1
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Sun X, Singla-Rastogi M, Wang J, Zhao C, Wang X, Li P. The uS10c-BPG2 module mediates ribosomal RNA processing in chloroplast nucleoids. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:7893-7909. [PMID: 38686791 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In plant chloroplasts, certain ribosomal proteins (RPs) and ribosome biogenesis factors (RBFs) are present in nucleoids, implying an association between nucleoids and ribosome biogenesis. In Arabidopsis, the YqeH-type GTPase Brassinazole-Insensitive Pale Green2 (BPG2) is a chloroplast nucleoid-associated RBF. Here, we investigated the relationship between nucleoids and BPG2-involved ribosome biogenesis steps by exploring how BPG2 targets ribosomes. Our findings demonstrate that BPG2 interacts with an essential plastid RP, uS10c, in chloroplast nucleoids in a ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-independent manner. We also discovered that uS10c is a haploinsufficient gene, as the heterozygous deletion of this gene leads to variegated shoots and chlorophyll aggregation. uS10c is integrated into 30S ribosomal particles when rRNA is relatively exposed and also exists in polysome fractions. In contrast, BPG2 exclusively associates with 30S ribosomal particles. Notably, the interaction between BPG2 and 30S particles is influenced by the absence of uS10c, resulting in BPG2 diffusing in chloroplasts instead of targeting nucleoids. Further, our results reveal that the loss of BPG2 function and the heterozygous deletion of uS10c impair the processing of 16S and 23S-4.5S rRNAs, reduce plastid protein accumulation, and trigger the plastid signaling response. Together, these findings indicate that the uS10c-BPG2 module mediates ribosome biogenesis in chloroplast nucleoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Sun
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (Biotechnology Research Center), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | | | - Jingwen Wang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (Biotechnology Research Center), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Chuanzhi Zhao
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (Biotechnology Research Center), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Xingjun Wang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (Biotechnology Research Center), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (Biotechnology Research Center), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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2
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Kobayashi K, Jimbo H, Nakamura Y, Wada H. Biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol in photosynthetic organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101266. [PMID: 38040200 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is a unique phospholipid class with its indispensable role in photosynthesis and growth in land plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. PG is the only major phospholipid in the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria and plant chloroplasts and a main lipid component in photosynthetic protein-cofactor complexes such as photosystem I and photosystem II. In plants and algae, PG is also essential as a substrate for the biosynthesis of cardiolipin, which is a unique lipid present only in mitochondrial membranes and crucial for the functions of mitochondria. PG biosynthesis pathways in plants include three membranous organelles, plastids, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum in a complex manner. While the molecular biology underlying the role of PG in photosynthetic functions is well established, many enzymes responsible for the PG biosynthesis are only recently cloned and functionally characterized in the model plant species including Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria such as Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The characterization of those enzymes helps understand not only the metabolic flow for PG production but also the crosstalk of biosynthesis pathways between PG and other lipids. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the understanding of the PG biosynthesis pathway and functions of involved enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan.
| | - Haruhiko Jimbo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Zhang Q, Boundjou NB, Jia L, Wang X, Zhou L, Peisker H, Li Q, Guo L, Dörmann P, Lyu D, Zhou Y. Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol synthase is essential for mitochondrial structure and energy production in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:338-354. [PMID: 36789486 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG), an important intermediate for glycerolipid biosynthesis, is synthesized under the catalytic activity of CDP-DAG synthase (CDS) to produce anionic phosphoglycerolipids such as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL). Previous studies showed that Arabidopsis CDSs are encoded by a small gene family, termed CDS1-CDS5, the members of which are integral membrane proteins in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and in plastids. However, the details on how CDP-DAG is provided for mitochondrial membrane-specific phosphoglycerolipids are missing. Here we present the identification of a mitochondrion-specific CDS, designated CDS6. Enzymatic activity of CDS6 was demonstrated by the complementation of CL synthesis in the yeast CDS-deficient tam41Δ mutant. The Arabidopsis cds6 mutant lacking CDS6 activity showed decreased mitochondrial PG and CL biosynthesis capacity, a severe growth deficiency finally leading to plant death. These defects were rescued partly by complementation with CDS6 or supplementation with PG and CL. The ultrastructure of mitochondria in cds6 was abnormal, missing the structures of cristae. The degradation of triacylglycerol (TAG) in lipid droplets and starch in chloroplasts in the cds6 mutant was impaired. The expression of most differentially expressed genes involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain was upregulated, suggesting an energy-demanding stage in cds6. Furthermore, the contents of polar glycerolipids in cds6 were dramatically altered. In addition, cds6 seedlings lost the capacity for cell proliferation and showed a higher oxidase activity. Thus, CDS6 is indispensable for the biosynthesis of PG and CL in mitochondria, which is critical for establishing mitochondrial structure, TAG degradation, energy production and seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | | | - Lijun Jia
