1
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Ogawa Y, Iwano M, Shikanai T, Sakamoto W. FZL, a dynamin-like protein localized to curved grana edges, is required for efficient photosynthetic electron transfer in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1279699. [PMID: 37841601 PMCID: PMC10568140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1279699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic electron transfer and its regulation processes take place on thylakoid membranes, and the thylakoid of vascular plants exhibits particularly intricate structure consisting of stacked grana and flat stroma lamellae. It is known that several membrane remodeling proteins contribute to maintain the thylakoid structure, and one putative example is FUZZY ONION LIKE (FZL). In this study, we re-evaluated the controversial function of FZL in thylakoid membrane remodeling and in photosynthesis. We investigated the sub-membrane localization of FZL and found that it is enriched on curved grana edges of thylakoid membranes, consistent with the previously proposed model that FZL mediates fusion of grana and stroma lamellae at the interfaces. The mature fzl thylakoid morphology characterized with the staggered and less connected grana seems to agree with this model as well. In the photosynthetic analysis, the fzl knockout mutants in Arabidopsis displayed reduced electron flow, likely resulting in higher oxidative levels of Photosystem I (PSI) and smaller proton motive force (pmf). However, nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence was excessively enhanced considering the pmf levels in fzl, and we found that introducing kea3-1 mutation, lowering pH in thylakoid lumen, synergistically reinforced the photosynthetic disorder in the fzl mutant background. We also showed that state transitions normally occurred in fzl, and that they were not involved in the photosynthetic disorders in fzl. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which the altered thylakoid morphology in fzl leads to the photosynthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ogawa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Megumi Iwano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Shikanai
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
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2
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Głowacka K, Kromdijk J, Salesse-Smith CE, Smith C, Driever SM, Long SP. Is chloroplast size optimal for photosynthetic efficiency? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2197-2211. [PMID: 37357337 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Improving photosynthetic efficiency has recently emerged as a promising way to increase crop production in a sustainable manner. While chloroplast size may affect photosynthetic efficiency in several ways, we aimed to explore whether chloroplast size manipulation can be a viable approach to improving photosynthetic performance. Several tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) lines with contrasting chloroplast sizes were generated via manipulation of chloroplast division genes to assess photosynthetic performance under steady-state and fluctuating light. A selection of lines was included in a field trial to explore productivity. Lines with enlarged chloroplasts underperformed in most of the measured traits. Lines with smaller and more numerous chloroplasts showed a similar efficiency compared with wild-type (WT) tobacco. Chloroplast size only weakly affected light absorptance and light profiles within the leaf. Increasing chloroplast size decreased mesophyll conductance (gm ) but decreased chloroplast size did not increase gm . Increasing chloroplast size reduced chloroplast movements and enhanced non-photochemical quenching. The chloroplast smaller than WT appeared to be no better than WT for photosynthetic efficiency and productivity under field conditions. The results indicate that chloroplast size manipulations are therefore unlikely to lead to higher photosynthetic efficiency or growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Głowacka
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, Poznań, 60-479, Poland
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Coralie E Salesse-Smith
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Cailin Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Goshen College, 1700 South Main Street, Goshen, IN, 46526, USA
| | - Steven M Driever
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Bornsesteeg 48, Wageningen, 6708PE, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen P Long
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Departments of Plant Biology and of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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3
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Salvatori N, Alberti G, Muller O, Peressotti A. Does Fluctuating Light Affect Crop Yield? A Focus on the Dynamic Photosynthesis of Two Soybean Varieties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:862275. [PMID: 35557734 PMCID: PMC9085482 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.862275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In natural environments, plants are exposed to variable light conditions, but photosynthesis has been mainly studied at steady state and this might overestimate carbon (C) uptake at the canopy scale. To better elucidate the role of light fluctuations on canopy photosynthesis, we investigated how the chlorophyll content, and therefore the different absorbance of light, would affect the quantum yield in fluctuating light conditions. For this purpose, we grew a commercial variety (Eiko) and a chlorophyll deficient mutant (MinnGold) either in fluctuating (F) or non-fluctuating (NF) light conditions with sinusoidal changes in irradiance. Two different light treatments were also applied: a low light treatment (LL; max 650 μmol m-2 s-1) and a high light treatment (HL; max 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1). Canopy gas exchanges were continuously measured throughout the experiment. We found no differences in C uptake in LL treatment, either under F or NF. Light fluctuations were instead detrimental for the chlorophyll deficient mutant in HL conditions only, while the green variety seemed to be well-adapted to them. Varieties adapted to fluctuating light might be identified to target the molecular mechanisms responsible for such adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Salvatori
