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Sui J, Cui Y, Zhang J, Li S, Zhao Y, Bai M, Feng G, Wu H. Enhanced biomass production and harvesting efficiency of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under high-ammonium conditions by powdered oyster shell. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 403:130904. [PMID: 38801957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii prefers ammonium (NH4+) as a nitrogen source, but its late-stage growth under high-NH4+ concentrations (0.5 ∼ 1 g/L) is retarded due to medium acidification. In this study, oyster shell powders were shown to increase the tolerance of C. reinhardtii to NH4+ supplementation at 0.7 g/L in TAP medium in 1-L bubble-column bioreactors, resulting in a 22.9 % increase in biomass production, 62.1 % rise in unsaturated fatty acid accumulation, and 19.2 % improvement in harvesting efficiency. Powdered oyster shell mitigated medium acidification (pH 7.2-7.8) and provided dissolved inorganic carbon up to 8.02 × 103 μmol/L, facilitating a 76.3 % NH4+ consumption, release of up to 189 mg/L of Ca2+, a 42.1 % reduction in ζ-potential and 27.7 % increase in flocculation activity of microalgae cells. This study highlights a promising approach to utilize powdered oyster shell as a liming agent, supplement carbon source, and bio-flocculant for enhancing biomass production and microalgae harvesting in NH4+-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Yuxuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Jinku Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Shiyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Mingkai Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China
| | - Guangxin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China.
| | - Haohao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China.
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Mutale-Joan C, El Arroussi H. Biotechnological strategies overcoming limitations to H. pluvialis-derived astaxanthin production and Morocco's potential. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-16. [PMID: 38145395 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2294163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis is the richest source of natural astaxanthin, but the production of H. pluvialis-derived astaxanthin is usually limited by its slow cell proliferation and astaxanthin accumulation. Efforts to enhance biomass productivity, astaxanthin accumulation, and extraction are ongoing. This review highlights different approaches that have previously been studied in microalgal species for enhanced biomass productivity, as well as optimized methods for astaxanthin accumulation and extraction, and how these methods could be combined to bypass the challenges limiting natural astaxanthin production, particularly in H. pluvialis, at all stages (biomass production, and astaxanthin accumulation and extraction). Biotechnological approaches, such as overexpressing low CO2 inducible genes, utilizing complementary carbon sources, CRISPR-Cas9 bioengineering, and the use of active compounds, for biomass productivity are outlined. Direct astaxanthin extraction from H. pluvialis zoospores and Morocco's potential for microalgal-based astaxanthin production are equally discussed. This review emphasizes the need to engineer an optimized H. pluvialis-derived astaxanthin production system combining two or more of these strategies for increased growth, and astaxanthin productivity, to compete in the larger, lower-priced market in aquaculture and nutraceutical sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanda Mutale-Joan
- Algal Biotechnology Center, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation & Research (MASCIR), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hicham El Arroussi
- Algal Biotechnology Center, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation & Research (MASCIR), Rabat, Morocco
- AgroBioSciences (AgBS) program, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
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3
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Wang Y, Yang S, Liu J, Wang J, Xiao M, Liang Q, Ren X, Wang Y, Mou H, Sun H. Realization process of microalgal biorefinery: The optional approach toward carbon net-zero emission. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165546. [PMID: 37454852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emission has already become a dire threat to the human race and Earth's ecology. Microalgae are recommended to be engineered as CO2 fixers in biorefinery, which play crucial roles in responding climate change and accelerating the transition to a sustainable future. This review sorted through each segment of microalgal biorefinery to explore the potential for its practical implementation and commercialization, offering valuable insights into research trends and identifies challenges that needed to be addressed in the development process. Firstly, the known mechanisms of microalgal photosynthetic CO2 fixation and the approaches for strain improvement were summarized. The significance of process regulation for strengthening fixation efficiency and augmenting competitiveness was emphasized, with a specific focus on CO2 and light optimization strategies. Thereafter, the massive potential of microalgal refineries for various bioresource production was discussed in detail, and the integration with contaminant reclamation was mentioned for economic and ecological benefits. Subsequently, economic and environmental impacts of microalgal biorefinery were evaluated via life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) to lit up commercial feasibility. Finally, the current obstacles and future perspectives were discussed objectively to offer an impartial reference for future researchers and investors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shufang Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mengshi Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qingping Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xinmiao Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Marine Science research Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Han Sun
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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An Y, Wang D, Du J, Wang X, Xiao J. Pyrenoid: Organelle with efficient CO 2-Concentrating mechanism in algae. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 287:154044. [PMID: 37392525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The carbon dioxide emitted by human accounts for only a small fraction of global photosynthesis consumption, half of which is due to microalgae. The high efficiency of algae photosynthesis is attributed to the pyrenoid-based CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM). The formation of pyrenoid which has a variety of Rubisco-binding proteins mainly depends on liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of Rubisco, a CO2 fixing enzyme. At present, our understanding of pyrenoid at the molecular level mainly stems from studies of the model algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In this article, we summarize the current research on the structure, assembly and application of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii pyrenoids, providing new ideas for improving crop photosynthetic performance and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi An
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jingxia Du
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xinwei Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.
