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Du Q, Li T, Yi X, Song S, Kang J, Jiang Y. Prevalence of new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol 2024; 61:809-829. [PMID: 38507083 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Post-transplant diabetes is a prevalent and consequential complication following kidney transplantation, which significantly augments the risk of cardiovascular disease, graft loss, infection, and mortality, thereby profoundly impacting both graft and patient survival. However, the early stages of post-transplant diabetes often go unnoticed or receive inadequate management. Consequently, this study systematically assesses the incidence of new-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation with the aim to enhance medical staff awareness regarding post-transplantation diabetes and provide clinical management guidance. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search across multiple databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and SinoMed until September 21, 2023. Data extraction was performed using standardized tables and meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 16.0 software. A random effects model was employed to estimate the combined prevalence along with its corresponding 95% confidence interval. The source of heterogeneity was explored using subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis, while publication bias was assessed through funnel plot and Egger's test. This study has been registered with PROSPERO under the registration number CRD42023465768. RESULTS This meta-analysis comprised 39 studies with a total sample size of 16,584 patients. The prevalence of new-onset diabetes after transplantation was found to be 20% [95% CI (18.0, 22.0)]. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on age, gender, body mass index, family history of diabetes, type of kidney donor, immunosuppressive regimen, acute rejection episodes, hepatitis C infection status and cytomegalovirus infection. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of post-kidney transplantation diabetes is substantial, necessitating early implementation of preventive and control measures to mitigate its occurrence, enhance prognosis, and optimize patients' quality of life. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO: CRD42023465768.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufeng Du
- College of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.37 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu City, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.37 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu City, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Yi
- College of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.37 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu City, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shuang Song
- College of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.37 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu City, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Kang
- College of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.37 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu City, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yunlan Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu City, 610072, Sichuan Province, China.
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Valencia-Morales ND, Rodríguez-Cubillo B, Loayza-López RK, Moreno de la Higuera MÁ, Sánchez-Fructuoso AI. Novel Drugs for the Management of Diabetes Kidney Transplant Patients: A Literature Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1265. [PMID: 37374048 DOI: 10.3390/life13061265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of diabetes and renal failure is changing thanks to the appearance of new drugs such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) that have benefits in terms of survival and cardiorenal protection. Based on the potential mechanisms of GLP1-RA, kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) could benefit from their effects. However, high-quality studies are needed to demonstrate these benefits, in the transplant population, especially those related to cardiovascular benefits and renal protection. Studies with SGLT2i performed in KTRs are much less potent than in the general population and therefore no benefits in terms of patient or graft survival have been clearly demonstrated in this population to date. Additionally, the most frequently observed side effects could be potentially harmful to this population profile, including severe or recurrent urinary tract infections and impaired kidney function. However, benefits demonstrated in KTRs are in line with a known potential effects in cardiovascular and renal protection, which may be essential for the outcome of transplant recipients. Better studies are still needed to confirm the benefits of these new oral antidiabetics in the renal transplant population. Understanding the characteristics of these drugs may be critical for KTRs to be able to benefit from their effects without being damaged. This review discusses the results of the most important published studies on KTRs with GLP1-RA and SGLT2i as well as the potential beneficial effects of these drugs. Based on these results, approximate suggestions for the management of diabetes in KTRs were developed.