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giorgio Alberti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Onno Muller
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alessandro Peressotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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4
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Tang T, Liu X, Yuan Y, Kiya R, Shen Y, Zhang T, Suzuki K, Tanaka Y, Li M, Hosokawa Y, Yalikun Y. Dual-frequency impedance assays for intracellular components in microalgal cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:550-559. [PMID: 35072196 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular components (including organelles and biomolecules) at the submicron level are typically analyzed in situ by special preparation or expensive setups. Here, a label-free and cost-effective approach of screening microalgal single-cells at a subcellular resolution is available based on impedance cytometry. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the relationships between impedance signals and submicron intracellular organelles and biomolecules are shown. Experiments were performed on Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis) cells incubated under different incubation conditions (i.e., aerobic and anaerobic) and 15 μm polystyrene beads (reference) at two distinct stimulation frequencies (i.e., 500 kHz and 6 MHz). Based on the impedance detection of tens of thousands of samples at a throughput of about 900 cells per second, three metrics were used to track the changes in biophysical properties of samples. As a result, the electrical diameters of cells showed a clear shrinkage in cell volume and intracellular components, as observed under a microscope. The morphology metric of impedance pulses (i.e., tilt index) successfully characterized the changes in cell shape and intracellular composition distribution. Besides, the electrical opacity showed a stable ratio of the intracellular components to cell volume under the cellular self-regulation. Additionally, simulations were used to support these findings and to elucidate how submicron intracellular components and cell morphology affect impedance signals, providing a basis for future improvements. This work opens up a label-free and high-throughput way to analyze single-cell intracellular components by impedance cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Xun Liu
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Yapeng Yuan
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryota Kiya
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Yigang Shen
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tianlong Zhang
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | | | - Yo Tanaka
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Yaxiaer Yalikun
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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5
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Li J, Peng J, Jiang X, Rea AC, Peng J, Hu J. DeepLearnMOR: a deep-learning framework for fluorescence image-based classification of organelle morphology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1786-1799. [PMID: 34618108 PMCID: PMC8331148 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The proper biogenesis, morphogenesis, and dynamics of subcellular organelles are essential to their metabolic functions. Conventional techniques for identifying, classifying, and quantifying abnormalities in organelle morphology are largely manual and time-consuming, and require specific expertise. Deep learning has the potential to revolutionize image-based screens by greatly improving their scope, speed, and efficiency. Here, we used transfer learning and a convolutional neural network (CNN) to analyze over 47,000 confocal microscopy images from Arabidopsis wild-type and mutant plants with abnormal division of one of three essential energy organelles: chloroplasts, mitochondria, or peroxisomes. We have built a deep-learning framework, DeepLearnMOR (Deep Learning of the Morphology of Organelles), which can rapidly classify image categories and identify abnormalities in organelle morphology with over 97% accuracy. Feature visualization analysis identified important features used by the CNN to predict morphological abnormalities, and visual clues helped to better understand the decision-making process, thereby validating the reliability and interpretability of the neural network. This framework establishes a foundation for future larger-scale research with broader scopes and greater data set diversity and heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Li
- Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington 98052
| | - Jinghao Peng
- School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Xiaotong Jiang
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Anne C Rea
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jiajie Peng
- School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Author for communication:
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6
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Porter KJ, Cao L, Chen Y, TerBush AD, Chen C, Erickson HP, Osteryoung KW. The Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast division protein FtsZ1 counterbalances FtsZ2 filament stability in vitro. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100627. [PMID: 33812992 PMCID: PMC8142252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell and chloroplast division are driven by a contractile “Z ring” composed of the tubulin-like cytoskeletal GTPase FtsZ. Unlike bacterial Z rings, which consist of a single FtsZ, the chloroplast Z ring in plants is composed of two FtsZ proteins, FtsZ1 and FtsZ2. Both are required for chloroplast division in vivo, but their biochemical relationship is poorly understood. We used GTPase assays, light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and sedimentation assays to investigate the assembly behavior of purified Arabidopsis thaliana (At) FtsZ1 and AtFtsZ2 both individually and together. Both proteins exhibited GTPase activity. AtFtsZ2 assembled relatively quickly, forming protofilament bundles that were exceptionally stable, as indicated by their sustained assembly and slow disassembly. AtFtsZ1 did not form detectable protofilaments on its own. When mixed with AtFtsZ2, AtFtsZ1 reduced the extent and rate of AtFtsZ2 assembly, consistent with its previously demonstrated ability to promote protofilament subunit turnover in living cells. Mixing the two FtsZ proteins did not increase the overall GTPase activity, indicating that the effect of AtFtsZ1 on AtFtsZ2 assembly was not due to a stimulation of GTPase activity. However, the GTPase activity of AtFtsZ1 was required to reduce AtFtsZ2 assembly. Truncated forms of AtFtsZ1 and AtFtsZ2 consisting of only their conserved core regions largely recapitulated the behaviors of the full-length proteins. Our in vitro findings provide evidence that FtsZ1 counterbalances the stability of FtsZ2 filaments in the regulation of chloroplast Z-ring dynamics and suggest that restraining FtsZ2 self-assembly is a critical function of FtsZ1 in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Porter
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lingyan Cao
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Yaodong Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allan D TerBush
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Harold P Erickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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7
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Kang HX, Zhu XG, Yamori W, Tang YH. Concurrent Increases in Leaf Temperature With Light Accelerate Photosynthetic Induction in Tropical Tree Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1216. [PMID: 32849753 PMCID: PMC7427472 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Leaf temperature changes with incident light intensity, but it is unclear how the concurrent changes influence leaf photosynthesis. We examined the time courses of CO2 gas exchanges and chlorophyll fluorescence of seedling leaves in four tropical tree species in response to lightflecks under three different temperature conditions. The three conditions were two constant temperatures at 30°C (T 30) and 40°C (T 40), and a simulated gradually changing temperature from 30 to 40°C (T dyn). The time required to reach 50% of the full photosynthetic induction under T 40 was similar to, or even larger than, that under T 30. However, the induction of assimilation rate (A) and electron transport rate of photosystem II (ETR II) and Rubisco activation process were generally accelerated under T dyn compared to those at either T 30 or T 40. The acceleration in photosynthetic induction under T dyn was significantly greater in the shade-tolerant species than in the shade-intolerant species. A modified photosynthetic limitation analysis indicated that the acceleration was likely to be mainly due to ETR II at the early stage of photosynthetic induction. The study suggests that concurrent increases in leaf temperature with light may increase leaf carbon gain under highly fluctuating light in tropical tree seedlings, particularly in shade-tolerant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xing Kang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Institute for Sustainable Agro-Ecosystem Services, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yan-Hong Tang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
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8
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Do TH, Pongthai P, Ariyarathne M, Teh OK, Fujita T. AP2/ERF transcription factors regulate salt-induced chloroplast division in the moss Physcomitrella patens. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:537-548. [PMID: 32314112 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast division is a critical process for the maintenance of appropriate chloroplast number in plant cells. It is known that in some plant species and cell types, environmental stresses can affect chloroplast division, differentiation and morphology, however the significance and regulation of these processes are largely unknown. Here we investigated the regulation of salt stress-induced chloroplast division in protonemal cells of the moss, Physcomitrella patens, and found that, salt stress as one of the major abiotic stresses, induced chloroplast division and resulted in increased chloroplast numbers. We further identified three APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factors (TFs) that were responsible for this regulation. These AP2/ERF genes were up-regulated under salt stress, and amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analyses indicated that all TFs possess only one conserved AP2 domain and likely belong to the same subgroup of ERF-B3 in the AP2/ERF superfamily. Overexpression of these TFs significantly increased the chloroplast number even in the absence of NaCl stress. On the contrary, inducible overexpression of the dominant repressor form of these TFs suppressed salt stress-induced chloroplast division. Thus, our results suggest that salt stress induced-chloroplast division is regulated through members of the AP2/ERF TF superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Huong Do
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Prapaporn Pongthai
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, 11210, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Ooi-Kock Teh
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0817, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
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9
