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Abstract
Scharman and Lenhard introduce heterostyly, a phenomenon where individuals in a plant population produce flowers with more than one morphologically distinct form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Scharman
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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2
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Jöst M, Soltani O, Kappel C, Janiak A, Chmielewska B, Szurman-Zubrzycka M, McKim SM, Lenhard M. The gain-of-function mutation blf13 in the barley orthologue of the rice growth regulator NARROW LEAF1 is associated with increased leaf width. J Exp Bot 2024; 75:850-867. [PMID: 37837419 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Canopy architecture in cereals plays an important role in determining yield. Leaf width represents one key aspect of this canopy architecture. However, our understanding of leaf width control in cereals remains incomplete. Classical mutagenesis studies in barely identified multiple morphological mutants, including those with differing leaf widths. Of these, we characterized the broad leaf13 (blf13) mutant in detail. Mutant plants form wider leaves due to increased post-initiation growth and cell proliferation. The mutant phenotype perfectly co-segregated with a missense mutation in the HvHNT1 gene which affected a highly conserved region of the encoded protein, orthologous to the rice NARROW LEAF1 (NAL1) protein. Causality of this mutation for the blf13 phenotype is further supported by correlative transcriptomic analyses and protein-protein interaction studies showing that the mutant HvNHT1 protein interacts more strongly with a known interactor than wild-type HvHNT1. The mutant HvHNT1 protein also showed stronger homodimerization compared with wild-type HvHNT1, and homology modelling suggested an additional interaction site between HvHNT1 monomers due to the blf13 mutation. Thus, the blf13 mutation parallels known gain-of-function NAL1 alleles in rice that increase leaf width and grain yield, suggesting that the blf13 mutation may have a similar agronomic potential in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Jöst
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ouad Soltani
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Janiak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Beata Chmielewska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Miriam Szurman-Zubrzycka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Sarah M McKim
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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3
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Mertten D, Baldwin S, Cheng CH, McCallum J, Thomson S, Ashton DT, McKenzie CM, Lenhard M, Datson PM. Implementation of different relationship estimate methodologies in breeding value prediction in kiwiberry ( Actinidia arguta). Mol Breed 2023; 43:75. [PMID: 37868140 PMCID: PMC10584781 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
In dioecious crops such as Actinidia arguta (kiwiberries), some of the main challenges when breeding for fruit characteristics are the selection of potential male parents and the long juvenile period. Currently, breeding values of male parents are estimated through progeny tests, which makes the breeding of new kiwiberry cultivars time-consuming and costly. The application of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) would allow direct estimation of sex-related traits and speed up kiwiberry breeding. In this study, we used a linear mixed model approach to estimate narrow sense heritability for one vine-related trait and five fruit-related traits for two incomplete factorial crossing designs. We obtained BLUPs for all genotypes, taking into consideration whether the relationship was pedigree-based or marker-based. Owing to the high cost of genome sequencing, it is important to understand the effects of different sources of relationship matrices on estimating breeding values across a breeding population. Because of the increasing implementation of genomic selection in crop breeding, we compared the effects of incorporating different sources of information in building relationship matrices and ploidy levels on the accuracy of BLUPs' heritability and predictive ability. As kiwiberries are autotetraploids, multivalent chromosome formation and occasionally double reduction can occur during meiosis, and this can affect the accuracy of prediction. This study innovates the breeding programme of autotetraploid kiwiberries. We demonstrate that the accuracy of BLUPs of male siblings, without phenotypic observations, strongly improved when a tetraploid marker-based relationship matrix was used rather than parental BLUPs and female siblings with phenotypic observations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01419-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mertten
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Xiong YZ, Kappel C, Hagemann L, Jantzen F, Wozniak N, Sicard A, Huang SQ, Lenhard M. Testing the effect of individual scent compounds on pollinator attraction in nature using quasi-isogenic Capsella lines. Am J Bot 2023; 110:e16237. [PMID: 37661924 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Floral scent, usually consisting of multiple compounds, is a complex trait, and its role in pollinator attraction has received increasing attention. However, disentangling the effect of individual floral scent compounds is difficult due to the complexity of isolating the effect of single compounds by traditional methods. METHODS Using available quasi-isogenic lines (qILs) that were generated as part of the original mapping of the floral scent volatile-related loci CNL1 (benzaldehyde) and TPS2 (β-ocimene) in Capsella, we generated four genotypes that should only differ in these two compounds. Plants of the four genotypes were introduced into a common garden outside the natural range of C. rubella or C. grandiflora, with individuals of a self-compatible C. grandiflora line as pollen donors, whose different genetic background facilitates the detection of outcrossing events. Visitors to flowers of all five genotypes were compared, and the seeds set during the common-garden period were collected for high-throughput amplicon-based sequencing to estimate their outcrossing rates. RESULTS Benzaldehyde and β-ocimene emissions were detected in the floral scent of corresponding genotypes. While some pollinator groups showed specific visitation preferences depending on scent compounds, the outcrossing rates in seeds did not vary among the four scent-manipulated genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The scent-manipulated Capsella materials constructed using qILs provide a powerful system to study the ecological effects of individual floral scent compounds under largely natural environments. In Capsella, individual benzaldehyde and β-ocimene emission may act as attractants for different types of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ze Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Luoyu Avenue 152, 430079, Wuhan, China
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Laura Hagemann
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Jantzen
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Wozniak
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala Biocenter, BOX 7080, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shuang-Quan Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Luoyu Avenue 152, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Kappel C, Friedrich T, Oberkofler V, Jiang L, Crawford T, Lenhard M, Bäurle I. Genomic and epigenomic determinants of heat stress-induced transcriptional memory in Arabidopsis. Genome Biol 2023; 24:129. [PMID: 37254211 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptional regulation is a key aspect of environmental stress responses. Heat stress induces transcriptional memory, i.e., sustained induction or enhanced re-induction of transcription, that allows plants to respond more efficiently to a recurrent HS. In light of more frequent temperature extremes due to climate change, improving heat tolerance in crop plants is an important breeding goal. However, not all heat stress-inducible genes show transcriptional memory, and it is unclear what distinguishes memory from non-memory genes. To address this issue and understand the genome and epigenome architecture of transcriptional memory after heat stress, we identify the global target genes of two key memory heat shock transcription factors, HSFA2 and HSFA3, using time course ChIP-seq. RESULTS HSFA2 and HSFA3 show near identical binding patterns. In vitro and in vivo binding strength is highly correlated, indicating the importance of DNA sequence elements. In particular, genes with transcriptional memory are strongly enriched for a tripartite heat shock element, and are hallmarked by several features: low expression levels in the absence of heat stress, accessible chromatin environment, and heat stress-induced enrichment of H3K4 trimethylation. These results are confirmed by an orthogonal transcriptomic data set using both de novo clustering and an established definition of memory genes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide an integrated view of HSF-dependent transcriptional memory and shed light on its sequence and chromatin determinants, enabling the prediction and engineering of genes with transcriptional memory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kappel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Vicky Oberkofler
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Li Jiang
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tim Crawford
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Isabel Bäurle
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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6
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Fujikura U, Ezaki K, Horiguchi G, Seo M, Kanno Y, Kamiya Y, Lenhard M, Tsukaya H. Correction: Suppression of class I compensated cell enlargement by xs2 mutation is mediated by salicylic acid signaling. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010775. [PMID: 37205638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008873.].
