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Qin G, Li X, Qin Y, Lu L, Gao L, Guan D. Transcriptomics of Leaf Development in the Endangered Dioecious Magnolia kwangsiensis: Molecular Basis Underpinning Specialized Metabolism Genes. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:335. [PMID: 38540394 PMCID: PMC10970092 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnolia kwangsiensis, a dioecious tree native to China, is recognized not only for its status as an at-risk species but also for its potential in therapeutic applications courtesy of its bioactive compounds. However, the genetic underpinnings of its leaf development and compound biosynthesis are not well documented. Our study aims to bridge this knowledge gap through comparative transcriptomics, analyzing gene expression through different leaf maturation stages. We studied the transcriptome of M. kwangsiensis leaves by applying RNA sequencing at juvenile, tender, and mature phases. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to explore transcriptional changes accompanying the developmental trajectory. Our analysis delineates the transcriptional landscape of over 20,000 genes with over 6000 DEGs highlighting significant transcriptional shifts throughout leaf maturation. Mature leaves demonstrated upregulation in pathways related to photosynthesis, cell wall formation, and polysaccharide production, affirming their structural integrity and specialized metabolic functions. Our GO and KEGG enrichment analyses underpin these findings. Furthermore, we unveiled coordinated gene activity correlating development with synthesizing therapeutically relevant polysaccharides. We identified four novel glycosyltransferases potentially pivotal in this synergistic mechanism. Our study uncovers the complementary evolutionary forces that concurrently sculpt structural and chemical defenses. These genetic mechanisms calibrate leaf tissue resilience and biochemical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Delong Guan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Applied Intelligent Technology, School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Hechi 546300, China; (G.Q.)
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Yu G, Mou Y, Shoaib N, He X, Liu L, Di R, Mughal N, Zhang N, Huang Y. Serine 31 Phosphorylation-Driven Regulation of AGPase Activity: Potential Implications for Enhanced Starch Yields in Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15283. [PMID: 37894964 PMCID: PMC10607544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), which catalyzes the transformation of ATP and glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) into adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADP-Glc), acts as a rate-limiting enzyme in crop starch biosynthesis. Prior research has hinted at the regulation of AGPase by phosphorylation in maize. However, the identification and functional implications of these sites remain to be elucidated. In this study, we identified the phosphorylation site (serine at the 31st position of the linear amino acid sequence) of the AGPase large subunit (Sh2) using iTRAQTM. Subsequently, to ascertain the impact of Sh2 phosphorylation on AGPase, we carried out site-directed mutations creating Sh2-S31A (serine residue replaced with alanine) to mimic dephosphorylation and Sh2-S31D (serine residue replaced with aspartic acid) or Sh2-S31E (serine residue replaced with glutamic acid) to mimic phosphorylation. Preliminary investigations were performed to determine Sh2 subcellular localization, its interaction with Bt2, and the resultant AGPase enzymatic activity. Our findings indicate that phosphorylation exerts no impact on the stability or localization of Sh2. Furthermore, none of these mutations at the S31 site of Sh2 seem to affect its interaction with Bt2 (smaller subunit). Intriguingly, all S31 mutations in Sh2 appear to enhance AGPase activity when co-transfected with Bt2, with Sh2-S31E demonstrating a substantial five-fold increase in AGPase activity compared to Sh2. These novel insights lay a foundational groundwork for targeted improvements in AGPase activity, thus potentially accelerating the production of ADP-Glc (the primary substrate for starch synthesis), promising implications for improved starch biosynthesis, and holding the potential to significantly impact agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuewei Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Noman Shoaib
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewu He
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China;
| | - Lun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Runze Di
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Nishbah Mughal
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Yubi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.M.); (N.S.); (L.L.); (R.D.); (N.M.); (Y.H.