| | - Jianwei Xiao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Kanna Dasan Y, Lam MK, Chai YH, Lim JW, Ho YC, Tan IS, Lau SY, Show PL, Lee KT. Unlocking the potential of microalgae bio-factories for carbon dioxide mitigation: A comprehensive exploration of recent advances, key challenges, and energy-economic insights. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 380:129094. [PMID: 37100295 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are promising alternatives to mitigate atmospheric CO2 owing to their fast growth rates, resilience in the face of adversity and ability to produce a wide range of products, including food, feed supplements, chemicals, and biofuels. However, to fully harness the potential of microalgae-based carbon capture technology, further advancements are required to overcome the associated challenges and limitations, particularly with regards to enhancing CO2 solubility in the culture medium. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the biological carbon concentrating mechanism and highlights the current approaches, including species selection, optimization of hydrodynamics, and abiotic components, aimed at improving the efficacy of CO2 solubility and biofixation. Moreover, cutting-edge strategies such as gene mutation, bubble dynamics and nanotechnology are systematically outlined to elevate the CO2 biofixation capacity of microalgal cells. The review also evaluates the energy and economic feasibility of using microalgae for CO2 bio-mitigation, including challenges and prospects for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaleeni Kanna Dasan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Yee Ho Chai
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Yeek Chia Ho
- Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Inn Shi Tan
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sie Yon Lau
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Keat Teong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Penang, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia
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Burlacot A, Peltier G. Energy crosstalk between photosynthesis and the algal CO 2-concentrating mechanisms. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:795-807. [PMID: 37087359 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal photosynthesis is responsible for nearly half of the CO2 annually captured by Earth's ecosystems. In aquatic environments where the CO2 availability is low, the CO2-fixing efficiency of microalgae greatly relies on mechanisms - called CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) - for concentrating CO2 at the catalytic site of the CO2-fixing enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). While the transport of inorganic carbon (Ci) across membrane bilayers against a concentration gradient consumes part of the chemical energy generated by photosynthesis, the bioenergetics and cellular mechanisms involved are only beginning to be elucidated. Here, we review the current knowledge relating to the energy requirement of CCMs in the light of recent advances in photosynthesis regulatory mechanisms and the spatial organization of CCM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Burlacot
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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Kupriyanova EV, Pronina NA, Los DA. Adapting from Low to High: An Update to CO 2-Concentrating Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria and Microalgae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1569. [PMID: 37050194 PMCID: PMC10096703 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular accumulation of inorganic carbon (Ci) by microalgae and cyanobacteria under ambient atmospheric CO2 levels was first documented in the 80s of the 20th Century. Hence, a third variety of the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM), acting in aquatic photoautotrophs with the C3 photosynthetic pathway, was revealed in addition to the then-known schemes of CCM, functioning in CAM and C4 higher plants. Despite the low affinity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) of microalgae and cyanobacteria for the CO2 substrate and low CO2/O2 specificity, CCM allows them to perform efficient CO2 fixation in the reductive pentose phosphate (RPP) cycle. CCM is based on the coordinated operation of strategically located carbonic anhydrases and CO2/HCO3- uptake systems. This cooperation enables the intracellular accumulation of HCO3-, which is then employed to generate a high concentration of CO2 molecules in the vicinity of Rubisco's active centers compensating up for the shortcomings of enzyme features. CCM functions as an add-on to the RPP cycle while also acting as an important regulatory link in the interaction of dark and light reactions of photosynthesis. This review summarizes recent advances in the study of CCM molecular and cellular organization in microalgae and cyanobacteria, as well as the fundamental principles of its functioning and regulation.
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Yamada R, Yokota M, Matsumoto T, Hankamer B, Ogino H. Promoting cell growth and characterizing partial symbiotic relationships in the co-cultivation of green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Escherichia coli. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200099. [PMID: 36479591 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By co-culturing selected microalgae and heterotrophic microorganisms, the growth rate of microalgae can be improved even under atmospheric conditions with a low CO2 concentration. However, the detailed mechanism of improvement of proliferative capacity by co-culture has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated changes in the proliferative capacity of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by co-culturing with Escherichia coli. MAIN METHODS AND MAJOR RESULTS In the co-culture, the number of C. reinhardtii cells reached 2.22 × 1010 cell/L on day 14 of culture. This was about 1.9 times the number of cells (1.16 × 1010 cell/L) on day 14 compared to C. reinhardtii cells in monoculture. The starch content per cell in the co-culture of C. reinhardtii and E. coli on the 14th day (2.09 × 10-11 g/cell) was 1.3 times higher than that in the C. reinhardtii monoculture (1.59 × 10-11 g/cell), and the starch content per culture medium improved 2.5 times with co-cultivation. By analyzing the gene transcription profiles and key media components, we clarified that E. coli produced CO2 from the organic carbon in the medium and the organic carbon produced by photosynthesis of C. reinhardtii, and this CO2 likely enhanced the growth of C. reinhardtii. CONCLUSIONS Consequently, E. coli plays a key role in promoting the growth of C. reinhardtii as well as the accumulation of starch which is a valuable intermediate for the production of a range of useful chemicals from CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yamada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Moe Yokota
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ben Hankamer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hiroyasu Ogino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Bioremediation of Crude Oil by Haematococcus Pluvialis: A Preliminary Study. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, oil pollution is one of the main environmental problems. The current methods for recovering spills mainly involve chemical agents, but scientific research has focused on more natural and less harmful techniques for the environment, including a consortium of bacteria and microalgae to clean up water contaminated by hydrocarbons. The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the ability of a microalga belonging to Chlorophyceae to grow in the presence of crude oil and remove the principal contaminants. H. pluvialis, which is usually used for nutraceutical purposes, thanks to the production of astaxanthin, was able to grow in anaerobic conditions, varying its metabolism from autotrophic to heterotrophic, exploiting the carbon present in the solution deriving from the presence of 1% of crude oil. Furthermore, the results of bioremediation showed a relevant reduction in chemical pollutants such as nitrate, fluoride, sulfate, and phosphate. The most important aspect of the study was the reduction after 160 days in the hydrocarbon concentration inside not only the culture medium (−32%) but also the algal biomass (−80.25%), demonstrating an optimized degradation rather than a simple absorption inside the alga.