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Ramming A, Kappel C, Kanaoka MM, Higashiyama T, Lenhard M. Poly(A) polymerase 1 contributes to competence acquisition of pollen tubes growing through the style in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2023; 114:651-667. [PMID: 36811355 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyadenylation of mRNAs is critical for their export from the nucleus, stability, and efficient translation. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes three isoforms of canonical nuclear poly(A) polymerase (PAPS) that redundantly polyadenylate the bulk of pre-mRNAs. However, previous studies have indicated that subsets of pre-mRNAs are preferentially polyadenylated by either PAPS1 or the other two isoforms. Such functional specialization raises the possibility of an additional level of gene-expression control in plants. Here we test this notion by studying the function of PAPS1 in pollen-tube growth and guidance. Pollen tubes growing through female tissue acquire the competence to find ovules efficiently and upregulate PAPS1 expression at the transcriptional, but not detectably at the protein level compared with in vitro grown pollen tubes. Using the temperature-sensitive paps1-1 allele we show that PAPS1 activity during pollen-tube growth is required for full acquisition of competence, resulting in inefficient fertilization by paps1-1 mutant pollen tubes. While these mutant pollen tubes grow almost at the wild-type rate, they are compromised in locating the micropyles of ovules. Previously identified competence-associated genes are less expressed in paps1-1 mutant than in wild-type pollen tubes. Estimating the poly(A) tail lengths of transcripts suggests that polyadenylation by PAPS1 is associated with reduced transcript abundance. Our results therefore suggest that PAPS1 plays a key role in the acquisition of competence and underline the importance of functional specialization between PAPS isoforms throughout different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ramming
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christian Kappel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Masahiro M Kanaoka
- Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Shobara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Science, Faculty of Science, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Lenhard
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Tran TC, Lenhard M. Pollen-stigma incompatibility within and between species: Tread lightly, sedate the dogs, and don't wake the guards! Dev Cell 2023; 58:335-337. [PMID: 36917929 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
In a recent issue of Nature, Huang et al. identify and show how to overcome the barriers to successful pollen germination after interspecific crosses.1 Their findings answer a long-standing question about reproductive barriers in flowering plants and open the door to harnessing genetic diversity of distant relatives for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Chi Tran
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Potente G, Léveillé-Bourret É, Yousefi N, Choudhury RR, Keller B, Diop SI, Duijsings D, Pirovano W, Lenhard M, Szövényi P, Conti E. Comparative genomics elucidates the origin of a supergene controlling floral heteromorphism. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6526404. [PMID: 35143659 PMCID: PMC8859637 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Supergenes are nonrecombining genomic regions ensuring the coinheritance of multiple, coadapted genes. Despite the importance of supergenes in adaptation, little is known on how they originate. A classic example of supergene is the S locus controlling heterostyly, a floral heteromorphism occurring in 28 angiosperm families. In Primula, heterostyly is characterized by the cooccurrence of two complementary, self-incompatible floral morphs and is controlled by five genes clustered in the hemizygous, ca. 300-kb S locus. Here, we present the first chromosome-scale genome assembly of any heterostylous species, that of Primula veris (cowslip). By leveraging the high contiguity of the P. veris assembly and comparative genomic analyses, we demonstrated that the S-locus evolved via multiple, asynchronous gene duplications and independent gene translocations. Furthermore, we discovered a new whole-genome duplication in Ericales that is specific to the Primula lineage. We also propose a mechanism for the origin of S-locus hemizygosity via nonhomologous recombination involving the newly discovered two pairs of CFB genes flanking the S locus. Finally, we detected only weak signatures of degeneration in the S locus, as predicted for hemizygous supergenes. The present study provides a useful resource for future research addressing key questions on the evolution of supergenes in general and the S locus in particular: How do supergenes arise? What is the role of genome architecture in the evolution of complex adaptations? Is the molecular architecture of heterostyly supergenes across angiosperms similar to that of Primula?
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Potente
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,BaseClear BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Étienne Léveillé-Bourret
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale and Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Narjes Yousefi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rimjhim Roy Choudhury
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Keller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Seydina Issa Diop
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,BaseClear BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Conti
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
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Huu CN, Plaschil S, Himmelbach A, Kappel C, Lenhard M. Female self-incompatibility type in heterostylous Primula is determined by the brassinosteroid-inactivating cytochrome P450 CYP734A50. Curr Biol 2021; 32:671-676.e5. [PMID: 34906354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Most flowering plants are hermaphrodites, with flowers having both male and female reproductive organs. One widespread adaptation to limit self-fertilization is self-incompatibility (SI), where self-pollen fails to fertilize ovules.1,2 In homomorphic SI, many morphologically indistinguishable mating types are found, although in heteromorphic SI, the two or three mating types are associated with different floral morphologies.3-6 In heterostylous Primula, a hemizygous supergene determines a short-styled S-morph and a long-styled L-morph, corresponding to two different mating types, and full seed set only results from intermorph crosses.7-9 Style length is controlled by the brassinosteroid (BR)-inactivating cytochrome P450 CYP734A50,10 yet it remains unclear what defines the male and female incompatibility types. Here, we show that CYP734A50 also determines the female incompatibility type. Inactivating CYP734A50 converts short S-morph styles into long styles with the same incompatibility behavior as L-morph styles, and this effect can be mimicked by exogenous BR treatment. In vitro responses of S- and L-morph pollen grains and pollen tubes to increasing BR levels could only partly explain their different in vivo behavior, suggesting both direct and indirect effects of the different BR levels in S- versus L-morph stigmas and styles in controlling pollen performance. This BR-mediated SI provides a novel mechanism for preventing self-fertilization. The joint control of morphology and SI by CYP734A50 has important implications for the evolutionary buildup of the heterostylous syndrome and provides a straightforward explanation for why essentially all of the derived self-compatible homostylous Primula species are long homostyles.11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Nguyen Huu
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sylvia Plaschil
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural Crops, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Christian Kappel
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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11
