1
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Kim WK, Choi W, Deshar B, Kang S, Kim J. Golgi Stress Response: New Insights into the Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets of Human Diseases. Mol Cells 2023; 46:191-199. [PMID: 36574967 PMCID: PMC10086555 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus modifies and transports secretory and membrane proteins. In some instances, the production of secretory and membrane proteins exceeds the capacity of the Golgi apparatus, including vesicle trafficking and the post-translational modification of macromolecules. These proteins are not modified or delivered appropriately due to insufficiency in the Golgi function. These conditions disturb Golgi homeostasis and induce a cellular condition known as Golgi stress, causing cells to activate the 'Golgi stress response,' which is a homeostatic process to increase the capacity of the Golgi based on cellular requirements. Since the Golgi functions are diverse, several response pathways involving TFE3, HSP47, CREB3, proteoglycan, mucin, MAPK/ETS, and PERK regulate the capacity of each Golgi function separately. Understanding the Golgi stress response is crucial for revealing the mechanisms underlying Golgi dynamics and its effect on human health because many signaling molecules are related to diseases, ranging from viral infections to fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is valuable to summarize and investigate the mechanisms underlying Golgi stress response in disease pathogenesis, as they may contribute to developing novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we investigate the perturbations and stress signaling of the Golgi, as well as the therapeutic potentials of new strategies for treating Golgi stress-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyu Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Wooseon Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Barsha Deshar
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Shinwon Kang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G, Canada
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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2
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Sawada S, Yoshikawa M, Tsutsui K, Miyazaki T, Kano K, Mishiro-Sato E, Tsukiji S. Palmitoylation-Dependent Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Live-Cell Golgi Imaging. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1047-1053. [PMID: 37098188 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule fluorescent probes enabling visualization of the Golgi apparatus in living cells are essential tools for studying Golgi-associated biological processes and diseases. So far, several fluorescent Golgi stains have been developed by linking ceramide lipids to fluorophores. However, ceramide-based probes suffer from cumbersome staining procedures and low Golgi specificity. Here, we introduce fluorescent Golgi-staining probes based on the tri-N-methylated myristoyl-Gly-Cys (myrGC3Me) motif. The cell-permeable myrGC3Me motif localizes to the Golgi membrane upon S-palmitoylation. By modularly conjugating the myrGC3Me motif to fluorophores, we developed blue, green, and red fluorescent Golgi probes, all of which allowed simple and rapid staining of the Golgi in living cells with high specificity and no cytotoxicity. The probe was also applicable to the visualization of dynamic changes of the Golgi morphology induced by drug treatments and during cell division. The present work provides an entirely new series of live-cell Golgi probes useful for cell biological and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sawada
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshikawa
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Keita Tsutsui
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoki Miyazaki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Kano
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Emi Mishiro-Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsukiji
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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3
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Qiao L, Sinha S, Abd El‐Hafeez AA, Lo I, Midde KK, Ngo T, Aznar N, Lopez‐Sanchez I, Gupta V, Farquhar MG, Rangamani P, Ghosh P. A circuit for secretion-coupled cellular autonomy in multicellular eukaryotic cells. Mol Syst Biol 2023; 19:e11127. [PMID: 36856068 PMCID: PMC10090951 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202211127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers represent complex autonomous systems, displaying self-sufficiency in growth signaling. Autonomous growth is fueled by a cancer cell's ability to "secrete-and-sense" growth factors (GFs): a poorly understood phenomenon. Using an integrated computational and experimental approach, here we dissect the impact of a feedback-coupled GTPase circuit within the secretory pathway that imparts secretion-coupled autonomy. The circuit is assembled when the Ras-superfamily monomeric GTPase Arf1, and the heterotrimeric GTPase Giαβγ and their corresponding GAPs and GEFs are coupled by GIV/Girdin, a protein that is known to fuel aggressive traits in diverse cancers. One forward and two key negative feedback loops within the circuit create closed-loop control, allow the two GTPases to coregulate each other, and convert the expected switch-like behavior of Arf1-dependent secretion into an unexpected dose-response alignment behavior of sensing and secretion. Such behavior translates into cell survival that is self-sustained by stimulus-proportionate secretion. Proteomic studies and protein-protein interaction network analyses pinpoint GFs (e.g., the epidermal GF) as key stimuli for such self-sustenance. Findings highlight how the enhanced coupling of two biological switches in cancer cells is critical for multiscale feedback control to achieve secretion-coupled autonomy of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxia Qiao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacob's School of EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Saptarshi Sinha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Amer Ali Abd El‐Hafeez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Present address:
Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer InstituteCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - I‐Chung Lo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Krishna K Midde
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Tony Ngo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Inmaculada Lopez‐Sanchez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Marilyn G Farquhar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacob's School of EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Moores Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Department of Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Veterans Affairs Medical CenterLa JollaCAUSA
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4
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Banerjee P, Tan X, Russell WK, Kurie JM. Analysis of Golgi Secretory Functions in Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2557:785-810. [PMID: 36512251 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells utilize secretory pathways for paracrine signaling and extracellular matrix remodeling to facilitate directional cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. The Golgi apparatus is a central secretory signaling hub that is often deregulated in cancer. Here we described technologies that utilize microscopic, biochemical, and proteomic approaches to analyze Golgi secretory functions in genetically heterogeneous cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyam Banerjee
- Frits and Rita Markus Bio-Imaging Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaochao Tan
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William K Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan M Kurie
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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5
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Spano D, Colanzi A. Golgi Complex: A Signaling Hub in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:1990. [PMID: 35805075 PMCID: PMC9265605 DOI: 10.3390/cells11131990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi Complex is the central hub in the endomembrane system and serves not only as a biosynthetic and processing center but also as a trafficking and sorting station for glycoproteins and lipids. In addition, it is an active signaling hub involved in the regulation of multiple cellular processes, including cell polarity, motility, growth, autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, DNA repair and stress responses. As such, the dysregulation of the Golgi Complex-centered signaling cascades contributes to the onset of several pathological conditions, including cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the signaling pathways regulated by the Golgi Complex and implicated in promoting cancer hallmarks and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Spano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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6
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Del Giudice S, De Luca V, Parizadeh S, Russo D, Luini A, Di Martino R. Endogenous and Exogenous Regulatory Signaling in the Secretory Pathway: Role of Golgi Signaling Molecules in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:833663. [PMID: 35399533 PMCID: PMC8984190 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.833663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic transport route that constitutes the secretory pathway plays a fundamental role in the cell, providing to the synthesis and transport of around one third of human proteins and most lipids. Signaling molecules within autoregulatory circuits on the intracellular membranes of the secretory pathway regulate these processes, especially at the level of the Golgi complex. Indeed, cancer cells can hijack several of these signaling molecules, and therefore also the underlying regulated processes, to bolster their growth or gain more aggressive phenotypes. Here, we review the most important autoregulatory circuits acting on the Golgi, emphasizing the role of specific signaling molecules in cancer. In fact, we propose to draw awareness to highlight the Golgi-localized regulatory systems as potential targets in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Luini
- *Correspondence: Alberto Luini, ; Rosaria Di Martino,
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7
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Raote I, Saxena S, Campelo F, Malhotra V. TANGO1 marshals the early secretory pathway for cargo export. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183700. [PMID: 34293283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TANGO1 protein facilitates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export of large cargoes that cannot be accommodated in 60 nm transport vesicles. It assembles into a ring in the plane of the ER membrane to create a distinct domain. Its lumenal portion collects and sorts folded cargoes while its cytoplasmic domains collar COPII coats, recruit retrograde COPI-coated membranes that fuse within the TANGO1 ring, thus opening a tunnel for cargo transfer from the ER into a growing export conduit. This mode of cargo transfer bypasses the need for vesicular intermediates and is used to export the most abundant and bulky cargoes. The evolution of TANGO1 and its activities defines the difference between yeast and animal early secretory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishier Raote
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
| | - Sonashree Saxena
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Felix Campelo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Vivek Malhotra
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain.