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Kaiser E, Walther D, Armbruster U. Growth under Fluctuating Light Reveals Large Trait Variation in a Panel of Arabidopsis Accessions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E316. [PMID: 32138234 PMCID: PMC7154909 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of photoautotrophs to fix carbon depends on the efficiency of the conversion of light energy into chemical potential by photosynthesis. In nature, light input into photosynthesis can change very rapidly and dramatically. To analyze how genetic variation in Arabidopsis thaliana affects photosynthesis and growth under dynamic light conditions, 36 randomly chosen natural accessions were grown under uniform and fluctuating light intensities. After 14 days of growth under uniform or fluctuating light regimes, maximum photosystem II quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) was determined, photosystem II operating efficiency (ΦPSII) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were measured in low light, and projected leaf area (PLA) as well as the number of visible leaves were estimated. Our data show that ΦPSII and PLA were decreased and NPQ was increased, while Fv/Fm and number of visible leaves were unaffected, in most accessions grown under fluctuating compared to uniform light. There were large changes between accessions for most of these parameters, which, however, were not correlated with genomic variation. Fast growing accessions under uniform light showed the largest growth reductions under fluctuating light, which correlated strongly with a reduction in ΦPSII, suggesting that, under fluctuating light, photosynthesis controls growth and not vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kaiser
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Walther
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Ute Armbruster
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
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10
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Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to assess utilization of excitation energy in photosystem II independently of changes in leaf absorption. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 197:111535. [PMID: 31319267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (PAM) chlorophyll a fluorescence is widely used method for obtaining information on the functional state of photosystem II (PSII). Recently, it has been shown that some of long-established fluorescence parameters must be interpreted with caution, when the light-induced chloroplast movements occur. In our work we have analyzed the effect of chloroplast movements on these parameters. We have derived new parameters that are independent of the change in PSII absorption occurring during measurement. To verify whether there is a need for new parameters or the difference between the parameters commonly used and the newly derived ones is insignificant, we conducted an experiment with Arabidopsis thaliana wild type plants and its phot1 phot2 mutant defective in chloroplast movement. Plants were exposed to light of different qualities (450, 470, 550 or 660 nm) and quantities (100, 400 or 1200 μmol m-2 s-1) for up to 40 min. Since the blue light-induced chloroplast avoidance reaction is a photoprotective mechanism, we expected that phot1 phot2 mutant will compensate the lack of this mechanism by increasing non-photochemical quenching. However, using the light at both 450 and 470 nm, the calculation of commonly used parameter, ΦNPQ (quantum yield of regulated light-induced thermal energy dissipation in PSII) based on Hendrickson et al. [L. Hendrickson, R.T. Furbank, W.S. Chow, Photosynth. Res. 82 (2004) 73-81] showed the opposite. On the other hand, the results obtained using our newly proposed formulae to determine quantum yield of PSII thermal energy dissipation were in line with our assumption. Thus, the experimental data showed that some formulae of fluorescence parameters are dependent on the change in PSII absorption and need to be interpreted carefully. On the contrary, the formulae introduced by us can remove the effect of changes in PSII absorption that occur during measurement, without additional measurements, and give the real estimate of light-induced non-photochemical quenching.
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11
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Li J, Tietz S, Cruz JA, Strand DD, Xu Y, Chen J, Kramer DM, Hu J. Photometric screens identified Arabidopsis peroxisome proteins that impact photosynthesis under dynamic light conditions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:460-474. [PMID: 30350901 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant peroxisomes function collaboratively with other subcellular organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, in several metabolic processes. To comprehensively investigate the impact of peroxisomal function on photosynthesis, especially under conditions that are more relevant to natural environments, a systematic screen of over 150 Arabidopsis mutants of genes encoding peroxisomal proteins was conducted using the automated Dynamic Environment Photosynthesis Imager (DEPI). Dynamic and high-light (HL) conditions triggered significant photosynthetic defects in a subset of the mutants, including those of photorespiration (PR) and other peroxisomal processes, some of which may also be related to PR. Further analysis of the PR mutants revealed activation of cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I and higher accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) under HL conditions. We hypothesize that impaired PR disturbs the balance of ATP and NADPH, leading to the accumulation of H2 O2 that activates CEF to produce ATP to compensate for the imbalance of reducing equivalents. The identification of peroxisomal mutants involved in PR and other peroxisomal functions in the photometric screen will enable further investigation of regulatory links between photosynthesis and PR and interorganellar interaction at the mechanistic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Li
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Stefanie Tietz
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Cruz
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Deserah D Strand
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - David M Kramer
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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12