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Chen J, Huang Y, Shu Y, Hu X, Wu D, Jiang H, Wang K, Liu W, Fu W. Recent Progress on Systems and Synthetic Biology of Diatoms for Improving Algal Productivity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:908804. [PMID: 35646842 PMCID: PMC9136054 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.908804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have drawn much attention for their potential applications as a sustainable source for developing bioactive compounds, functional foods, feeds, and biofuels. Diatoms, as one major group of microalgae with high yields and strong adaptability to the environment, have shown advantages in developing photosynthetic cell factories to produce value-added compounds, including heterologous bioactive products. However, the commercialization of diatoms has encountered several obstacles that limit the potential mass production, such as the limitation of algal productivity and low photosynthetic efficiency. In recent years, systems and synthetic biology have dramatically improved the efficiency of diatom cell factories. In this review, we discussed first the genome sequencing and genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) of diatoms. Then, approaches to optimizing photosynthetic efficiency are introduced with a focus on the enhancement of biomass productivity in diatoms. We also reviewed genome engineering technologies, including CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) gene-editing to produce bioactive compounds in diatoms. Finally, we summarized the recent progress on the diatom cell factory for producing heterologous compounds through genome engineering to introduce foreign genes into host diatoms. This review also pinpointed the bottlenecks in algal engineering development and provided critical insights into the future direction of algal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Chen
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuexuan Shu
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Hu
- Center for Data Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangjin Jiang
- Center for Data Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Fu
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Systems Biology and Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- *Correspondence: Weiqi Fu,
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11
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Yamano T, Toyokawa C, Shimamura D, Matsuoka T, Fukuzawa H. CO2-dependent migration and relocation of LCIB, a pyrenoid-peripheral protein in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1081-1094. [PMID: 34791500 PMCID: PMC8825250 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Most microalgae overcome the difficulty of acquiring inorganic carbon (Ci) in aquatic environments by inducing a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM). In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, two distinct photosynthetic acclimation states have been described under CO2-limiting conditions (low-CO2 [LC] and very low-CO2 [VLC]). LC-inducible protein B (LCIB), structurally characterized as carbonic anhydrase, localizes in the chloroplast stroma under CO2-supplied and LC conditions. In VLC conditions, it migrates to aggregate around the pyrenoid, where the CO2-fixing enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase is enriched. Although the physiological importance of LCIB localization changes in the chloroplast has been shown, factors necessary for the localization changes remain uncertain. Here, we examined the effect of pH, light availability, photosynthetic electron flow, and protein synthesis on the localization changes, along with measuring Ci concentrations. LCIB dispersed or localized in the basal region of the chloroplast stroma at 8.3-15 µM CO2, whereas LCIB migrated toward the pyrenoid at 6.5 µM CO2. Furthermore, LCIB relocated toward the pyrenoid at 2.6-3.4 µM CO2, even in cells in the dark or treated with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea and cycloheximide in light. In contrast, in the mutant lacking CCM1, a master regulator of CCM, LCIB remained dispersed even at 4.3 µM CO2. Meanwhile, a simultaneous expression of LCIC, an interacting protein of LCIB, induced the localization of several speckled structures at the pyrenoid periphery. These results suggest that the localization changes of LCIB require LCIC and are controlled by CO2 concentration with ∼7 µM as the boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Author for communication:
| | - Chihana Toyokawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimamura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiki Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideya Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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12
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Muthukrishnan L. Bio‐engineering of microalgae: Challenges and future prospects toward industrial and environmental applications. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:310-329. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmipathy Muthukrishnan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai Tamil Nadu India
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13
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Çakirsoy I, Miyamoto T, Ohtake N. Physiology of microalgae and their application to sustainable agriculture: A mini-review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005991. [PMID: 36466259 PMCID: PMC9712798 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Concern that depletion of fertilizer feedstocks, which are a finite mineral resource, threatens agricultural sustainability has driven the exploration of sustainable methods of soil fertilization. Given that microalgae, which are unicellular photosynthetic organisms, can take up nutrients efficiently from water systems, their application in a biological wastewater purification system followed by the use of their biomass as a fertilizer alternative has attracted attention. Such applications of microalgae would contribute to the accelerated recycling of nutrients from wastewater to farmland. Many previous reports have provided information on the physiological characteristics of microalgae that support their utility. In this review, we focus on recent achievements of studies on microalgal physiology and relevant applications and outline the prospects for the contribution of microalgae to the establishment of sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffet Çakirsoy
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takuji Miyamoto
- Sakeology Center, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takuji Miyamoto, ; Norikuni Ohtake,
| | - Norikuni Ohtake
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takuji Miyamoto, ; Norikuni Ohtake,
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14
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Kselíková V, Singh A, Bialevich V, Čížková M, Bišová K. Improving microalgae for biotechnology - From genetics to synthetic biology - Moving forward but not there yet. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 58:107885. [PMID: 34906670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be exploited for the production of different compounds, ranging from crude biomass and biofuels to high value-added biochemicals and synthetic proteins. Traditionally, algal biotechnology relies on bioprospecting to identify new highly productive strains and more recently, on forward genetics to further enhance productivity. However, it has become clear that further improvements in algal productivity for biotechnology is impossible without combining traditional tools with the arising molecular genetics toolkit. We review recent advantages in developing high throughput screening methods, preparing genome-wide mutant libraries, and establishing genome editing techniques. We discuss how algae can be improved in terms of photosynthetic efficiency, biofuel and high value-added compound production. Finally, we critically evaluate developments over recent years and explore future potential in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kselíková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anjali Singh
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Vitali Bialevich
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Čížková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Bišová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
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15
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Rottet S, Förster B, Hee WY, Rourke LM, Price GD, Long BM. Engineered Accumulation of Bicarbonate in Plant Chloroplasts: Known Knowns and Known Unknowns. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:727118. [PMID: 34531888 PMCID: PMC8438413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.727118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous synthesis of a biophysical CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) in plant chloroplasts offers significant potential to improve the photosynthetic efficiency of C3 plants and could translate into substantial increases in crop yield. In organisms utilizing a biophysical CCM, this mechanism efficiently surrounds a high turnover rate Rubisco with elevated CO2 concentrations to maximize carboxylation rates. A critical feature of both native biophysical CCMs and one engineered into a C3 plant chloroplast is functional bicarbonate (HCO3 -) transporters and vectorial CO2-to-HCO3 - converters. Engineering strategies aim to locate these transporters and conversion systems to the C3 chloroplast, enabling elevation of HCO3 - concentrations within the chloroplast stroma. Several CCM components have been identified in proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, and microalgae as likely candidates for this approach, yet their successful functional expression in C3 plant chloroplasts remains elusive. Here, we discuss the challenges in expressing and regulating functional HCO3 - transporter, and CO2-to-HCO3 - converter candidates in chloroplast membranes as an essential step in engineering a biophysical CCM within plant chloroplasts. We highlight the broad technical and physiological concerns which must be considered in proposed engineering strategies, and present our current status of both knowledge and knowledge-gaps which will affect successful engineering outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rottet
- Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Britta Förster
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Wei Yih Hee
- Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Loraine M. Rourke
- Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - G. Dean Price
- Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Benedict M. Long
- Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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16
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Emrich-Mills TZ, Yates G, Barrett J, Girr P, Grouneva I, Lau CS, Walker CE, Kwok TK, Davey JW, Johnson MP, Mackinder LCM. A recombineering pipeline to clone large and complex genes in Chlamydomonas. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1161-1181. [PMID: 33723601 PMCID: PMC8633747 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to clone genes has greatly advanced cell and molecular biology research, enabling researchers to generate fluorescent protein fusions for localization and confirm genetic causation by mutant complementation. Most gene cloning is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)�or DNA synthesis-dependent, which can become costly and technically challenging as genes increase in size, particularly if they contain complex regions. This has been a long-standing challenge for the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii research community, as this alga has a high percentage of genes containing complex sequence structures. Here we overcame these challenges by developing a recombineering pipeline for the rapid parallel cloning of genes from a Chlamydomonas bacterial artificial chromosome collection. To generate fluorescent protein fusions for localization, we applied the pipeline at both batch and high-throughput scales to 203 genes related to the Chlamydomonas CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM), with an overall cloning success rate of 77%. Cloning success was independent of gene size and complexity, with cloned genes as large as 23 kb. Localization of a subset of CCM targets confirmed previous mass spectrometry data, identified new pyrenoid components, and enabled complementation of mutants. We provide vectors and detailed protocols to facilitate easy adoption of this technology, which we envision will open up new possibilities in algal and plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Z Emrich-Mills
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Gary Yates
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James Barrett
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Philipp Girr
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Irina Grouneva
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Chun Sing Lau
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Tsz Kam Kwok
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - John W Davey
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Department Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Luke C M Mackinder
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Author for correspondence: (L.C.M.M.)