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Wang L, Huang J, Li Y, Shi K, Gao S, Zhao W, Zhang S, Ding C, Gao W. Postoperative fasting plasma glucose and family history diabetes mellitus can predict post-transplantation diabetes mellitus in kidney transplant recipients. Endocrine 2023:10.1007/s12020-023-03374-y. [PMID: 37148416 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore whether glycated albumin (GA) or fasting plasma glucose (FPG), both routinely monitored during patients' hospital stay, can be used to predict post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM). METHODS All kidney transplantation recipients (KTRs) from January 2017 to December 2018 were followed-up for 1 year. PTDM was diagnosed from day 45 post-operation to 1 year. When the completeness was above 80%, FPG or GA data on the day was selected, analyzed, and presented as range parameters and standard deviation (SD) and compared between PTDM and non-PTDM groups in fluctuation and stable periods. The predictive cut-off values were determined via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The PTDM combined predictive mode, formed by the independent risk factors derived from logistic regression analyses, was compared with each independent risk factor with the independent ROC curve test. RESULTS Among 536 KTRs, 38 patients developed PTDM up to 1 year post-operatively. The family history diabetes mellitus (OR, 3.21; P = 0.035), the FPG SD in fluctuation period >2.09 mmol/L (OR, 3.06; P = 0.002), and the FPG maximum in stable period >5.08 mmol/L (OR, 6.85; P < 0.001) were the PTDM independent risk factors. The discrimination of the combined mode (area under the curve = 0.81, sensitivity = 73.68%, and specificity = 76.31%) was higher than each prediction (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The FPG standard deviation during the fluctuation period, FPG maximum during the stable period, and family history diabetes mellitus predicted PTDM with good discrimination and potential routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science & Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science & Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science & Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kewei Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science & Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sai Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science & Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wangcheng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science & Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science & Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenguang Ding
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science & Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Zhang Z, Sun J, Guo M, Yuan X. Progress of new-onset diabetes after liver and kidney transplantation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1091843. [PMID: 36843576 PMCID: PMC9944581 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1091843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation is currently the most effective treatment for end-stage organ failure. Post transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a severe complication after organ transplantation that seriously affects the short-term and long-term survival of recipients. However, PTDM is often overlooked or poorly managed in its early stage. This article provides an overview of the incidence, and pathogenesis of and risk factors for PTDM, aiming to gain a deeper understanding of PTDM and improve the quality of life of recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Jianyun Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology &Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemin Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong, China
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Salah DM, Hafez M, Fadel FI, Selem YAS, Musa N. Monitoring of blood glucose after pediatric kidney transplantation: a longitudinal cohort study. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:847-858. [PMID: 35816203 PMCID: PMC9842551 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose metabolism after kidney transplantation (KT) is highly dynamic with the first post-transplantation year being the most critical period for new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) occurrence. The present study aimed to analyze dynamics of glucose metabolism and report incidence/risk factors of abnormal glycemic state during the first year after KT in children. METHODS Twenty-one consecutive freshly transplanted pediatric kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) were assessed for fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) weekly for 4 weeks, then every 3 months for 1 year. RESULTS Interpretation of OGTT test showed normal glucose tolerance (NGT) in 6 patients (28.6%) while 15 (71.4%) experienced impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) at any time point of monitoring. Seven patients had NODAT, for which three needed insulin therapy. Hyperglycemia onset was 7.8 ± 13.12 weeks (median (range) = 1 (0-24) week) after KT. Percent of patients with abnormal OGTT was significantly more than that of IFG (38.1% vs. 71.4%, p = 0.029). Patients with abnormal glycemic state had significantly elevated trough tacrolimus levels at 6 months (p = 0.03). Glucose readings did not correlate with steroid doses nor rejection episodes while positively correlating with tacrolimus doses at 3 months (p = 0.02, CC = 0.73) and 6 months (p = 0.01, CC = 0.63), and negatively correlating with simultaneous GFR at 9 months (p = 0.04, CC = - 0.57). CONCLUSIONS Up to two thirds of pediatric KTRs (71.4%) experienced abnormal glycemic state at some point with peak incidence within the first week up to 6 months after KT. OGTT was a better tool for monitoring of glucose metabolism than FPG. Abnormal glycemic state was induced by tacrolimus and adversely affected graft function. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Salah
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Pediatric Nephrology & Transplantation Units, Cairo University Children Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona Hafez
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Diabetes, Endocrine & Metabolism Pediatric Unit, Cairo University Children Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ftaina I Fadel
