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Woźniak NJ, Sartori K, Kappel C, Tran TC, Zhao L, Erban A, Gallinger J, Fehrle I, Jantzen F, Orsucci M, Ninkovic V, Rosa S, Lenhard M, Kopka J, Sicard A. Convergence and molecular evolution of floral fragrance after independent transitions to self-fertilization. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2702-2711.e6. [PMID: 38776901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Studying the independent evolution of similar traits provides valuable insights into the ecological and genetic factors driving phenotypic evolution.1 The transition from outcrossing to self-fertilization is common in plant evolution2 and is often associated with a reduction in floral attractive features such as display size, chemical signals, and pollinator rewards.3 These changes are believed to result from the reallocation of the resources used for building attractive flowers, as the need to attract pollinators decreases.2,3 We investigated the similarities in the evolution of flower fragrance following independent transitions to self-fertilization in Capsella.4,5,6,7,8,9 We identified several compounds that exhibited similar changes in different selfer lineages, such that the flower scent composition reflects mating systems rather than evolutionary history within this genus. We further demonstrate that the repeated loss of β-ocimene emission, one of the compounds most strongly affected by these transitions, was caused by mutations in different genes. In one of the Capsella selfing lineages, the loss of its emission was associated with a mutation altering subcellular localization of the ortholog of TERPENE SYNTHASE 2. This mutation appears to have been fixed early after the transition to selfing through the capture of variants segregating in the ancestral outcrossing population. The large extent of convergence in the independent evolution of flower scent, together with the evolutionary history and molecular consequences of a causal mutation, suggests that the emission of specific volatiles evolved as a response to changes in ecological pressures rather than resource limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Joanna Woźniak
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Kevin Sartori
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thi Chi Tran
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jannicke Gallinger
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ines Fehrle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friederike Jantzen
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marion Orsucci
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Velemir Ninkovic
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Rosa
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Dötterl S, Gershenzon J. Chemistry, biosynthesis and biology of floral volatiles: roles in pollination and other functions. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1901-1937. [PMID: 37661854 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2010 to 2023Floral volatiles are a chemically diverse group of plant metabolites that serve multiple functions. Their composition is shaped by environmental, ecological and evolutionary factors. This review will summarize recent advances in floral scent research from chemical, molecular and ecological perspectives. It will focus on the major chemical classes of floral volatiles, on notable new structures, and on recent discoveries regarding the biosynthesis and the regulation of volatile emission. Special attention will be devoted to the various functions of floral volatiles, not only as attractants for different types of pollinators, but also as defenses of flowers against enemies. We will also summarize recent findings on how floral volatiles are affected by abiotic stressors, such as increased temperatures and drought, and by other organisms, such as herbivores and flower-dwelling microbes. Finally, this review will indicate current research gaps, such as the very limited knowledge of the isomeric pattern of chiral compounds and its importance in interspecific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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3
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Oldenbeuving A, Gómez‐Zúniga A, Florez‐Buitrago X, Gutiérrez‐Zuluaga AM, Machado CA, Van Dooren TJM, van Alphen J, Biesmeijer JC, Herre EA. Field sampling of fig pollinator wasps across host species and host developmental phase: Implications for host recognition and specificity. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10501. [PMID: 37706164 PMCID: PMC10495548 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous genetic studies of pollinator wasps associated with a community of strangler figs (Ficus subgenus Urostigma, section Americana) in Central Panama suggest that the wasp species exhibit a range in host specificity across their host figs. To better understand factors that might contribute to this observed range of specificity, we used sticky traps to capture fig-pollinating wasp individuals at 13 Ficus species, sampling at different phases of the reproductive cycle of the host figs (e.g., trees with receptive inflorescences, or vegetative trees, bearing only leaves). We also sampled at other tree species, using them as non-Ficus controls. DNA barcoding allowed us to identify the wasps to species and therefore assign their presence and abundance to host fig species and the developmental phase of that individual tree. We found: (1) wasps were only very rarely captured at non-Ficus trees; (2) nonetheless, pollinators were captured often at vegetative individuals of some host species; (3) overwhelmingly, wasp individuals were captured at receptive host fig trees representing the fig species from which they usually emerge. Our results indicate that wasp occurrence is not random either spatially or temporally within the forest and across these hosts, and that wasp specificity is generally high, both at receptive and vegetative host trees. Therefore, in addition to studies that show chemicals produced by receptive fig inflorescences attract pollinator wasps, we suggest that other cues (e.g., chemicals produced by the leaves) can also play a role in host recognition. We discuss our results in the context of recent findings on the role of host shifts in diversification processes in the Ficus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke Oldenbeuving
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML)Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Tom J. M. Van Dooren
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- CNRS, Institute of Ecology and Environmental SciencesParisFrance
| | | | - Jacobus C. Biesmeijer
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML)Leiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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4
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Dingha BN, Jackai LE. Chemical Composition of Four Industrial Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) Pollen and Bee Preference. INSECTS 2023; 14:668. [PMID: 37623378 PMCID: PMC10455179 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Apart from its economic value, industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a prolific pollen producer, serving as a food source for bees. However, little is known regarding the extent to which varietal differences in hemp pollen chemistry influences bee preference. Here, we report the chemical profile of pollen from four hemp varieties (Canda, CFX-2, Henola, and Joey) and bee abundance and diversity, using direct visual counts and pan traps. The number and type of bees on each variety was recorded and the chemical composition (proximate analysis and mineral, amino, and fatty acid profiles) of pollen from each hemp variety was determined. During the entire sampling period, three bee types (bumble bees, honey bees, and sweat bees) were recorded, with a combined total of 1826. Among these, sweat bees and bumble bees were the most prevalent and were highest on the Joey variety. The four varieties expressed protein content ranging from 6.05% to 6.89% and the highest in Henola. Seventeen amino acids were expressed in all varieties, with leucine recording the highest content ranging from 4.00 mg/g in Canda to 4.54 mg/g in Henola. In general, Henola expressed high protein, amino acid, and saturated and monosaturated fatty acid contents and recorded significantly fewer bees compared with Joey, which had a low content of these components and a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our findings suggest that, while industrial hemp offers abundant and accessible pollen that would promote bee health and sustainability of their ecosystem services, the nutritional quality may not be adequate for bee growth and development as an exclusive pollen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice N. Dingha
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
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5
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Bao T, Kimani S, Li Y, Li H, Yang S, Zhang J, Wang Q, Wang Z, Ning G, Wang L, Gao X. Allelic variation of terpene synthases drives terpene diversity in the wild species of the Freesia genus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:2419-2435. [PMID: 36932696 PMCID: PMC10315281 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Terpene synthases (TPSs) play pivotal roles in conferring the structural diversity of terpenoids, which are mainly emitted from flowers, whereas the genetic basis of the release of floral volatile terpenes remains largely elusive. Though quite similar in sequence, TPS allelic variants still function divergently, and how they drive floral terpene diversity in closely related species remains unknown. Here, TPSs responsible for the floral scent of wild Freesia species were characterized, and the functions of their natural allelic variants, as well as the causal amino acid residues, were investigated in depth. Besides the 8 TPSs previously reported in modern cultivars, 7 additional TPSs were functionally evaluated to contribute to the major volatiles emitted from wild Freesia species. Functional characterization of allelic natural variants demonstrated that allelic TPS2 and TPS10 variants changed the enzymatic capacity while allelic TPS6 variants drove the diversity of floral terpene products. Further residue substitution analysis revealed the minor residues determining the enzyme catalytic activity and product specificity. The clarification of TPSs in wild Freesia species reveals that allelic TPS variants evolved differently to determine the interspecific floral volatile terpenes in the genus and might be used for modern cultivar improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Bao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Shadrack Kimani
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Karatina University, Karatina 10101, Kenya
| | - Yueqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Song Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zhaoxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Guogui Ning
- Key laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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6
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Chen X, Nowicki M, Wadl PA, Zhang C, Köllner TG, Payá‐Milans M, Huff ML, Staton ME, Chen F, Trigiano RN. Chemical profile and analysis of biosynthetic pathways and genes of volatile terpenes in Pityopsis ruthii, a rare and endangered flowering plant. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287524. [PMID: 37352235 PMCID: PMC10289357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is critical to gather biological information about rare and endangered plants to incorporate into conservation efforts. The secondary metabolism of Pityopsis ruthii, an endangered flowering plant that only occurs along limited sections of two rivers (Ocoee and Hiwassee) in Tennessee, USA was studied. Our long-term goal is to understand the mechanisms behind P. ruthii's adaptation to restricted areas in Tennessee. Here, we profiled the secondary metabolites, specifically in flowers, with a focus on terpenes, aiming to uncover the genomic and molecular basis of terpene biosynthesis in P. ruthii flowers using transcriptomic and biochemical approaches. By comparative profiling of the nonpolar portion of metabolites from various tissues, P. ruthii flowers were rich in terpenes, which included 4 monoterpenes and 10 sesquiterpenes. These terpenes were emitted from flowers as volatiles with monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes accounting for almost 68% and 32% of total emission of terpenes, respectively. These findings suggested that floral terpenes play important roles for the biology and adaptation of P. ruthii to its limited range. To investigate the biosynthesis of floral terpenes, transcriptome data for flowers were produced and analyzed. Genes involved in the terpene biosynthetic pathway were identified and their relative expressions determined. Using this approach, 67 putative terpene synthase (TPS) contigs were detected. TPSs in general are critical for terpene biosynthesis. Seven full-length TPS genes encoding putative monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases were cloned and functionally characterized. Three catalyzed the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and four catalyzed the biosynthesis of monoterpenes. In conclusion, P. ruthii plants employ multiple TPS genes for the biosynthesis of a mixture of floral monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which probably play roles in chemical defense and attracting insect pollinators alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Marcin Nowicki