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17
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18
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Elucidation and genetic intervention of CO2 concentration mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for increased plant primary productivity. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Achievements and challenges of genetic engineering of the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Kono A, Chou TH, Radhakrishnan A, Bolla JR, Sankar K, Shome S, Su CC, Jernigan RL, Robinson CV, Yu EW, Spalding MH. Structure and function of LCI1: a plasma membrane CO 2 channel in the Chlamydomonas CO 2 concentrating mechanism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:1107-1126. [PMID: 32168387 PMCID: PMC7305984 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae and cyanobacteria contribute roughly half of the global photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Faced with limited access to CO2 in aquatic environments, which can vary daily or hourly, these microorganisms have evolved use of an efficient CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) to accumulate high internal concentrations of inorganic carbon (Ci ) to maintain photosynthetic performance. For eukaryotic algae, a combination of molecular, genetic and physiological studies using the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, have revealed the function and molecular characteristics of many CCM components, including active Ci uptake systems. Fundamental to eukaryotic Ci uptake systems are Ci transporters/channels located in membranes of various cell compartments, which together facilitate the movement of Ci from the environment into the chloroplast, where primary CO2 assimilation occurs. Two putative plasma membrane Ci transporters, HLA3 and LCI1, are reportedly involved in active Ci uptake. Based on previous studies, HLA3 clearly plays a meaningful role in HCO3- transport, but the function of LCI1 has not yet been thoroughly investigated so remains somewhat obscure. Here we report a crystal structure of the full-length LCI1 membrane protein to reveal LCI1 structural characteristics, as well as in vivo physiological studies in an LCI1 loss-of-function mutant to reveal the Ci species preference for LCI1. Together, these new studies demonstrate LCI1 plays an important role in active CO2 uptake and that LCI1 likely functions as a plasma membrane CO2 channel, possibly a gated channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Kono
- Department of Genetics, Developmental and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Tsung-Han Chou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Present address: WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Abhijith Radhakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Present address: Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jani Reddy Bolla
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, South Park Road, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Kannan Sankar
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sayane Shome
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Chih-Chia Su
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Present address: Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Robert L. Jernigan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Carol V. Robinson
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, South Park Road, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Edward W. Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Present address: Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Martin H. Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Developmental and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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21
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Kono A, Spalding MH. LCI1, a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii plasma membrane protein, functions in active CO 2 uptake under low CO 2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:1127-1141. [PMID: 32248584 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In response to high CO2 environmental variability, green algae, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, have evolved multiple physiological states dictated by external CO2 concentration. Genetic and physiological studies demonstrated that at least three CO2 physiological states, a high CO2 (0.5-5% CO2 ), a low CO2 (0.03-0.4% CO2 ) and a very low CO2 (< 0.02% CO2 ) state, exist in Chlamydomonas. To acclimate in the low and very low CO2 states, Chlamydomonas induces a sophisticated strategy known as a CO2 -concentrating mechanism (CCM) that enables proliferation and survival in these unfavorable CO2 environments. Active uptake of Ci from the environment is a fundamental aspect in the Chlamydomonas CCM, and consists of CO2 and HCO3- uptake systems that play distinct roles in low and very low CO2 acclimation states. LCI1, a putative plasma membrane Ci transporter, has been linked through conditional overexpression to active Ci uptake. However, both the role of LCI1 in various CO2 acclimation states and the species of Ci , HCO3- or CO2 , that LCI1 transports remain obscure. Here we report the impact of an LCI1 loss-of-function mutant on growth and photosynthesis in different genetic backgrounds at multiple pH values. These studies show that LCI1 appears to be associated with active CO2 uptake in low CO2 , especially above air-level CO2 , and that any LCI1 role in very low CO2 is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Kono
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Martin H Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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22
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Wang XD, Lu YC, Xiong XH, Yuan Y, Lu LX, Liu YJ, Mao JH, Xiao WW. Toxicological responses, bioaccumulation, and metabolic fate of triclosan in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11246-11259. [PMID: 31960244 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that is broadly used in personal care products. It has been shown to cause the contamination of a variety of aquatic environments. Since algae has been the primary producers of aquatic ecosystems, understanding the toxicological mechanisms and the metabolic fate of TCS is vital for assessing its risk in an aquatic environment. In our study, 0.5-4 mg L-1 TCS treatments for 72 h in a culture of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) showed progressive inhibition of cell growth and reduced the chlorophyll content. The EC50 value of C. reinhardtii after 72 h was 1.637 mg L-1, which showed its higher level of resistance to TCS in comparison with other algal species. The exposure to TCS led to oxidative injuries of algae in relation to the increment of malonaldehyde content, cell membrane permeability, and H2O2 levels. Furthermore, the oxidative stress from TCS stimulated a series of antioxidant enzyme activities and their gene expressions. Simultaneously, the accumulated TCS in C. reinhardtii arouses the detoxification/degradation-related enzymes and related gene transcriptions. In the medium, approximately 82% of TCS was removed by C. reinhardtii. Importantly, eight TCS metabolites were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry and their relative abundances were measured in a time-course experiment. Six of these metabolites are reported here for the first time. The metabolic pathways of triclosan via C. reinhardtii including reductive dechlorination, hydroxylation, sulfhydrylation, and binding with thiol/cysteine/GSH/glycosyl were manifested to broaden our understanding of the environmental fate of TCS. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Dong Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yi Chen Lu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Xiao Hui Xiong