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Cruz JA, Savage LJ, Zegarac R, Hall CC, Satoh-Cruz M, Davis GA, Kovac WK, Chen J, Kramer DM. Dynamic Environmental Photosynthetic Imaging Reveals Emergent Phenotypes. Cell Syst 2018; 2:365-77. [PMID: 27336966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and improving the productivity and robustness of plant photosynthesis requires high-throughput phenotyping under environmental conditions that are relevant to the field. Here we demonstrate the dynamic environmental photosynthesis imager (DEPI), an experimental platform for integrated, continuous, and high-throughput measurements of photosynthetic parameters during plant growth under reproducible yet dynamic environmental conditions. Using parallel imagers obviates the need to move plants or sensors, reducing artifacts and allowing simultaneous measurement on large numbers of plants. As a result, DEPI can reveal phenotypes that are not evident under standard laboratory conditions but emerge under progressively more dynamic illumination. We show examples in mutants of Arabidopsis of such "emergent phenotypes" that are highly transient and heterogeneous, appearing in different leaves under different conditions and depending in complex ways on both environmental conditions and plant developmental age. These emergent phenotypes appear to be caused by a range of phenomena, suggesting that such previously unseen processes are critical for plant responses to dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Cruz
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Linda J Savage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert Zegarac
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Christopher C Hall
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mio Satoh-Cruz
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Geoffry A Davis
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - William Kent Kovac
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - David M Kramer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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13
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Semer J, Štroch M, Špunda V, Navrátil M. Partitioning of absorbed light energy within photosystem II in barley can be affected by chloroplast movement. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 186:98-106. [PMID: 30025290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed many ways to protect reaction centres of photosystems against overexcitation. One of the mechanisms involves reduction of the leaf absorption cross-section by light-induced chloroplast avoidance reaction. Decrease in the probability of photon absorption by the pigments bound within photosystem II (PSII) complexes leads to the increase in quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII). On the other hand, the decrease of PSII excitation probability causes reduction of chlorophyll a fluorescence intensity which is manifested as the apparent increase of determined quantum yield of regulated light-induced non-photochemical quenching (ΦNPQ). Absorption of different light intensity by phototropins led to the different chloroplast distribution within barley leaves, estimated by measurement of the leaf transmittance. Due to a weak blue light used for transmittance measurements, leaves exposed to actinic light with wavelengths longer than 520 nm undergo chloroplast accumulation reaction, in contrast with leaves exposed to light with shorter wavelengths, that showed a different extent of chloroplast avoidance reaction. Based on the ΦNPQ action spectra measured simultaneously with the transmittance, the influence of different chloroplast distribution on ΦNPQ was assessed. The analysis of results showed that decrease in the leaf absorption cross-section due to increasing part of chloroplasts reaching profile position significantly affected the partitioning of excitation energy within PSII and such rearrangement also distorted measured ΦNPQ and cannot be neglected in its interpretation. When the majority of chloroplasts reached profile position, the photoprotective effect appeared to be the most prominent for strong blue light that has the highest absorption in the upper leaf layers in comparison with green or red ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Semer
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - M Štroch
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - V Špunda
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Global Change Research Institute, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Navrátil
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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14
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Pfündel EE, Latouche G, Meister A, Cerovic ZG. Linking chloroplast relocation to different responses of photosynthesis to blue and red radiation in low and high light-acclimated leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 137:105-128. [PMID: 29374806 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Low light (LL) and high light (HL)-acclimated plants of A. thaliana were exposed to blue (BB) or red (RR) light or to a mixture of blue and red light (BR) of incrementally increasing intensities. The light response of photosystem II was measured by pulse amplitude-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence and that of photosystem I by near infrared difference spectroscopy. The LL but not HL leaves exhibited blue light-specific responses which were assigned to relocation of chloroplasts from the dark to the light-avoidance arrangement. Blue light (BB and BR) decreased the minimum fluorescence ([Formula: see text]) more than RR light. This extra reduction of the [Formula: see text] was stronger than theoretically predicted for [Formula: see text] quenching by energy dissipation but actual measurement and theory agreed in RR treatments. The extra [Formula: see text] reduction was assigned to decreased light absorption of chloroplasts in the avoidance position. A maximum reduction of 30% was calculated. Increasing intensities of blue light affected the fluorescence parameters NPQ and qP to a lesser degree than red light. After correcting for the optical effects of chloroplast relocation, the NPQ responded similarly to blue and red light. The same correction method diminished the color-specific variations in qP but did not abolish it; thus strongly indicating the presence of another blue light effect which also moderates excitation pressure in PSII but cannot be ascribed to absorption variations. Only after RR exposure, a post-illumination overshoot of [Formula: see text] and fast oxidation of PSI electron acceptors occurred, thus, suggesting an electron flow from stromal reductants to the plastoquinone pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard E Pfündel
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik II der Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Institut für Biowissenschaften, 97082, Würzburg, Germany.