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8
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Qiao L, Sinha S, El-hafeez AAA, Lo I, Midde KK, Ngo T, Aznar N, Lopez-sanchez I, Gupta V, Farquhar MG, Rangamani P, Ghosh P. A Circuit for Secretion-coupled Cellular Autonomy in Multicellular Eukaryotes.. [DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.18.436048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTCancers represent complex autonomous systems, displaying self-sufficiency in growth signaling. Autonomous growth is fueled by a cancer cell’s ability to ‘secrete-and-sense’ growth factors: a poorly understood phenomenon. Using an integrated systems and experimental approach, here we dissect the impact of a feedback-coupled GTPase circuit within the secretory pathway that imparts secretion-coupled autonomy. The circuit is assembled when the Ras-superfamily monomeric GTPase Arf1, and the heterotrimeric GTPase Giαβγ and their corresponding GAPs and GEFs are coupled by GIV/Girdin, a protein that is known to fuel aggressive traits in diverse cancers. One forward and two key negative feedback loops within the circuit create closed-loop control (CLC), allow the two GTPases to coregulate each other, and convert the expected switch-like behavior of Arf1-dependent secretion into an unexpected dose response alignment behavior of sensing and secretion. Such behavior translates into cell survival that is self-sustained by stimulus-proportionate secretion. Proteomic studies and protein-protein interaction network analyses pinpoint growth factors (e.g., the epidermal growth factor; EGF) as a key stimuli for such self-sustenance. Findings highlight how enhanced coupling of two biological switches in cancer cells is critical for multiscale feedback control to achieve secretion-coupled autonomy of growth factors.SYNOPSIS IMAGESTANDFIRST TEXTThis work defines the inner workings of a Golgi-localized molecular circuitry comprised of coupled GTPases, which empowers cells to achieve self-sufficiency in growth factor signaling by creating a secrete-and-sense autocrine loop.HIGHLIGHTS/MAIN FINDINGSModeling and experimental approaches were used to dissect a coupled GTPase circuit.Coupling enables closed loop feedback and mutual control of GTPases.Coupling generates dose response alignment behavior of sensing and secretion of growth factors.Coupling is critical for multiscale feedback control to achieve secretion-coupled autonomy.
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9
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Stolerman LM, Ghosh P, Rangamani P. Stability Analysis of a Signaling Circuit with Dual Species of GTPase Switches. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:34. [PMID: 33609194 PMCID: PMC8378325 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
GTPases are molecular switches that regulate a wide range of cellular processes, such as organelle biogenesis, position, shape, function, vesicular transport between organelles, and signal transduction. These hydrolase enzymes operate by toggling between an active ("ON") guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound state and an inactive ("OFF") guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound state; such a toggle is regulated by GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) and GAPs (GTPase activating proteins). Here we propose a model for a network motif between monomeric (m) and trimeric (t) GTPases assembled exclusively in eukaryotic cells of multicellular organisms. We develop a system of ordinary differential equations in which these two classes of GTPases are interlinked conditional to their ON/OFF states within a motif through coupling and feedback loops. We provide explicit formulae for the steady states of the system and perform classical local stability analysis to systematically investigate the role of the different connections between the GTPase switches. Interestingly, a coupling of the active mGTPase to the GEF of the tGTPase was sufficient to provide two locally stable states: one where both active/inactive forms of the mGTPase can be interpreted as having low concentrations and the other where both m- and tGTPase have high concentrations. Moreover, when a feedback loop from the GEF of the tGTPase to the GAP of the mGTPase was added to the coupled system, two other locally stable states emerged. In both states the tGTPase is inactivated and active tGTPase concentrations are low. Finally, the addition of a second feedback loop, from the active tGTPase to the GAP of the mGTPase, gives rise to a family of steady states that can be parametrized by a range of inactive tGTPase concentrations. Our findings reveal that the coupling of these two different GTPase motifs can dramatically change their steady-state behaviors and shed light on how such coupling may impact signaling mechanisms in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Stolerman
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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10
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Nie ZW, Niu YJ, Zhou W, Zhou DJ, Kim JY, Cui XS. AGS3-dependent trans-Golgi network membrane trafficking is essential for compaction in mouse embryos. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.243238. [PMID: 33148610 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activator of G-protein signaling 3 (AGS3, also known as GPSM1) regulates the trans-Golgi network. The AGS3 GoLoco motif binds to Gαi and thereby regulates the transport of proteins to the plasma membrane. Compaction of early embryos is based on the accumulation of E-cadherin (Cdh1) at cell-contacted membranes. However, how AGS3 regulates the transport of Cdh1 to the plasma membrane remains undetermined. To investigate this, AGS3 was knocked out using the Cas9-sgRNA system. Both trans-Golgi network protein 46 (TGN46, also known as TGOLN2) and transmembrane p24-trafficking protein 7 (TMED7) were tracked in early mouse embryos by tagging these proteins with a fluorescent protein label. We observed that the majority of the AGS3-edited embryos were developmentally arrested and were fragmented after the four-cell stage, exhibiting decreased accumulation of Cdh1 at the membrane. The trans-Golgi network and TMED7-positive vesicles were also dispersed and were not polarized near the membrane. Additionally, increased Gαi1 (encoded by GNAI1) expression could rescue AGS3-overexpressed embryos. In conclusion, AGS3 reinforces the dynamics of the trans-Golgi network and the transport of TMED7-positive cargo containing Cdh1 to the cell-contact surface during early mouse embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wen Nie
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying-Jie Niu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jie Zhou
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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11
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Lenkavska L, Tomkova S, Horvath D, Huntosova V. Searching for combination therapy by clustering methods: Stimulation of PKC in Golgi apparatus combined with hypericin induced PDT. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101813. [PMID: 32442674 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell metabolism is a very attractive target for anticancer treatments. This work focuses on protein kinase C (PKC) signaling in the U87 MG glioma. By means of western blot, fluorescence and time-resolved fluorescence microscopy the correlation between the Golgi apparatus (GA), lysosomes and mitochondria were evaluated. The known regulators of PKC were applied to cancer cells. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was chosen as the activator of PKC. Gö6976, hypericin and rottlerin, the inhibitors of PKCα and PKCδ were selected as well. Stabilization, destabilization processes occurring in cells allow classification of observations into several groups. Multiple versions of hierarchical cluster analysis have been applied and similarities have been found between organelles and PKC regulators. The method identified GA as an extraordinary organelle whose functionality is significantly influenced by PKC regulators as well as oxidative stress. Therefore, combination therapy has been designed according to the results of the cluster analysis. Furthermore, the efficacy of photodynamic therapy mediated by hypericin, and the consequent apoptosis, was significantly increased during the treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the effectiveness of the clustering in the given area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Lenkavska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Silvia Tomkova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Denis Horvath
