, subcellular dynamics and inter-organellar communication during the immune response. Here, we discuss the contributions of organelles and the cytoskeleton to the plant's defense response against microbial pathogens, as well as the mechanisms used by pathogens to target these compartments to overcome the plant's defense barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Park
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Nedo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Zhang Q, Wang B, Wei J, Wang X, Han Q, Kang Z. TaNTF2, a contributor for wheat resistance to the stripe rust pathogen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:260-267. [PMID: 29274571 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Transport Factor 2 (NTF2) functions as a critical regulator in balancing the GTP-and GDP-bound forms of Ran, a class of evolutionarily conserved small GTP-binding protein. During the incompatible interaction between wheat-Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a cDNA fragment encoding a putative wheat NTF2 gene was found to be significantly induced, suggesting a potential role in wheat resistance to Pst. In this work, the full length of TaNTF2 was obtained, with three copies located on 7A, 7B and 7D chromosomes, respectively. QRT-PCR further verified the up-regulated expression of TaNTF2 in response to avirulent Pst. In addition, TaNTF2 was also induced by exogenous hormone applications, especially JA treatment. Transient expression of TaNTF2 in tobacco cells confirmed its subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, perinuclear area and nucleus. And virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) was used to identify the function of TaNTF2 during an incompatible wheat-Pst interaction. When TaNTF2 was knocked down, resistance of wheat to avirulentPst was decreased, with a bigger necrotic spots, and higher numbers of hyphal branches and haustorial mother cells. Our results demonstrated that TaNTF2 was a contributor for wheat resistance to the stripe rust pathogen, which will help to comprehensively understand the NTF2/Ran modulating mechanism in wheat-Pst interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- College of Plant Protection and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Plant Protection and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jinping Wei
- College of Plant Protection and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- College of Plant Protection and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qingmei Han
- College of Plant Protection and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- College of Plant Protection and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Guo J, Islam MA, Lin H, Ji C, Duan Y, Liu P, Zeng Q, Day B, Kang Z, Guo J. Genome-Wide Identification of Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channel Gene Family in Wheat and Functional Analyses of TaCNGC14 and TaCNGC16. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:18. [PMID: 29403523 PMCID: PMC5786745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNGCs) play multifaceted roles in plants, particularly with respect to signaling processes associated with abiotic stress signaling and during host-pathogen interactions. Despite key roles during plant survival and response to environment, little is known about the activity and function of CNGC family in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a key stable food around the globe. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of CNGC family in wheat and identified a total 47 TaCNGCs in wheat, classifying these genes into four major groups (I-IV) with two sub-groups (IVa and IVb). Sequence analysis revealed the presence of several conserved motifs, including a phosphate binding cassette (PBC) and a "hinge" region, both of which have been hypothesized to be critical for the function of wheat CNGCs. During wheat infection with Pst, the transcript levels of TaCNGC14 and TaCNGC16, both members of group IVb, showed significant induction during a compatible interaction, while a reduction in gene expression was observed in incompatible interactions. In addition, TaCNGC14 and TaCNGC16 mRNA accumulation was significantly influenced by exogenously applied hormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and salicylic acid (SA), suggesting a role in hormone signaling and/or perception. Silencing of TaCNGC14 and TaCNGC16 limited Pst growth and increased wheat resistance against Pst. The results presented herein contribute to our understanding of the wheat CNGC gene family and the mechanism of TaCNGCs signaling during wheat-Pst interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Md Ashraful Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haocheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Changan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yinghui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qingdong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Paez-Garcia A, Sparks JA, de Bang L, Blancaflor EB. Plant Actin Cytoskeleton: New Functions from Old Scaffold. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69944-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Overexpression of GhPFN2 enhances protection against Verticillium dahliae invasion in cotton. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:861-867. [PMID: 28741129 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that actin cytoskeleton is involved in plant innate immune responses, but the functional mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the behavior of a cotton profilin gene (GhPFN2) in response to Verticillium dahliae invasion, and evaluated its contribution to plant defense against this soil-borne fungal pathogen. GhPFN2 expression was up-regulated when cotton root was inoculated with V. dahliae, and the actin architecture was reorganized in the infected root cells, with a clear increase in the density of filamentous actin and the extent of actin bundling. Compared to the wild type, GhPFN2-overexpressing cotton plants showed enhanced protection against V. dahliae infection and the actin cytoskeleton organization in root epidermal cells was clearly altered, which phenocopied that of the wild-type (WT) root cells challenged with V. dahliae. These results provide a solid line of evidence showing that actin cytoskeleton reorganization involving GhPFN2 is important for defense against V. dahliae infection.