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Phillip A. Wadl
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Tobias G. Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Miriam Payá‐Milans
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Huff
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. Staton
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Robert N. Trigiano
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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7
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Pichersky E. Biochemistry and genetics of floral scent: a historical perspective. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36995899 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent plays a crucial role in the reproductive process of many plants. Humans have been fascinated by floral scents throughout history, and have transported and traded floral scent products for which they have found multiple uses, such as in food additives, hygiene and perfume products, and medicines. Yet the scientific study of how plants synthesize floral scent compounds began later than studies on most other major plant metabolites, and the first report of the characterization of an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of a floral scent compound, namely linalool in Clarkia breweri, a California annual, appeared in 1994. In the almost 30 years since, enzymes and genes involved in the synthesis of hundreds of scent compounds from multiple plant species have been described. This review recapitulates this history and describes the major findings relating to the various aspects of floral scent biosynthesis and emission, including genes and enzymes and their evolution, storage and emission of scent volatiles, and the regulation of the biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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8
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Floral scent divergence across an elevational hybrid zone with varying pollinators. Oecologia 2023; 201:45-57. [PMID: 36374316 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Divergence in floral traits attractive to different pollinators can promote reproductive isolation in related species. When isolation is incomplete, hybridization may occur, which offers the opportunity to explore mechanisms underlying reproductive isolation. Recent work suggests that divergence in floral scent may frequently contribute to reproductive barriers, although such divergence has seldom been examined in species with generalized pollination. Here, we used two closely related Penstemon species, P. newberryi and P. davidsonii, and their natural hybrids from an elevational gradient with pollinator communities that are predicted to vary in their reliance on floral scent (i.e., primarily hummingbirds at low elevation vs. bees at high elevation). The species vary in a suite of floral traits, but scent is uncharacterized. To address whether scent varies along elevation and potentially contributes to reproductive isolation, we genetically characterized individuals collected at field and identified whether they were parental species or hybrids. We then characterized scent amount and composition. Although the parental species had similar total emissions, some scent characteristics (i.e., scent composition, aromatic emission) diverged between them and may contribute to their isolation. However, the species emitted similar compound sets which could explain hybridization in the contact area. Hybrids were similar to the parents for most scent traits, suggesting that their floral scent would not provide a strong barrier to backcrossing. Our study suggests floral scent may be a trait contributing to species boundaries even in plants with generalized pollination, and reinforces the idea that evolutionary pollinator transitions may involve changes in multiple floral traits.
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9
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Lüthi MN, Berardi AE, Mandel T, Freitas LB, Kuhlemeier C. Single gene mutation in a plant MYB transcription factor causes a major shift in pollinator preference. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5295-5308.e5. [PMID: 36473466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of reproductive isolation and speciation is a key goal of evolutionary genetics. In the South American genus Petunia, the R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB-FL regulates the biosynthesis of UV-absorbing flavonol pigments, a major determinant of pollinator preference. MYB-FL is highly expressed in the hawkmoth-pollinated P. axillaris, but independent losses of its activity in sister taxa P. secreta and P. exserta led to UV-reflective flowers and associated pollinator shifts in each lineage (bees and hummingbirds, respectively). We created a myb-fl CRISPR mutant in P. axillaris and studied the effect of this single gene on innate pollinator preference. The mutation strongly reduced the expression of the two key flavonol-related biosynthetic genes but only affected the expression of few other genes. The mutant flowers were UV reflective as expected but additionally contained low levels of visible anthocyanin pigments. Hawkmoths strongly preferred the wild-type P. axillaris over the myb-fl mutant, whereas both social and solitary bee preference depended on the level of visible color of the mutants. MYB-FL, with its specific expression pattern, small number of target genes, and key position at the nexus of flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways, provides a striking example of evolution by single mutations of large phenotypic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina N Lüthi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea E Berardi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Therese Mandel
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Loreta B Freitas
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, POB 15053, Porto Alegre, 91501970 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cris Kuhlemeier
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Liu C, Jia Y, Li Y, Xiang Y, Pan Y, Liu Q, Ma K, Yin X. The rapid appearance of homostyly in a cultivated distylous population of
Primula forbesii. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9515. [PMID: 36415874 PMCID: PMC9674475 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary breakdown from rigorous outbreeding to self‐fertilization frequently occurs in angiosperms. Since the pollinators are not necessary, self‐compatible populations often reduce investment in floral display characteristics and pollination reward. Primula forbesii is a biennial herb with distribution restricted to southwest China; it was initially a self‐incompatible distylous species, but after 20 years of artificial domestication, homostyly appeared. This change in style provides an ideal material to explore the time required for plant mating systems to adapt to new environmental changes and test whether flower attraction has reduced following transitions to selfing. We did a survey in wild populations of P. forbesii where its seeds were originally collected 20 years ago and recorded the floral morph frequencies and morphologies. The floral morphologies, self‐incompatibility, floral scent, and pollinator visitation between distyly and homostyly were compared in greenhouse. Floral morph frequencies of wild populations did not change, while the cultivated population was inclined to L‐morph and produced homostyly. Evidence from stigma papillae and pollen size supports the hypothesis that the homostyly possibly originated from mutations of large effect genes in distylous linkage region. Transitions to self‐compatible homostyly are accompanied by smaller corolla size, lower amounts of terpenoids, especially linalool and higher amounts of fatty acid derivatives. The main pollinators in the greenhouse were short‐tongued Apis cerana. However, homostyly had reduced visiting frequency. The mating system of P. forbesii changed rapidly in just about 20 years of domestication, and our findings confirm the hypothesis that the transition to selfing is accompanied by decreased flower attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai‐Lei Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Yin Jia
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Yi‐Feng Li
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Yuan‐Fen Xiang
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Yuan‐Zhi Pan
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Qing‐Lin Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Ke‐Hang Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | - Xian‐Cai Yin
- College of Landscape Architecture Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
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11
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Eisen KE, Powers JM, Raguso RA, Campbell DR. An analytical pipeline to support robust research on the ecology, evolution, and function of floral volatiles. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1006416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on floral volatiles has grown substantially in the last 20 years, which has generated insights into their diversity and prevalence. These studies have paved the way for new research that explores the evolutionary origins and ecological consequences of different types of variation in floral scent, including community-level, functional, and environmentally induced variation. However, to address these types of questions, novel approaches are needed that can handle large sample sizes, provide quality control measures, and make volatile research more transparent and accessible, particularly for scientists without prior experience in this field. Drawing upon a literature review and our own experiences, we present a set of best practices for next-generation research in floral scent. We outline methods for data collection (experimental designs, methods for conducting field collections, analytical chemistry, compound identification) and data analysis (statistical analysis, database integration) that will facilitate the generation and interpretation of quality data. For the intermediate step of data processing, we created the R package bouquet, which provides a data analysis pipeline. The package contains functions that enable users to convert chromatographic peak integrations to a filtered data table that can be used in subsequent statistical analyses. This package includes default settings for filtering out non-floral compounds, including background contamination, based on our best-practice guidelines, but functions and workflows can be easily customized as necessary. Next-generation research into the ecology and evolution of floral scent has the potential to generate broadly relevant insights into how complex traits evolve, their genomic architecture, and their consequences for ecological interactions. In order to fulfill this potential, the methodology of floral scent studies needs to become more transparent and reproducible. By outlining best practices throughout the lifecycle of a project, from experimental design to statistical analysis, and providing an R package that standardizes the data processing pipeline, we provide a resource for new and seasoned researchers in this field and in adjacent fields, where high-throughput and multi-dimensional datasets are common.