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia.
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12
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Clark SL, Hattab MW, Chan RF, Shabalin AA, Han LKM, Zhao M, Smit JH, Jansen R, Milaneschi Y, Xie LY, van Grootheest G, Penninx BWJH, Aberg KA, van den Oord EJCG. A methylation study of long-term depression risk. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1334-1343. [PMID: 31501512 PMCID: PMC7061076 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent and chronic major depressive disorder (MDD) accounts for a substantial part of the disease burden because this course is most prevalent and typically requires long-term treatment. We associated blood DNA methylation profiles from 581 MDD patients at baseline with MDD status 6 years later. A resampling approach showed a highly significant association between methylation profiles in blood at baseline and future disease status (P = 2.0 × 10-16). Top MWAS results were enriched specific pathways, overlapped with genes found in GWAS of MDD disease status, autoimmune disease and inflammation, and co-localized with eQTLS and (genic enhancers of) of transcription sites in brain and blood. Many of these findings remained significant after correction for multiple testing. The major themes emerging were cellular responses to stress and signaling mechanisms linked to immune cell migration and inflammation. This suggests that an immune signature of treatment-resistant depression is already present at baseline. We also created a methylation risk score (MRS) to predict MDD status 6 years later. The AUC of our MRS was 0.724 and higher than risk scores created using a set of five putative MDD biomarkers, genome-wide SNP data, and 27 clinical, demographic and lifestyle variables. Although further studies are needed to examine the generalizability to different patient populations, these results suggest that methylation profiles in blood may present a promising avenue to support clinical decision making by providing empirical information about the likelihood MDD is chronic or will recur in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunna L Clark
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mohammad W Hattab
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robin F Chan
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrey A Shabalin
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Laura KM Han
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center / GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1081 HV
| | - Min Zhao
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Johannes H Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center / GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1081 HV
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center / GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1081 HV
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center / GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1081 HV
| | - Lin Ying Xie
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gerard van Grootheest
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center / GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1081 HV
| | - Brenda WJH Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center / GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1081 HV
| | - Karolina A Aberg
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Edwin JCG van den Oord
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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13
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Luo PM, Boyce M. Directing Traffic: Regulation of COPI Transport by Post-translational Modifications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:190. [PMID: 31572722 PMCID: PMC6749011 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coat protein complex I (COPI) is an essential, highly conserved pathway that traffics proteins and lipids between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi. Many aspects of the COPI machinery are well understood at the structural, biochemical and genetic levels. However, we know much less about how cells dynamically modulate COPI trafficking in response to changing signals, metabolic state, stress or other stimuli. Recently, post-translational modifications (PTMs) have emerged as one common theme in the regulation of the COPI pathway. Here, we review a range of modifications and mechanisms that govern COPI activity in interphase cells and suggest potential future directions to address as-yet unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael Boyce
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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14
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Di Martino R, Sticco L, Luini A. Regulation of cargo export and sorting at the trans‐Golgi network. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2306-2318. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Di Martino
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC) Italian National Research Council (CNR) Naples Italy
| | - Lucia Sticco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC) Italian National Research Council (CNR) Naples Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC) Italian National Research Council (CNR) Naples Italy
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15
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Centonze FG, Reiterer V, Nalbach K, Saito K, Pawlowski K, Behrends C, Farhan H. LTK is an ER-resident receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates secretion. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2470-2480. [PMID: 31227593 PMCID: PMC6683734 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major regulator of cellular proteostasis. However, only little is known about signaling molecules resident to this organelle. Centonze et al. identify LTK as the first ER-resident receptor tyrosine kinase and show that it stimulates secretory trafficking out of the ER. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key regulator of cellular proteostasis because it controls folding, sorting, and degradation of secretory proteins. Much has been learned about how environmentally triggered signaling pathways regulate ER function, but only little is known about local signaling at the ER. The identification of ER-resident signaling molecules will help gain a deeper understanding of the regulation of ER function and thus of proteostasis. Here, we show that leukocyte tyrosine kinase (LTK) is an ER-resident receptor tyrosine kinase. Depletion of LTK as well as its pharmacologic inhibition reduces the number of ER exit sites and slows ER-to-Golgi transport. Furthermore, we show that LTK interacts with and phosphorylates Sec12. Expression of a phosphoablating mutant of Sec12 reduces the efficiency of ER export. Thus, LTK-to-Sec12 signaling represents the first example of an ER-resident signaling module with the potential to regulate proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica G Centonze
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Veronika Reiterer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karsten Nalbach
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kota Saito
- Department of Biological Informatics and Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Krzysztof Pawlowski
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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16
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RING domain of zinc finger protein like 1 is essential for cell proliferation in endometrial cancer cell line RL95-2. Gene 2018; 677:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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17