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Inada N. Plant actin depolymerizing factor: actin microfilament disassembly and more. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:227-238. [PMID: 28044231 PMCID: PMC5897475 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR (ADF) is a conserved protein among eukaryotes. The main function of ADF is the severing and depolymerizing filamentous actin (F-actin), thus regulating F-actin organization and dynamics and contributing to growth and development of the organisms. Mammalian genomes contain only a few ADF genes, whereas angiosperm plants have acquired an expanding number of ADFs, resulting in the differentiation of physiological functions. Recent studies have revealed functions of ADFs in plant growth and development, and various abiotic and biotic stress responses. In biotic stress responses, ADFs are involved in both susceptibility and resistance, depending on the pathogens. Furthermore, recent studies have highlighted a new role of ADF in the nucleus, possibly in the regulation of gene expression. In this review, I will summarize the current status of plant ADF research and discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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Zhang B, Hua Y, Wang J, Huo Y, Shimono M, Day B, Ma Q. TaADF4, an actin-depolymerizing factor from wheat, is required for resistance to the stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:1210-1224. [PMID: 27995685 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Actin filament assembly in plants is a dynamic process, requiring the activity of more than 75 actin-binding proteins. Central to the regulation of filament assembly and stability is the activity of a conserved family of actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs), whose primarily function is to regulate the severing and depolymerization of actin filaments. In recent years, the activity of ADF proteins has been linked to a variety of cellular processes, including those associated with response to stress. Herein, a wheat ADF gene, TaADF4, was identified and characterized. TaADF4 encodes a 139-amino-acid protein containing five F-actin-binding sites and two G-actin-binding sites, and interacts with wheat (Triticum aestivum) Actin1 (TaACT1), in planta. Following treatment of wheat, separately, with jasmonic acid, abscisic acid or with the avirulent race, CYR23, of the stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, we observed a rapid induction in accumulation of TaADF4 mRNA. Interestingly, accumulation of TaADF4 mRNA was diminished in response to inoculation with a virulent race, CYR31. Silencing of TaADF4 resulted in enhanced susceptibility to CYR23, demonstrating a role for TaADF4 in defense signaling. Using a pharmacological-based approach, coupled with an analysis of host response to pathogen infection, we observed that treatment of plants with the actin-modifying agent latrunculin B enhanced resistance to CYR23, including increased production of reactive oxygen species and enhancement of localized hypersensitive cell death. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that TaADF4 positively modulates plant immunity in wheat via the modulation of actin cytoskeletal organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yuan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yan Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Masaki Shimono
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Qi T, Wang J, Sun Q, Day B, Guo J, Ma Q. TaARPC3, Contributes to Wheat Resistance against the Stripe Rust Fungus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1245. [PMID: 28769954 PMCID: PMC5513970 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton participates in numerous cellular processes, including less-characterized processes, such as nuclear organization, chromatin remodeling, transcription, and signal transduction. As a key regulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, the actin related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3 complex) controls multiple developmental processes in a variety of tissues and cell types. To date, the role of the Arp2/3 complex in plant disease resistance signaling is largely unknown. Herein, we identified and characterized wheat ARPC3, TaARPC3, which encodes the C3 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex. Expression of TaARPC3 in the arc18 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Δarc18 resulted in complementation of stress-induced phenotypes in S. cerevisiae, as well as restore wild-type cell shape malformations. TaARPC3 was found predominantly to be localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm when expressed transiently in wheat protoplast. TaARPC3 was significantly induced in response to avirulent race of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Knock-down of TaARPC3 by virus-induced gene silencing resulted in a reduction of resistance against Pst through a specific reduction in actin cytoskeletal organization. Interestingly, this reduction was found to coincide with a block in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, the hypersensitive response (HR), an increase in TaCAT1 mRNA accumulation, and the growth of Pst. Taken together, these findings suggest that TaARPC3 is a key subunit of the Arp2/3 complex which is required for wheat resistance against Pst, a process that is associated with the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Qixiong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Ma, Jun Guo,
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Ma, Jun Guo,