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Pediatric Nephrology & Transplantation Units, Cairo University Children Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Noha Musa
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Diabetes, Endocrine & Metabolism Pediatric Unit, Cairo University Children Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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Sharif A. Interventions Against Posttransplantation Diabetes: A Scientific Rationale for Treatment Hierarchy Based on Literature Review. Transplantation 2022; 106:2301-2313. [PMID: 35696695 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Posttransplant diabetes (PTD) is a common medical complication after solid organ transplantation. Because of adverse outcomes associated with its development and detrimental impact on long-term survival, strategies to prevent or manage PTD are critically important but remain underresearched. Treatment hierarchies of antidiabetic therapies in the general population are currently being revolutionized based on cardiovascular outcome trials, providing evidence-based rationale for optimization of medical management. However, opportunities for improving medical management of PTD are challenged by 2 important considerations: (1) translating clinical evidence data from the general population to underresearched solid organ transplant cohorts and (2) targeting treatment based on primary underlying PTD pathophysiology. In this article, the aim is to provide an overview of PTD treatment options from a new angle. Rationalized by a consideration of underlying PTD pathophysiological defects, which are heterogeneous among diverse transplant patient cohorts, a critical appraisal of the published literature and summary of current research in progress will be reviewed. The aim is to update transplant professionals regarding medical management of PTD from a new perspective tailored therapeutic intervention based on individualized characteristics. As the gap in clinical evidence between management of PTD versus type 2 diabetes widens, it is imperative for the transplant community to bridge this gap with targeted clinical trials to ensure we optimize outcomes for solid organ transplant recipients who are at risk or develop PTD. This necessary clinical research should help efforts to improve long-term outcomes for solid transplant patients from both a patient and graft survival perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Sharif
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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The Efficacy and Safety of SGLT2 Inhibitor in Diabetic Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2022; 106:e404-e412. [PMID: 35768908 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have not been investigated in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with diabetes. We evaluated the impact of SGLT2i in a multicenter cohort of diabetic KTRs. METHODS A total of 2083 KTRs with diabetes were enrolled from 6 transplant centers in Korea. Among them, 226 (10.8%) patients were prescribed SGLT2i for >90 d. The primary outcome was a composite outcome of all-cause mortality, death-censored graft failure (DCGF), and serum creatinine doubling. An acute dip in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over 10% was surveyed after SGLT2i use. RESULTS During the mean follow-up of 62.9 ± 42.2 mo, the SGLT2i group had a lower risk of primary composite outcome than the control group in the multivariate and propensity score-matched models (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.78; P = 0.006 and adjusted hazard ratio, 0.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.85; P = 0.013, respectively). Multivariate analyses consistently showed a decreased risk of DCGF and serum creatinine doubling in the SGLT2i group. The overall eGFR remained stable without the initial dip after SGLT2i use. A minority (15.6%) of the SGLT2i users showed acute eGFR dip during the first month, but the eGFR recovered thereafter. The risk factors for the eGFR dip were time from transplantation to SGLT2i usage and mean tacrolimus trough level. CONCLUSIONS SGLT2i improved a composite of all-cause mortality, DCGF, or serum creatinine doubling in KTRs. SGLT2i can be used safely and have beneficial effects on preserving graft function in diabetic KTRs.
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Sridhar VS, Ambinathan JPN, Gillard P, Mathieu C, Cherney DZI, Lytvyn Y, Singh SK. Cardiometabolic and Kidney Protection in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Diabetes: Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Summary of Clinical Trials. Transplantation 2022; 106:734-748. [PMID: 34381005 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the therapy of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease. Preexisting diabetes is highly prevalent in kidney transplant recipients (KTR), and the development of posttransplant diabetes is common because of a number of transplant-specific risk factors such as the use of diabetogenic immunosuppressive medications and posttransplant weight gain. The presence of pretransplant and posttransplant diabetes in KTR significantly and variably affect the risk of graft failure, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and death. Among the many available therapies for diabetes, there are little data to determine the glucose-lowering agent(s) of choice in KTR. Furthermore, despite the high burden of graft loss and CVD among KTR with diabetes, evidence for strategies offering cardiovascular and kidney protection is lacking. Recent accumulating evidence convincingly shows glucose-independent cardiorenal protective effects in non-KTR with glucose-lowering agents, such as sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Therefore, our aim was to review cardiorenal protective strategies, including the evidence, mechanisms, and rationale for the use of these glucose-lowering agents in KTR with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas S Sridhar
- Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Kidney Transplant Program and the Ajmera Tranplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaya Prakash N Ambinathan
- Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Kidney Transplant Program and the Ajmera Tranplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pieter Gillard
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Z I Cherney
- Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuliya Lytvyn
- Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sunita K Singh
- Division of Nephrology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Kidney Transplant Program and the Ajmera Tranplant Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hussain A, Culliford A, Phagura N, Evison F, Gallier S, Sharif A. Comparing survival outcomes for kidney transplant recipients with pre-existing diabetes versus those who develop post-transplantation diabetes. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14707. [PMID: 34599527 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to compare the management strategy and clinical outcomes for kidney transplant recipients with pre-transplant versus post-transplantation diabetes (PTDM) in a contemporary cohort. METHODS This is a single-centre, retrospective. observational study of kidney transplant recipients between 2007 and 2018 with follow-up to 31 December 2020. Data were extracted from hospital electronic patient records, with clinical outcomes linked to national data sets. PTDM was diagnosed by international consensus guidelines. Unadjusted and adjusted survival outcomes were assessed with Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models, respectively, with PTDM handled as a time-varying covariate. RESULTS Data were analysed for 1,757 kidney transplant recipients, of whom 11.8% (n = 207) had pre-transplant diabetes, and 13.8% (n = 243) developed PTDM with median time to onset 108 days (IQR 46-549 days). Median follow-up was 1,839 days (IQR 928-2985 days). Disparate management strategies were observed, although insulin was the commonest glucose-lowering therapy for all patients with diabetes. In adjusted models, PTDM was associated with lower mortality (HR 0.663, 95% CI 0.543-0.810) and pre-diabetes with higher mortality (HR 1.675, 95% CI 1.396-2.011). However, if analyses are restricted to those with at least 5-year follow-up, then PTDM has no association with mortality (HR 0.771, 95% CI 0.419-1.096), but pre-transplant diabetes remains associated with higher mortality (HR 2.029, 95% CI 1.367-3.012). CONCLUSIONS Pre-transplant diabetes remains associated with increased mortality risk after kidney transplantation, but PTDM effects are time dependent. Development of PTDM should be encouraged as a mandated registry return to study the long-term impact on survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azm Hussain
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alice Culliford
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nuvreen Phagura
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Felicity Evison
- Department of Health Informatics, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Suzy Gallier
- Department of Health Informatics, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- PIONEER: HDR-UK hub in Acute Care, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adnan Sharif
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Axelrod DA, Cheungpasitporn W, Bunnapradist S, Schnitzler MA, Xiao H, McAdams-DeMarco M, Caliskan Y, Bae S, Ahn JB, Segev DL, Lam NN, Hess GP, Lentine KL. Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus and Immunosuppression Selection in Older and Obese Kidney Recipients. Kidney Med 2022; 4:100377. [PMID: 35072042 PMCID: PMC8767140 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale & Objective Posttransplant diabetes mellitus (DM) after kidney transplantation increases morbidity and mortality, particularly in older and obese recipients. We aimed to examine the impact of immunosuppression selection on the risk of posttransplant DM among both older and obese kidney transplant recipients. Study Design Retrospective database study. Setting & Participants Kidney-only transplant recipients aged ≥18 years from 2005 to 2016 in the United States from US Renal Data System records, which integrate Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing records with Medicare billing claims. Exposures Various immunosuppression regimens in the first 3 months after transplant. Outcomes Development of DM >3 months-to-1 year posttransplant. Analytical Approach We used multivariable Cox regression to compare the incidence of posttransplant DM by immunosuppression regimen with the reference regimen of thymoglobulin (TMG) or alemtuzumab (ALEM) with tacrolimus + mycophenolic acid + prednisone using inverse propensity weighting. Results 12.7% of kidney transplant recipients developed posttransplant DM with higher incidences in older (≥55 years vs <55 years: 16.7% vs 10.1%) and obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2 vs BMI < 30 kg/m2: 17.1% vs 10.9%) patients. The incidence of posttransplant DM was lower with steroid avoidance [TMG/ALEM + no prednisone (8.4%) and IL2rAb + no prednisone (9.7%)] than TMG/ALEM with triple therapy (13.1%). After adjustment for donor and recipient characteristics, TMG/ALEM with steroid avoidance was beneficial for all groups [age < 55 years: adjusted HR (aHR), 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.72); age ≥ 55 years: aHR, 0.69 (95% CI, 0.60-0.79); BMI < 30 kg/m2: aHR, 0.69 (95% CI, 0.60-0.78); BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2: aHR, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.57-0.79)]. However, IL2rAb with steroid avoidance was beneficial only for older patients (aHR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-0.99) and for those with BMI < 30 kg/m2 (aHR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.46-0.87). Limitations Retrospective study and lacked data on immunosuppression levels. Conclusions The beneficial impact of steroid avoidance using tacrolimus on posttransplant DM appears to differ by patient age and induction regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark A. Schnitzler
- Saint Louis University Center for Abdominal Transplantation, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Huiling Xiao
- Saint Louis University Center for Abdominal Transplantation, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Yasar Caliskan
- Saint Louis University Center for Abdominal Transplantation, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Sunjae Bae
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - JiYoon B. Ahn
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Krista L. Lentine
- University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Address for Correspondence: Krista L. Lentine, MD, PhD, Saint Louis University Center for Abdominal Transplantation, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63104.