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12
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Skogen KA, Jogesh T, Hilpman ET, Todd SL, Raguso RA. Extensive population-level sampling reveals clinal variation in (R)-(-)-linalool produced by the flowers of an endemic evening primrose, Oenothera harringtonii. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113185. [PMID: 35436476 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of floral trait diversity has a long history due to its role in angiosperm diversification. While many studies have focused on visual traits including morphology and color, few have included floral scent despite its importance in pollination. Of the studies that have included floral scent, sampling has been limited and rarely explores variation at the population level. We studied geographic variation in the flowers of Oenothera harringtonii, a rare plant endemic to a vulnerable shortgrass prairie habitat, whose population structure and conservation status are well studied. The self-incompatible flowers of O. harringtonii open at dusk, produce nectar and a strong fragrance, and are pollinated by hawkmoths. We collected floral trait (morphology, scent chemistry and emission rates) data from 650 individuals from 19 wild populations to survey floral variation across the entire range of this species. Similarly, we collected floral data from 49 individuals grown in a greenhouse common garden, to assess whether variation observed in the field is consistent when environment factors (temperature, watering regime, soil) are standardized. We identified 35 floral volatiles representing 5 biosynthetic classes. Population differentiation was stronger for floral scent chemistry than floral morphology. (R)-(-)-linalool was the most important floral trait differentiating populations, exhibiting clinal variation across the distribution of O. harringtonii without any correlated shifts in floral morphology. Populations in the north and west produced (R)-(-)-linalool consistently, those in the east and south largely lacked it, and populations at the center of the distribution were polymorphic. Floral scent emissions in wild populations varied across four years but chemical composition was largely consistent over time. Similarly, volatile emission rates and chemical composition in greenhouse-grown plants were consistent with those of wild populations of origin. Our data set, which represents the most extensive population-level survey of floral scent to date, indicates that such sampling may be needed to capture potentially adaptive geographic variation in wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissa A Skogen
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60035, USA.
| | - Tania Jogesh
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60035, USA
| | - Evan T Hilpman
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60035, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Sadie L Todd
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60035, USA; Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Ankeny, IA, 50023, USA
| | - Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Zhang W, Jiang Y, Chen F, Guan Z, Wei G, Chen X, Zhang C, Köllner TG, Chen S, Chen F, Chen F. Dynamic regulation of volatile terpenoid production and emission from Chrysanthemum morifolium capitula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 182:11-21. [PMID: 35453029 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flower-associated communities consist of both mutualistic and antagonistic organisms. We have limited knowledge on how flowers regulate volatiles to balance their defense against antagonists and the attraction of beneficial organisms necessary for reproductive success. Asteraceae is the largest family among flowering plants. Its representatives are characterized by unique inflorescence called capitulum, which has been reduced to a reproduction unit resembling a single flower. Here, we chose Chrysanthemum morifolium, a model species of Asteraceae, to investigate how the capitulum balances the accumulation and emission of floral terpenoid volatiles that are implicated in defense and pollinator attraction, respectively. Our results showed that the capitula of C. morifolium produce and emit complex mixtures of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. The highest concentrations of terpenoids were detected in the bud stage of the capitula. In contrast, the capitulum reached the highest emission level prior to full blooming. The disc florets were the dominant organs of terpenoid accumulation and emission in the full-openness stage. To understand the molecular basis of volatile terpenoid biosynthesis in C. morifolium, experiments were designed to study terpene synthase (TPS) genes, which are pivotal for terpene biosynthesis. Eight CmCJTPS genes were identified in the transcriptomes of C. morifolium, and the proteins encoded by five genes were found to be biochemically functional. CmCJTPS5 and CmCJTPS8 were the multi-product enzymes catalyzing the monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid formation, which closely matched the major terpenoids produced in the flower heads. The five functional terpene synthase genes exhibited similar temporal expression patterns but diverse spatial expression levels, suggesting tissue-specific functions. Altogether, our results illustrate the dynamic patterns of accumulation and emission of floral volatile terpenoids implicated in defense and attracting pollinators in C. morifolium, for which both the regulation of TPS gene expression and the regulation of release may play critical roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guo Wei
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sumei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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14
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Boersma MR, Patrick RM, Jillings SL, Shaipulah NFM, Sun P, Haring MA, Dudareva N, Li Y, Schuurink RC. ODORANT1 targets multiple metabolic networks in petunia flowers. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1134-1151. [PMID: 34863006 PMCID: PMC9306810 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Scent bouquets produced by the flowers of Petunia spp. (petunia) are composed of a complex mixture of floral volatile benzenoid and phenylpropanoid compounds (FVBPs), which are specialized metabolites derived from phenylalanine (Phe) through an interconnected network of enzymes. The biosynthesis and emission of high levels of these volatiles requires coordinated transcriptional activation of both primary and specialized metabolic networks. The petunia R2R3-MYB transcription factor ODORANT 1 (ODO1) was identified as a master regulator of FVBP production and emission; however, our knowledge of the direct regulatory targets of ODO1 has remained limited. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) in petunia flowers, we identify genome-wide ODO1-bound genes that are enriched not only in genes involved in the biosynthesis of the Phe precursor, as previously reported, but also genes associated with the specialized metabolic pathways involved in generating phenylpropanoid intermediates for FVBPs. ODO1-bound genes are also involved in methionine and S-adenosylmethionine metabolism, which could modulate methyl group supplies for certain FVBPs. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and RNA-seq analysis in an ODO1 RNAi knockdown line revealed that ODO1-bound targets are expressed at lower levels when ODO1 is suppressed. A cis-regulatory motif, CACCAACCCC, was identified as a potential binding site for ODO1 in the promoters of genes that are both bound and activated by ODO1, which was validated by in planta promoter reporter assays with wild-type and mutated promoters. Overall, our work presents a mechanistic model for ODO1 controlling an extensive gene regulatory network that contributes to FVBP production to give rise to floral scent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike R. Boersma
- Green Life Sciences Research ClusterSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdam1098 XHthe Netherlands
- Green BiotechnologyInholland University of Applied SciencesAmsterdam1098 XHthe Netherlands
| | - Ryan M. Patrick
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitecturePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Purdue Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Sonia L. Jillings
- Green Life Sciences Research ClusterSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdam1098 XHthe Netherlands
| | - Nur Fariza M. Shaipulah
- Green Life Sciences Research ClusterSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdam1098 XHthe Netherlands
- Present address:
Faculty of Science and Marine EnvironmentUniversiti Malaysia Terrengganu21030 Kuala NerusTerrenganuMalaysia
| | - Pulu Sun
- Green Life Sciences Research ClusterSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdam1098 XHthe Netherlands
| | - Michel A. Haring
- Green Life Sciences Research ClusterSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdam1098 XHthe Netherlands
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitecturePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Purdue Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitecturePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Purdue Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- Green Life Sciences Research ClusterSwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdam1098 XHthe Netherlands
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15
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Huang Y, Xie FJ, Cao X, Li MY. Research progress in biosynthesis and regulation of plant terpenoids. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.2020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fang-Jie Xie
- Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xue Cao
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, PR China
| | - Meng-Yao Li
- Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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16
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Li Y, Gao R, Zhang J, Wang Y, Kong P, Lu K, Adnan , Liu M, Ao F, Zhao C, Wang L, Gao X. The biochemical and molecular investigation of flower color and scent sheds lights on further genetic modification of ornamental traits in Clivia miniata. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac114. [PMID: 35929604 PMCID: PMC9343915 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Clivia miniata is renowned for its evergreen and strap-like leaves, whereas its floral color and scent are lacking diversity. Here, anthocyanin, volatile terpene, and carotenoid metabolisms were integrally investigated in C. miniata flowers. The results showed that pelargonidins and lutein might cooperate to confer orange or yellow color to C. miniata flowers, but only a trace amount of (+)-limonene was detected. The expression levels of CmF3'H and CmDFR appeared to be responsible for the ratio of cyanidin and pelargonidin derivatives in C. miniata, and the low expression of CmF3'H was responsible for the lack of cyanidins in flowers. Moreover, the CmF3'H promoter could not be activated by CmMYBAs, suggesting that it was controlled by novel regulators. Only two CmTPSs were functional, with CmTPS2 responsible for (+)-limonene synthesis, contributing to the monotonous flower volatile terpenes of C. miniata. CmCCD1a and CmCCD1b were able to cleave carotenoids at the 5,6 (5',6'), and 9,10 (9',10') positions to generate volatile apocarotenoids, whereas the substrates found in low-quantities or specific subcellular localizations of CmCCD1s might constrain volatile apocarotenoid release. Consequently, activating F3'H and introducing novel F3'5'H or versatile TPS may be effective ways to modify the floral color and scent, respectively. Alternatively, modifying the carotenoid flux or CCD1 localization might affect floral color and scent simultaneously. Taking these results together, the present study provides a preliminary deciphering of the genetic constraints underlying flower color and scent development, and proposes possible schemes for further genetic modification of ornamental traits in C. miniata and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Peiru Kong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Keyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Adnan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Feng Ao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | | | - Li Wang
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ; ;
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17
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Mhlanga NM, Murphy AM, Wamonje FO, Cunniffe NJ, Caulfield JC, Glover BJ, Carr JP. An Innate Preference of Bumblebees for Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Phaseolus vulgaris Plants Infected With Three Different Viruses. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.626851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) attractive to bumblebees (Bombus terrestris L.), which are important tomato pollinators, but which do not transmit CMV. We investigated if this effect was unique to the tomato-CMV pathosystem. In two bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, infection with the potyviruses bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) or bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), or with the cucumovirus CMV induced quantitative changes in VOC emission detectable by coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In free-choice olfactometry assays bumblebees showed an innate preference for VOC blends emitted by virus-infected non-flowering bean plants and flowering CMV-infected bean plants, over VOCs emitted by non-infected plants. Bumblebees also preferred VOCs of flowering BCMV-infected plants of the Wairimu cultivar over non-infected plants, but the preference was not significant for BCMV-infected plants of the Dubbele witte cultivar. Bumblebees did not show a significant preference for VOCs from BCMNV-infected flowering bean plants but differential conditioning olfactometric assays showed that bumblebees do perceive differences between VOC blends emitted by flowering BCMNV-infected plants over non-infected plants. These results are consistent with the concept that increased pollinator attraction may be a virus-to-host payback, and show that virus-induced changes in bee-attracting VOC emission is not unique to one virus-host combination.