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Xia Lu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yuan Jian Liu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jia Hao Mao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wei Wei Xiao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
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23
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Kong F, Yamaoka Y, Ohama T, Lee Y, Li-Beisson Y. Molecular Genetic Tools and Emerging Synthetic Biology Strategies to Increase Cellular Oil Content in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1184-1196. [PMID: 30715500 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae constitute a highly diverse group of eukaryotic and photosynthetic microorganisms that have developed extremely efficient systems for harvesting and transforming solar energy into energy-rich molecules such as lipids. Although microalgae are considered to be one of the most promising platforms for the sustainable production of liquid oil, the oil content of these organisms is naturally low, and algal oil production is currently not economically viable. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas) is an established algal model due to its fast growth, high transformation efficiency, and well-understood physiology and to the availability of detailed genome information and versatile molecular tools for this organism. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the development of genetic manipulation tools for Chlamydomonas, from gene delivery methods to state-of-the-art genome-editing technologies and fluorescent dye-based high-throughput mutant screening approaches. Furthermore, we discuss practical strategies and toolkits that enhance transgene expression, such as choice of expression vector and background strain. We then provide examples of how advanced genetic tools have been used to increase oil content in Chlamydomonas. Collectively, the current literature indicates that microalgal oil content can be increased by overexpressing key enzymes that catalyze lipid biosynthesis, blocking lipid degradation, silencing metabolic pathways that compete with lipid biosynthesis and modulating redox state. The tools and knowledge generated through metabolic engineering studies should pave the way for developing a synthetic biological approach to enhance lipid productivity in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantao Kong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yasuyo Yamaoka
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Takeshi Ohama
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology (KUT), Tosayamada, Kochi, Japan
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F, France
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24
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Tirumani S, Gothandam KM, J Rao B. Coordination between photorespiration and carbon concentrating mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: transcript and protein changes during light-dark diurnal cycles and mixotrophy conditions. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:117-130. [PMID: 29987443 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) and photorespiration (PR) are interlinked and co-regulated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, but conditions where co-regulation alters are not sufficiently explored. Here, we uncover that PR gene transcripts, like CCM transcripts, are induced even in the dark when both processes are not active. Such diurnal cycles show that transcript levels peak in the middle of 12 h day, decline by early part of 12-h dark followed by their onset again at mid-dark. Interestingly, the onset in the mid-dark phase is sensitive to high CO2, implying that the active carbon sensing mechanism operates even in the dark. The rhythmic alterations of both CCM and PR transcript levels are unlinked to circadian clock: the "free-running state" reveals no discernible rhythmicity in transcript changes. Only continuous light leads to high transcript levels but no detectable transcripts were observed in continuous dark. Asynchronous continuous light cultures, upon shifting to low from high CO2 exhibit only transient induction of PR transcripts/proteins while CCM transcript induction is stable, indicating the loss of co-regulation between PR and CCM gene transcription. Lastly, we also describe that both CCM and PR transcripts/proteins are induced in low CO2 even in mixotrophic cultures, but only in high light, the same being attenuated in high CO2, implying that high light is a mandatory "trigger" for CCM and PR induction in low CO2 mixotrophy. Our study provides comprehensive analyses of conditions where CCM and PR were differently regulated, setting a paradigm for a detailed mechanistic probing of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tirumani
- B-202, Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - K M Gothandam
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Basuthkar J Rao
- B-202, Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India.
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Karkambadi Road, Mangalam (B.O.), Tirupati, AP, 517507, India.
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25
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Yamano T, Toyokawa C, Fukuzawa H. High-resolution suborganellar localization of Ca 2+-binding protein CAS, a novel regulator of CO 2-concentrating mechanism. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1015-1022. [PMID: 29372336 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many aquatic algae induce a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) associated with active inorganic carbon transport to maintain high photosynthetic affinity using dissolved inorganic carbon even in low-CO2 (LC) conditions. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a Ca2+-binding protein CAS was identified as a novel factor regulating the expression of CCM-related proteins including bicarbonate transporters. Although previous studies revealed that CAS associates with the thylakoid membrane and changes its localization in response to CO2 and light availability, its detailed localization in the chloroplast has not been examined in vivo. In this study, high-resolution fluorescence images of CAS fused with a Chlamydomonas-adapted fluorescence protein, Clover, were obtained by using a sensitive hybrid detector and an image deconvolution method. In high-CO2 (5% v/v) conditions, the fluorescence signals of Clover displayed a mesh-like structure in the chloroplast and part of the signals discontinuously overlapped with chlorophyll autofluorescence. The fluorescence signals gathered inside the pyrenoid as a distinct wheel-like structure at 2 h after transfer to LC-light condition, and then localized to the center of the pyrenoid at 12 h. These results suggest that CAS could move in the chloroplast along the thylakoid membrane in response to lowering CO2 and gather inside the pyrenoid during the operation of the CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chihana Toyokawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideya Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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26