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Wang Y, Shi D, Zhu H, Yin H, Wang G, Yang A, Song Z, Jing Q, Shuai B, Xu N, Yang J, Chen H, Wang G. Revisiting maize Brittle endosperm-2 reveals new insights in BETL development and starchy endosperm filling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 332:111727. [PMID: 37149228 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rerouting the starch biosynthesis pathway in maize can generate specialty types, like sweet corn and waxy corn, with a drastically increasing global demand. Hence, a fine-tuning of starch metabolism is relevant to create diverse maize cultivars for end-use applications. Here, we characterized a new maize brittle endosperm mutant, referred to as bt1774, which exhibited decreased starch content but a dramatic increase of soluble sugars at maturity. Both endosperm and embryo development was impaired in bt1774 relative to the wild-type (WT), with a prominently arrested basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL). Map-based cloning revealed that BRITTLE ENDOSPERM2 (Bt2), which encodes a small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), is the causal gene for bt1774. A MuA2 element was found to be inserted into intron 2 of Bt2, leading to a severe decrease of its expression, in bt1774. This is in line with the irregular and loosely packed starch granules in the mutant. Transcriptome of endosperm at grain filling stage identified 1, 013 differentially expressed genes in bt1774, which were notably enriched in the BETL compartment, including ZmMRP1, Miniature1, MEG1, and BETLs. Gene expression of the canonical starch biosynthesis pathway was marginally disturbed in Bt1774. Combined with the residual 60% of starch in this nearly null mutant of Bt2, this data strongly suggests that an AGPase-independent pathway compensates for starch synthesis in the endosperm. Consistent with the BETL defects, zein accumulation was impaired in bt1774. Co-expression network analysis revealed that Bt2 probably has a role in intracellular signal transduction, besides starch synthesis. Altogether, we propose that Bt2 is likely involved in carbohydrate flux and balance, thus regulating both the BETL development and the starchy endosperm filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dongsheng Shi
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hui Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hanxue Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Gaoyang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Anqi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhixuan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qingquan Jing
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Bilian Shuai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ningkun Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Guifeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, CIMMYT-China (Henan) Joint Center of Wheat and Maize, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Song X, Chen Z, Du X, Li B, Fei Y, Tao Y, Wang F, Xu Y, Li W, Wang J, Liang G, Zhou Y, Tan X, Li Y, Yang J. Generation of new rice germplasms with low amylose content by CRISPR/CAS9-targeted mutagenesis of the FLOURY ENDOSPERM 2 gene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1138523. [PMID: 36993856 PMCID: PMC10040805 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1138523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
FLOURY ENDOSPERM 2 (FLO2), encoding a tetratricopeptide repeat domain (TPR)-containing protein located in the nucleus, is considered to be a regulatory protein that controls the biosynthesis of seed storage substances. The diversity of flo2 allele is attributable for the variations in grain appearance, amylose content (AC), and physicochemical properties, influencing the eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce loss-of-function mutations into the FLOURY ENDOSPERM 2 gene in Suken118 (SK118), a widely cultivated elite japonica rice variety in Jiangsu, China. Physiochemical analyses of the flo2 mutants were congruent with previous studies, exhibiting lowered AC and viscosity, risen gel consistency (GC) and gelatinization temperature (GT) values, which were all instrumental to the improvement of ECQ. However, the wrinkled opaque appearance and the decrease in grain width, grain thickness and grain weight imply trade-offs in grain yield. Despite the ex-ante estimation for low yielding, the superior ECQ in these novel genotypes generated by using genome editing approach may have the potential for formulating high value specialty food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Song
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xi Du
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunyan Fei
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Tao
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fangquan Wang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Liang
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Tan
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulong Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Xu X, Wang Z, Xu S, Xu M, He L, Zhang J, Luo Z, Xie X, Wu M, Yang J. Identifying loci controlling total starch content of leaf in Nicotiana tabacum through genome-wide association study. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:537-552. [PMID: 35404023 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Starch is an important primary metabolite in plants, which can provide bioenergy for fuel ethanol production. There are many studies focusing on starch metabolism in Arabidopsis, maize, and rice, but few reports have been made on the starch content of tobacco leaves. Hence, to identify the marker-trait associations and isolate the candidate genes related to starch content of tobacco leaf, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a multiparent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) population consisting of 276 accessions genotyped by a 430 K SNP array. In this study, we detected the leaf starch content of tobacco plants cultivated in two places (Zhucheng and Chenzhou), which showed a wide variation of starch content in the population. A total of 28 and 45 significant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci associated with leaf starch content were identified by single-locus and multi-locus GWAS models, respectively, and the phenotypic