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18
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Li J, Hu H, Chen Y, Xie J, Li J, Zeng T, Wang M, Luo J, Zheng R, Jongsma MA, Wang C. Tissue specificity of (E)-β-farnesene and germacrene D accumulation in pyrethrum flowers. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 187:112768. [PMID: 33932787 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant defensive mimicry based on the aphid alarm pheromone (E)-β-farnesene (EβF) was previously shown to operate in Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Asteraceae) flowers. Germacrene D (GD), is another dominant volatile of T. cinerariifolium flowers and may modulate both defense and pollination. Here, we find that the increase in GD/EβF ratio at later developmental stages is correlated with the tissue distribution in the flower head: the total content of EβF and GD is similar, but GD accumulates comparatively more in the upper disk florets. Naphthol and N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (NADI)-stained purple ducts containing EβF and GD, were observed in the five petal lips of the corolla and two-lobed stigma of disk florets. By contrast in the peduncle, EβF accounts for nearly 80% of total terpenes, compared to 5% for GD. EβF is accumulated inside inner cortex cells and parenchyma cells of the pith in young peduncle. This is followed by the formation of terpene-filled axial secretory cavities parallel to the vascular bundles. In conclusion, the observed developmental and diurnal emissions of different EβF/GD ratios appear to be regulated by their tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Manqun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Riru Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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19
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Soorangkattan S, Nalluchamy KD, Arumugam S, Sivagnanam C, Thulasinathan B, Ramu SM, Alagarsamy A, Muthuramalingam JB. Studies on the influence of natural resource utilization by humans on foraging behavior of honey bees at rural ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:33942-33956. [PMID: 33661494 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human utilization of natural resources acts as a main driver in altering the ecosystem service and functions. Apart from indirect influence, these human activities also tempt for the behavioral shift in insects especially in honey bees. The foraging behavior of honey bees from the natural floral resources to the man-made food sources eventually degrade the ecosystem's services and cause declining of the honey bee population. Understanding this foraging behavior of bees could help in opting for viable conservation measures for honey bees. In order to understand the influence of human utilization of natural resources on the foraging behavior of bees and its negative impacts on the bee population, the study was carried out in the sites where humans collect palm sap. Palm sap collectors used different containers (mud pots and pet bottles) to collect the palm sap from Borassus flabellifer. The number of containers per tree, volume of palm sap per container/tree, bee visiting frequency, and bee mortality per container/tree were measured at different ecosystems. Palm saps were collected freshly and volatile compounds of samples were identified using FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. The identified volatile compounds were used to study the interaction between volatile compounds and odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) of honey bees for understanding the foraging behavior of bees using in silico approach. Our results clearly showed that bee visitation frequency was directly correlated (0.94) with bee mortality in palm sap in different study sites. The average number of bee mortality was recorded as 491.2 ± 23.48 bees per container/tree/day. GC-MS analyses revealed the presence of 35 volatile compounds in collected palm sap from different study sites. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were performed for all 35 palm volatile compounds OBPs of honey bees to analyze their binding affinities. Docking studies showed that 1-methylbutylmandelate and 6-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4,4-trimethylbicyclo [3.1.0] hexan-2-ol have high binding affinity with OBP residues of bees. These volatile compounds might act as an attractant for bee populations for their foraging behavior. Based on this study, we conclude that human utilization of palm sap has created new ecological niches which highly alters the foraging behavior of bees and results in declining bee populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Soorangkattan
- Department of Botany, The Madura College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625011, India.
- Department of Botany, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Sudha Arumugam
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr.Umayal Ramanathan College for Women, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrasekaran Sivagnanam
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Arun Alagarsamy
- Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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20
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Christie K, Doan JP, Mcbride WC, Strauss SY. Asymmetrical reproductive barriers in sympatric jewelflowers: are floral isolation, genetic incompatibilities and floral trait displacement connected? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Floral visitors influence reproductive interactions among sympatric plant species, either by facilitating assortative mating and contributing to reproductive isolation, or by promoting heterospecific pollen transfer, potentially leading to reproductive interference or hybridization. We assessed preference and constancy of floral visitors on two co-occurring jewelflowers [Streptanthus breweri and Streptanthus hesperidis (Brassicaceae)] using field arrays, and quantified two floral rewards potentially important to foraging choice – pollen production and nectar sugar concentration – in a greenhouse common garden. Floral visitors made an abundance of conspecific transitions between S. breweri individuals, which thus experienced minimal opportunities for heterospecific pollen transfer from S. hesperidis. In contrast, behavioural isolation for S. hesperidis was essentially absent due to pollinator inconstancy. This pattern emerged across multiple biotic environments and was unrelated to local density dependence. S. breweri populations that were sympatric with S. hesperidis had higher nectar sugar concentrations than their sympatric congeners, as well as allopatric conspecifics. Previous work shows that S. breweri suffers a greater cost to hybridization than S. hesperidis, and here we find that it also shows asymmetrical floral isolation and floral trait displacement in sympatry. These findings suggest that trait divergence may reduce negative reproductive interactions between sympatric but genetically incompatible relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Christie
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Doan
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Wendy C Mcbride
- Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Sharon Y Strauss
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
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21
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Profiling of Volatile Compounds and Associated Gene Expression in Two Anthurium Cultivars and Their F1 Hybrid Progenies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26102902. [PMID: 34068329 PMCID: PMC8153298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthurium is an important ornamental crop in the world market and its floral scent can enhance its ornamental value. To date, studies of the components and formation mechanism of the floral scent of Anthurium are relatively few. In this study, the scent profiles of two Anthurium varieties were measured by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). There were 32 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified in Anthurium ‘Mystral’, and the most abundant compound was eucalyptol (57.5%). Extremely small amounts of VOCs were detected in Anthurium ‘Alabama’. Compared with A. ‘Alabama’, most genes related to floral scent synthesis exhibited a higher expression in A.‘Mystral’, including AaDXS, AaDXR, AaMDS, AaHDS, AaTPS, AaDAHPS, AaADT2, AaPAL1, and AaPAL2. In order to produce new varieties of Anthurium with fragrance, 454 progenies of two crossbred combinations of A. ‘Mystral’ and A. ‘Alabama’ were obtained. Four F1 generation plants with different floral scent intensities were selected for further study. The major components of floral scent in the progenies were similar to that of the parental A.‘Mystral’ plant. The expression patterns of genes related to floral scent synthesis were consistent with the relative contents of different types of VOCs. This study revealed the profiles of volatile compounds and associated gene expression in two Anthurium cultivars and their F1 hybrids, which provided a basis for the floral scent inheritance of Anthurium andraeanum.