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Luchsinger C, Aguilar M, Burgos PV, Ehrenfeld P, Mardones GA. Functional disruption of the Golgi apparatus protein ARF1 sensitizes MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to the antitumor drugs Actinomycin D and Vinblastine through ERK and AKT signaling. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195401. [PMID: 29614107 PMCID: PMC5882166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the Golgi apparatus plays active roles in cancer, but a comprehensive understanding of its functions in the oncogenic transformation has not yet emerged. At the same time, the Golgi is becoming well recognized as a hub that integrates its functions of protein and lipid biosynthesis to signal transduction for cell proliferation and migration in cancer cells. Nevertheless, the active function of the Golgi apparatus in cancer cells has not been fully evaluated as a target for combined treatment. Here, we analyzed the effect of perturbing the Golgi apparatus on the sensitivity of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line to the drugs Actinomycin D and Vinblastine. We disrupted the function of ARF1, a protein necessary for the homeostasis of the Golgi apparatus. We found that the expression of the ARF1-Q71L mutant increased the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells to both Actinomycin D and Vinblastine, resulting in decreased cell proliferation and cell migration, as well as in increased apoptosis. Likewise, the combined treatment of cells with Actinomycin D or Vinblastine and Brefeldin A or Golgicide A, two disrupting agents of the ARF1 function, resulted in similar effects on cell proliferation, cell migration and apoptosis. Interestingly, each combined treatment had distinct effects on ERK1/2 and AKT signaling, as indicated by the decreased levels of either phospho-ERK1/2 or phospho-AKT. Our results suggest that disruption of Golgi function could be used as a strategy for the sensitization of cancer cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Luchsinger
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Marcelo Aguilar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patricia V. Burgos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Cell Biology and Biomedicine (CEBICEM), School of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A. Mardones
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Cell Biology and Biomedicine (CEBICEM), School of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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18
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Gendarme M, Baumann J, Ignashkova TI, Lindemann RK, Reiling JH. Image-based drug screen identifies HDAC inhibitors as novel Golgi disruptors synergizing with JQ1. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3756-3772. [PMID: 29074567 PMCID: PMC5739293 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is increasingly recognized as a major hub for cellular signaling and is involved in numerous pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. The study of Golgi stress-induced signaling pathways relies on the selectivity of the available tool compounds of which currently only a few are known. To discover novel Golgi-fragmenting agents, transcriptomic profiles of cells treated with brefeldin A, golgicide A, or monensin were generated and compared with a database of gene expression profiles from cells treated with other bioactive small molecules. In parallel, a phenotypic screen was performed for compounds that alter normal Golgi structure. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and DNA-damaging agents were identified as novel Golgi disruptors. Further analysis identified HDAC1/HDAC9 as well as BRD8 and DNA-PK as important regulators of Golgi breakdown mediated by HDAC inhibition. We provide evidence that combinatorial HDACi/(+)-JQ1 treatment spurs synergistic Golgi dispersal in several cancer cell lines, pinpointing a possible link between drug-induced toxicity and Golgi morphology alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Baumann
- BioMed X Innovation Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ralph K Lindemann
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Merck Biopharma, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan H Reiling
- BioMed X Innovation Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Cevheroğlu O, Becker JM, Son ÇD. GPCR-Gα protein precoupling: Interaction between Ste2p, a yeast GPCR, and Gpa1p, its Gα protein, is formed before ligand binding via the Ste2p C-terminal domain and the Gpa1p N-terminal domain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:2435-2446. [PMID: 28958779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors bind ligands that initiate intracellular signaling cascades via heterotrimeric G proteins. In this study, involvement of the N-terminal residues of yeast G-alpha (Gpa1p) with the C-terminal residues of a full-length or C-terminally truncated Ste2p were investigated using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), a non-radiative energy transfer phenomenon where protein-protein interactions can be quantified between a donor bioluminescent molecule and a suitable acceptor fluorophore. Constitutive and position-dependent BRET signal was observed in the absence of agonist (α-factor). Upon the activation of the receptors with α-factor, no significant change in BRET signal was observed. The location of Ste2p-Gpa1p heterodimer was investigated using confocal fluorescence microscopy and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, a technique where two non-fluorescent fragments of a fluorescent protein reassemble in vivo to restore fluorescence property thereby directly reporting a protein-protein interaction. BiFC experiments resulted in a dimerization signal intracellularly during biosynthesis on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and on the plasma membrane (PM). The constitutive BRET and BiFC signals observed on ER between Ste2p and Gpa1p in their quiescent and activated states are indicative of pre-coupling between these two proteins. This study is the first to show that the extreme N-terminus of yeast G protein alpha subunit is in close proximity to its receptor. The data suggests a pre-coupled heterodimer prior to receptor activation. The images presented in this study are the first direct in vivo evidence showing the localization of receptor - G protein heterodimers during biosynthesis and before reaching the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkun Cevheroğlu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Universiteler Mah. Dumlupinar Blv. No: 1, Çankaya, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Jeffrey M Becker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, United States
| | - Çağdaş D Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Universiteler Mah. Dumlupinar Blv. No: 1, Çankaya, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
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20
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Internalized TSH receptors en route to the TGN induce local G s-protein signaling and gene transcription. Nat Commun 2017; 8:443. [PMID: 28874659 PMCID: PMC5585343 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A new paradigm of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling at intracellular sites has recently emerged, but the underlying mechanisms and functional consequences are insufficiently understood. Here, we show that upon internalization in thyroid cells, endogenous TSH receptors traffic retrogradely to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and activate endogenous Gs-proteins in the retromer-coated compartment that brings them to the TGN. Receptor internalization is associated with a late cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) response at the Golgi/TGN. Blocking receptor internalization, inhibiting PKA II/interfering with its Golgi/TGN localization, silencing retromer or disrupting Golgi/TGN organization all impair efficient TSH-dependent cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. These results suggest that retrograde trafficking to the TGN induces local Gs-protein activation and cAMP/PKA signaling at a critical position near the nucleus, which appears required for efficient CREB phosphorylation and gene transcription. This provides a new mechanism to explain the functional consequences of GPCR signaling at intracellular sites and reveals a critical role for the TGN in GPCR signaling. Recent investigations suggest that G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can signal during intracellular trafficking. Here the authors use fluorescence microscopy approaches to directly visualize and investigate functional consequences of GPCR-mediated signaling at the Golgi/trans-Golgi network.