variance explained by these loci varied from 1.80 to - 14.73%. Furthermore, among these quantitative trait loci (QTLs), one SNP, AX-106011713 located on chromosome 19, was detected repeatedly in multiple models and two environments, which was selected for linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis to obtain the target candidate region. Through gene annotation, haplotype, and gene expression analysis, two candidate genes encoding E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (Ntab0823160) and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (Ntab0375050) were obtained. Results showed that the variety carrying the beneficial alleles of the two candidate genes had higher gene expression level and leaf starch content, suggesting the potential role of candidate genes in enhancing the level of tobacco leaf starch content. Furthermore, silencing of Ntab0823160 in tobacco leaves reduced the content of total starch to 39.41-69.75% of that in the wide type plants. Taken together, our results provide useful resources for further investigation of the starch metabolic pathway and are also beneficial for the creation of eco-friendly cultivars with increased accumulation of leaf starch content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shixiao Xu
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Min Xu
- Henan Tobacco Company of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Lei He
- Henan Tobacco Company of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhaopeng Luo
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mingzhu Wu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Lv Q, Li L, Meng Y, Sun H, Chen L, Wang B, Li X. Wheat E3 ubiquitin ligase TaGW2-6A degrades TaAGPS to affect seed size. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 320:111274. [PMID: 35643616 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
TaGW2 has been identified as a key determinant of the grain weight in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In our previous study, we found that the grain size differs in Chinese Spring (CS) and its TaGW2-6A allelic variant (NIL31). In addition, the expression of the key starch biosynthesis enzyme gene TaAGPS differs significantly in the two materials. However, the underlying molecular mechanism associated with the action of TaGW2-6A has not been reported. In the present study, we found that TaGW2-6A-CS interacted with TaAGPS, whereas TaGW2-6A-NIL31 did not interact with it in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that the C-terminal LXLX domain (376-424 aa) of TaGW2-6A recognized TaAGPS. However, the TaGW2-6A allelic variant lacked this key interaction region due to premature translation termination. We also found that TaGW2-6A-CS can ubiquitinate TaAGPS and degrade it via the 26 S proteasome pathway. In addition, our analysis of the activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) indicated that the AGPase level in the endosperm cells was lower in CS than NIL31. Cytological observations demonstrated that the average number of starch granules and the average area of starch granules in endosperm cells were lower in CS than NIL31. The overexpression of TaAGPS positively regulated the seed size in transgenic Arabidopsis. Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism that allows TaGW2-6A-TaAGPS to regulate seed size via the starch synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Liqun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ying Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Liuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bingxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Chavez Mendoza K, Peña-Valdivia CB, Hernández Rodríguez M, Vázquez Sánchez M, Morales Elías NC, Jiménez Galindo JC, García Esteva A, Padilla Chacón D. Phenotypic, Anatomical, and Diel Variation in Sugar Concentration Linked to Cell Wall Invertases in Common Bean Pod Racemes under Water Restriction. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131622. [PMID: 35807573 PMCID: PMC9268661 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pod wall is essential for seed formation and to protect seeds. To address the effect of water restriction on sugar metabolism in fruits differing in sink strength under light–dark cycles, we used plants of cv. OTI at 100% field capacity (FC) and at 50% FC over 10 days at the beginning of pod filling. Water restriction intensified the symptoms of leaf senescence. However, pods maintained a green color for several days longer than leaves did. In addition, the functionality of pods of the same raceme was anatomically demonstrated, and no differences were observed between water regimes. The glucose and starch concentrations were lower than those of sucrose, independent of pod wall size. Remarkably, the fructose concentration decreased only under water restriction. The cell wall invertase activity was twofold higher in the walls of small pods than in those of large ones in both water regimes; similar differences were not evident for cytosolic or vacuolar invertase. Using bioinformatics tools, six sequences of invertase genes were identified in the P. vulgaris genome. The PvINVCW4 protein sequence contains substitutions for conserved residues in the sucrose-binding site, while qPCR showed that transcript levels were induced in the walls of small pods under stress. The findings support a promising strategy for addressing sink strength under water restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Chavez Mendoza
- Programa de Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico; (K.C.M.); (C.B.P.-V.); (M.V.S.); (N.C.M.E.); (A.G.E.)