- Heinz Walz GmbH, Eichenring 6, 91090, Effeltrich, Germany.
| | - Gwendal Latouche
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Écologie Systématique et Évolution, UMR8079, Bât. 362, 91405, Orsay, France
- CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
- AgroParisTech, 75231, Paris, France
| | - Armin Meister
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Zoran G Cerovic
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Écologie Systématique et Évolution, UMR8079, Bât. 362, 91405, Orsay, France
- CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
- AgroParisTech, 75231, Paris, France
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15
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Swid N, Nevo R, Kiss V, Kapon R, Dagan S, Snir O, Adam Z, Falconet D, Reich Z, Charuvi D. Differential impacts of FtsZ proteins on plastid division in the shoot apex of Arabidopsis. Dev Biol 2018; 441:83-94. [PMID: 29920253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
FtsZ proteins of the FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 families play important roles in the initiation and progression of plastid division in plants and green algae. Arabidopsis possesses a single FTSZ1 member and two FTSZ2 members, FTSZ2-1 and FTSZ2-2. The contribution of these to chloroplast division and partitioning has been mostly investigated in leaf mesophyll tissues. Here, we assessed the involvement of the three FtsZs in plastid division at earlier stages of chloroplast differentiation. To this end, we studied the effect of the absence of specific FtsZ proteins on plastids in the vegetative shoot apex, where the proplastid-to-chloroplast transition takes place. We found that the relative contribution of the two major leaf FtsZ isoforms, FtsZ1 and FtsZ2-1, to the division process varies with cell lineage and position within the shoot apex. While FtsZ2-1 dominates division in the L1 and L3 layers of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), in the L2 layer, FtsZ1 and FtsZ2-1 contribute equally toward the process. Depletion of the third isoform, FtsZ2-2, generally resulted in stronger effects in the shoot apex than those observed in mature leaves. The implications of these findings, along with additional observations made in this work, to our understanding of the mechanisms and regulation of plastid proliferation in the shoot apex are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neora Swid
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Reinat Nevo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Vladimir Kiss
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ruti Kapon
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shlomi Dagan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Orli Snir
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Zach Adam
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Denis Falconet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, LPCV-BIG, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ziv Reich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Dana Charuvi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization - Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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16
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Morales A, Kaiser E, Yin X, Harbinson J, Molenaar J, Driever SM, Struik PC. Dynamic modelling of limitations on improving leaf CO 2 assimilation under fluctuating irradiance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:589-604. [PMID: 29243271 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A dynamic model of leaf CO2 assimilation was developed as an extension of the canonical steady-state model, by adding the effects of energy-dependent non-photochemical quenching (qE), chloroplast movement, photoinhibition, regulation of enzyme activity in the Calvin cycle, metabolite concentrations, and dynamic CO2 diffusion. The model was calibrated and tested successfully using published measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence on Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Col-0 and several photosynthetic mutants and transformants affecting the regulation of Rubisco activity (rca-2 and rwt43), non-photochemical quenching (npq4-1 and npq1-2), and sucrose synthesis (spsa1). The potential improvements on CO2 assimilation under fluctuating irradiance that can be achieved by removing the kinetic limitations on the regulation of enzyme activities, electron transport, and stomatal conductance were calculated in silico for different scenarios. The model predicted that the rates of activation of enzymes in the Calvin cycle and stomatal opening were the most limiting (up to 17% improvement) and that effects varied with the frequency of fluctuations. On the other hand, relaxation of qE and chloroplast movement had a strong effect on average low-irradiance CO2 assimilation (up to 10% improvement). Strong synergies among processes were found, such that removing all kinetic limitations simultaneously resulted in improvements of up to 32%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Morales
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Molenaar
- Biometris, Mathematical and Statistical Methods Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven M Driever
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Tietz S, Hall CC, Cruz JA, Kramer DM. NPQ (T) : a chlorophyll fluorescence parameter for rapid estimation and imaging of non-photochemical quenching of excitons in photosystem-II-associated antenna complexes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1243-1255. [PMID: 28699261 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by light-harvesting complexes and used to drive photochemistry. However, a fraction of absorbed light is lost to non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) that reflects several important photosynthetic processes to dissipate excess energy. Currently, estimates of NPQ and its individual components (qE , qI , qZ and qT ) are measured from pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM) measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence yield and require measurements of the maximal yield of fluorescence in fully dark-adapted material (Fm ), when NPQ is assumed to be negligible. Unfortunately, this approach requires extensive dark acclimation, often precluding widespread or high-throughput use, particularly under field conditions or in imaging applications, while introducing artefacts when Fm is measured in the presence of residual photodamaged centres. To address these limitations, we derived and characterized a new set of parameters, NPQ(T) , and its components that can be (1) measured in a few seconds, allowing for high-throughput and field applications; (2) does not require full relaxation of quenching processes and thus can be applied to photoinhibited materials; (3) can distinguish between NPQ and chloroplast movements; and (4) can be used to image NPQ in plants with large leaf movements. We discuss the applications benefits and caveats of both approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Tietz