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xinliang Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Helga Peisker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Qing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Dianqiu Lyu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding for Tuber and Root Crops, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Plastid Phosphatidylglycerol Homeostasis Is Required for Plant Growth and Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030318. [PMID: 36984758 PMCID: PMC10058643 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique feature of plastid phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is a trans-double bond specifically at the sn-2 position of 16C fatty acid (16:1t- PG), which is catalyzed by FATTY ACID DESATURASE 4 (FAD4). To offer additional insights about the in vivo roles of FAD4 and its product 16:1t-PG, FAD4 overexpression lines (OX-FAD4s) were generated in Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia ecotype. When grown under continuous light condition, the fad4-2 and OX-FAD4s plants exhibited higher growth rates compared to WT control. Total lipids were isolated from Col, fad4-2, and OX-FAD4_2 plants, and polar lipids quantified by lipidomic profiling. We found that disrupting FAD4 expression altered prokaryotic and eukaryotic PG content and composition. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) was up-regulated in OX-FAD4 plants but not in fad4-2 mutant. We propose that 16:1t-PG homeostasis in plastid envelope membranes may coordinate plant growth and stress response by restricting photoassimilate export from the chloroplast.
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Bolik S, Albrieux C, Schneck E, Demé B, Jouhet J. Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol bilayers share biophysical properties and are good mutual substitutes in photosynthetic membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:184037. [PMID: 36041508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bolik
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France; Institut Laue-Langevin, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Albrieux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Emanuel Schneck
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, TU Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bruno Demé
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Fujii S, Kobayashi K, Lin YC, Liu YC, Nakamura Y, Wada H. Impacts of phosphatidylglycerol on plastid gene expression and light induction of nuclear photosynthetic genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2952-2970. [PMID: 35560187 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is the only major phospholipid in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. PG is essential for photosynthesis, and loss of PG in Arabidopsis thaliana results in severe defects of growth and chloroplast development, with decreased chlorophyll accumulation, impaired thylakoid formation, and down-regulation of photosynthesis-associated genes encoded in nuclear and plastid genomes. However, how the absence of PG affects gene expression and plant growth remains unclear. To elucidate this mechanism, we investigated transcriptional profiles of a PG-deficient Arabidopsis mutant pgp1-2 under various light conditions. Microarray analysis demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive genes were up-regulated in pgp1-2. However, ROS production was not enhanced in the mutant even under strong light, indicating limited impacts of photooxidative stress on the defects of pgp1-2. Illumination to dark-adapted pgp1-2 triggered down-regulation of photosynthesis-associated nuclear-encoded genes (PhANGs), while plastid-encoded genes were constantly suppressed. Overexpression of GOLDEN2-LIKE1 (GLK1), a transcription factor gene regulating chloroplast development, in pgp1-2 up-regulated PhANGs but not plastid-encoded genes along with chlorophyll accumulation. Our data suggest a broad impact of PG biosynthesis on nuclear-encoded genes partially via GLK1 and a specific involvement of this lipid in plastid gene expression and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Fujii
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ying-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Plant monounsaturated fatty acids: Diversity, biosynthesis, functions and uses. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101138. [PMID: 34774919 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monounsaturated fatty acids are straight-chain aliphatic monocarboxylic acids comprising a unique carbon‑carbon double bond, also termed unsaturation. More than 50 distinct molecular structures have been described in the plant kingdom, and more remain to be discovered. The evolution of land plants has apparently resulted in the convergent evolution of non-homologous enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of saturated acyl chain substrates in a chemo-, regio- and stereoselective manner. Contrasted enzymatic characteristics and different subcellular localizations of these desaturases account for the diversity of existing fatty acid structures. Interestingly, the location and geometrical configuration of the unsaturation confer specific characteristics to these molecules found in a variety of membrane, storage, and surface lipids. An ongoing research effort aimed at exploring the links existing between fatty acid structures and their biological functions has already unraveled the importance of several monounsaturated fatty acids in various physiological and developmental contexts. What is more, the monounsaturated acyl chains found in the oils of seeds and fruits are widely and increasingly used in the food and chemical industries due to the physicochemical properties inherent in their structures. Breeders and plant biotechnologists therefore develop new crops with high monounsaturated contents for various agro-industrial purposes.