| | - Cecilia Beatriz Peña-Valdivia
- Programa de Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico; (K.C.M.); (C.B.P.-V.); (M.V.S.); (N.C.M.E.); (A.G.E.)
| | - Martha Hernández Rodríguez
- Postgrado en Recursos Genéticos y Productividad-Genética, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico;
| | - Monserrat Vázquez Sánchez
- Programa de Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico; (K.C.M.); (C.B.P.-V.); (M.V.S.); (N.C.M.E.); (A.G.E.)
| | - Norma Cecilia Morales Elías
- Programa de Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico; (K.C.M.); (C.B.P.-V.); (M.V.S.); (N.C.M.E.); (A.G.E.)
| | | | - Antonio García Esteva
- Programa de Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico; (K.C.M.); (C.B.P.-V.); (M.V.S.); (N.C.M.E.); (A.G.E.)
| | - Daniel Padilla Chacón
- CONACYT-Programa de Posgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco, km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-595-952-0200 (ext. 1344)
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Finegan C, Boehlein SK, Leach KA, Madrid G, Hannah LC, Koch KE, Tracy WF, Resende MFR. Genetic Perturbation of the Starch Biosynthesis in Maize Endosperm Reveals Sugar-Responsive Gene Networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:800326. [PMID: 35211133 PMCID: PMC8861272 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In maize, starch mutants have facilitated characterization of key genes involved in endosperm starch biosynthesis such as large subunit of AGPase Shrunken2 (Sh2) and isoamylase type DBE Sugary1 (Su1). While many starch biosynthesis enzymes have been characterized, the mechanisms of certain genes (including Sugary enhancer1) are yet undefined, and very little is understood about the regulation of starch biosynthesis. As a model, we utilize commercially important sweet corn mutations, sh2 and su1, to genetically perturb starch production in the endosperm. To characterize the transcriptomic response to starch mutations and identify potential regulators of this pathway, differential expression and coexpression network analysis was performed on near-isogenic lines (NILs) (wildtype, sh2, and su1) in six genetic backgrounds. Lines were grown in field conditions and kernels were sampled in consecutive developmental stages (blister stage at 14 days after pollination (DAP), milk stage at 21 DAP, and dent stage at 28 DAP). Kernels were dissected to separate embryo and pericarp from the endosperm tissue and 3' RNA-seq libraries were prepared. Mutation of the Su1 gene led to minimal changes in the endosperm transcriptome. Responses to loss of sh2 function include increased expression of sugar (SWEET) transporters and of genes for ABA signaling. Key regulators of starch biosynthesis and grain filling were identified. Notably, this includes Class II trehalose 6-phosphate synthases, Hexokinase1, and Apetala2 transcription factor-like (AP2/ERF) transcription factors. Additionally, our results provide insight into the mechanism of Sugary enhancer1, suggesting a potential role in regulating GA signaling via GRAS transcription factor Scarecrow-like1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Finegan
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Susan K. Boehlein
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kristen A. Leach
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gabriela Madrid
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - L. Curtis Hannah
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Karen E. Koch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - William F. Tracy
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Marcio F. R. Resende
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Wang Z, Fan S, Wu J, Zhang C, Xu F, Yang X, Li J. Application of long-wave near infrared hyperspectral imaging for determination of moisture content of single maize seed. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 254:119666. [PMID: 33744703 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Moisture content (MC) is one of the most important factors for assessment of seed quality. However, the accurate detection of MC in single seed is very difficult. In this study, single maize seed was used as research object. A long-wave near infrared (LWNIR) hyperspectral imaging system was developed for acquiring reflectance images of the embryo and endosperm side of maize seed in the spectral range of 930-2548 nm, and the mixed spectra were extracted from both side of maize seeds. Then, Full-spectrum models were established and compared based on different types of spectra. It showed that models established based on spectra of the embryo side and mixed spectra obtained better performance than the endosperm side. Next, a combination of competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and