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312, USA
| | - Christopher C Hall
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312, USA
- Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Cruz
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312, USA
| | - David M Kramer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312, USA
- Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312, USA
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18
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Xiong D, Huang J, Peng S, Li Y. A few enlarged chloroplasts are less efficient in photosynthesis than a large population of small chloroplasts in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5782. [PMID: 28720786 PMCID: PMC5515944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic, biochemical, and anatomical traits of accumulation and replication of chloroplasts (arc) mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated to study the effects of chloroplast size and number on photosynthesis. Chloroplasts were found to be significantly larger, and the chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular air spaces (S c) significantly lower in the mutants than in their wild-types. The decreased S c and increase cytoplasm thickness in the mutants resulted in a lower mesophyll conductance (g m) and a consequently lower chloroplast CO2 concentration (C c). There were no significant differences between the mutants and their wild-types in maximal carboxylation rate (V cmax), maximal electron transport (J cmax), and leaf soluble proteins. Leaf nitrogen (N) and Rubisco content were similar in both Wassilewskija (Ws) wild-type (Ws-WT) and the Ws mutant (arc 8), whereas they were slightly higher in Columbia (Col) wild-type (Col-WT) than the Col mutant (arc 12). The photosynthetic rate (A) and photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) were significantly lower in the mutants than their wild-types. The mutants showed similar A/C c responses as their wild-type counterparts, but A at given C c was higher in Col and its mutant than in Ws and its mutant. From these results, we conclude that decreases in g m and C c are crucial to the reduction in A in arc mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07121, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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19
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Dutta S, Cruz JA, Imran SM, Chen J, Kramer DM, Osteryoung KW. Variations in chloroplast movement and chlorophyll fluorescence among chloroplast division mutants under light stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3541-3555. [PMID: 28645163 PMCID: PMC5853797 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts divide to maintain consistent size, shape, and number in leaf mesophyll cells. Altered expression of chloroplast division proteins in Arabidopsis results in abnormal chloroplast morphology. To better understand the influence of chloroplast morphology on chloroplast movement and photosynthesis, we compared the chloroplast photorelocation and photosynthetic responses of a series of Arabidopsis chloroplast division mutants with a wide variety of chloroplast phenotypes. Chloroplast movement was monitored by red light reflectance imaging of whole plants under increasing intensities of white light. The accumulation and avoidance responses were differentially affected in different mutants and depended on both chloroplast number and morphological heterogeneity. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements during 5 d light experiments demonstrated that mutants with large-chloroplast phenotypes generally exhibited greater PSII photodamage than those with intermediate phenotypes. No abnormalities in photorelocation efficiency or photosynthetic capacity were observed in plants with small-chloroplast phenotypes. Simultaneous measurement of chloroplast movement and chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that the energy-dependent (qE) and long-lived components of non-photochemical quenching that reflect photoinhibition are affected differentially in different division mutants exposed to high or fluctuating light intensities. We conclude that chloroplast division mutants with abnormal chloroplast morphologies differ markedly from the wild type in their light adaptation capabilities, which may decrease their relative fitness in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Dutta
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Cruz
- MSU-DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Saif M Imran
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- MSU-DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David M Kramer
- MSU-DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | - Katherine W Osteryoung
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Correspondence: or
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20
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Li Y, Wang L, Wang G, Feng Y, Liu X. AT2G21280 Only Has a Minor Role in Chloroplast Division. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2095. [PMID: 29270190 PMCID: PMC5725473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast division is an important cellular process, which involves complicated coordination of multiple proteins. In mutant plants with chloroplast division defects, chloroplasts are usually found to be with enlarged size and reduced numbers. Previous studies have shown that AT2G21280, which was named as GC1 (GIANT CHLOROPLAST 1) or AtSulA, was an important chloroplast division gene, because either reduced expression or overexpression of the gene could result in an apparent chloroplast division phenotype (Maple et al., 2004; Raynaud et al., 2004). To further study the function of AT2G21280, we obtained mutants of this gene by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing and T-DNA insertion. Most of the chloroplasts in the mutants were similar to that of the wild type in size. Larger chloroplasts were rarely found in the mutants. Moreover, we obtained transgenic plants overexpressing AT2G21280, analyzed the chloroplast division phenotype, and found there were no significant differences between the wild type and various overexpressing plants. Phylogenetic analysis clearly indicated that AT2G21280 was not in the family of bacterial cell division protein SulA. Instead, BLAST analysis suggested that AT2G21280 is an NAD dependent epimerase/dehydratase family enzyme. Since the main results of the previous studies that AT2G21280 is an important chloroplast division gene cannot be confirmed by our intensive study and large chloroplasts are rarely found in the mutants, we think the previous names of AT2G21280 are inappropriate. Localization study results showed that AT2G21280 is a peripheral protein of the inner envelope of chloroplasts in the stroma side. AT2G21280 is well conserved in plants and cyanobacteria, suggesting its function is important, which can be revealed in the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiong Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangshuai Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaomin Liu,