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11
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Lin H, Yan J, Yuan L, Qi B, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Ma A, Ding F. Impact of diabetes mellitus developing after kidney transplantation on patient mortality and graft survival: a meta-analysis of adjusted data. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13:126. [PMID: 34717725 PMCID: PMC8557540 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-021-00742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) occurs in 10-30% of kidney transplant recipients. However, its impact on mortality and graft survival is still ambiguous. Therefore, the current study aimed to analyze if PTDM increases mortality and graft failure by pooling multivariable-adjusted data from individual studies. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL, and Google Scholar were searched for studies comparing mortality and graft failure between PTDM and non-diabetic patients. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were pooled in a random-effects model. RESULTS Fourteen retrospective studies comparing 9872 PTDM patients with 65,327 non-diabetics were included. On pooled analysis, we noted a statistically significant increase in the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with PTDM as compared to non-diabetics (HR: 1.67 95% CI 1.43, 1.94 I2 = 57% p < 0.00001). The meta-analysis also indicated a statistically significant increase in the risk of graft failure in patients with PTDM as compared to non-diabetics (HR: 1.35 95% CI 1.15, 1.58 I2 = 78% p = 0.0002). Results were stable on sensitivity analysis. There was no evidence of publication bias on funnel plots. CONCLUSION Kidney transplant patients developing PTDM have a 67% increased risk of all-cause mortality and a 35% increased risk of graft failure. Further studies are needed to determine the exact cause of increased mortality and the mechanism involved in graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, No. 75 Juchang Road, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiqiang Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, No. 75 Juchang Road, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, No. 75 Juchang Road, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Beibei Qi
- Department of Endocrinology, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, No. 75 Juchang Road, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhujing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, No. 75 Juchang Road, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanlu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, No. 75 Juchang Road, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aihua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, No. 75 Juchang Road, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuwan Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, No. 75 Juchang Road, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Santos AH, Leghrouz MA, Bueno EP, Andreoni KA. Impact of antibody induction on the outcomes of new onset diabetes after kidney transplantation: a registry analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2021; 54:637-646. [PMID: 34216339 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-021-02936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We conducted this observational study to examine the impact of antibody inductions administered at kidney transplant (KT) on outcomes of 5 year exposure to post-transplant diabetes (PTDM) in adult deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients (DDKTRs). We also studied the risk of PTDM associated with antibody inductions. METHODS Using 2000-2016 Organ Procurement Transplantation Network data, we employed multivariable Cox models to determine the adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of death, and overall and death-censored graft loss (OAGL, DCGL; respectively) at the 5 year landmark period in antibody induction cohorts with and without PTDM at the 1 year post-transplant index time point. We used multivariable logistic regression in determining the risk factors for PTDM. All multivariable analyses were adjusted for the potential confounding effects of maintenance immunosuppression, steroid regimens, and other relevant covariates. RESULTS 48,031 adult DDKTRs were classified into cohorts based on antibody induction at transplant: (anti-thymocyte globulin) ATG (n = 26, 788); (alemtuzumab) ALM (n = 5916); and interleukin-2 receptor antagonist (IL-2RA) (n = 15,327). PTDM was a risk factor for 5 year OAGL and death, not DCGL [(HR = 1.25, CI = 1.16-1.36), (HR = 1.13, CI = 1.06-1.21), and (HR = 1.05, CI = 0.96-1.16); respectively]. Induction regimens were not risk factors for 5 year outcomes in DDKTRs with and without PTDM. Risk factors for PTDM included DDKTR obesity, age > / = 50 years, acute rejection, and ATG induction, among others. CONCLUSIONS In adult DDKTRs, after controlling the confounding effects of clinically relevant variables including maintenance and steroid regimens, PTDM at 1 year post-transplant is associated with death and OAGL, not DCGL in the following 5 years: induction received at KT did not modify these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso H Santos
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Medical Science Bldg., Room NG-4, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Muhannad A Leghrouz
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emma P Bueno
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth A Andreoni
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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13