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Richter LV, Mansfeldt CB, Kuan MM, Cesare AE, Menefee ST, Richardson RE, Ahner BA. Altered Microbiome Leads to Significant Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Differences in a Lipid Accumulating Chlorophyte. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6854-6863. [PMID: 29750518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the challenges facing the economically favorable production of products from microalgae, understanding factors that might impact productivity rates including growth rates and accumulation of desired products, for example, triacylglycerols (TAG) for biodiesel feedstock, remains critical. Although operational parameters such as media composition and reactor design can clearly effect growth rates, the role of microbe-microbe interactions is just beginning to be elucidated. In this study an oleaginous marine algae Chlorella spp. C596 culture is shown to be better described as a microbial community. Perturbations to this microbial community showed a significant impact on phenotypes including sustained differences in growth rate and TAG accumulation of 2.4 and 2.5 fold, respectively. Characterization of the associated community using Illumina 16S rRNA amplicon and random shotgun transcriptomic analyses showed that the fast growth rate correlated with two specific bacterial species ( Ruegeria and Rhodobacter spp). The transcriptomic response of the Chlorella species revealed that the slower growing algal consortium C596-S1 upregulated genes associated with photosynthesis and resource scavenging and decreased the expression of genes associated with transcription and translation relative to the initial C596-R1. Our studies advance the appreciation of the effects microbiomes can have on algal growth in bioreactors and suggest that symbiotic interactions are involved in a range of critical processes including nitrogen, carbon cycling, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna V Richter
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Cresten B Mansfeldt
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Michael M Kuan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Alexandra E Cesare
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Stephen T Menefee
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Ruth E Richardson
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Beth A Ahner
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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Mackinder LCM. The Chlamydomonas CO 2 -concentrating mechanism and its potential for engineering photosynthesis in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:54-61. [PMID: 28833179 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary I. Introduction 54 II. Recent advances in our understanding of the Chlamydomonas CCM 55 III. Current gaps in our understanding of the Chlamydomonas CCM 58 IV. Approaches to rapidly advance our understanding of the Chlamydomonas CCM 58 V. Engineering a CCM into higher plants 58 VI. Conclusion and outlook 59 Acknowledgements 60 References 60 SUMMARY: To meet the food demands of a rising global population, innovative strategies are required to increase crop yields. Improvements in plant photosynthesis by genetic engineering show considerable potential towards this goal. One prospective approach is to introduce a CO2 -concentrating mechanism into crop plants to increase carbon fixation by supplying the central carbon-fixing enzyme, Rubisco, with a higher concentration of its substrate, CO2 . A promising donor organism for the molecular machinery of this mechanism is the eukaryotic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of carbon concentration in Chlamydomonas, outlines the most pressing gaps in our knowledge and discusses strategies to transfer a CO2 -concentrating mechanism into higher plants to increase photosynthetic performance.
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Tomar V, Sidhu GK, Nogia P, Mehrotra R, Mehrotra S. Regulatory components of carbon concentrating mechanisms in aquatic unicellular photosynthetic organisms. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1671-1688. [PMID: 28780704 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an insight into the regulation of the carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) in lower organisms like cyanobacteria, proteobacteria, and algae. CCMs evolved as a mechanism to concentrate CO2 at the site of primary carboxylating enzyme Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco), so that the enzyme could overcome its affinity towards O2 which leads to wasteful processes like photorespiration. A diverse set of CCMs exist in nature, i.e., carboxysomes in cyanobacteria and proteobacteria; pyrenoids in algae and diatoms, the C4 system, and Crassulacean acid metabolism in higher plants. Prime regulators of CCM in most of the photosynthetic autotrophs belong to the LysR family of transcriptional regulators, which regulate the activity of the components of CCM depending upon the ambient CO2 concentrations. Major targets of these regulators are carbonic anhydrase and inorganic carbon uptake systems (CO2 and HCO3- transporters) whose activities are modulated either at transcriptional level or by changes in the levels of their co-regulatory metabolites. The article provides information on the localization of the CCM components as well as their function and participation in the development of an efficient CCM. Signal transduction cascades leading to activation/inactivation of inducible CCM components on perception of low/high CO2 stimuli have also been brought into picture. A detailed study of the regulatory components can aid in identifying the unraveled aspects of these mechanisms and hence provide information on key molecules that need to be explored to further provide a clear understanding of the mechanism under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Tomar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Sidhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Panchsheela Nogia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajesh Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sandhya Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India.
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Zhu B, Chen G, Cao X, Wei D. Molecular characterization of CO 2 sequestration and assimilation in microalgae and its biotechnological applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:1207-1215. [PMID: 28606753 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are renewable feedstock for sustainable biofuel production, cell factory for valuable chemicals and promising in alleviation of greenhouse gas CO2. However, the carbon assimilation capacity is still the bottleneck for higher productivity. Molecular characterization of CO2 sequestration and assimilation in microalgae has advanced in the past few years and are reviewed here. In some cyanobacteria, genes for 2-oxoglytarate dehydrogenase was replaced by four alternative mechanisms to fulfill TCA cycle. In green algae Coccomyxa subellipsoidea C-169, alternative carbon assimilation pathway was upregulated under high CO2 conditions. These advances thus provide new insights and new targets for accelerating CO2 sequestration rate and enhancing bioproduct synthesis in microalgae. When integrated with conventional parameter optimization, molecular approach for microalgae modification targeting at different levels is promising in generating value-added chemicals from green algae and cyanobacteria efficiently in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Zhu
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd. 381, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Gu Chen
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd. 381, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Xupeng Cao
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd. 381, Guangzhou 510641, PR China.