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Afitlhile M, Worthington R, Baldric J. The toc132toc120 heterozygote mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana accumulates decreased levels of the major chloroplast lipids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 184:112652. [PMID: 33535085 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We used ESI-MS/MS to profile glycerolipids in a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana that is null and heterozygous for the TOC132 and TOC120 genes, and is referred to as the toc132toc120± mutant. The goal was to assess the impact of a defective atToc132/120 receptor on the accumulation of chloroplast lipids. The mutant accumulated decreased amounts of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). In the cold-acclimated mutant, PG accumulated at the control levels. However, 34:4-PG (18:3/16:1Δ3trans) was significantly decreased, which indicates that the mutant was impaired in synthesis of the chloroplast-derived PG. Major molecular species of MGDG and DGDG were significantly decreased, which was indicative of the decreased levels of triunsaturated fatty acids in galactolipids. The cold-acclimated mutant accumulated increased levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS), which indicate that defect in the atToc132/120 receptor did not impair the ER pathway of lipid synthesis. Both cold-acclimated wildtype and mutant plants accumulated increased levels of phosphatidic acid (PA). The increased levels of major molecular species of PA suggest that some pool of PA was derived from degradation of both the chloroplast and extra-chloroplast lipids. The cold-acclimated mutant had decreased double bond index (DBI) and increased acyl chain length (ACL), which was indicative of decreased membrane fluidity. However, a decrease in the ratio of MGDG to DGDG indicate that the mutant was capable of remodeling membrane lipids in response to low temperatures. We conclude that the defective Toc132/120 receptor resulted in decreased synthesis of chloroplast lipids and decreased membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshack Afitlhile
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Waggoner Hall 311, 1 University Circle, Macomb, IL, 61455, USA.
| | - Rebecca Worthington
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Waggoner Hall 311, 1 University Circle, Macomb, IL, 61455, USA
| | - Jeashelle Baldric
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Waggoner Hall 311, 1 University Circle, Macomb, IL, 61455, USA
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Afitlhile M, Worthington R, Heda G, Brown L. The TOC159 null mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is impaired in the accumulation of plastid lipids and phosphatidylcholine. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 159:148-159. [PMID: 33360238 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We used electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to profile glycerolipids in the TOC159 null mutant of Arabidopsis, which is referred to as plastid protein import 2, or ppi2. The goal was to evaluate the impact of a defective atToc159 receptor in the accumulation of plastid lipids. The ppi2 mutant is severely impaired in the accumulation of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), which are major components of the thylakoid membranes. Major molecular species of MGDG and DGDG are drastically decreased, which is consistent with our previous findings of decreased levels of hexadecatrienoic and linolenic acids. Under normal growth conditions, the ppi2 mutant accumulated significantly lower levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylinositol (PI). In the cold-acclimated mutant, the amounts of PE and PI were similar to the wildtype level, which indicates that the ER pathway of lipid synthesis was functional in the mutant. The cold-acclimated ppi2 mutant accumulated increased amounts of phosphatidic acid (PA), which was mirrored by an increase in phospholipase Dα (PLDα) transcript levels. These data suggest that PLDα activity contributed to the accumulation of cold-induced PA in the ppi2 mutant. The accumulation of major molecular species in PA indicates that cold-induced PA originated from the degradation of both plastidial and extraplastidial lipids. Compared with the wildtype, the ppi2 mutant had a low double bond index and high acyl chain length, which is indicative of decreased membrane fluidity. Taken together, these data indicate that a defective atToc159 receptor severely impaired the plastid pathway of lipid synthesis, which negatively affected the synthesis and/or accumulation of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshack Afitlhile
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Waggoner Hall 311, 1 University Circle, Macomb, IL, 61455, USA.