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22
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Byers KJRP. "As if they discovered it by the scent": improving our understanding of the chemical ecology, evolution, and genetics of floral scent and its role in pollination. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:729-731. [PMID: 34008177 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J R P Byers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
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Perez-Sanz F, Ruiz-Hernández V, Terry MI, Arce-Gallego S, Weiss J, Navarro PJ, Egea-Cortines M. gcProfileMakeR: An R Package for Automatic Classification of Constitutive and Non-Constitutive Metabolites. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11040211. [PMID: 33807334 PMCID: PMC8065537 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomes comprise constitutive and non-constitutive metabolites produced due to physiological, genetic or environmental effects. However, finding constitutive metabolites and non-constitutive metabolites in large datasets is technically challenging. We developed gcProfileMakeR, an R package using standard Excel output files from an Agilent Chemstation GC-MS for automatic data analysis using CAS numbers. gcProfileMakeR has two filters for data preprocessing removing contaminants and low-quality peaks. The first function NormalizeWithinFiles, samples assigning retention times to CAS. The second function NormalizeBetweenFiles, reaches a consensus between files where compounds in close retention times are grouped together. The third function getGroups, establishes what is considered as Constitutive Profile, Non-constitutive by Frequency i.e., not present in all samples and Non-constitutive by Quality. Results can be plotted with the plotGroup function. We used it to analyse floral scent emissions in four snapdragon genotypes. These included a wild type, Deficiens nicotianoides and compacta affecting floral identity and RNAi:AmLHY targeting a circadian clock gene. We identified differences in scent constitutive and non-constitutive profiles as well as in timing of emission. gcProfileMakeR is a very useful tool to define constitutive and non-constitutive scent profiles. It also allows to analyse genotypes and circadian datasets to identify differing metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Perez-Sanz
- Instituto Murciano de Investigaciones Biomédicas El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain;
| | | | - Marta I. Terry
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (M.I.T.); (J.W.)
| | | | - Julia Weiss
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (M.I.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Pedro J. Navarro
- DSIE Cuartel de Antiguones, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (M.I.T.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868071078
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Byers KJRP, Bradshaw HD. Rational Design of a Novel Hawkmoth Pollinator Interaction in Mimulus Section Erythranthe. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.658710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversification of theca. 275,000 extant flowering plant species has been driven in large part by coevolution with animal pollinators. A recurring pattern of pollinator shifts from hummingbird to hawkmoth pollination has characterized plant speciation in many western North American plant taxa, but in the genusMimulus(monkeyflowers) sectionErythranthethe evolution of hawkmoth pollination from hummingbird-pollinated ancestors has not occurred. We manipulated two flower color loci and tested the attractiveness of the resulting four color phenotypes (red, yellow, pink, and white) to naïve hawkmoths (Manduca sexta). Hawkmoths strongly prefer derived colors (yellow, pink, white) over the ancestral red when choosing an initial flower to visit, and generally preferred derived colors when total visits and total visit time were considered, with no hawkmoth preferring ancestral red over derived colors. The simple flower color genetics underlying this innate pollinator preference suggests a potential path for speciation into an unfilled hawkmoth-pollinated niche inMimulussectionErythranthe, and the deliberate design of a hawkmoth-pollinated flower demonstrates a new, predictive method for studying pollination syndrome evolution.
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Nelson TC, Stathos AM, Vanderpool DD, Finseth FR, Yuan YW, Fishman L. Ancient and recent introgression shape the evolutionary history of pollinator adaptation and speciation in a model monkeyflower radiation (Mimulus section Erythranthe). PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009095. [PMID: 33617525 PMCID: PMC7951852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inferences about past processes of adaptation and speciation require a gene-scale and genome-wide understanding of the evolutionary history of diverging taxa. In this study, we use genome-wide capture of nuclear gene sequences, plus skimming of organellar sequences, to investigate the phylogenomics of monkeyflowers in Mimulus section Erythranthe (27 accessions from seven species). Taxa within Erythranthe, particularly the parapatric and putatively sister species M. lewisii (bee-pollinated) and M. cardinalis (hummingbird-pollinated), have been a model system for investigating the ecological genetics of speciation and adaptation for over five decades. Across >8000 nuclear loci, multiple methods resolve a predominant species tree in which M. cardinalis groups with other hummingbird-pollinated taxa (37% of gene trees), rather than being sister to M. lewisii (32% of gene trees). We independently corroborate a single evolution of hummingbird pollination syndrome in Erythranthe by demonstrating functional redundancy in genetic complementation tests of floral traits in hybrids; together, these analyses overturn a textbook case of pollination-syndrome convergence. Strong asymmetries in allele sharing (Patterson's D-statistic and related tests) indicate that gene tree discordance reflects ancient and recent introgression rather than incomplete lineage sorting. Consistent with abundant introgression blurring the history of divergence, low-recombination and adaptation-associated regions support the new species tree, while high-recombination regions generate phylogenetic evidence for sister status for M. lewisii and M. cardinalis. Population-level sampling of core taxa also revealed two instances of chloroplast capture, with Sierran M. lewisii and Southern Californian M. parishii each carrying organelle genomes nested within respective sympatric M. cardinalis clades. A recent organellar transfer from M. cardinalis, an outcrosser where selfish cytonuclear dynamics are more likely, may account for the unexpected cytoplasmic male sterility effects of selfer M. parishii organelles in hybrids with M. lewisii. Overall, our phylogenomic results reveal extensive reticulation throughout the evolutionary history of a classic monkeyflower radiation, suggesting that natural selection (re-)assembles and maintains species-diagnostic traits and barriers in the face of gene flow. Our findings further underline the challenges, even in reproductively isolated species, in distinguishing re-use of adaptive alleles from true convergence and emphasize the value of a phylogenomic framework for reconstructing the evolutionary genetics of adaptation and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Nelson
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Stathos
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Daniel D. Vanderpool
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Findley R. Finseth
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Yao-wu Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lila Fishman
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
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Terry MI, Ruiz-Hernández V, Águila DJ, Weiss J, Egea-Cortines M. The Effect of Post-harvest Conditions in Narcissus sp. Cut Flowers Scent Profile. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:540821. [PMID: 33488635 PMCID: PMC7817618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.540821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Narcissus flowers are used as cut flowers and to obtain high quality essential oils for the perfume industry. As a winter crop in the Mediterranean area, it flowers at temperatures ranging between 10 and 15°C during the day and 3-10°C during the night. Here we tested the impact of different light and temperature conditions on scent quality during post-harvest. These two types of thermoperiod and photoperiod. We also used constant darkness and constant temperatures. We found that under conditions of 12:12 Light Dark and 15-5°C, Narcissus emitted monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. Increasing the temperature to 20°-10°C in a 12:12 LD cycle caused the loss of cinnamyl acetate and emission of indole. Under constant dark, there was a loss of scent complexity. Constant temperatures of 20°C caused a decrease of scent complexity that was more dramatic at 5°C, when the total number of compounds emitted decreased from thirteen to six. Distance analysis confirmed that 20°C constant temperature causes the most divergent scent profile. We found a set of four volatiles, benzyl acetate, eucalyptol, linalool, and ocimene that display a robust production under differing environmental conditions, while others were consistently dependent on light or thermoperiod. Scent emission changed significantly during the day and between different light and temperature treatments. Under a light:dark cycle and 15-5°C the maximum was detected during the light phase but this peak shifted toward night under 20-10°C. Moreover, under constant darkness the peak occurred at midnight and under constant temperature, at the end of night. Using Machine Learning we found that indole was the volatile with a highest ranking of discrimination followed by D-limonene. Our results indicate that light and temperature regimes play a critical role in scent quality. The richest scent profile is obtained by keeping flowers at 15°-5°C thermoperiod and a 12:12 Light Dark photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta I. Terry
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | | | - Diego J. Águila
- Las Cabezuelas Sociedad Cooperativa, Alhama de Murcia, Spain
| | - Julia Weiss
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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Riffell JA. The neuroecology of insect-plant interactions: the importance of physiological state and sensory integration. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 42:118-124. [PMID: 33127509 PMCID: PMC7749044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural behaviorally important stimuli are combinations of cues that are integrated by the nervous system to elicit behavior. Nonetheless, these cues dynamically change in time and space. In turn, the animal's internal state can cause changes in the encoding and representation of these stimuli. Despite abundant behavioral examples, links between the neural bases of sensory integration and the internal state-dependency of these responses remains an active study area. Recent studies in different insect models have provided new insights into how plasticity and the insect's internal state may influence odor representation. These studies show that complex stimuli are represented in unique percepts that are different from their sensory channels and that the representations may be modulated by physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Riffell
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, United States.