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Jiang WZ, Weeks DP. A gene-within-a-gene Cas9/sgRNA hybrid construct enables gene editing and gene replacement strategies in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Banerjee A, Banerjee C, Negi S, Chang JS, Shukla P. Improvements in algal lipid production: a systems biology and gene editing approach. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:369-385. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1356803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avik Banerjee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - Chiranjib Banerjee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | | | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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32
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Machingura MC, Bajsa-Hirschel J, Laborde SM, Schwartzenburg JB, Mukherjee B, Mukherjee A, Pollock SV, Förster B, Price GD, Moroney JV. Identification and characterization of a solute carrier, CIA8, involved in inorganic carbon acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3879-3890. [PMID: 28633328 PMCID: PMC5853530 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The supply of inorganic carbon (Ci) at the site of fixation by Rubisco is a key parameter for efficient CO2 fixation in aquatic organisms including the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells, when grown on limiting CO2, have a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) that functions to concentrate CO2 at the site of Rubisco. Proteins thought to be involved in inorganic carbon uptake have been identified and localized to the plasma membrane or chloroplast envelope. However, current CCM models suggest that additional molecular components are involved in Ci uptake. In this study, the gene Cia8 was identified in an insertional mutagenesis screen and characterized. The protein encoded by Cia8 belongs to the sodium bile acid symporter subfamily. Transcript levels for this gene were significantly up-regulated when the cells were grown on low CO2. The cia8 mutant exhibited reduced growth and reduced affinity for Ci when grown in limiting CO2 conditions. Prediction programs localize this protein to the chloroplast. Ci uptake and the photosynthetic rate, particularly at high external pH, were reduced in the mutant. The results are consistent with the model that CIA8 is involved in Ci uptake in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylou C Machingura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Susan M Laborde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Bratati Mukherjee
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Ananya Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Steve V Pollock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Britta Förster
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - G Dean Price
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - James V Moroney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Correspondence:
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33
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Chen B, Lee K, Plucinak T, Duanmu D, Wang Y, Horken KM, Weeks DP, Spalding MH. A novel activation domain is essential for CIA5-mediated gene regulation in response to CO2 changes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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de Lange O, Schandry N, Wunderlich M, Berendzen KW, Lahaye T. Exploiting the sequence diversity of TALE-like repeats to vary the strength of dTALE-promoter interactions. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2017; 2:ysx004. [PMID: 32995505 PMCID: PMC7445789 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Designer transcription activator-like effectors (dTALEs) are programmable transcription factors used to regulate user-defined promoters. The TALE DNA-binding domain is a tandem series of amino acid repeats that each bind one DNA base. Each repeat is 33-35 amino acids long. A residue in the center of each repeat is responsible for defining DNA base specificity and is referred to as the base specificying residue (BSR). Other repeat residues are termed non-BSRs and can contribute to TALE DNA affinity in a non-base-specific manner. Previous dTALE engineering efforts have focused on BSRs. Non-BSRs have received less attention, perhaps because there is almost no non-BSR sequence diversity in natural TALEs. However, more sequence diverse, TALE-like proteins are found in diverse bacterial clades. Here, we show that natural non-BSR sequence diversity of TALEs and TALE-likes can be used to modify DNA-binding strength in a new form of dTALE repeat array that we term variable sequence TALEs (VarSeTALEs). We generated VarSeTALE repeat modules through random assembly of repeat sequences from different origins, while holding BSR composition, and thus base preference, constant. We used two different VarSeTALE design approaches combing either whole repeats from different TALE-like sources (inter-repeat VarSeTALEs) or repeat subunits corresponding to secondary structural elements (intra-repeat VarSeTALEs). VarSeTALE proteins were assayed in bacteria, plant protoplasts and leaf tissues. In each case, VarSeTALEs activated or repressed promoters with a range of activities. Our results indicate that natural non-BSR diversity can be used to diversify the binding strengths of dTALE repeat arrays while keeping target sequences constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando de Lange
- Department of General Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls Universitat Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Niklas Schandry
- Department of General Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls Universitat Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Wunderlich
- Department of General Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls Universitat Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth Wayne Berendzen
- ZMBP Central Facilities, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lahaye
- Department of General Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls Universitat Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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35
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Wang L, Yamano T, Takane S, Niikawa Y, Toyokawa C, Ozawa SI, Tokutsu R, Takahashi Y, Minagawa J, Kanesaki Y, Yoshikawa H, Fukuzawa H. Chloroplast-mediated regulation of CO2-concentrating mechanism by Ca2+-binding protein CAS in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12586-12591. [PMID: 27791081 PMCID: PMC5098658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606519113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic photosynthetic organisms, including the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, induce a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) to maintain photosynthetic activity in CO2-limiting conditions by sensing environmental CO2 and light availability. Previously, a novel high-CO2-requiring mutant, H82, defective in the induction of the CCM, was isolated. A homolog of calcium (Ca2+)-binding protein CAS, originally found in Arabidopsis thaliana, was disrupted in H82 cells. Although Arabidopsis CAS is reported to be associated with stomatal closure or immune responses via a chloroplast-mediated retrograde signal, the relationship between a Ca2+ signal and the CCM associated with the function of CAS in an aquatic environment is still unclear. In this study, the introduction of an intact CAS gene into H82 cells restored photosynthetic affinity for inorganic carbon, and RNA-seq analyses revealed that CAS could function in maintaining the expression levels of nuclear-encoded CO2-limiting-inducible genes, including the HCO3- transporters high-light activated 3 (HLA3) and low-CO2-inducible gene A (LCIA). CAS changed its localization from dispersed across the thylakoid membrane in high-CO2 conditions or in the dark to being associated with tubule-like structures in the pyrenoid in CO2-limiting conditions, along with a significant increase of the fluorescent signals of the Ca2+ indicator in the pyrenoid. Chlamydomonas CAS had Ca2+-binding activity, and the perturbation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis by a Ca2+-chelator or calmodulin antagonist impaired the accumulation of HLA3 and LCIA. These results suggest that Chlamydomonas CAS is a Ca2+-mediated regulator of CCM-related genes via a retrograde signal from the pyrenoid in the chloroplast to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyong Wang
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takane
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Niikawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chihana Toyokawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Ozawa
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Tokutsu
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Takahashi
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Jun Minagawa
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yu Kanesaki
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshikawa
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hideya Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
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36