| | - Rebecca Worthington
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Waggoner Hall 311, 1 University Circle, Macomb, IL, 61455, USA
| | - Ghanshyam Heda
- Department of Sciences and Mathematics, Mississippi University for Women, 1100 College Street, Columbus, MS, 39701, USA
| | - Logan Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Waggoner Hall 311, 1 University Circle, Macomb, IL, 61455, USA
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10
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Ngo AH, Kanehara K, Nakamura Y. Non-specific phospholipases C, NPC2 and NPC6, are required for root growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:825-835. [PMID: 31400172 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutants in lipid metabolism often show a lethal phenotype during reproduction that prevents investigating a specific role of the lipid during different developmental processes. We focused on two non-specific phospholipases C, NPC2 and NPC6, whose double knock-out causes a gametophyte-lethal phenotype. To investigate the role of NPC2 and NPC6 during vegetative growth, we produced transgenic knock-down mutant lines that circumvent the lethal effect during gametogenesis. Despite no defect observed in leaves, root growth was significantly retarded, with abnormal cellular architecture in root columella cells. Furthermore, the short root phenotype was rescued by exogenous supplementation of phosphocholine, a product of non-specific phospholipase C (NPC) -catalyzed phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis. The expression of phospho-base N-methyltransferase 1 (PMT1), which produces phosphocholine and is required for root growth, was induced in the knock-down mutant lines and was attenuated after phosphocholine supplementation. These results suggest that NPC2 and NPC6 may be involved in root growth by producing phosphocholine via metabolic interaction with a PMT-catalyzed pathway, which highlights a tissue-specific role of NPC enzymes in vegetative growth beyond the gametophyte-lethal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh H Ngo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kazue Kanehara
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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11
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Abstract
Chloroplasts contain high amounts of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and low levels of the anionic lipids sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and glucuronosyldiacylglycerol (GlcADG). The mostly extraplastidial lipid phosphatidylcholine is found only in the outer envelope. Chloroplasts are the major site for fatty acid synthesis. In Arabidopsis, a certain proportion of glycerolipids is entirely synthesized in the chloroplast (prokaryotic lipids). Fatty acids are also exported to the endoplasmic reticulum and incorporated into lipids that are redistributed to the chloroplast (eukaryotic lipids). MGDG, DGDG, SQDG, and PG establish the thylakoid membranes and are integral constituents of the photosynthetic complexes. Phosphate deprivation induces phospholipid degradation accompanied by the increase in DGDG, SQDG, and GlcADG. During freezing and drought stress, envelope membranes are stabilized by the conversion of MGDG into oligogalactolipids. Senescence and chlorotic stress lead to lipid and chlorophyll degradation and the deposition of acyl and phytyl moieties as fatty acid phytyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hölzl
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
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12
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Kostetsky E, Chopenko N, Barkina M, Velansky P, Sanina N. Fatty Acid Composition and Thermotropic Behavior of Glycolipids and Other Membrane Lipids of Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) Inhabiting Different Climatic Zones. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16120494. [PMID: 30544629 PMCID: PMC6316251 DOI: 10.3390/md16120494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing global temperatures are expected to increase the risk of extinction of various species due to acceleration in the pace of shifting climate zones. Nevertheless, there is no information on the physicochemical properties of membrane lipids that enable the adaptation of the algae to different climatic zones. The present work aimed to compare fatty acid composition and thermal transitions of membrane lipids from green macroalgae Ulva lactuca harvested in the Sea of Japan and the Adriatic Sea in summer. U. lactuca inhabiting the Adriatic Sea had bleached parts of thalli which were completely devoid of chloroplast glycolipids. The adaptation to a warmer climatic zone was also accompanied by a significant decrease in the ratio between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids (UFA/SFA) of membrane lipids, especially in bleached thalli. Hence, bleaching of algae is probably associated with the significant decrease of the UFA/SFA ratio in glycolipids. The decreasing ratio of n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was observed in extra-plastidial lipids and only in the major glycolipid, non-lamellar monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. The opposite thermotropic behavior of non-lamellar and lamellar glycolipids can contribute to maintenance of the highly dynamic structure of thylakoid membranes of algae in response to the increasing temperatures of climatic zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Kostetsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia.
| | - Natalia Chopenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia.
| | - Maria Barkina
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia.
| | - Peter Velansky
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia.
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
| | - Nina Sanina
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia.