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21
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Chabanon M, Stachowiak JC, Rangamani P. Systems biology of cellular membranes: a convergence with biophysics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 9:10.1002/wsbm.1386. [PMID: 28475297 PMCID: PMC5561455 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systems biology and systems medicine have played an important role in the last two decades in shaping our understanding of biological processes. While systems biology is synonymous with network maps and '-omics' approaches, it is not often associated with mechanical processes. Here, we make the case for considering the mechanical and geometrical aspects of biological membranes as a key step in pushing the frontiers of systems biology of cellular membranes forward. We begin by introducing the basic components of cellular membranes, and highlight their dynamical aspects. We then survey the functions of the plasma membrane and the endomembrane system in signaling, and discuss the role and origin of membrane curvature in these diverse cellular processes. We further give an overview of the experimental and modeling approaches to study membrane phenomena. We close with a perspective on the converging futures of systems biology and membrane biophysics, invoking the need to include physical variables such as location and geometry in the study of cellular membranes. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1386. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1386 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Chabanon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne C. Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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22
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Ayala I, Colanzi A. Alterations of Golgi organization in Alzheimer's disease: A cause or a consequence? Tissue Cell 2016; 49:133-140. [PMID: 27894594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central organelle of the secretory pathway involved in the post-translational modification and sorting of lipids and proteins. In mammalian cells, the Golgi apparatus is composed of stacks of cisternae organized in polarized manner, which are interconnected by membrane tubules to constitute the Golgi ribbon, located in the proximity of the centrosome. Besides the processing and transport of cargo, the Golgi complex is actively involved in the regulation of mitotic entry, cytoskeleton organization and dynamics, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis, representing a signalling platform for the control of several cellular functions, including signalling initiated by receptors located at the plasma membrane. Alterations of the conventional Golgi organization are associated to many disorders, such as cancer or different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we examine the functional implications of modifications of Golgi structure in neurodegenerative disorders, with a focus on the role of Golgi fragmentation in the development of Alzheimer's disease. The comprehension of the mechanism that induces Golgi fragmentation and of its downstream effects on neuronal function have the potential to contribute to the development of more effective therapies to treat or prevent some of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Ayala
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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23
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Shete A, Suryawanshi P, Godbole S, Pawar J, Paranjape R, Thakar M. HIV-infected CD4+ T Cells Use T-bet-dependent Pathway for Production of IL-10 Upon Antigen Recognition. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:288-96. [PMID: 27028319 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 has been implicated in persistence of pathogens in a number of chronic infections. Infected CD4+ cells upon reactivation with HIV antigens were also shown to produce IL-10, which might contribute to their persistence. Hence, it is crucial to determine mechanisms regulating IL-10 production after activation with HIV antigens for devising effective blocking strategies. In this study, ERK-, T-bet- and FoxP3-dependent pathways were evaluated for their possible roles in IL-10 production by infected CD4+ cells after reactivation with HIV Env. Intracellular and secreted IL-10 levels were determined by flow cytometry and Bioplex assay after treating PBMCs with PD98059, tipifarnib and cyclosporin A for blocking of ERK-, T-bet-and FoxP3-dependent pathways, respectively. Baseline levels of T-bet, pERK were higher in P24+ CD4+ cells as compared to uninfected CD4+ cells, which increased further after activation with Env. Inhibition of T-bet resulted in 2.3-fold reduction of IL-10 expression whereas ERK and FoxP3 inhibition failed to cause suppression of IL-10 expression. Conversely, IL-10 secreted by PBMCs was inhibited maximally after ERK inhibition suggesting its role in regulation of cytokine secretory pathway. IFN-γ was found to be suppressed after treatment with inhibitors of all these pathways. Thus, the study highlighted need for IL-10 blockade along with the use of antigens for therapeutic vaccinations or latency reversal and identified the T-bet-dependent pathway as an important pathway regulating IL-10 production by infected CD4+ cells. However, simultaneous blockade of IFN-γ precludes use of inhibitor of this pathway as an IL-10 blocking strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shete
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | | | - S Godbole
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - J Pawar
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - R Paranjape
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - M Thakar
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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24
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Luini A, Parashuraman S. Signaling at the Golgi: sensing and controlling the membrane fluxes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 39:37-42. [PMID: 26908115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, it has emerged that the Golgi (and other secretory stations) is host to a variety of signaling molecules and can act as a signaling hub that receives, emits and elaborates signals. This endomembrane-based signaling apparatus appears to have more than one purpose. Its most fundamental function appears to be the auto-regulation of the biosynthetic apparatus to maintain and/or optimize its own activities and to coordinate such activities with those of other cellular modules.(1) This is achieved by dedicated control devices that provide stability, robustness, precision, sensitivity and complexity to cellular behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Luini
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco, 113, 80143 Naples, Italy.