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Kahl SM, Kappel C, Joshi J, Lenhard M. Phylogeography of a widely distributed plant species reveals cryptic genetic lineages with parallel phenotypic responses to warming and drought conditions. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13986-14002. [PMID: 34707833 PMCID: PMC8525116 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To predict how widely distributed species will perform under future climate change, it is crucial to understand and reveal their underlying phylogenetics. However, detailed information about plant adaptation and its genetic basis and history remains scarce and especially widely distributed species receive little attention despite their putatively high adaptability. To examine the adaptation potential of a widely distributed species, we sampled the model plant Silene vulgaris across Europe. In a greenhouse experiment, we exposed the offspring of these populations to a climate change scenario for central Europe and revealed the population structure through whole-genome sequencing. Plants were grown under two temperatures (18°C and 21°C) and three precipitation regimes (65, 75, and 90 mm) to measure their response in biomass and fecundity-related traits. To reveal the population genetic structure, ddRAD sequencing was employed for a whole-genome approach. We found three major genetic clusters in S. vulgaris from Europe: one cluster comprising Southern European populations, one cluster of Western European populations, and another cluster containing central European populations. Population genetic diversity decreased with increasing latitude, and a Mantel test revealed significant correlations between F ST and geographic distances as well as between genetic and environmental distances. Our trait analysis showed that the genetic clusters significantly differed in biomass-related traits and in the days to flowering. However, half of the traits showed parallel response patterns to the experimental climate change scenario. Due to the differentiated but parallel response patterns, we assume that phenotypic plasticity plays an important role for the adaptation of the widely distributed species S. vulgaris and its intraspecific genetic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Kahl
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic BotanyInstitute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB)BerlinGermany
| | - Christian Kappel
- GeneticsInstitute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Jasmin Joshi
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB)BerlinGermany
- Institute for Landscape and Open SpaceEastern Switzerland University of Applied SciencesRapperswilSwitzerland
| | - Michael Lenhard
- GeneticsInstitute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
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Jiang L, Yoshida T, Stiegert S, Jing Y, Alseekh S, Lenhard M, Pérez-Alfocea F, Fernie AR. Multi-omics approach reveals the contribution of KLU to leaf longevity and drought tolerance. Plant Physiol 2021; 185:352-368. [PMID: 33721894 PMCID: PMC8133585 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
KLU, encoded by a cytochrome P450 CYP78A family gene, generates an important-albeit unknown-mobile signal that is distinct from the classical phytohormones. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that KLU/KLU-dependent signaling functions in several vital developmental programs, including leaf initiation, leaf/floral organ growth, and megasporocyte cell fate. However, the interactions between KLU/KLU-dependent signaling and the other classical phytohormones, as well as how KLU influences plant physiological responses, remain poorly understood. Here, we applied in-depth, multi-omics analysis to monitor transcriptome and metabolome dynamics in klu-mutant and KLU-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants. By integrating transcriptome sequencing data and primary metabolite profiling alongside phytohormone measurements, our results showed that cytokinin signaling, with its well-established function in delaying leaf senescence, was activated in KLU-overexpressing plants. Consistently, KLU-overexpressing plants exhibited significantly delayed leaf senescence and increased leaf longevity, whereas the klu-mutant plants showed early leaf senescence. In addition, proline biosynthesis and catabolism were enhanced following KLU overexpression owing to increased expression of genes associated with proline metabolism. Furthermore, KLU-overexpressing plants showed enhanced drought-stress tolerance and reduced water loss. Collectively, our work illustrates a role for KLU in positively regulating leaf longevity and drought tolerance by synergistically activating cytokinin signaling and promoting proline metabolism. These data promote KLU as a potential ideal genetic target to improve plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jiang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sofia Stiegert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Genetics, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yue Jing
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Department of Genetics, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Francisco Pérez-Alfocea
- Department of Plant Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Genetics, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Author for communication:
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13
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Fujikura U, Ezaki K, Horiguchi G, Seo M, Kanno Y, Kamiya Y, Lenhard M, Tsukaya H. Suppression of class I compensated cell enlargement by xs2 mutation is mediated by salicylic acid signaling. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008873. [PMID: 32584819 PMCID: PMC7343186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of leaf size has been studied for decades. Enhancement of post-mitotic cell expansion triggered by impaired cell proliferation in Arabidopsis is an important process for leaf size regulation, and is known as compensation. This suggests a key interaction between cell proliferation and cell expansion during leaf development. Several studies have highlighted the impact of this integration mechanism on leaf size determination; however, the molecular basis of compensation remains largely unknown. Previously, we identified extra-small sisters (xs) mutants which can suppress compensated cell enlargement (CCE) via a specific defect in cell expansion within the compensation-exhibiting mutant, angustifolia3 (an3). Here we revealed that one of the xs mutants, namely xs2, can suppress CCE not only in an3 but also in other compensation-exhibiting mutants erecta (er) and fugu2. Molecular cloning of XS2 identified a deleterious mutation in CATION CALCIUM EXCHANGER 4 (CCX4). Phytohormone measurement and expression analysis revealed that xs2 shows hyper activation of the salicylic acid (SA) response pathway, where activation of SA response can suppress CCE in compensation mutants. All together, these results highlight the regulatory connection which coordinates compensation and SA response. Leaves are determinate organ and size of leaves are determined by intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Cell proliferation and post-mitotic cell expansion should be coordinated during leaf morphogenesis to develop appropriate size depending on its developmental programs. Recent studies highlighted the existence of integrated mechanism which coordinates cell proliferation and cell expansion during leaf development. Compensation, which is enhanced post-mitotic cell expansion accompanied by a significant decrease in cell number during leaf organogenesis, is one of the clues for such coordination. However, the molecular mechanisms linking cell proliferation and cell expansion are still poorly understood. Previously, we reported extra-small sisters 2 (xs2) mutation caused specific defect in cell expansion and it suppressed increased post-mitotic cell enlargement in angustifolia3 (an3) mutant, which exhibits typical compensation. Here we identify the affected gene of xs2 mutant encodes a member of cation calcium exchanger which is believed to be involved in cation homeostasis within cells. Loss of function of this protein causes hyper accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and increased expression of pathogen related genes. Physiological and genetic studies revealed activated SA signal transduction reduced cell size. It suppressed post-mitotic cell expansion in several compensation mutants not only an3 but partially suppressed in another type of compensation mutant which increases size of mitotic cells. This finding suggests post-mitotic cell expansion pathway is regulated in common by SA-dependent signaling and by compensation signaling during leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushio Fujikura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazune Ezaki
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gorou Horiguchi
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamiya
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Japan
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, Japan
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14
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Tsuchimatsu T, Kakui H, Yamazaki M, Marona C, Tsutsui H, Hedhly A, Meng D, Sato Y, Städler T, Grossniklaus U, Kanaoka MM, Lenhard M, Nordborg M, Shimizu KK. Adaptive reduction of male gamete number in the selfing plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2885. [PMID: 32514036 PMCID: PMC7280297 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of male gametes is critical for reproductive success and varies between and within species. The evolutionary reduction of the number of pollen grains encompassing the male gametes is widespread in selfing plants. Here, we employ genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify underlying loci and to assess the molecular signatures of selection on pollen number-associated loci in the predominantly selfing plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Regions of strong association with pollen number are enriched for signatures of selection, indicating polygenic selection. We isolate the gene REDUCED POLLEN NUMBER1 (RDP1) at the locus with the strongest association. We validate its effect using a quantitative complementation test with CRISPR/Cas9-generated null mutants in nonstandard wild accessions. In contrast to pleiotropic null mutants, only pollen numbers are significantly affected by natural allelic variants. These data support theoretical predictions that reduced investment in male gametes is advantageous in predominantly selfing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuchimatsu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biology, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kakui