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Malik RF, Jia Y, Mansour SG, Reese PP, Hall IE, Alasfar S, Doshi MD, Akalin E, Bromberg JS, Harhay MN, Mohan S, Muthukumar T, Schröppel B, Singh P, Weng FL, Thiessen Philbrook HR, Parikh CR. Post-transplant Diabetes Mellitus in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Study. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:1296-1307. [PMID: 35369651 PMCID: PMC8676388 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000862021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background De novo post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a common complication after kidney transplant (KT). Most recent studies are single center with various approaches to outcome ascertainment. Methods In a multicenter longitudinal cohort of 632 nondiabetic adult kidney recipients transplanted in 2010-2013, we ascertained outcomes through detailed chart review at 13 centers. We hypothesized that donor characteristics, such as sex, HCV infection, and kidney donor profile index (KDPI), and recipient characteristics, such as age, race, BMI, and increased HLA mismatches, would affect the development of PTDM among KT recipients. We defined PTDM as hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%, pharmacological treatment for diabetes, or documentation of diabetes in electronic medical records. We assessed PTDM risk factors and evaluated for an independent time-updated association between PTDM and graft failure using regression. Results Mean recipient age was 52±14 years, 59% were male, 49% were Black. Cumulative PTDM incidence 5 years post-KT was 29% (186). Independent baseline PTDM risk factors included older recipient age (P<0.001) and higher BMI (P=0.006). PTDM was not associated with all-cause graft failure (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 1.10; 95% CI, 0.78 to 1.55), death-censored graft failure (aHR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.53 to 1.37), or death (aHR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.84 to 2.05) at median follow-up of 6 (interquartile range, 4.0-6.9) years post-KT. Induction and maintenance immunosuppression were not different between patients who did and did not develop PTDM. Conclusions PTDM occurred commonly, and higher baseline BMI was associated with PTDM. PTDM was not associated with graft failure or mortality during the 6-year follow-up, perhaps due to the short follow-up time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubab F. Malik
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yaqi Jia
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sherry G. Mansour
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Peter P. Reese
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Isaac E. Hall
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sami Alasfar
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mona D. Doshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Enver Akalin
- Kidney Transplant Program, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Meera N. Harhay
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Tower Health Transplant Institute, Tower Health System, West Reading, Pennsylvania
| | - Sumit Mohan
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Thangamani Muthukumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York,Department of Transplantation Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Pooja Singh
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Francis L. Weng
- Saint Barnabas Medical Center, RWJBarnabas Health, Livingston, New Jersey
| | | | - Chirag R. Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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Chowdhury TA, Wahba M, Mallik R, Peracha J, Patel D, De P, Fogarty D, Frankel A, Karalliedde J, Mark PB, Montero RM, Pokrajac A, Zac-Varghese S, Bain SC, Dasgupta I, Banerjee D, Winocour P, Sharif A. Association of British Clinical Diabetologists and Renal Association guidelines on the detection and management of diabetes post solid organ transplantation. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14523. [PMID: 33434362 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is common after solid organ transplantation (SOT) and associated with increased morbidity and mortality for allograft recipients. Despite the significant burden of disease, there is a paucity of literature with regards to detection, prevention and management. Evidence from the general population with diabetes may not be translatable to the unique context of SOT. In light of emerging clinical evidence and novel anti-diabetic agents, there is an urgent need for updated guidance and recommendations in this high-risk cohort. The Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD) and Renal Association (RA) Diabetic Kidney Disease Clinical Speciality Group has undertaken a systematic review and critical appraisal of the available evidence. Areas of focus are; (1) epidemiology, (2) pathogenesis, (3) detection, (4) management, (5) modification of immunosuppression, (6) prevention, and (7) PTDM in the non-renal setting. Evidence-graded recommendations are provided for the detection, management and prevention of PTDM, with suggested areas for future research and potential audit standards. The guidelines are endorsed by Diabetes UK, the British Transplantation Society and the Royal College of Physicians of London. The full guidelines are available freely online for the diabetes, renal and transplantation community using the link below. The aim of this review article is to introduce an abridged version of this new clinical guideline ( https://abcd.care/sites/abcd.care/files/site_uploads/Resources/Position-Papers/ABCD-RA%20PTDM%20v14.pdf).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dipesh Patel
- Diabetes & Endocrinology, Royal Free NHS foundation Trust, UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Janaka Karalliedde
- Guy's and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ana Pokrajac
- West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Watford, UK
| | | | | | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Debasish Banerjee
- Renal and Transplant Unit, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and MCSRI, St George's University of London, London, UK