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Jin W, Zhou Q, Wei Y, Yang J, Hao F, Cheng Z, Guo H, Liu W. NtWRKY-R1, a Novel Transcription Factor, Integrates IAA and JA Signal Pathway under Topping Damage Stress in Nicotiana tabacum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2263. [PMID: 29379516 PMCID: PMC5775218 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Topping damage can induce the nicotine synthesis in tobacco roots, which involves the activation of JA and auxin signal transduction. It remains unclear how these hormone signals are integrated to regulate nicotine synthesis. Here we isolated a transcription factor NtWRKY-R1 from the group IIe of WRKY family and it had strong negative correlation with the expression of putrescine N-methyltransferase, the key enzyme of nicotine synthesis pathway. NtWRKY-R1 was specifically and highly expressed in tobacco roots, and it contains two transcriptional activity domains in the N- and C-terminal. The promoter region of NtWRKY-R1 contains two cis-elements which are responding to JA and auxin signals, respectively. Deletion of NtWRKY-R1 promoter showed that JA and auxin signals were subdued by NtWRKY-R1, and the expression of NtWRKY-R1 was more sensitive to auxin than JA. Furthermore, Yeast two-hybrid experiment demonstrated that NtWRKY-R1 can interact with the actin-binding protein. Our data showed that the intensity of JA and auxin signals can be translated into the expression of NtWRKY-R1, which regulates the balance of actin polymerization and depolymerization through binding actin-binding protein, and then regulates the expression of genes related to nicotine synthesis. The results will help us better understand the function of the WRKY-IIe family in the signaling crosstalk of JA and auxin under damage stress.
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Cheng Y, Yao J, Zhang Y, Li S, Kang Z. Characterization of a Ran gene from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici involved in fungal growth and anti-cell death. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35248. [PMID: 27734916 PMCID: PMC5062253 DOI: 10.1038/srep35248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ran, an important family of small GTP-binding proteins, has been shown to regulate a variety of important cellular processes in many eukaryotes. However, little is known about Ran function in pathogenic fungi. In this study, we report the identification and functional analysis of a Ran gene (designated PsRan) from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), an important fungal pathogen affecting wheat production worldwide. The PsRan protein contains all conserved domains of Ran GTPases and shares more than 70% identity with Ran proteins from other organisms, indicating that Ran proteins are conserved in different organisms. PsRan shows a low level of intra-species polymorphism and is localized to the nucleus. qRT-PCR analysis showed that transcript level of PsRan was induced in planta during Pst infection. Silencing of PsRan did not alter Pst virulence phenotype but impeded fungal growth of Pst. In addition, heterologous overexpression of PsRan in plant failed to induce cell death but suppressed cell death triggered by a mouse BAX gene or a Pst Ras gene. Our results suggest that PsRan is involved in the regulation of fungal growth and anti-cell death, which provides significant insight into Ran function in pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juanni Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shumin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Contributions of host cellular trafficking and organization to the outcomes of plant-pathogen interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:163-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Liu C, Pedersen C, Schultz-Larsen T, Aguilar GB, Madriz-Ordeñana K, Hovmøller MS, Thordal-Christensen H. The stripe rust fungal effector PEC6 suppresses pattern-triggered immunity in a host species-independent manner and interacts with adenosine kinases. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016. [PMID: 27252028 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We identified a wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) effector candidate (PEC6) with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) suppression function and its corresponding host target. PEC6 compromised PTI host species-independently. In Nicotiana benthamiana, it hampers reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and callose deposition induced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. In Arabidopsis, plants expressing PEC6 were more susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000 ΔAvrPto/ΔAvrPtoB. In wheat, PEC6-suppression of P. fluorescens-elicited PTI was revealed by the fact that it allowed activation of effector-triggered immunity by Pto DC3000. Knocking down of PEC6 expression by virus-mediated host-induced gene silencing decreased the number of rust pustules, uncovering PEC6 as an important pathogenicity factor. PEC6, overexpressed in plant cells without its signal peptide, was localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm. A yeast two-hybrid assay showed that PEC6 interacts with both wheat and Arabidopsis adenosine kinases (ADKs). Knocking down wheat ADK expression by virus-induced gene silencing reduced leaf growth and enhanced the number of rust pustules, indicating that ADK is important in plant development and defence. ADK plays essential roles in regulating metabolism, cytokinin interconversion and methyl transfer reactions, and our data propose a model where PEC6 may affect one of these processes by targeting ADK to favour fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhai Liu
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Carsten Pedersen
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Torsten Schultz-Larsen
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Geziel B Aguilar
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Madriz-Ordeñana
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Mogens S Hovmøller
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, DK-4200, Denmark
| | - Hans Thordal-Christensen
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871, Denmark