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Misako Yamazaki
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cindy Marona
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hiroki Tsutsui
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Afif Hedhly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dazhe Meng
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0371, USA
| | - Yutaka Sato
- Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Thomas Städler
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Magnus Nordborg
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kentaro K Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
This article comments on:Gattolin, S, Cirilli M, Chessa S, et al. 2020. Mutations in orthologous PETALOSA TOE-type genes cause dominant double-flower phenotype in phylogenetically distant eudicots. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 2585–2595.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Abdirashid
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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16
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Jantzen F, Lynch JH, Kappel C, Höfflin J, Skaliter O, Wozniak N, Sicard A, Sas C, Adebesin F, Ravid J, Vainstein A, Hilker M, Dudareva N, Lenhard M. Retracing the molecular basis and evolutionary history of the loss of benzaldehyde emission in the genus Capsella. New Phytol 2019; 224:1349-1360. [PMID: 31400223 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The transition from pollinator-mediated outbreeding to selfing has occurred many times in angiosperms. This is generally accompanied by a reduction in traits attracting pollinators, including reduced emission of floral scent. In Capsella, emission of benzaldehyde as a main component of floral scent has been lost in selfing C. rubella by mutation of cinnamate-CoA ligase CNL1. However, the biochemical basis and evolutionary history of this loss remain unknown, as does the reason for the absence of benzaldehyde emission in the independently derived selfer Capsella orientalis. We used plant transformation, in vitro enzyme assays, population genetics and quantitative genetics to address these questions. CNL1 has been inactivated twice independently by point mutations in C. rubella, causing a loss of enzymatic activity. Both inactive haplotypes are found within and outside of Greece, the centre of origin of C. rubella, indicating that they arose before its geographical spread. By contrast, the loss of benzaldehyde emission in C. orientalis is not due to an inactivating mutation in CNL1. CNL1 represents a hotspot for mutations that eliminate benzaldehyde emission, potentially reflecting the limited pleiotropy and large effect of its inactivation. Nevertheless, even closely related species have followed different evolutionary routes in reducing floral scent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Jantzen
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joseph H Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jona Höfflin
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Straße 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oded Skaliter
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natalia Wozniak
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Sas
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Funmilayo Adebesin
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jasmin Ravid
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Straße 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Capsella species, including the well-known Shephard's purse, are characterized by small white flowers and heart-shaped fruit. But read on to discover the fascinating insights these diminutive plants have to reveal about the evolution of self-fertilizing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Sicard
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, PO-Box 7080, Almas Allé 5, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Lenhard
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 25-26, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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18
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Zhang Y, Ramming A, Heinke L, Altschmied L, Slotkin RK, Becker JD, Kappel C, Lenhard M. The poly(A) polymerase PAPS1 interacts with the RNA-directed DNA-methylation pathway in sporophyte and pollen development. Plant J 2019; 99:655-672. [PMID: 31009115 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
RNA-based processes play key roles in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. This includes both the processing of pre-mRNAs into mature mRNAs ready for translation and RNA-based silencing processes, such as RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). Polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs is one important step in their processing and is carried out by three functionally specialized canonical nuclear poly(A) polymerases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Null mutations in one of these, termed PAPS1, result in a male gametophytic defect. Using a fluorescence-labelling strategy, we have characterized this defect in more detail using RNA and small-RNA sequencing. In addition to global defects in the expression of pollen-differentiation genes, paps1 null-mutant pollen shows a strong overaccumulation of transposable element (TE) transcripts, yet a depletion of 21- and particularly 24-nucleotide-long short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting the corresponding TEs. Double-mutant analyses support a specific functional interaction between PAPS1 and components of the RdDM pathway, as evident from strong synergistic phenotypes in mutant combinations involving paps1, but not paps2 paps4, mutations. In particular, the double-mutant of paps1 and rna-dependent rna polymerase 6 (rdr6) shows a synergistic developmental phenotype disrupting the formation of the transmitting tract in the female gynoecium. Thus, our findings in A. thaliana uncover a potentially general link between canonical poly(A) polymerases as components of mRNA processing and RdDM, reflecting an analogous interaction in fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunming Zhang
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Anna Ramming
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lisa Heinke
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lothar Altschmied
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Seeland, OT, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - R Keith Slotkin
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jörg D Becker
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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19
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Bartholomäus L, Lenhard M. Plant Biology: Learning to Love Yourself. Curr Biol 2019; 29:R695-R697. [PMID: 31336088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In self-incompatible plants the female style rejects self pollen, yet the extent to which the female style in the many self-compatible species can still select between different pollen genotypes and thus bias fertilization success is unclear. A new study identifies the molecular basis for how styles of the self-compatible coyote tobacco bias the fertilization success of pollen genotypes using matching gene expression patterns in a manner analogous to cryptic female choice in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bartholomäus
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 26, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 26, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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20
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Jantzen F, Wozniak N, Kappel C, Sicard A, Lenhard M. A high-throughput amplicon-based method for estimating outcrossing rates. Plant Methods 2019; 15:47. [PMID: 31131016 PMCID: PMC6525360 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcrossing rate is a key determinant of the population-genetic structure of species and their long-term evolutionary trajectories. However, determining the outcrossing rate using current methods based on PCR-genotyping individual offspring of focal plants for multiple polymorphic markers is laborious and time-consuming. RESULTS We have developed an amplicon-based, high-throughput enabled method for estimating the outcrossing rate and have applied this to an example of scented versus non-scented Capsella (Shepherd's Purse) genotypes. Our results show that the method is able to robustly capture differences in outcrossing rates. They also highlight potential biases in the estimates resulting from differential haplotype sharing of the focal plants with the pollen-donor population at individual amplicons. CONCLUSIONS This novel method for estimating outcrossing rates will allow determining this key population-genetic parameter with high-throughput across many genotypes in a population, enabling studies into the genetic determinants of successful pollinator attraction and outcrossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Jantzen