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Plant Volatile Organic Compounds Evolution: Transcriptional Regulation, Epigenetics and Polyploidy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238956. [PMID: 33255749 PMCID: PMC7728353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted by plants as a consequence of their interaction with biotic and abiotic factors, and have a very important role in plant evolution. Floral VOCs are often involved in defense and pollinator attraction. These interactions often change rapidly over time, so a quick response to those changes is required. Epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, which regulate both genes and transcription factors, might trigger adaptive responses to these evolutionary pressures as well as regulating the rhythmic emission of VOCs through circadian clock regulation. In addition, transgenerational epigenetic effects and whole genome polyploidy could modify the generation of VOCs’ profiles of offspring, contributing to long-term evolutionary shifts. In this article, we review the available knowledge about the mechanisms that may act as epigenetic regulators of the main VOC biosynthetic pathways, and their importance in plant evolution.
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29
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Dhandapani S, Tjhang JG, Jang IC. Production of multiple terpenes of different chain lengths by subcellular targeting of multi-substrate terpene synthase in plants. Metab Eng 2020; 61:397-405. [PMID: 32795613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multi-substrate terpene synthases (TPSs) are distinct from typical TPSs that react with a single substrate. Although in vitro activity of few multi-substrate TPSs have been reported, in vivo characterization has not been well investigated for most of them. Here, a new TPS from Cananga odorata, CoTPS5, belonging to TPS-f subfamily was functionally characterized in vitro as well as in vivo. CoTPS5 reacted with multiple prenyl-pyrophosphate substrates of various chain lengths as a multi-substrate TPS. It catalyzed the formation of (E)-β-ocimene, (E,E)-α-farnesene and α-springene from geranyl pyrophosphate, (E,E)-farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, respectively. Upon transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, CoTPS5 localized to cytosol and produced only (E,E)-α-farnesene. However, expression of plastid-targeted CoTPS5 in N. benthamiana resulted in biosynthesis of all three compounds, (E)-β-ocimene, (E,E)-α-farnesene and α-springene. Similarly, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing plastid-targeted CoTPS5 showed stable and sustainable production of (E)-β-ocimene, (E,E)-α-farnesene and α-springene. Moreover, their production did not affect the growth and development of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Our results demonstrate that redirecting multi-substrate TPS to a different intracellular compartment could be an effective way to prove in vivo activity of multi-substrate TPSs and thereby allowing for the production of multiple terpenoids simultaneously in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savitha Dhandapani
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Jessica Gambino Tjhang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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Abstract
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the stamens to the stigma, an essential requirement of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. Cross-pollination increases genetic diversity and is favored by selection in the majority of situations. Flowering plants have evolved a wide variety of traits that influence pollination success, including those involved in optimization of self-pollination, attraction of animal pollinators, and the effective use of wind pollination. In this review we discuss our current understanding of the molecular basis of the development and production of these various traits. We conclude that recent integration of molecular developmental studies with population genetic approaches is improving our understanding of how selection acts on key floral traits in taxonomically diverse species, and that further work in nonmodel systems promises to provide exciting insights in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín Fattorini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom;
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom;
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31
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Arnold SEJ, Forbes SJ, Hall DR, Farman DI, Bridgemohan P, Spinelli GR, Bray DP, Perry GB, Grey L, Belmain SR, Stevenson PC. Floral Odors and the Interaction between Pollinating Ceratopogonid Midges and Cacao. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:869-878. [PMID: 31741191 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most plant species depend upon insect pollination services, including many cash and subsistence crops. Plants compete to attract those insects using visual cues and floral odor which pollinators associate with a reward. The cacao tree, Theobroma cacao, has a highly specialized floral morphology permitting pollination primarily by Ceratopogonid midges. However, these insects do not depend upon cacao flowers for their life cycle, and can use other sugar sources. To understand how floral cues mediate pollination in cacao we developed a method for rearing Ceratopogonidae through several complete lifecycles to provide material for bioassays. We carried out collection and analysis of cacao floral volatiles, and identified a bouquet made up exclusively of saturated and unsaturated, straight-chain hydrocarbons, which is unusual among floral odors. The most abundant components were tridecane, pentadecane, (Z)-7-pentadecene and (Z)-8-heptadecene with a heptadecadiene and heptadecatriene as minor components. We presented adult midges, Forcipomyia sp. (subgen. Forcipomyia), Culicoides paraensis and Dasyhelea borgmeieri, with natural and synthetic cacao flower odors in choice assays. Midges showed weak attraction to the complete natural floral odor in the assay, with no significant evidence of interspecific differences. This suggests that cacao floral volatiles play a role in pollinator behavior. Midges were not attracted to a synthetic blend of the above four major components of cacao flower odor, indicating that a more complete blend is required for attraction. Our findings indicate that cacao pollination is likely facilitated by the volatile blend released by flowers, and that the system involves a generalized odor response common to different species of Ceratopogonidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E J Arnold
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Samantha J Forbes
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - David R Hall
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Dudley I Farman
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Puran Bridgemohan
- Biosciences, Agriculture and Food Technologies, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Caroni North Bank Road, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Gustavo R Spinelli
- División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniel P Bray
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Garvin B Perry
- Biosciences, Agriculture and Food Technologies, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Caroni North Bank Road, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Leroy Grey
- Cocoa Industry Board of Jamaica, Marcus Garvey Drive, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Steven R Belmain
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Philip C Stevenson
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
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Jantzen F, Lynch JH, Kappel C, Höfflin J, Skaliter O, Wozniak N, Sicard A, Sas C, Adebesin F, Ravid J, Vainstein A, Hilker M, Dudareva N, Lenhard M. Retracing the molecular basis and evolutionary history of the loss of benzaldehyde emission in the genus Capsella. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1349-1360. [PMID: 31400223 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The transition from pollinator-mediated outbreeding to selfing has occurred many times in angiosperms. This is generally accompanied by a reduction in traits attracting pollinators, including reduced emission of floral scent. In Capsella, emission of benzaldehyde as a main component of floral scent has been lost in selfing C. rubella by mutation of cinnamate-CoA ligase CNL1. However, the biochemical basis and evolutionary history of this loss remain unknown, as does the reason for the absence of benzaldehyde emission in the independently derived selfer Capsella orientalis. We used plant transformation, in vitro enzyme assays, population genetics and quantitative genetics to address these questions. CNL1 has been inactivated twice independently by point mutations in C. rubella, causing a loss of enzymatic activity. Both inactive haplotypes are found within and outside of Greece, the centre of origin of C. rubella, indicating that they arose before its geographical spread. By contrast, the loss of benzaldehyde emission in C. orientalis is not due to an inactivating mutation in CNL1. CNL1 represents a hotspot for mutations that eliminate benzaldehyde emission, potentially reflecting the limited pleiotropy and large effect of its inactivation. Nevertheless, even closely related species have followed different evolutionary routes in reducing floral scent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Jantzen
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joseph H Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jona Höfflin
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Straße 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oded Skaliter
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natalia Wozniak
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Sas
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Funmilayo Adebesin
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jasmin Ravid
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Straße 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Beran F, Köllner TG, Gershenzon J, Tholl D. Chemical convergence between plants and insects: biosynthetic origins and functions of common secondary metabolites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:52-67. [PMID: 30707438 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the phylogenetic distance between plants and insects, these two groups of organisms produce some secondary metabolites in common. Identical structures belonging to chemical classes such as the simple monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, iridoid monoterpenes, cyanogenic glycosides, benzoic acid derivatives, benzoquinones and naphthoquinones are sometimes found in both plants and insects. In addition, very similar glucohydrolases involved in activating two-component defenses, such as glucosinolates and cyanogenic glycosides, occur in both plants and insects. Although this trend was first noted many years ago, researchers have long struggled to find convincing explanations for such co-occurrence. In some cases, identical compounds may be produced by plants to interfere with their function in insects. In others, plant and insect compounds may simply have parallel functions, probably in defense or attraction, and their co-occurrence is a coincidence. The biosynthetic origin of such co-occurring metabolites may be very different in insects as compared to plants. Plants and insects may have different pathways to the same metabolite, or similar sequences of intermediates, but different enzymes. Further knowledge of the ecological roles and biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites may shed more light on why plants and insects produce identical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 409 Latham Hall, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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34
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Haber AI, Sims JW, Mescher MC, De Moraes CM, Carr DE. A key floral scent component (β‐trans‐bergamotene) drives pollinator preferences independently of pollen rewards in seep monkeyflower. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariela I. Haber
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia
| | - James W. Sims
- Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Mark C. Mescher
- Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - David E. Carr
- Blandy Experimental Farm University of Virginia Boyce Virginia
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35
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Schlüter PM. The magic of flowers or: speciation genes and where to find them. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1957-1961. [PMID: 30462832 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M Schlüter
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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36