| | - Seetharaman Parashuraman
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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25
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Aznar N, Kalogriopoulos N, Midde KK, Ghosh P. Heterotrimeric G protein signaling via GIV/Girdin: Breaking the rules of engagement, space, and time. Bioessays 2016; 38:379-93. [PMID: 26879989 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Canonical signal transduction via heterotrimeric G proteins is spatially and temporally restricted, that is, triggered exclusively at the plasma membrane (PM), only by agonist activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via a process that completes within a few hundred milliseconds. Recently, a rapidly emerging paradigm has revealed a non-canonical pathway for activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by the non-receptor guanidine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), GIV/Girdin. This pathway has distinctive temporal and spatial features and an unusual profile of receptor engagement: diverse classes of receptors, not just GPCRs can engage with GIV to trigger such activation. Such activation is spatially and temporally unrestricted, that is, can occur both at the PM and on internal membranes discontinuous with the PM, and can continue for prolonged periods of time. Here, we provide the most complete up-to-date review of the molecular mechanisms that govern the unique spatiotemporal aspects of non-canonical G protein activation by GIV and the relevance of this new paradigm in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Krishna K Midde
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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26
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Ayala I, Colanzi A. Assays to Study the Fragmentation of the Golgi Complex During the G2-M Transition of the Cell Cycle. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1496:173-185. [PMID: 27632010 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6463-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi complex of mammalian cells is composed of stacks of flattened cisternae that are connected by tubules to form a continuous membrane system, also known as the Golgi ribbon. At the onset of mitosis, the Golgi ribbon is progressively fragmented into small tubular-vesicular clusters and it is reconstituted before completion of cytokinesis. The investigation of the mechanisms behind this reversible cycle of disassembly and reassembly has led to the identification of structural Golgi proteins and regulators. Moreover, these studies allowed to discover that disassembly of the ribbon is necessary for cell entry into mitosis. Here, we describe an in vitro assay that reproduces the mitotic Golgi fragmentation and that has been successfully employed to identify many important mechanisms and proteins involved in the mitotic Golgi reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Ayala
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
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27
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Alvarez-Miranda EA, Sinnl M, Farhan H. Alteration of Golgi Structure by Stress: A Link to Neurodegeneration? Front Neurosci 2015; 9:435. [PMID: 26617486 PMCID: PMC4641911 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is well-known for its role as a sorting station in the secretory pathway as well as for its role in regulating post-translational protein modification. Another role for the Golgi is the regulation of cellular signaling by spatially regulating kinases, phosphatases, and GTPases. All these roles make it clear that the Golgi is a central regulator of cellular homeostasis. The response to stress and the initiation of adaptive responses to cope with it are fundamental abilities of all living cells. It was shown previously that the Golgi undergoes structural rearrangements under various stress conditions such as oxidative or osmotic stress. Neurodegenerative diseases are also frequently associated with alterations of Golgi morphology and many stress factors have been described to play an etiopathological role in neurodegeneration. It is however unclear whether the stress-Golgi connection plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases. Using a combination of bioinformatics modeling and literature mining, we will investigate evidence for such a tripartite link and we ask whether stress-induced Golgi arrangements are cause or consequence in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Sinnl
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau Kreuzlingen, Switzerland ; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
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28
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Lo IC, Gupta V, Midde KK, Taupin V, Lopez-Sanchez I, Kufareva I, Abagyan R, Randazzo PA, Farquhar MG, Ghosh P. Activation of Gαi at the Golgi by GIV/Girdin imposes finiteness in Arf1 signaling. Dev Cell 2015; 33:189-203. [PMID: 25865347 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A long-held tenet of heterotrimeric G protein signal transduction is that it is triggered by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the PM. Here, we demonstrate that Gi is activated in the Golgi by GIV/Girdin, a non-receptor guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). GIV-dependent activation of Gi at the Golgi maintains the finiteness of the cyclical activation of ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1), a fundamental step in vesicle traffic in all eukaryotes. Several interactions with other major components of Golgi trafficking-e.g., active Arf1, its regulator, ArfGAP2/3, and the adaptor protein β-COP-enable GIV to coordinately regulate Arf1 signaling. When the GIV-Gαi pathway is selectively inhibited, levels of GTP-bound Arf1 are elevated and protein transport along the secretory pathway is delayed. These findings define a paradigm in non-canonical G protein signaling at the Golgi, which places GIV-GEF at the crossroads between signals gated by the trimeric G proteins and the Arf family of monomeric GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chung Lo
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Krishna K Midde
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vanessa Taupin
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paul A Randazzo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marilyn G Farquhar
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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29
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Luini A, Mavelli G, Jung J, Cancino J. Control systems and coordination protocols of the secretory pathway. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:88. [PMID: 25374666 PMCID: PMC4191269 DOI: 10.12703/p6-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Like other cellular modules, the secretory pathway and the Golgi complex are likely to be supervised by control systems that support homeostasis and optimal functionality under all conditions, including external and internal perturbations. Moreover, the secretory apparatus must be functionally connected with other cellular modules, such as energy metabolism and protein degradation, via specific rules of interaction, or “coordination protocols”. These regulatory devices are of fundamental importance for optimal function; however, they are generally “hidden” at steady state. The molecular components and the architecture of the control systems and coordination protocols of the secretory pathway are beginning to emerge through studies based on the use of controlled transport-specific perturbations aimed specifically at the detection and analysis of these internal regulatory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Luini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine (IBP)Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 NapoliItaly
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 NapoliItaly
| | - Gabriella Mavelli
- Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica Antonio Ruberti, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheViale Manzoni 30, 00185 RomaItaly
| | - Juan Jung
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-SDN80143 NapoliItaly
| | - Jorge Cancino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine (IBP)Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 NapoliItaly
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés BelloQuillota 980, 2520000 Viña del MarChile
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30