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Natalia Wozniak
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Present Address: Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Building ND North, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural, Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Bollier N, Sicard A, Leblond J, Latrasse D, Gonzalez N, Gévaudant F, Benhamed M, Raynaud C, Lenhard M, Chevalier C, Hernould M, Delmas F. At-MINI ZINC FINGER2 and Sl-INHIBITOR OF MERISTEM ACTIVITY, a Conserved Missing Link in the Regulation of Floral Meristem Termination in Arabidopsis and Tomato. Plant Cell 2018; 30:83-100. [PMID: 29298836 PMCID: PMC5810569 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, the gynoecium is the last structure to develop within the flower due to the determinate fate of floral meristem (FM) stem cells. The maintenance of stem cell activity before its arrest at the stage called FM termination affects the number of carpels that develop. The necessary inhibition at this stage of WUSCHEL (WUS), which is responsible for stem cell maintenance, involves a two-step mechanism. Direct repression mediated by the MADS domain transcription factor AGAMOUS (AG), followed by indirect repression requiring the C2H2 zinc-finger protein KNUCKLES (KNU), allow for the complete termination of floral stem cell activity. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana MINI ZINC FINGER2 (AtMIF2) and its homolog in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), INHIBITOR OF MERISTEM ACTIVITY (SlIMA), participate in the FM termination process by functioning as adaptor proteins. AtMIF2 and SlIMA recruit AtKNU and SlKNU, respectively, to form a transcriptional repressor complex together with TOPLESS and HISTONE DEACETYLASE19. AtMIF2 and SlIMA bind to the WUS and SlWUS loci in the respective plants, leading to their repression. These results provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms governing (FM) termination and highlight the essential role of AtMIF2/SlIMA during this developmental step, which determines carpel number and therefore fruit size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Bollier
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Julie Leblond
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - David Latrasse
- Institut of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Institut of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Cécile Raynaud
- Institut of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christian Chevalier
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Michel Hernould
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Delmas
- UMR1332 BFP, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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22
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Fujikura U, Jing R, Hanada A, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Yamaguchi S, Kappel C, Lenhard M. Variation in Splicing Efficiency Underlies Morphological Evolution in Capsella. Dev Cell 2018; 44:192-203.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Kappel C, Huu CN, Lenhard M. A short story gets longer: recent insights into the molecular basis of heterostyly. J Exp Bot 2017; 68:5719-5730. [PMID: 29099983 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heterostyly is a fascinating adaptation to promote outbreeding and a classical paradigm of botany. In the most common type of heterostyly, plants either form flowers with long styles and short stamens, or short styles and long stamens. This reciprocal organ positioning reduces pollen wastage and promotes cross-pollination, thus increasing male fitness. In addition, in many heterostylous species selfing and the generation of unfit progeny due to inbreeding depression is limited by a self-incompatibility system, thus promoting female fitness. The two floral forms are genetically determined by the S locus as a complex supergene, namely a chromosomal region containing several individual genes that control the different traits, such as style or stamen length, and are held together by very tight linkage due to suppressed recombination. Recent molecular-genetic studies in several systems, including Turnera, Fagopyrum, Linum, and Primula have begun to identify and characterize the causal heterostyly genes residing at the S locus. An emerging theme from several families is that the dominant S haplotype represents a hemizygous region not present on the recessive s haplotype. This provides an explanation for the suppressed recombination and suggests a scenario for the chromosomal evolution of the S locus. In this review, we discuss the results from recent molecular-genetic analyses in light of the classical models on the genetics and evolution of heterostyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kappel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cuong Nguyen Huu
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Germany
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Zhang Y, Lenhard M. Exiting Already? Molecular Control of Cell-Proliferation Arrest in Leaves: Cutting Edge. Mol Plant 2017; 10:909-911. [PMID: 28527903 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunming Zhang
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Sas C, Müller F, Kappel C, Kent TV, Wright SI, Hilker M, Lenhard M. Repeated Inactivation of the First Committed Enzyme Underlies the Loss of Benzaldehyde Emission after the Selfing Transition in Capsella. Curr Biol 2016; 26:3313-3319. [PMID: 27916528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The enormous species richness of flowering plants is at least partly due to floral diversification driven by interactions between plants and their animal pollinators [1, 2]. Specific pollinator attraction relies on visual and olfactory floral cues [3-5]; floral scent can not only attract pollinators but also attract or repel herbivorous insects [6-8]. However, despite its central role for plant-animal interactions, the genetic control of floral scent production and its evolutionary modification remain incompletely understood [9-13]. Benzenoids are an important class of floral scent compounds that are generated from phenylalanine via several enzymatic pathways [14-17]. Here we address the genetic basis of the loss of floral scent associated with the transition from outbreeding to selfing in the genus Capsella. While the outbreeding C. grandiflora emits benzaldehyde as a major constituent of its floral scent, this has been lost in the selfing C. rubella. We identify the Capsella CNL1 gene encoding cinnamate:CoA ligase as responsible for this variation. Population genetic analysis indicates that CNL1 has been inactivated twice independently in C. rubella via different novel mutations to its coding sequence. Together with a recent study in Petunia [18], this identifies cinnamate:CoA ligase as an evolutionary hotspot for mutations causing the loss of benzenoid scent compounds in association with a shift in the reproductive strategy of Capsella from pollination by insects to self-fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sas
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Frank Müller
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Straße 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Tyler V Kent
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Stephen I Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Straße 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Czesnick H, Lenhard M. Antagonistic control of flowering time by functionally specialized poly(A) polymerases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2016; 88:570-583. [PMID: 27447095 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyadenylation is a critical 3'-end processing step during maturation of pre-mRNAs, and the length of the poly(A) tail affects mRNA stability, nuclear export and translation efficiency. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes three canonical nuclear poly(A) polymerase (PAPS) isoforms fulfilling specialized functions, as reflected by their different mutant phenotypes. While PAPS1 affects several processes, such as the immune response, organ growth and male gametophyte development, the roles of PAPS2 and PAPS4 are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that PAPS2 and PAPS4 promote flowering in a partially redundant manner. The enzymes act antagonistically to PAPS1, which delays the transition to flowering. The opposite flowering-time phenotypes in paps1 and paps2 paps4 mutants are at least partly due to decreased or increased FLC activity, respectively. In contrast to paps2 paps4 mutants, plants with increased PAPS4 activity flower earlier than the wild-type, concomitant with reduced FLC expression. Double mutant analyses suggest that PAPS2 and PAPS4 act independently of the autonomous pathway components FCA, FY and CstF64. The direct polyadenylation targets of the three PAPS isoforms that mediate their effects on flowering time do not include FLC sense mRNA and remain to be identified. Thus, our results uncover a role for canonical PAPS isoforms in flowering-time control, raising the possibility that modulating the balance of the isoform activities could be used to fine tune the transition to flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjördis Czesnick