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Atkinson N, Feike D, Mackinder LCM, Meyer MT, Griffiths H, Jonikas MC, Smith AM, McCormick AJ. Introducing an algal carbon-concentrating mechanism into higher plants: location and incorporation of key components. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1302-15. [PMID: 26538195 PMCID: PMC5102585 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many eukaryotic green algae possess biophysical carbon-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) that enhance photosynthetic efficiency and thus permit high growth rates at low CO2 concentrations. They are thus an attractive option for improving productivity in higher plants. In this study, the intracellular locations of ten CCM components in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were confirmed. When expressed in tobacco, all of these components except chloroplastic carbonic anhydrases CAH3 and CAH6 had the same intracellular locations as in Chlamydomonas. CAH6 could be directed to the chloroplast by fusion to an Arabidopsis chloroplast transit peptide. Similarly, the putative inorganic carbon (Ci) transporter LCI1 was directed to the chloroplast from its native location on the plasma membrane. CCP1 and CCP2 proteins, putative Ci transporters previously reported to be in the chloroplast envelope, localized to mitochondria in both Chlamydomonas and tobacco, suggesting that the algal CCM model requires expansion to include a role for mitochondria. For the Ci transporters LCIA and HLA3, membrane location and Ci transport capacity were confirmed by heterologous expression and H(14) CO3 (-) uptake assays in Xenopus oocytes. Both were expressed in Arabidopsis resulting in growth comparable with that of wild-type plants. We conclude that CCM components from Chlamydomonas can be expressed both transiently (in tobacco) and stably (in Arabidopsis) and retargeted to appropriate locations in higher plant cells. As expression of individual Ci transporters did not enhance Arabidopsis growth, stacking of further CCM components will probably be required to achieve a significant increase in photosynthetic efficiency in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Atkinson
- SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Doreen Feike
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Luke C M Mackinder
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Moritz T Meyer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alison M Smith
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Alistair J McCormick
- SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Weeks DP, Spalding MH, Yang B. Use of designer nucleases for targeted gene and genome editing in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:483-95. [PMID: 26261084 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently inactivate or replace genes in model organisms allowed a rapid expansion of our understanding of many of the genetic, biochemical, molecular and cellular mechanisms that support life. With the advent of new techniques for manipulating genes and genomes that are applicable not only to single-celled organisms, but also to more complex organisms such as animals and plants, the speed with which scientists and biotechnologists can expand fundamental knowledge and apply that knowledge to improvements in medicine, industry and agriculture is set to expand in an exponential fashion. At the heart of these advancements will be the use of gene editing tools such as zinc finger nucleases, modified meganucleases, hybrid DNA/RNA oligonucleotides, TAL effector nucleases and modified CRISPR/Cas9. Each of these tools has the ability to precisely target one specific DNA sequence within a genome and (except for DNA/RNA oligonucleotides) to create a double-stranded DNA break. DNA repair to such breaks sometimes leads to gene knockouts or gene replacement by homologous recombination if exogenously supplied homologous DNA fragments are made available. Genome rearrangements are also possible to engineer. Creation and use of such genome rearrangements, gene knockouts and gene replacements by the plant science community is gaining significant momentum. To document some of this progress and to explore the technology's longer term potential, this review highlights present and future uses of designer nucleases to greatly expedite research with model plant systems and to engineer genes and genomes in major and minor crop species for enhanced food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald P Weeks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Martin H Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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38
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Gimpel JA, Henríquez V, Mayfield SP. In Metabolic Engineering of Eukaryotic Microalgae: Potential and Challenges Come with Great Diversity. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1376. [PMID: 26696985 PMCID: PMC4678203 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The great phylogenetic diversity of microalgae is corresponded by a wide arrange of interesting and useful metabolites. Nonetheless metabolic engineering in microalgae has been limited, since specific transformation tools must be developed for each species for either the nuclear or chloroplast genomes. Microalgae as production platforms for metabolites offer several advantages over plants and other microorganisms, like the ability of GMO containment and reduced costs in culture media, respectively. Currently, microalgae have proved particularly well suited for the commercial production of omega-3 fatty acids and carotenoids. Therefore most metabolic engineering strategies have been developed for these metabolites. Microalgal biofuels have also drawn great attention recently, resulting in efforts for improving the production of hydrogen and photosynthates, particularly triacylglycerides. Metabolic pathways of microalgae have also been manipulated in order to improve photosynthetic growth under specific conditions and for achieving trophic conversion. Although these pathways are not strictly related to secondary metabolites, the synthetic biology approaches could potentially be translated to this field and will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Gimpel
- Chemical and Biotechnology Engineering Department, Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Vitalia Henríquez
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Stephen P Mayfield
- Division of Biological Sciences, California Center for Algae Biotechnology, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
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Jinkerson RE, Jonikas MC. Molecular techniques to interrogate and edit the Chlamydomonas nuclear genome. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:393-412. [PMID: 25704665 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The success of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model organism is to a large extent due to the wide range of molecular techniques that are available for its characterization. Here, we review some of the techniques currently used to modify and interrogate the C. reinhardtii nuclear genome and explore several technologies under development. Nuclear mutants can be generated with ultraviolet (UV) light and chemical mutagens, or by insertional mutagenesis. Nuclear transformation methods include biolistic delivery, agitation with glass beads, and electroporation. Transforming DNA integrates into the genome at random sites, and multiple strategies exist for mapping insertion sites. A limited number of studies have demonstrated targeted modification of the nuclear genome by approaches such as zinc-finger nucleases and homologous recombination. RNA interference is widely used to knock down expression levels of nuclear genes. A wide assortment of transgenes has been successfully expressed in the Chlamydomonas nuclear genome, including transformation markers, fluorescent proteins, reporter genes, epitope tagged proteins, and even therapeutic proteins. Optimized expression constructs and strains help transgene expression. Emerging technologies such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, high-throughput mutant identification, and a whole-genome knockout library are being developed for this organism. We discuss how these advances will propel future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Jinkerson
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Wang Y, Stessman DJ, Spalding MH. The CO2 concentrating mechanism and photosynthetic carbon assimilation in limiting CO2 : how Chlamydomonas works against the gradient. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:429-448. [PMID: 25765072 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) represents an effective strategy for carbon acquisition that enables microalgae to survive and proliferate when the CO2 concentration limits photosynthesis. The CCM improves photosynthetic performance by raising the CO2 concentration at the site of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), simultaneously enhancing carbon fixation and suppressing photorespiration. Active inorganic carbon (Ci) uptake, Rubisco sequestration and interconversion between different Ci species catalyzed by carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are key components in the CCM, and an array of molecular regulatory elements is present to facilitate the sensing of CO2 availability, to regulate the expression of the CCM and to coordinate interplay between photosynthetic carbon metabolism and other metabolic processes in response to limiting CO2 conditions. This review intends to integrate our current understanding of the eukaryotic algal CCM and its interaction with carbon assimilation, based largely on Chlamydomonas as a model, and to illustrate how Chlamydomonas acclimates to limiting CO2 conditions and how its CCM is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Wang
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Dan J Stessman
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Martin H Spalding
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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