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Kannan R, Kuzina I, Wincovitch S, Nowotarski SH, Giniger E. The Abl/enabled signaling pathway regulates Golgi architecture in Drosophila photoreceptor neurons. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2993-3005. [PMID: 25103244 PMCID: PMC4230588 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-02-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is optimized separately in different tissues for efficient protein trafficking, but we know little of how cell signaling shapes this organelle. We now find that the Abl tyrosine kinase signaling pathway controls the architecture of the Golgi complex in Drosophila photoreceptor (PR) neurons. The Abl effector, Enabled (Ena), selectively labels the cis-Golgi in developing PRs. Overexpression or loss of function of Ena increases the number of cis- and trans-Golgi cisternae per cell, and Ena overexpression also redistributes Golgi to the most basal portion of the cell soma. Loss of Abl or its upstream regulator, the adaptor protein Disabled, lead to the same alterations of Golgi as does overexpression of Ena. The increase in Golgi number in Abl mutants arises in part from increased frequency of Golgi fission events and a decrease in fusions, as revealed by live imaging. Finally, we demonstrate that the effects of Abl signaling on Golgi are mediated via regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Together, these data reveal a direct link between cell signaling and Golgi architecture. Moreover, they raise the possibility that some of the effects of Abl signaling may arise, in part, from alterations of protein trafficking and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishnan Kannan
- Axon Guidance and Neural Connectivity Unit, Basic Neuroscience Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Irina Kuzina
- Axon Guidance and Neural Connectivity Unit, Basic Neuroscience Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephen Wincovitch
- Cytogenetics and Microscopy Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephanie H Nowotarski
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Edward Giniger
- Axon Guidance and Neural Connectivity Unit, Basic Neuroscience Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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31
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Romero AM, Renau-Piqueras J, Marín MP, Esteban-Pretel G. Chronic alcohol exposure affects the cell components involved in membrane traffic in neuronal dendrites. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:43-54. [PMID: 25022897 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The specific traffic of the membrane components in neurons is a major requirement to establish and maintain neuronal domains-the axonal and the somatodendritic domains-and their polarized morphology. Unlike axons, dendrites contain membranous organelles, which are involved in the secretory pathway, including the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and post-Golgi apparatus carriers, the cytoskeleton, and plasma membrane. A variety of molecules and factors are also involved in this process. Previous studies have shown that chronic alcohol exposure negatively affects several of these cell components, such as the Golgi apparatus or cytoskeleton in neurons. Yet very little information is available on the possible effects of this exposure on the remaining cell elements involved in intracellular trafficking in neurons, particularly in dendrites. By qualitative and quantitative electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, we herein show that chronic exposure to moderate levels (30 mM) of ethanol in cultured neurons reduces the volume and surface density of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and increases the levels of GRP78, a chaperone involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress. Ethanol also significantly diminishes the proportion of neurons that show an extension of Golgi into dendrites and dendritic Golgi outposts, a structure present exclusively in longer, thicker apical dendrites. Both Golgi apparatus types were also fragmented into a large number of cells. We also investigated the effect of alcohol on the levels of microtubule-based motor proteins KIF5, KIF17, KIFC2, dynein, and myosin IIb, responsible for transporting different cargoes in dendrites. Of these, alcohol differently affects several of them by lowering dynein and raising KIF5, KIFC2, and myosin IIb. These results, together with other previously published ones, suggest that practically all the protein trafficking steps in dendrites are altered to a greater or lesser extent by chronic alcohol exposure in neuronal cells, which may have negative repercussions for the development and maintenance of their polarized morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Romero
- Sección de Biología y Patología Celular, Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario ''La Fe'', Avenida Campanar 21, 46009, Valencia, Spain
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32
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Ong YS, Tran THT, Gounko NV, Hong W. TMEM115 is an integral membrane protein of the Golgi complex involved in retrograde transport. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2825-39. [PMID: 24806965 PMCID: PMC4077589 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.136754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Searching and evaluating the Human Protein Atlas for transmembrane proteins enabled us to identify an integral membrane protein, TMEM115, that is enriched in the Golgi complex. Biochemical and cell biological analysis suggested that TMEM115 has four candidate transmembrane domains located in the N-terminal region. Both the N- and C-terminal domains are oriented towards the cytoplasm. Immunofluorescence analysis supports that TMEM115 is enriched in the Golgi cisternae. Functionally, TMEM115 knockdown or overexpression delays Brefeldin-A-induced Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport, phenocopying cells with mutations or silencing of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. Co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro binding experiments reveals that TMEM115 interacts with the COG complex, and might self-interact to form dimers or oligomers. A short region (residues 206–229) immediately to the C-terminal side of the fourth transmembrane domain is both necessary and sufficient for Golgi targeting. Knockdown of TMEM115 also reduces the binding of the lectins peanut agglutinin (PNA) and Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA), suggesting an altered O-linked glycosylation profile. These results establish that TMEM115 is an integral membrane protein of the Golgi stack regulating Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport and is likely to be part of the machinery of the COG complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shan Ong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Ton Hoai Thi Tran
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Natalia V Gounko
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore IMB-IMCB Joint Electron Microscopy Suite, 20 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
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33
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Kavaliauskiene S, Nymark CM, Bergan J, Simm R, Sylvänne T, Simolin H, Ekroos K, Skotland T, Sandvig K. Cell density-induced changes in lipid composition and intracellular trafficking. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1097-116. [PMID: 23921715 PMCID: PMC11113877 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell density is one of the extrinsic factors to which cells adapt their physiology when grown in culture. However, little is known about the molecular changes which occur during cell growth and how cellular responses are then modulated. In many cases, inhibitors, drugs or growth factors used for in vitro studies change the rate of cell proliferation, resulting in different cell densities in control and treated samples. Therefore, for a comprehensive data analysis, it is essential to understand the implications of cell density on the molecular level. In this study, we have investigated how lipid composition changes during cell growth, and the consequences it has for transport of Shiga toxin. By quantifying 308 individual lipid species from 17 different lipid classes, we have found that the levels and species distribution of several lipids change during cell growth, with the major changes observed for diacylglycerols, phosphatidic acids, cholesterol esters, and lysophosphatidylethanolamines. In addition, there is a reduced binding and retrograde transport of Shiga toxin in high density cells which lead to reduced intoxication by the toxin. In conclusion, our data provide novel information on how lipid composition changes during cell growth in culture, and how these changes can modulate intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kavaliauskiene
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carl-Martin Nymark
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas Bergan
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roger Simm
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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34