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Eldridge T, Łangowski Ł, Stacey N, Jantzen F, Moubayidin L, Sicard A, Southam P, Kennaway R, Lenhard M, Coen ES, Østergaard L. Fruit shape diversity in the Brassicaceae is generated by varying patterns of anisotropy. Development 2016; 143:3394-406. [PMID: 27624834 PMCID: PMC5047655 DOI: 10.1242/dev.135327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fruits exhibit a vast array of different 3D shapes, from simple spheres and cylinders to more complex curved forms; however, the mechanism by which growth is oriented and coordinated to generate this diversity of forms is unclear. Here, we compare the growth patterns and orientations for two very different fruit shapes in the Brassicaceae: the heart-shaped Capsella rubella silicle and the near-cylindrical Arabidopsis thaliana silique. We show, through a combination of clonal and morphological analyses, that the different shapes involve different patterns of anisotropic growth during three phases. These experimental data can be accounted for by a tissue-level model in which specified growth rates vary in space and time and are oriented by a proximodistal polarity field. The resulting tissue conflicts lead to deformation of the tissue as it grows. The model allows us to identify tissue-specific and temporally specific activities required to obtain the individual shapes. One such activity may be provided by the valve-identity gene FRUITFULL, which we show through comparative mutant analysis to modulate fruit shape during post-fertilisation growth of both species. Simple modulations of the model presented here can also broadly account for the variety of shapes in other Brassicaceae species, thus providing a simplified framework for fruit development and shape diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilly Eldridge
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Nicola Stacey
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | - Adrien Sicard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Paul Southam
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Enrico S Coen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lars Østergaard
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Huu CN, Kappel C, Keller B, Sicard A, Takebayashi Y, Breuninger H, Nowak MD, Bäurle I, Himmelbach A, Burkart M, Ebbing-Lohaus T, Sakakibara H, Altschmied L, Conti E, Lenhard M. Presence versus absence of CYP734A50 underlies the style-length dimorphism in primroses. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27596932 PMCID: PMC5012859 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterostyly is a wide-spread floral adaptation to promote outbreeding, yet its genetic basis and evolutionary origin remain poorly understood. In Primula (primroses), heterostyly is controlled by the S-locus supergene that determines the reciprocal arrangement of reproductive organs and incompatibility between the two morphs. However, the identities of the component genes remain unknown. Here, we identify the Primula CYP734A50 gene, encoding a putative brassinosteroid-degrading enzyme, as the G locus that determines the style-length dimorphism. CYP734A50 is only present on the short-styled S-morph haplotype, it is specifically expressed in S-morph styles, and its loss or inactivation leads to long styles. The gene arose by a duplication specific to the Primulaceae lineage and shows an accelerated rate of molecular evolution. Thus, our results provide a mechanistic explanation for the Primula style-length dimorphism and begin to shed light on the evolution of the S-locus as a prime model for a complex plant supergene. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17956.001 Flowers are highly specialized structures that many plants use to reproduce. Male organs called stamens on the flowers make pollen that can be transferred – usually by insect carriers or the wind – to a female structure called the stigma on another plant. However, since many flowers contain both male and female organs, it is also possible for the pollen to land on the stigma of the same flower, leading to a process called “self-fertilization”. Many plants have developed mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization. For example, primroses produce two different types of flowers that arrange their stamens and stigmas differently. The stigma sits on the top of a stalk known as the style. Some primroses produce flowers with short stamens and a long style, resulting in the stigma being located high up in the flower (“pin” flowers), while others produce flowers with a short style and long stamens (“thrum” flowers). Primrose pollen is carried by insects and the different lengths of the styles and stamens make it more likely that pollen from a pin flower will land on the stigma of a thrum flower instead of a pin flower (and vice versa). Although primrose flowers have fascinated botanists for centuries, the genes responsible for making the two types of flower had not been identified. Genetic studies indicated that different genes control the length of the stamens and style. However, these genes appear to be very close to each other on primrose DNA, which made it difficult to study them individually. Huu et al. identified a gene called CYP734A50 that is responsible for the difference in style length in the flowers of a primrose called Primula veris. The gene is only present in the plants that have thrum flowers across a wide range of primrose species and genetic mutations that inactivate the gene in these plants result in flowers with longer styles. CYP734A50 encodes an enzyme that breaks down plant hormones called brassinosteroids, which normally promote growth. Treating thrum flowers with brassinosteroids increased the length of the styles. Future challenges are to identify the other genes that are responsible for producing pin and thrum flowers and to understand how this group of genes evolved. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17956.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Nguyen Huu
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Barbara Keller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Holger Breuninger
- Department of Plant Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Nowak
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Isabel Bäurle
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Lothar Altschmied
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Elena Conti
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Jöst M, Hensel G, Kappel C, Druka A, Sicard A, Hohmann U, Beier S, Himmelbach A, Waugh R, Kumlehn J, Stein N, Lenhard M. The INDETERMINATE DOMAIN Protein BROAD LEAF1 Limits Barley Leaf Width by Restricting Lateral Proliferation. Curr Biol 2016; 26:903-9. [PMID: 26996502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the size, shape, and positioning of leaves as the major photosynthetic organs strongly impacts crop yield, and optimizing these aspects is a central aim of cereal breeding [1, 2]. Leaf growth in grasses is driven by cell proliferation and cell expansion in a basal growth zone [3]. Although several factors influencing final leaf size and shape have been identified from rice and maize [4-14], what limits grass leaf growth in the longitudinal or transverse directions during leaf development remains poorly understood. To identify factors involved in this process, we characterized the barley mutant broad leaf1 (blf1). Mutants form wider but slightly shorter leaves due to changes in the numbers of longitudinal cell files and of cells along the leaf length. These differences arise during primordia outgrowth because of more cell divisions in the width direction increasing the number of cell files. Positional cloning, analysis of independent alleles, and transgenic complementation confirm that BLF1 encodes a presumed transcriptional regulator of the INDETERMINATE DOMAIN family. In contrast to loss-of-function mutants, moderate overexpression of BLF1 decreases leaf width below wild-type levels. A functional BLF1-vYFP fusion protein expressed from the endogenous promoter shows a dynamic expression pattern in the shoot apical meristem and young leaf primordia. Thus, we propose that the BLF1 gene regulates barley leaf size by restricting cell proliferation in the leaf-width direction. Given the agronomic importance of canopy traits in cereals, identifying functionally different BLF1 alleles promises to allow for the generation of optimized cereal ideotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Jöst
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arnis Druka
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Uwe Hohmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beier
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Lenhard M. Restoration of Severely Compromised Teeth With Modern Operative Techniques. Oper Dent 2015; 41:S88-S95. [PMID: 26652020 DOI: 10.2341/15-001-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This case report illustrates how to restore severely compromised teeth with direct composite restorations. The size of the restorations presented is often considered by dentists as being a contraindication for direct composites. Hence, the technique is explained step by step, addressing the crucial points.