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Jachuła J, Konarska A, Denisow B. Micromorphological and histochemical attributes of flowers and floral reward in Linaria vulgaris (Plantaginaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1763-1776. [PMID: 29862424 PMCID: PMC6208823 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The self-incompatible flowers of Linaria vulgaris have developed a range of mechanisms for attraction of insect visitors/pollinators and deterrence of ineffective pollinators and herbivores. These adaptive traits include the flower size and symmetry, the presence of a spur as a "secondary nectar presenter," olfactory (secondary metabolites) and sensual (scent, flower color, nectar guide-contrasting palate) signals, and floral rewards, i.e. pollen and nectar. Histochemical tests revealed that the floral glandular trichomes produced essential oils and flavonoids, and pollen grains contained flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids, which play a role of olfactory attractants/repellents. The nectary gland is disc-shaped and located at the base of the ovary. Nectar is secreted through numerous modified stomata. Nectar secretion began in the bud stage and lasted to the end of anthesis. The amount of produced nectar depended on the flower age and ranged from 0.21 to 3.95 mg/flower (mean = 1.51 mg). The concentration of sugars in the nectar reached up to 57.0%. Both the nectar amount and sugar concentration demonstrated a significant year and population effect. Pollen production was variable between the years of the study. On average, a single flower of L. vulgaris produced 0.31 mg of pollen. The spectrum of insect visitors in the flowers of L. vulgaris differed significantly between populations. In the urban site, Bombus terrestris and Apis mellifera were the most common visitors, while a considerable number of visits of wasps and syrphid flies were noted in the rural site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Jachuła
- Department of Botany, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka St., 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Konarska
- Department of Botany, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka St., 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Denisow
- Department of Botany, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka St., 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
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37
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Gao F, Liu B, Li M, Gao X, Fang Q, Liu C, Ding H, Wang L, Gao X. Identification and characterization of terpene synthase genes accounting for volatile terpene emissions in flowers of Freesia x hybrida. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4249-4265. [PMID: 29901784 PMCID: PMC6093421 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of flower scents was a crucial event in biological evolution, providing olfactory signals by which plants can attract pollinators. In this study, bioinformatics, metabolomics, and biochemical and molecular methodologies were integrated to investigate the candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of volatile components in two cultivars of Freesia x hybrida, Red River® and Ambiance, which release different categories of compounds. We found that terpene synthase (TPS) genes were the pivotal genes determining spatiotemporal release of volatile compounds in both cultivars. Eight FhTPS genes were isolated and six were found to be functional: FhTPS1 was a single-product enzyme catalyzing the formation of linalool, whereas the other four FhTPS proteins were multi-product enzymes, among which FhTPS4, FhTPS6, and FhTPS7 could recognize geranyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate simultaneously. The FhTPS enzymatic products closely matched the volatile terpenes emitted from flowers, and significant correlations were found between release of volatile terpenes and FhTPS gene expression. Graphical models based on these results are proposed that summarize the biosynthesis of Freesia floral volatile terpenes. The characterization of FhTPS genes paves the way to decipher their roles in the speciation and fitness of Freesia, and this knowledge could also be used to introduce or enhance scent in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Baofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Correspondence: or
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Comparative transcriptomics provides insight into the molecular basis of species diversification of section Trigonopedia (Cypripedium) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11640. [PMID: 30076357 PMCID: PMC6076244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deceptive pollination is key to the species richness of Orchidaceae. However, the genetic basis of species diversification is still under study. Section Trigonopedia is a monophyletic clade of genus Cypripedium distributed in the southwest of China. The species of this section are pollinated by different flies. Pollinator differentiation makes section Trigonopedia an ideal group for studying the genetic basis underlying species diversification. Here, we sequenced the transcriptomes of eight species of the genus Cypripedium, including six co-flowering species of section Trigonopedia and two species outside this section as an outgroup. We reconstructed the phylogeny of the section with the combined 1572 single-copy genes extracted from the eight species and produced a highly resolved tree of the section. Furthermore, we combined substitution rate estimation and differential expression analysis to identify candidate genes, including genes related to floral scent synthesis and environmental adaptation, involved in species differentiation. Field investigations showed that these species have adapted to different habitats. We propose that the species diversification in this section is initiated by floral scent differentiation, followed by habitat differentiation, finally leading to speciation. This study sheds novel light on the diversification of closely related orchid species in the Qinghai-Tibetan region.
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O’Brien TE, Bertolani SJ, Zhang Y, Siegel JB, Tantillo DJ. Predicting Productive Binding Modes for Substrates and Carbocation Intermediates in Terpene Synthases-Bornyl Diphosphate Synthase as a Representative Case. ACS Catal 2018; 8:3322-3330. [PMID: 30034923 PMCID: PMC6049084 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Terpene synthases comprise a family of enzymes that convert acyclic oligo-isoprenyl diphosphates to terpene natural products with complex, polycyclic carbon backbones via the generation and protection of carbocation intermediates. To accommodate this chemistry, terpene synthase active sites generally are lined with alkyl and aromatic, i.e., nonpolar, sidechains. Predicting the correct, mechanistically relevant binding modes for entire terpene synthase reaction pathways remains an unsolved challenge. Here we describe a method for identifying such modes: TerDockin, a series of protocols to predict the orientation of carbon skeletons of substrates and derived carbocations relative to the bound diphosphate group in terpene synthase active sites. Using this recipe for bornyl diphosphate synthase, we have predicted binding modes that are consistent with all current experimental observations, including the results of isotope labeling experiments and known stereoselectivity. In addition, the predicted binding modes recapitulate key findings of a seminal study involving more computationally demanding QM/MM molecular dynamics methods on part of this pathway. This work illustrates the value of the TerDockin approach as a starting point for more involved calculations and sets the stage for the rational engineering of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence E. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Steven J. Bertolani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Justin B. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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40
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Haverkamp A, Hansson BS, Baldwin IT, Knaden M, Yon F. Floral Trait Variations Among Wild Tobacco Populations Influence the Foraging Behavior of Hawkmoth Pollinators. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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41
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Delle-Vedove R, Schatz B, Dufay M. Understanding intraspecific variation of floral scent in light of evolutionary ecology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:1-20. [PMID: 28873948 PMCID: PMC5737645 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Among the various floral traits involved in pollinator attraction and potentially under selection mediated by pollinators, floral scent/fragrance has been less investigated than other components of floral phenotype. Whether or not pollinator-mediated selection impacts floral scents depends on the heritability of scent/fragrance and the occurrence of some variation within species. Although most studies have investigated how scent varies among species, growing amounts of data are available on variation at the intraspecific level. Methods The results of 81 studies investigating intraspecific variation of floral scents in 132 taxa were reviewed. For each study, whether variation was found in either identity, proportion or absolute quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was recorded, as well as information with the potential to explain variation, such as methodology, plant origin or pollination biology. Key Results Variation was found for almost all investigated species, both among individuals (among and sometimes within populations) and within individuals across different temporal scales. Cases in which such variation is a possible result of pollinator-mediated selection were analysed, by discussing separately selection related to variation in pollinator identity/behaviour among populations or across time, deceit pollination and sex-specific selection. Not surprisingly, in many cases, pollinator-mediated selection alone does not explain the observed variation in floral scent. This led us to review current knowledge on less investigated factors, such as selection mediated by natural enemies, genetic drift and gene flow, environmental constraints, phylogenetic inertia, or biochemical constraints that could be invoked to explain scent variation. Conclusions This review highlights the great potential of analysing floral scent variation and including it in integrated studies of floral phenotypes. We also have identified the current gaps in our understanding of this complex signal and we propose several methodological and conceptual future directions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Delle-Vedove
- Universite de Lille, CNRS UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Bertrand Schatz
- CEFE (Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive), UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Mathilde Dufay
- Universite de Lille, CNRS UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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42
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Burkle LA, Runyon JB. The smell of environmental change: Using floral scent to explain shifts in pollinator attraction. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2017; 5:apps1600123. [PMID: 28690928 PMCID: PMC5499301 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1600123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As diverse environmental changes continue to influence the structure and function of plant-pollinator interactions across spatial and temporal scales, we will need to enlist numerous approaches to understand these changes. Quantitative examination of floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one approach that is gaining popularity, and recent work suggests that floral VOCs hold substantial promise for better understanding and predicting the effects of environmental change on plant-pollinator interactions. Until recently, few ecologists were employing chemical approaches to investigate mechanisms by which components of environmental change may disrupt these essential mutualisms. In an attempt to make these approaches more accessible, we summarize the main field, laboratory, and statistical methods involved in capturing, quantifying, and analyzing floral VOCs in the context of changing environments. We also highlight some outstanding questions that we consider to be highly relevant to making progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Burkle
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Justin B. Runyon
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1648 S. 7th Avenue, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA
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43
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Abstract
How do plants use scent to attract pollinators while preventing herbivory? New research reveals the genetic basis by which tobacco plants control the temporal emission of volatile attractants from flowers and leaves, enabling attraction of the predators of pests during the day and pollinators at night.