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Hao Y, Wang X, Wang K, Li H, Duan X, Tang C, Kang Z. TaMCA1, a regulator of cell death, is important for the interaction between wheat and Puccinia striiformis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26946. [PMID: 27230563 PMCID: PMC4882554 DOI: 10.1038/srep26946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacaspase orthologs are conserved in fungi, protozoa and plants, however, their roles in plant disease resistance are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a Triticum aestivum metacaspase gene, TaMCA1, with three copies located on chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D. The TaMCA1 protein contained typical structural features of type I metacaspases domains, including an N-terminal pro-domain. Transient expression analyses indicated that TaMCA1 was localized in cytosol and mitochondria. TaMCA1 exhibited no caspase-1 activity in vitro, but was able to inhibit cell death in tobacco and wheat leaves induced by the mouse Bax gene. In addition, the expression level of TaMCA1 was up-regulated following challenge with the Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Knockdown of TaMCA1 via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) enhanced plant disease resistance to Pst, and the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Further study showed that TaMCA1 decreased yeast cell resistance similar to the function of yeast metacaspase, and there was no interaction between TaMCA1 and TaLSD1. Based on these combined results, we speculate that TaMCA1, a regulator of cell death, is important during the compatible interaction of wheat and Pst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Huayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chunlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Ivaschuk BV, Samofalova DO, Pirko YV, Fedak G, Blume YB. The homologous identification of the stem rust resistance genes Rpg5, Adf3 and RGA1 in the relatives of barley. CYTOL GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452716020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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45
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An T, Cai Y, Zhao S, Zhou J, Song B, Bux H, Qi X. Brachypodium distachyon T-DNA insertion lines: a model pathosystem to study nonhost resistance to wheat stripe rust. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25510. [PMID: 27138687 PMCID: PMC4853781 DOI: 10.1038/srep25510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (PST), is one of the most destructive diseases and can cause severe yield losses in many regions of the world. Because of the large size and complexity of wheat genome, it is difficult to study the molecular mechanism of interaction between wheat and PST. Brachypodium distachyon has become a model system for temperate grasses' functional genomics research. The phenotypic evaluation showed that the response of Brachypodium distachyon to PST was nonhost resistance (NHR), which allowed us to present this plant-pathogen system as a model to explore the immune response and the molecular mechanism underlying wheat and PST. Here we reported the generation of about 7,000 T-DNA insertion lines based on a highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Hundreds of mutants either more susceptible or more resistant to PST than that of the wild type Bd21 were obtained. The three putative target genes, Bradi5g17540, BdMYB102 and Bradi5g11590, of three T-DNA insertion mutants could be involved in NHR of Brachypodium distachyon to wheat stripe rust. The systemic pathologic study of this T-DNA mutants would broaden our knowledge of NHR, and assist in breeding wheat cultivars with durable resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue An
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yanli Cai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Suzhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jianghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Bo Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hadi Bux
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoquan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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Porter K, Day B. From filaments to function: The role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in pathogen perception, signaling and immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:299-311. [PMID: 26514830 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton is required for numerous cellular processes, including cell shape, development and movement, gene expression and signal transduction, and response to biotic and abiotic stress. In recent years, research in both plants and animal systems have described a function for actin as the ideal surveillance platform, linking the function and activity of primary physiological processes to the immune system. In this review, we will highlight recent advances that have defined the regulation and breadth of function of the actin cytoskeleton as a network required for defense signaling following pathogen infection. Coupled with an overview of recent work demonstrating specific targeting of the plant actin cytoskeleton by a diversity of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, we will highlight the importance of actin as a key signaling hub in plants, one that mediates surveillance of cellular homeostasis and the activation of specific signaling responses following pathogen perception. Based on the studies highlighted herein, we propose a working model that posits changes in actin filament organization is in and of itself a highly specific signal, which induces, regulates and physically directs stimulus-specific signaling processes, most importantly, those associated with response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Porter
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