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Abstract
To achieve optimal functionality, plant organs like leaves and petals have to grow to a certain size. Beginning with a limited number of undifferentiated cells, the final size of an organ is attained by a complex interplay of cell proliferation and subsequent cell expansion. Regulatory mechanisms that integrate intrinsic growth signals and environmental cues are required to enable optimal leaf and flower development. This review focuses on plant-specific principles of growth reaching from the cellular to the organ level. The currently known genetic pathways underlying these principles are summarized and network connections are highlighted. Putative non-cell autonomously acting mechanisms that might coordinate plant-cell growth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjördis Czesnick
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
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Nowak MD, Russo G, Schlapbach R, Huu CN, Lenhard M, Conti E. The draft genome of Primula veris yields insights into the molecular basis of heterostyly. Genome Biol 2015; 16:12. [PMID: 25651398 PMCID: PMC4305239 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The flowering plant Primula veris is a common spring blooming perennial that is widely cultivated throughout Europe. This species is an established model system in the study of the genetics, evolution, and ecology of heterostylous floral polymorphisms. Despite the long history of research focused on this and related species, the continued development of this system has been restricted due the absence of genomic and transcriptomic resources. Results We present here a de novo draft genome assembly of P. veris covering 301.8 Mb, or approximately 63% of the estimated 479.22 Mb genome, with an N50 contig size of 9.5 Kb, an N50 scaffold size of 164 Kb, and containing an estimated 19,507 genes. The results of a RADseq bulk segregant analysis allow for the confident identification of four genome scaffolds that are linked to the P. veris S-locus. RNAseq data from both P. veris and the closely related species P. vulgaris allow for the characterization of 113 candidate heterostyly genes that show significant floral morph-specific differential expression. One candidate gene of particular interest is a duplicated GLOBOSA homolog that may be unique to Primula (PveGLO2), and is completely silenced in L-morph flowers. Conclusions The P. veris genome represents the first genome assembled from a heterostylous species, and thus provides an immensely important resource for future studies focused on the evolution and genetic dissection of heterostyly. As the first genome assembled from the Primulaceae, the P. veris genome will also facilitate the expanded application of phylogenomic methods in this diverse family and the eudicots as a whole. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0567-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Fujikura U, Elsaesser L, Breuninger H, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Ivakov A, Laux T, Findlay K, Persson S, Lenhard M. Atkinesin-13A modulates cell-wall synthesis and cell expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana via the THESEUS1 pathway. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004627. [PMID: 25232944 PMCID: PMC4169273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of plant organs relies on cell proliferation and expansion. While an increasingly detailed picture about the control of cell proliferation is emerging, our knowledge about the control of cell expansion remains more limited. We demonstrate here that the internal-motor kinesin AtKINESIN-13A (AtKIN13A) limits cell expansion and cell size in Arabidopsis thaliana, with loss-of-function atkin13a mutants forming larger petals with larger cells. The homolog, AtKINESIN-13B, also affects cell expansion and double mutants display growth, gametophytic and early embryonic defects, indicating a redundant role of the two genes. AtKIN13A is known to depolymerize microtubules and influence Golgi motility and distribution. Consistent with this function, AtKIN13A interacts genetically with ANGUSTIFOLIA, encoding a regulator of Golgi dynamics. Reduced AtKIN13A activity alters cell wall structure as assessed by Fourier-transformed infrared-spectroscopy and triggers signalling via the THESEUS1-dependent cell-wall integrity pathway, which in turn promotes the excess cell expansion in the atkin13a mutant. Thus, our results indicate that the intracellular activity of AtKIN13A regulates cell expansion and wall architecture via THESEUS1, providing a compelling case of interplay between cell wall integrity sensing and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushio Fujikura
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lore Elsaesser
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Holger Breuninger
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Ivakov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thomas Laux
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kim Findlay
- Cell & Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Beer D, Friese K, Fürst S, Göß C, Hertlein L, Lenhard M, Grandl S, Heinemann V, Burges A. Individualized management of Aggressive Angiomyxoma: A case report. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1388509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Heublein S, Ebinger K, Mayr D, Friese K, Jeschke U, Lenhard M. The G-Protein Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER/GPR30) in ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1388389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Heublein S, Mayr D, Friese K, Jeschke U, Lenhard M. Entwicklung eines potentiellen diagnostischen Algorithmus für die Therapiezuordnung von Ovarialkarzinompatientinnen anhand ihres Gonadotropinrezeptor-Status. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1388348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Sicard A, Thamm A, Marona C, Lee YW, Wahl V, Stinchcombe JR, Wright SI, Kappel C, Lenhard M. Repeated evolutionary changes of leaf morphology caused by mutations to a homeobox gene. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1880-6. [PMID: 25127212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the genetic basis of morphological changes in evolution remains a major challenge in biology. Repeated independent trait changes are of particular interest because they can indicate adaptation in different lineages or genetic and developmental constraints on generating morphological variation. In animals, changes to "hot spot" genes with minimal pleiotropy and large phenotypic effects underlie many cases of repeated morphological transitions. By contrast, only few such genes have been identified from plants, limiting cross-kingdom comparisons of the principles of morphological evolution. Here, we demonstrate that the REDUCED COMPLEXITY (RCO) locus underlies more than one naturally evolved change in leaf shape in the Brassicaceae. We show that the difference in leaf margin dissection between the sister species Capsella rubella and Capsella grandiflora is caused by cis-regulatory variation in the homeobox gene RCO-A, which alters its activity in the developing lobes of the leaf. Population genetic analyses in the ancestral C. grandiflora indicate that the more-active C. rubella haplotype is derived from a now rare or lost C. grandiflora haplotype via additional mutations. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the deletion of the RCO-A and RCO-B genes has contributed to its evolutionarily derived smooth leaf margin, suggesting the RCO locus as a candidate for an evolutionary hot spot. We also find that temperature-responsive expression of RCO-A can explain the phenotypic plasticity of leaf shape to ambient temperature in Capsella, suggesting a molecular basis for the well-known negative correlation between temperature and leaf margin dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Sicard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Anna Thamm
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Cindy Marona
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Young Wha Lee
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Vanessa Wahl
- Department of Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - John R Stinchcombe
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Stephen I Wright
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Trost G, Vi SL, Czesnick H, Lange P, Holton N, Giavalisco P, Zipfel C, Kappel C, Lenhard M. Arabidopsis poly(A) polymerase PAPS1 limits founder-cell recruitment to organ primordia and suppresses the salicylic acid-independent immune response downstream of EDS1/PAD4. Plant J 2014; 77:688-99. [PMID: 24372773 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs by poly(A) polymerase (PAPS) is a critical process in eukaryotic gene expression. As found in vertebrates, plant genomes encode several isoforms of canonical nuclear PAPS enzymes. In Arabidopsis thaliana these isoforms are functionally specialized, with PAPS1 affecting both organ growth and immune response, at least in part by the preferential polyadenylation of subsets of pre-mRNAs. Here, we demonstrate that the opposite effects of PAPS1 on leaf and flower growth reflect the different identities of these organs, and identify a role for PAPS1 in the elusive connection between organ identity and growth patterns. The overgrowth of paps1 mutant petals is due to increased recruitment of founder cells into early organ primordia, and suggests that PAPS1 activity plays unique roles in influencing organ growth. By contrast, the leaf phenotype of paps1 mutants is dominated by a constitutive immune response that leads to increased resistance to the biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and reflects activation of the salicylic acid-independent signalling pathway downstream of ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1)/PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4). These findings provide an insight into the developmental and physiological basis of the functional specialization amongst plant PAPS isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda Trost