successive projections algorithm (SPA) was proposed to select the most effective wavelengths from full-spectrum data. In order to explore the stableness of wavelength selection algorithm, these methods were used for 200 independent experiments based on embryo side and mixed spectra, respectively. Each selection result was used as input of partial least squares regression (PLSR) and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) to build calibration models for determining the MC of single maize seed. Results indicated that the CARS-SPA-LS-SVM model established with mixed spectra was optimal for MC prediction in all models by considering the accuracy, stableness and complexity of models. The prediction accuracy of CARS-SPA-LS-SVM model is Rpre = 0.9311 ± 0.0094 and RMSEP = 1.2131 ± 0.0702 in 200 independent assessment. The overall study revealed that the long-wave near infrared hyperspectral imaging can be used to non-invasively and fast measure the MC in single maize seed and a robust and accurate model could be established based on CARS-SPA-LS-SVM method coupled with mixed spectral. These results can provide a useful reference for assessment of other internal quality attributes (such as starch content) of single maize seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheli Wang
- Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Shuxiang Fan
- Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jingzhu Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fengying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuhai Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Jiangbo Li
- Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
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AbdElgawad H, Avramova V, Baggerman G, Van Raemdonck G, Valkenborg D, Van Ostade X, Guisez Y, Prinsen E, Asard H, Van den Ende W, Beemster GTS. Starch biosynthesis contributes to the maintenance of photosynthesis and leaf growth under drought stress in maize. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2254-2271. [PMID: 32488892 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To understand the growth response to drought, we performed a proteomics study in the leaf growth zone of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings and functionally characterized the role of starch biosynthesis in the regulation of growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity, using the shrunken-2 mutant (sh2), defective in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Drought altered the abundance of 284 proteins overrepresented for photosynthesis, amino acid, sugar and starch metabolism, and redox-regulation. Changes in protein levels correlated with enzyme activities (increased ATP synthase, cysteine synthase, starch synthase, RuBisCo, peroxiredoxin, glutaredoxin, thioredoxin and decreased triosephosphate isomerase, ferredoxin, cellulose synthase activities, respectively) and metabolite concentrations (increased ATP, cysteine, glycine, serine, starch, proline and decreased cellulose levels). The sh2 mutant showed a reduced increase of starch levels under drought conditions, leading to soluble sugar starvation at the end of the night and correlating with an inhibition of leaf growth rates. Increased RuBisCo activity and pigment concentrations observed in WT, in response to drought, were lacking in the mutant, which suffered more oxidative damage and recovered more slowly after re-watering. These results demonstrate that starch biosynthesis contributes to maintaining leaf growth under drought stress and facilitates enhanced carbon acquisition upon recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada AbdElgawad
- Research group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Viktoriya Avramova
- Research group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Baggerman
- Applied Bio & molecular Systems, VITO, Mol, Belgium
- Center for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Van Raemdonck
- Center for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Valkenborg
- Applied Bio & molecular Systems, VITO, Mol, Belgium
- Center for Proteomics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xaveer Van Ostade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yves Guisez
- Research group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Prinsen