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Inada N, Higaki T, Hasezawa S. Nuclear Function of Subclass I Actin-Depolymerizing Factor Contributes to Susceptibility in Arabidopsis to an Adapted Powdery Mildew Fungus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1420-34. [PMID: 26747284 PMCID: PMC4775110 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are conserved proteins that function in regulating the structure and dynamics of actin microfilaments in eukaryotes. In this study, we present evidence that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) subclass I ADFs, particularly ADF4, functions as a susceptibility factor for an adapted powdery mildew fungus. The null mutant of ADF4 significantly increased resistance against the adapted powdery mildew fungus Golovinomyces orontii. The degree of resistance was further enhanced in transgenic plants in which the expression of all subclass I ADFs (i.e. ADF1-ADF4) was suppressed. Microscopic observations revealed that the enhanced resistance of adf4 and ADF1-4 knockdown plants (ADF1-4Ri) was associated with the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and cell death specific to G. orontii-infected cells. The increased resistance and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in ADF1-4Ri were suppressed by the introduction of mutations in the salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-signaling pathways but not by a mutation in the ethylene-signaling pathway. Quantification by microscopic images detected an increase in the level of actin microfilament bundling in ADF1-4Ri but not in adf4 at early G. orontii infection time points. Interestingly, complementation analysis revealed that nuclear localization of ADF4 was crucial for susceptibility to G. orontii. Based on its G. orontii-infected-cell-specific phenotype, we suggest that subclass I ADFs are susceptibility factors that function in a direct interaction between the host plant and the powdery mildew fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- Laboratory of Plant Function Analysis, Plant Global Educational Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (N.I.); andDepartment of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan (T.H., S.H.)
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Laboratory of Plant Function Analysis, Plant Global Educational Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (N.I.); andDepartment of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan (T.H., S.H.)
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Laboratory of Plant Function Analysis, Plant Global Educational Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan (N.I.); andDepartment of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan (T.H., S.H.)
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Tang C, Deng L, Chang D, Chen S, Wang X, Kang Z. TaADF3, an Actin-Depolymerizing Factor, Negatively Modulates Wheat Resistance Against Puccinia striiformis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1214. [PMID: 26834758 PMCID: PMC4716666 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in plant defense against pathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria. Actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are stimulus responsive actin cytoskeleton modulators. However, there is limited evidence linking ADFs with plant defense against pathogens. In this study, we have isolated and functionally characterized a stress-responsive ADF gene (TaADF3) from wheat, which was detectable in all examined wheat tissues. TaADF3 is a three-copy gene located on chromosomes 5AL, 5BL, and 5DL. A particle bombardment assay in onion epidermal cells revealed the cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of TaADF3. The expression of TaADF3 was inducible by abscisic acid (ABA), as well as various abiotic stresses (drought and cold) and virulent Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) but was down regulated in response to avirulent Pst. Virus-induced silencing of TaADF3 copies enhanced wheat resistance to avirulent Pst, with decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and hypersensitive response (HR). Upon treatment with virulent Pst, TaADF3-knockdown plants exhibited reduced susceptibility, which was accompanied by increased ROS production and HR. Interestingly, the silencing of TaADF3 resulted in hindered pathogen penetration and haustoria formation for both avirulent and virulent Pst. Moreover, the array and distribution of actin filaments was transformed in TaADF3-knockdown epidermal cells, which possibly facilitated attenuating the fungus penetration. Thus, our findings suggest that TaADF3 positively regulates wheat tolerance to abiotic stresses and negatively regulates wheat resistance to Pst in an ROS-dependent manner, possibly underlying the mechanism of impeding fungal penetration dependent on the actin architecture dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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49
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Biotechnological aspects of cytoskeletal regulation in plants. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1043-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Gill US, Lee S, Mysore KS. Host versus nonhost resistance: distinct wars with similar arsenals. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:580-7. [PMID: 25626072 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-14-0298-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants face several challenges by bacterial, fungal, oomycete, and viral pathogens during their life cycle. In order to defend against these biotic stresses, plants possess a dynamic, innate, natural immune system that efficiently detects potential pathogens and initiates a resistance response in the form of basal resistance and/or resistance (R)-gene-mediated defense, which is often associated with a hypersensitive response. Depending upon the nature of plant-pathogen interactions, plants generally have two main defense mechanisms, host resistance and nonhost resistance. Host resistance is generally controlled by single R genes and less durable compared with nonhost resistance. In contrast, nonhost resistance is believed to be a multi-gene trait and more durable. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of host and nonhost resistance against fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. In addition, we also attempt to compare host and nonhost resistance responses to identify similarities and differences, and their practical applications in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upinder S Gill
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401
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