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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Hepworth J, Lenhard M. Regulation of plant lateral-organ growth by modulating cell number and size. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2014; 17:36-42. [PMID: 24507492 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Leaves and floral organs grow to distinct, species-specific sizes and shapes. Research over the last few years has increased our understanding of how genetic pathways modulate cell proliferation and cell expansion to determine these sizes and shapes. In particular, the timing of proliferation arrest is an important point of control for organ size, and work on the regulators involved is showing how this control is achieved mechanistically and integrates environmental information. We are also beginning to understand how growth differs in different organs to produce their characteristic shapes, and how growth is integrated between different tissues that make up plant organs. Lastly, components of the general machinery in eukaryotic cells have been identified as having important roles in growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Hepworth
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, House 26, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Kierzkowski D, Lenhard M, Smith R, Kuhlemeier C. Interaction between meristem tissue layers controls phyllotaxis. Dev Cell 2013; 26:616-28. [PMID: 24091013 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phyllotaxis and vein formation are among the most conspicuous patterning processes in plants. The expression and polarization of the auxin efflux carrier PIN1 is the earliest marker for both processes, with mathematical models indicating that PIN1 can respond to auxin gradients and/or auxin flux. Here, we use cell-layer-specific PIN1 knockouts and partial complementation of auxin transport mutants to examine the interaction between phyllotactic patterning, which occurs primarily in the L1 surface layer of the meristem, and midvein specification in the inner tissues. We show that PIN1 expression in the L1 is sufficient for correct organ positioning, as long as the L1-specific influx carriers are present. Thus, differentiation of inner tissues can proceed without PIN1 or any of the known polar transporters. On theoretical grounds, we suggest that canalization of auxin flux between an auxin source and an auxin sink may involve facilitated diffusion rather than polar transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kierzkowski
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern CH-3013, Switzerland
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Tsukaya H, Byrne ME, Horiguchi G, Sugiyama M, Van Lijsebettens M, Lenhard M. How do 'housekeeping' genes control organogenesis?--Unexpected new findings on the role of housekeeping genes in cell and organ differentiation. J Plant Res 2013; 126:3-15. [PMID: 22922868 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-012-0518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of mutations in what would appear to be 'housekeeping genes' have been identified as having unexpectedly specific defects in multicellular organogenesis. This is also the case for organogenesis in seed plants. Although it is not surprising that loss-of-function mutations in 'housekeeping' genes result in lethality or growth retardation, it is surprising when (1) the mutant phenotype results from the loss of function of a 'housekeeping' gene and (2) the mutant phenotype is specific. In this review, by defining housekeeping genes as those encoding proteins that work in basic metabolic and cellular functions, we discuss unexpected links between housekeeping genes and specific developmental processes. In a surprising number of cases housekeeping genes coding for enzymes or proteins with functions in basic cellular processes such as transcription, post-transcriptional modification, and translation affect plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Lenhard M. Plant growth: jogging the cell cycle with JAG. Curr Biol 2012; 22:R838-40. [PMID: 23058802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In yeast, cell growth and division are coordinated by size checkpoints in the cell cycle. Recent work suggests that a similar mechanism acts in plant meristems to limit cell-size variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Ditsch N, Vodermaier A, Hinke A, Burghardt S, Lenhard M, Löhrs B, Toth B, Von Koch F, Kahlert S, Bauerfeind I, Konecny GE, Loibl S, VON Minckwitz G, Untch M. Dose-dense intensified sequential versus conventionally-dosed anthracycline and taxane-containing neoadjuvant therapy in patients with inflammatory breast cancer. Anticancer Res 2012; 32:3539-3545. [PMID: 22843943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This post-hoc analysis aimed to compare an intense dose-dense sequential chemotherapy (DD-CT) and a conventionally-dosed chemotherapy (CD-CT) in the neoadjuvant AGO-1 study, focusing on the subgroup with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Out of 668 randomised patients, 101 patients presented with IBC. Patients received epirubicin followed by paclitaxel every 2 weeks (DD-CT) or simultaneously every 3 weeks (CD-CT). RESULTS No differences in pathological complete response rates were observed [odds ratio (OR)=1.27, p=0.33]. Most patients were scheduled for mastectomy before starting therapy; however, in 21.7% breast-conserving surgery was performed. Disease-free survival rates [Hazard Ratio (HR)=0.65; p=0.597] and overall survival rates (HR=1.40; p=0.327) were similar for both treatment arms. Patients with breast-conserving surgery had a significantly better outcome than patients treated with mastectomy (disease-free survival: HR=0.41; p=0.034 and overall survival: HR=0.09; p=0.003). CONCLUSION Patients with IBC benefited not from DD-CT but from breast-conserving surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ditsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Sattler C, Kuhn C, Hofmann S, Heublein S, Wiest I, Friese K, Lenhard M, Ditsch N, Jeschke U. Thyroidhormonrezeptor THRalpha2 Expression als Proliferationsfaktor in Ovarial-Karzinomen. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1318585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Heublein S, Scholz C, Lenhard M, Friese K, Mayr D, Jeschke U. Expression von Glycodelin in Ovarialkarzinomen ist ein unabhäniger prognostischer Faktor für verkürztes Überleben. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1318577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Heublein S, Lenhard M, Vrekoussis T, Schoepfer J, Kuhn C, Friese K, Makrigiannakis A, Mayr D, Jeschke U. Regulation des G-Protein gekoppelten Östrogenrezeptors durch Stress, Entzündung und Östrogen im Rahmen der Pathophysiologie der Ovarendometriose. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1318542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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48
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Ditsch N, Mayr D, Lenhard M, Kolben T, Strauss C, Gallwas J, Himsl J, Weissenbacher T, Harbeck N, Friese K, Jeschke U. Immunohistochemical correlation of thyroid hormone receptors (TR), retinoid x receptor (RXR), peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR), the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and estrogen-/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) in breast carcinoma. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1318576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
The size of plant organs, such as leaves and flowers, is determined by an interaction of genotype and environmental influences. Organ growth occurs through the two successive processes of cell proliferation followed by cell expansion. A number of genes influencing either or both of these processes and thus contributing to the control of final organ size have been identified in the last decade. Although the overall picture of the genetic regulation of organ size remains fragmentary, two transcription factor/microRNA-based genetic pathways are emerging in the control of cell proliferation. However, despite this progress, fundamental questions remain unanswered, such as the problem of how the size of a growing organ could be monitored to determine the appropriate time for terminating growth. While genetic analysis will undoubtedly continue to advance our knowledge about size control in plants, a deeper understanding of this and other basic questions will require including advanced live-imaging and mathematical modeling, as impressively demonstrated by some recent examples. This should ultimately allow the comparison of the mechanisms underlying size control in plants and in animals to extract common principles and lineage-specific solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahid E Powell
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Breuninger H, Lenhard M. Expression of the central growth regulator BIG BROTHER is regulated by multiple cis-elements. BMC Plant Biol 2012; 12:41. [PMID: 22433627 PMCID: PMC3362746 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much of the organismal variation we observe in nature is due to differences in organ size. The observation that even closely related species can show large, stably inherited differences in organ size indicates a strong genetic component to the control of organ size. Despite recent progress in identifying factors controlling organ growth in plants, our overall understanding of this process remains limited, partly because the individual factors have not yet been connected into larger regulatory pathways or networks. To begin addressing this aim, we have studied the upstream regulation of expression of BIG BROTHER (BB), a central growth-control gene in Arabidopsis thaliana that prevents overgrowth of organs. Final organ size and BB expression levels are tightly correlated, implying the need for precise control of its expression. BB expression mirrors proliferative activity, yet the gene functions to limit proliferation, suggesting that it acts in an incoherent feedforward loop downstream of growth activators to prevent over-proliferation. RESULTS To investigate the upstream regulation of BB we combined a promoter deletion analysis with a phylogenetic footprinting approach. We were able to narrow down important, highly conserved, cis-regulatory elements within the BB promoter. Promoter sequences of other Brassicaceae species were able to partially complement the A. thaliana bb-1 mutant, suggesting that at least within the Brassicaceae family the regulatory pathways are conserved. CONCLUSIONS This work underlines the complexity involved in precise quantitative control of gene expression and lays the foundation for identifying important upstream regulators that determine BB expression levels and thus final organ size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Breuninger
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-LiebknechtStr.24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-LiebknechtStr.24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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