- Research group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Research group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Research group for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Niu L, Ding H, Hao R, Liu H, Wu X, Hu X, Wang W. A rapid and universal method for isolating starch granules in plant tissues. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:3355-3371. [PMID: 31429107 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Starch is the major form of carbohydrate storage in plants and exists as discrete starch granules (SGs). Isolation of high-quality SGs in different plant tissues is a prerequisite for studying the roles of SGs during plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stress. However, it is difficult to isolate transitory SGs from leaves and storage SGs from pollen grains due to their small sizes and low quantities. Herein, we develop a novel method for isolating SGs by using the aqueous two-phase system (ATS) of ethanol/NaH2 PO4 . The ATS method efficiently separated SGs from contaminants based on their differences in density, solubility, and polarity. Using this method, we first isolated and purified three kinds of SGs from maize seeds, pollen, and leaves. The biochemical, microscopic, and proteomic analyses demonstrated the high purity of the isolated SGs. Proteomic analysis revealed distinct differences in SG-bound proteins between seed SGs and pollen SGs. As a simple, rapid, and low-cost method, the ATS-based method exhibits highly universal and reproducible results for starch-containing tissues in various plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Huiying Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ruiqi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiuli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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Correction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:389-390. [PMID: 31309651 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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13
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Bahaji A, Muñoz FJ, Seguí-Simarro JM, Camacho-Fernández C, Rivas-Sendra A, Parra-Vega V, Ovecka M, Li J, Sánchez-López ÁM, Almagro G, Baroja-Fernández E, Pozueta-Romero J. Mitochondrial Zea mays Brittle1-1 Is a Major Determinant of the Metabolic Fate of Incoming Sucrose and Mitochondrial Function in Developing Maize Endosperms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:242. [PMID: 30915089 PMCID: PMC6423154 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Zea mays Brittle1-1 (ZmBT1-1) is an essential component of the starch biosynthetic machinery in maize endosperms, enabling ADPglucose transport from cytosol to amyloplast in exchange for AMP or ADP. Although ZmBT1-1 has been long considered to be an amyloplast-specific marker, evidence has been provided that ZmBT1-1 is dually localized to plastids and mitochondria (Bahaji et al., 2011b). The mitochondrial localization of ZmBT1-1 suggested that this protein may have as-yet unidentified function(s). To understand the mitochondrial ZmBT1-1 function(s), we produced and characterized transgenic Zmbt1-1 plants expressing ZmBT1-1 delivered specifically to mitochondria. Metabolic and differential proteomic analyses showed down-regulation of sucrose synthase (SuSy)-mediated channeling of sucrose into starch metabolism, and up-regulation of the conversion of sucrose breakdown products generated by cell wall invertase (CWI) into ethanol and alanine, in Zmbt1-1 endosperms compared to wild-type. Electron microscopic analyses of Zmbt1-1 endosperm cells showed gross alterations in the mitochondrial ultrastructure. Notably, the protein expression pattern, metabolic profile, and aberrant mitochondrial ultrastructure of Zmbt1-1 endosperms were rescued by delivering ZmBT1-1 specifically to mitochondria. Results presented here provide evidence that the reduced starch content in Zmbt1-1 endosperms is at least partly due to (i) mitochondrial dysfunction, (ii) enhanced CWI-mediated channeling of sucrose into ethanol and alanine metabolism, and (iii) reduced SuSy-mediated channeling of sucrose into starch metabolism due to the lack of mitochondrial ZmBT1-1. Our results also strongly indicate that (a) mitochondrial ZmBT1-1 is an important determinant of the metabolic fate of sucrose entering the endosperm cells, and (b) plastidic ZmBT1-1 is not the sole ADPglucose transporter in maize endosperm amyloplasts. The possible involvement of mitochondrial ZmBT1-1 in exchange between intramitochondrial AMP and cytosolic ADP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jose María Seguí-Simarro
- COMAV - Institute for Conservation & Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carolina Camacho-Fernández
- COMAV - Institute for Conservation & Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alba Rivas-Sendra
- COMAV - Institute for Conservation & Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Verónica Parra-Vega
- COMAV - Institute for Conservation & Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miroslav Ovecka
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Javier Pozueta-Romero
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