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21
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Liao KL, Jones RD, McCarter P, Tunc-Ozdemir M, Draper JA, Elston TC, Kramer D, Jones AM. A shadow detector for photosynthesis efficiency. J Theor Biol 2016; 414:231-244. [PMID: 27923735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plants tolerate large variations in the intensity of the light environment by controlling the efficiency of solar to chemical energy conversion. To do this, plants have a mechanism to detect the intensity, duration, and change in light as they experience moving shadows, flickering light, and cloud cover. Sugars are the primary products of CO2 fixation, a metabolic pathway that is rate limited by this solar energy conversion. We propose that sugar is a signal encoding information about the intensity, duration and change in the light environment. We previously showed that the Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G protein complex including its receptor-like Regulator of G signaling protein, AtRGS1, detects both the concentration and the exposure time of sugars (Fu et al., 2014. Cell 156: 1084-1095). This unique property, designated dose-duration reciprocity, is a behavior that emerges from the system architecture / system motif. Here, we show that another property of the signaling system is to detect large changes in light while at the same time, filtering types of fluctuation in light that do not affect photosynthesis efficiency. When AtRGS1 is genetically ablated, photosynthesis efficiency is reduced in a changing- but not a constant-light environment. Mathematical modeling revealed that information about changes in the light environment is encoded in the amount of free AtRGS1 that becomes compartmentalized following stimulation. We propose that this property determines when to adjust photosynthetic efficiency in an environment where light intensity changes abruptly caused by moving shadows on top of a background of light changing gradually from sun rise to sun set and fluctuating light such as that caused by fluttering leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ling Liao
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Roger D Jones
- Center for Complex Systems and Enterprises, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Patrick McCarter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Meral Tunc-Ozdemir
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James A Draper
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Timothy C Elston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - David Kramer
- Plant Research Laboratory Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alan M Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Novel micro-photobioreactor design and monitoring method for assessing microalgae response to light intensity. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kuhlgert S, Austic G, Zegarac R, Osei-Bonsu I, Hoh D, Chilvers MI, Roth MG, Bi K, TerAvest D, Weebadde P, Kramer DM. MultispeQ Beta: a tool for large-scale plant phenotyping connected to the open PhotosynQ network. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160592. [PMID: 27853580 PMCID: PMC5099005 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale high-throughput plant phenotyping (sometimes called phenomics) is becoming increasingly important in plant biology and agriculture and is essential to cutting-edge plant breeding and management approaches needed to meet the food and fuel needs for the next century. Currently, the application of these approaches is severely limited by the availability of appropriate instrumentation and by the ability to communicate experimental protocols, results and analyses. To address these issues, we have developed a low-cost, yet sophisticated open-source scientific instrument designed to enable communities of researchers, plant breeders, educators, farmers and citizen scientists to collect high-quality field data on a large scale. The MultispeQ provides measurements in the field or laboratory of both, environmental conditions (light intensity and quality, temperature, humidity, CO2 levels, time and location) and useful plant phenotypes, including photosynthetic parameters-photosystem II quantum yield (ΦII), non-photochemical exciton quenching (NPQ), photosystem II photoinhibition, light-driven proton translocation and thylakoid proton motive force, regulation of the chloroplast ATP synthase and potentially many others-and leaf chlorophyll and other pigments. Plant phenotype data are transmitted from the MultispeQ to mobile devices, laptops or desktop computers together with key metadata that gets saved to the PhotosynQ platform (https://photosynq.org) and provides a suite of web-based tools for sharing, visualization, filtering, dissemination and analyses. We present validation experiments, comparing MultispeQ results with established platforms, and show that it can be usefully deployed in both laboratory and field settings. We present evidence that MultispeQ can be used by communities of researchers to rapidly measure, store and analyse multiple environmental and plant properties, allowing for deeper understanding of the complex interactions between plants and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kuhlgert
- MSU-DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Greg Austic
- MSU-DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert Zegarac
- MSU-DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Isaac Osei-Bonsu
- MSU-DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Donghee Hoh
- MSU-DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Martin I. Chilvers
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mitchell G. Roth
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kevin Bi
- MSU-DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Dan TerAvest
- MSU-DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - David M. Kramer
- MSU-DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Author for correspondence: David M. Kramer e-mail:
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