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Sandvig K, Bergan J, Kavaliauskiene S, Skotland T. Lipid requirements for entry of protein toxins into cells. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 54:1-13. [PMID: 24462587 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant toxin ricin and the bacterial toxin Shiga toxin both belong to a group of protein toxins having one moiety that binds to the cell surface, and another, enzymatically active moiety, that enters the cytosol and inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating ribosomes. Both toxins travel all the way from the cell surface to endosomes, the Golgi apparatus and the ER before the ribosome-inactivating moiety enters the cytosol. Shiga toxin binds to the neutral glycosphingolipid Gb3 at the cell surface and is therefore dependent on this lipid for transport into the cells, whereas ricin binds both glycoproteins and glycolipids with terminal galactose. The different steps of transport used by these toxins have specific requirements for lipid species, and with the recent developments in mass spectrometry analysis of lipids and microscopical and biochemical dissection of transport in cells, we are starting to see the complexity of endocytosis and intracellular transport. In this article we describe lipid requirements and the consequences of lipid changes for the entry and intoxication with ricin and Shiga toxin. These toxins can be a threat to human health, but can also be exploited for diagnosis and therapy, and have proven valuable as tools to study intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Sandvig
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jonas Bergan
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Simona Kavaliauskiene
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tore Skotland
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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35
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Peng W, Lei Q, Jiang Z, Hu Z. Characterization of Golgi scaffold proteins and their roles in compartmentalizing cell signaling. J Mol Histol 2013; 45:435-45. [PMID: 24337566 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-013-9560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Subcellular compartmentalization has become an important theme in cell signaling. In particular, the Golgi apparatus (GA) plays a prominent role in compartmentalizing signaling cascades that originate at the plasma membrane or other organelles. To precisely regulate this process, cells have evolved a unique class of organizer proteins, termed "scaffold proteins". Sef, PAQR3, PAQR10 and PAQR11 are scaffold proteins that have recently been identified on the GA and are referred to as Golgi scaffolds. The major cell growth signaling pathways, such as Ras/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, insulin and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), are tightly regulated spatially and temporally by these Golgi scaffolds to ensure a physiologically appropriate outcome. Here, we discuss the subcellular localization and characterization of the topology and functional domains of these Golgi scaffolds and summarize their roles in the compartmentalization of cell signaling. We also highlight the physiological and pathological roles of these Golgi scaffolds in tumorigenesis and developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Peng
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
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36
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Regulation of Golgi signaling and trafficking by the KDEL receptor. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:395-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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37
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Sandvig K, Skotland T, van Deurs B, Klokk TI. Retrograde transport of protein toxins through the Golgi apparatus. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:317-26. [PMID: 23765164 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of protein toxins from plants and bacteria take advantage of transport through the Golgi apparatus to gain entry into the cytosol where they exert their action. These toxins include the plant toxin ricin, the bacterial Shiga toxins, and cholera toxin. Such toxins bind to lipids or proteins at the cell surface, and they are endocytosed both by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms. Sorting to the Golgi and retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are common to these toxins, but the exact mechanisms turn out to be toxin and cell-type dependent. In the ER, the enzymatically active part is released and then transported into the cytosol, exploiting components of the ER-associated degradation system. In this review, we will discuss transport of different protein toxins, but we will focus on factors involved in entry and sorting of ricin and Shiga toxin into and through the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Sandvig
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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38
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Abstract
The Golgi complex of mammalian cells is composed of interconnected stacks of flattened cisternae that form a continuous membrane system in the pericentriolar region of the cell. At the onset of mitosis, this so-called Golgi ribbon is converted into small tubular-vesicular clusters in a tightly regulated fragmentation process, which leads to a temporary loss of the physical Golgi-centrosome proximity. Mitotic Golgi breakdown is required for Golgi partitioning into the two daughter cells, cell cycle progression and may contribute to the dispersal of Golgi-associated signaling molecules. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms that control mitotic Golgi reorganization, its biological significance, and assays that are used to study this process.
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Abstract
Multiple studies have shown that endomembranes can act as signaling platforms for plasma-membrane-originated signaling. In particular, the Golgi complex operates as a relay station for signaling, which is initiated by classical ligand-receptor systems at the plasma membrane, acting as a positive or negative regulator of these plasma-membrane signals. Thus, the Golgi complex has emerged as a hub for intracellular signaling. Furthermore, recent evidence has indicated that the Golgi complex can also trigger its own signaling cascades, which involve some of the molecular players that are classically engaged in signal transduction at the plasma membrane. This aspect of the Golgi complex, namely, the ability to generate autonomous signaling, has been experimentally addressed only in the last few years. These studies have revealed that the transport vesicles that leave the ER for the Golgi complex also carry signal molecules that can then be sensed by a receptor in the Golgi complex to coordinate secretory organelles. The receptor involved in the sensing of incoming traffic at the Golgi complex has been shown to be the KDEL receptor (KDELR), a proposed new G-protein-coupled receptor. Upon binding to a KDEL-containing ligand (a chaperone), the KDELR can activate a signaling cascade that regulates anterograde intra-Golgi trafficking. However, this Golgi-based signaling response is only partially understood to date. Here we report on several approaches that are suitable for the study of traffic-initiated and KDELR-dependent signaling.
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40
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Viewing Golgi structure and function from a different perspective--insights from electron tomography. Methods Cell Biol 2013; 118:259-79. [PMID: 24295312 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417164-0.00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Historically, ultrastructural investigations, which have focused on elucidating the biological idiosyncrasies of the Golgi apparatus, have tended towards oversimplified or fallacious hypotheses when postulating how the Golgi apparatus reorganizes itself both structurally and functionally to fulfill the plethora of cellular processes underpinned by this complex organelle. Key questions are still unanswered with regard to how changes in Golgi architecture correlate so reproducibly to changes in its functional priorities under different physiological conditions or experimental perturbations. This fact alone serves to highlight how the technical limitations associated with conventional two-dimensional imaging approaches employed in the past failed to adequately capture the extraordinary complexity of the Golgi's three-dimensional (3D) structure-now a hallmark of this challenging organelle. Consequently, this has hampered progress towards developing a clear understanding of how changes in its structure and function typically occur in parallel. In this chapter, we highlight but a few of the significant new insights regarding variations in the Golgi's structure-function relationships that have been afforded over recent years through advanced electron microscopic techniques for 3D image reconstruction, commonly referred to as electron tomography.
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