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44
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Borghi M, Fernie AR, Schiestl FP, Bouwmeester HJ. The Sexual Advantage of Looking, Smelling, and Tasting Good: The Metabolic Network that Produces Signals for Pollinators. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:338-350. [PMID: 28111171 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A striking feature of the angiosperms that use animals as pollen carriers to sexually reproduce is the great diversity of their flowers with regard to morphology and traits such as color, odor, and nectar. These traits are underpinned by the synthesis of secondary metabolites such as pigments and volatiles, as well as carbohydrates and amino acids, which are used by plants to lure and reward animal pollinators. We review here the knowledge of the metabolic network that supports the biosynthesis of these compounds and the behavioral responses that these molecules elicit in the animal pollinators. Such knowledge provides us with a deeper insight into the ecology and evolution of plant-pollinator interactions, and should help us to better manage these ecologically essential interactions in agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borghi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Present address: Plant Hormone Biology group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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45
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Murúa M, Espíndola A, González A, Medel R. Pollinators and crossability as reproductive isolation barriers in two sympatric oil-rewarding Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae) species. Evol Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-017-9894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Ruiz-Hernández V, Hermans B, Weiss J, Egea-Cortines M. Genetic Analysis of Natural Variation in Antirrhinum Scent Profiles Identifies BENZOIC ACID CARBOXYMETHYL TRANSFERASE As the Major Locus Controlling Methyl Benzoate Synthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:27. [PMID: 28154577 PMCID: PMC5244254 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Antirrhinum genus has a considerable complexity in the scent profiles produced by different species. We have analyzed the genetic differences between A. majus and A. linkianum, two species divergent in the emission of methyl benzoate, methyl cinnamate, acetophenone, and ocimene. The genetic analysis showed that all compounds segregated in a Mendelian fashion attributable to one or two loci with simple or epistatic interactions. Several lines lacked methyl benzoate, a major Volatile Organic Compound emitted by A. majus but missing in A. linkianum. Using a candidate gene approach, we found that the BENZOIC ACID CARBOXYMETHYL TRANSFERASE from A. linkianum appeared to be a null allele as we could not detect mRNA expression. The coding region did not show significant differences that could explain the loss of expression. The intron-exon boundaries was also conserved indicating that there is no alternative splicing in A. linkianum as compared to A. majus. However, it showed multiple polymorphisms in the 5' promoter region including two insertions, one harboring an IDLE MITE transposon with additional sequences with high homology to the PLENA locus and a second one with somewhat lower homology to the regulatory region of the VENOSA locus. It also had a 778 bp deletion as compared to the A. majus BAMT promoter region. Our results show that the differences in scent emission between A. majus and A. linkianum may be traced back to single genes involved in discrete biosynthetic reactions such as benzoic acid methylation. Thus, natural variation of this complex trait maybe the result of combinations of wild type, and loss of function alleles in different genes involved in discrete VOCs biosynthesis. Furthermore, the presence of active transposable elements in the genus may account for rapid evolution and instability, raising the possibility of adaptation to local pollinators.
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47
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Amrad A, Moser M, Mandel T, de Vries M, Schuurink RC, Freitas L, Kuhlemeier C. Gain and Loss of Floral Scent Production through Changes in Structural Genes during Pollinator-Mediated Speciation. Curr Biol 2016; 26:3303-3312. [PMID: 27916524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of plants with their pollinators are thought to be a driving force in the evolution of angiosperms. Adaptation to a new pollinator involves coordinated changes in multiple floral traits controlled by multiple genes. Surprisingly, such complex genetic shifts have happened numerous times during evolution. Here we report on the genetic basis of the changes in one such trait, floral scent emission, in the genus Petunia (Solanaceae). The increase in the quantity and complexity of the volatiles during the shift from bee to hawkmoth pollination was due to de novo expression of the genes encoding benzoic acid/salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (BSMT) and benzoyl-CoA:benzylalcohol/2-phenylethanol benzoyltransferase (BPBT) together with moderately increased transcript levels for most enzymes of the phenylpropanoid/benzenoid pathway. Loss of cinnamate-CoA ligase (CNL) function as well as a reduction in the expression of the MYB transcription factor ODO1 explain the loss of scent during the transition from moth to hummingbird pollination. The CNL gene in the hummingbird-adapted species is inactive due to a stop codon, but also appears to have undergone further degradation over time. Therefore, we propose that loss of scent happened relatively early in the transition toward hummingbird pollination, and probably preceded the loss of UV-absorbing flavonols. The discovery that CNL is also involved in the loss of scent during the transition from outcrossing to selfing in Capsella (Brassicaceae) (see the accompanying paper) raises interesting questions about the possible causes of deep evolutionary conservation of the targets of evolutionary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avichai Amrad
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel Moser
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Therese Mandel
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel de Vries
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Loreta Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, P.O. Box 15053, Avenida Bento Goncalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cris Kuhlemeier
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
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48
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Sas C, Müller F, Kappel C, Kent TV, Wright SI, Hilker M, Lenhard M. Repeated Inactivation of the First Committed Enzyme Underlies the Loss of Benzaldehyde Emission after the Selfing Transition in Capsella. Curr Biol 2016; 26:3313-3319. [PMID: 27916528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The enormous species richness of flowering plants is at least partly due to floral diversification driven by interactions between plants and their animal pollinators [1, 2]. Specific pollinator attraction relies on visual and olfactory floral cues [3-5]; floral scent can not only attract pollinators but also attract or repel herbivorous insects [6-8]. However, despite its central role for plant-animal interactions, the genetic control of floral scent production and its evolutionary modification remain incompletely understood [9-13]. Benzenoids are an important class of floral scent compounds that are generated from phenylalanine via several enzymatic pathways [14-17]. Here we address the genetic basis of the loss of floral scent associated with the transition from outbreeding to selfing in the genus Capsella. While the outbreeding C. grandiflora emits benzaldehyde as a major constituent of its floral scent, this has been lost in the selfing C. rubella. We identify the Capsella CNL1 gene encoding cinnamate:CoA ligase as responsible for this variation. Population genetic analysis indicates that CNL1 has been inactivated twice independently in C. rubella via different novel mutations to its coding sequence. Together with a recent study in Petunia [18], this identifies cinnamate:CoA ligase as an evolutionary hotspot for mutations causing the loss of benzenoid scent compounds in association with a shift in the reproductive strategy of Capsella from pollination by insects to self-fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sas
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Frank Müller
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Straße 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Tyler V Kent
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Stephen I Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Straße 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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49
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Prieto-Benítez S, Millanes AM, Dötterl S, Giménez-Benavides L. Comparative analyses of flower scent in Sileneae
reveal a contrasting phylogenetic signal between night and day emissions. Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Prieto-Benítez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología; Física y Química Inorgánica; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET; C/Tulipán, s/n. 28933 Móstoles Madrid Spain
| | - Ana M. Millanes
- Departamento de Biología y Geología; Física y Química Inorgánica; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET; C/Tulipán, s/n. 28933 Móstoles Madrid Spain
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Salzburg; Hellbrunnerstr. 34 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Luis Giménez-Benavides
- Departamento de Biología y Geología; Física y Química Inorgánica; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET; C/Tulipán, s/n. 28933 Móstoles Madrid Spain
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50
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Byers KJRP, Xu S, Schlüter PM. Molecular mechanisms of adaptation and speciation: why do we need an integrative approach? Mol Ecol 2016; 26:277-290. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J. R. P. Byers
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; University of Zurich; Zollikerstrasse 107 CH-8008 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Hans-Knöll-Straße 8 D-07745 Jena Germany
| | - Philipp M. Schlüter
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; University of Zurich; Zollikerstrasse 107 CH-8008 Zurich Switzerland
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