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Ngo AH, Lin YC, Liu YC, Gutbrod K, Peisker H, Dörmann P, Nakamura Y. A pair of nonspecific phospholipases C, NPC2 and NPC6, are involved in gametophyte development and glycerolipid metabolism in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:163-175. [PMID: 29655284 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases play crucial roles in plant membrane lipid homeostasis. Nonspecific phospholipase C (NPCs) establish a unique class of phospholipases found only in plants and certain bacteria. Here, we show that two previously uncharacterized NPC isoforms, NPC2 and NPC6, are required for male and female gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. Double mutant plants of npc2-1 npc6-2 could not be retrieved because npc2-1 npc6-2 ovule and pollen development is affected. Genetic complementation, reciprocal crossing and microscope observation of npc2-1/- npc6-2/+ and npc2-1/+ npc6-2/- plants suggest that NPC2 and NPC6 are redundant and are required for normal gametophyte development. Both NPC2 and NPC6 proteins are localized to the plastids. Promoter-GUS assays in transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that NPC2 and NPC6 are preferentially expressed in floral organs rather than in leaves. In vitro enzyme assays showed that NPC2 and NPC6 hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, but not phosphatidate, being consistent with the reported substrate selectivity of NPCs. The amounts of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were increased in buds but not in flowers of npc2-1/- npc6-2/+ and npc2-1/+ npc6-2/- plants, presumably due to reduced phospholipid hydrolysis activity in developing flowers. Our results demonstrate that NPC2 and NPC6 play crucial roles in gametogenesis during flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh H Ngo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Academia Sinica, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Academia Sinica, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helga Peisker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Academia Sinica, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
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14
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Nakamura Y. Membrane Lipid Oscillation: An Emerging System of Molecular Dynamics in the Plant Membrane. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:441-447. [PMID: 29415166 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biological rhythm represents a major biological process of living organisms. However, rhythmic oscillation of membrane lipid content is poorly described in plants. The development of lipidomic technology has led to the illustration of precise molecular profiles of membrane lipids under various growth conditions. Compared with conventional lipid signaling, which produces unpredictable lipid changes in response to ever-changing environmental conditions, lipid oscillation generates a fairly predictable lipid profile, adding a new layer of biological function to the membrane system and possible cross-talk with the other chronobiological processes. This mini review covers recent studies elucidating membrane lipid oscillation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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15
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Lin YC, Kobayashi K, Wada H, Nakamura Y. Phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase is required for root growth in Arabidopsis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:563-575. [PMID: 29476828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is an indispensable lipid class in photosynthetic activity. However, the importance of PG biosynthesis in non-photosynthetic organs remains elusive. We previously identified phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase 1 (PGPP1), which catalyzes the last step of PG biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present report, we noted considerably shorter roots of the pgpp1-1 mutant compared to the wild type. We observed defective order of columella cells in the root apices, which was complemented by introducing the wild-type PGPP1 gene. Although PGPP1 is chloroplast-localized in leaf mesophyll cells, we observed mitochondrial localization of PGPP1 in root cells, suggesting possible dual targeting of PGPP1. Moreover, we identified previously uncharacterized 2 protein tyrosine phosphatase-like proteins as functional PGPPs. These proteins, designated PTPMT1 and PTPMT2, complemented growth and lipid phenotypes of Δgep4, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant of PGPP. The ptpmt1-1 ptpmt2-1 exhibited no visible phenotype; however, the pgpp1-1 ptpmt1-1 ptpmt2-1 significantly enhanced the root phenotype of pgpp1-1 without further affecting the photosynthesis, suggesting that these newly found PGPPs are involved in the root phenotype. Radiolabeling experiment of mutant roots showed that decreased PG biosynthesis is associated with the mutation of PGPP1. These results suggest that PG biosynthesis is required for the root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Academia Sinica, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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16
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Nakamura Y. Plant Phospholipid Diversity: Emerging Functions in Metabolism and Protein-Lipid Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:1027-1040. [PMID: 28993119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are essential components of biological membranes and signal transduction cascades in plants. In recent years, plant phospholipid research was greatly advanced by the characterization of numerous mutants affected in phospholipid biosynthesis and the discovery of a number of functionally important phospholipid-binding proteins. It is now accepted that most phospholipids to some extent have regulatory functions, including those that serve as constituents of biological membranes. Phospholipids are more than an inert end product of lipid biosynthesis. This review article summarizes recent advances on phospholipid biosynthesis with a particular focus on polar head group synthesis, followed by a short overview on protein-phospholipid interactions as an emerging regulatory mechanism of phospholipid function in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan 11529, Taiwan; http://ipmb.sinica.edu.tw/index.html/?q=node/972&language=en.
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