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15
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Oikonomaki D, Dounousi E, Duni A, Roumeliotis S, Liakopoulos V. Incretin based therapies and SGLT-2 inhibitors in kidney transplant recipients with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 172:108604. [PMID: 33338553 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis regarding the use of incretin-based therapies including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists as well as sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitorsin persons with posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) so as to assess both their efficacy and safety. METHODS We searched for publications on Kidney/Renal Transplantation and DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1-receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors and included every study using these antidiabetics. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistical significant. RESULTS Sixteen studies and 310 individuals with a mean age of 55.98 ± 8.81 years were included in the analysis. Participants received DPP-4 inhibitors in 8 studies, SGLT-2 inhibitors in 6 studies and GLP-1 receptor agonists in 2 studies, with a mean follow-up of 22.03 ± 14.95 weeks. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction was demonstrated in 10 studies (mean +/- standard deviation (MD) = - 0.38%, I2 = 45%). MD of HbA1c was -0.3741 and -0.4596 mg/dl for DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT-2 inhibitors respectively. Nine studies demonstrated differences in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (MD = - 25,76) and 5 studies in post-prandial glucose (PPG) (MD = - 6.61) before and following treatment. Most studies did not show adverse effects on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and hepatic function. CONCLUSIONS DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors appear both efficacious and safe in renal transplant recipients. More high-quality studies are required to guide therapeutic choices for PTDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Oikonomaki
- Department of Nephrology, Evaggelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Dounousi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Anila Duni
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stefanos Roumeliotis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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16
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Kim HD, Chang JY, Chung BH, Kim CD, Lee SH, Kim YH, Yang CW. Effect of Everolimus with Low-Dose Tacrolimus on Development of New-Onset Diabetes After Transplantation and Allograft Function in Kidney Transplantation: A Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized Trial. Ann Transplant 2021; 26:e927984. [PMID: 33479188 PMCID: PMC7836319 DOI: 10.12659/aot.927984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the effect of everolimus (EVL) with low-dose tacrolimus (Tac) on the development of post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) in kidney transplantation (KT). Material/Methods Seventy-seven kidney transplant patients from 4 transplant centers were included. Patients were randomized to the “EVL group” (n=38) and the “TAC group” (n=39). The target Tac trough level was 2 to 5 ng/mL in the EVL group and 5 to 10 ng/mL in the TAC group. Results The 1-year cumulative incidence of PTDM in all patients was 7.8%, and no difference was found between the 2 groups (P=0.0819). Insulin resistance measured with the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance showed a significant increase only in the TAC group (1.11 to 1.30, P=0.0492). Allograft rejection rate and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) follow-ups every 3 months were not significantly different between the 2 groups. However, the EVL group showed a significant increase in the mean eGFR at 9 months and 12 months after KT compared to the baseline value (P=0.0242 and 0.0491, respectively). The EVL group showed lower insulin resistance and higher allograft function in comparison to the TAC group. Conclusions EVL-based immunosuppressive therapy with lower Tac exposure could be a safer alternative for maintenance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Duk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yeun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Ha Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan-Duck Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Deagu, South Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Pusan, South Korea
| | - Chul Woo Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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17
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Hecking M, Sharif A, Eller K, Jenssen T. Management of post-transplant diabetes: immunosuppression, early prevention, and novel antidiabetics. Transpl Int 2021; 34:27-48. [PMID: 33135259 PMCID: PMC7839745 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) shows a relationship with risk factors including obesity and tacrolimus-based immunosuppression, which decreases pancreatic insulin secretion. Several of the sodium-glucose-linked transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) dramatically improve outcomes of individuals with type 2 diabetes with and without chronic kidney disease, which is, as heart failure and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, differentially affected by both drug classes (presumably). Here, we discuss SGLT2is and GLP1-RAs in context with other PTDM management strategies, including modification of immunosuppression, active lifestyle intervention, and early postoperative insulin administration. We also review recent studies with SGLT2is in PTDM, reporting their safety and antihyperglycemic efficacy, which is moderate to low, depending on kidney function. Finally, we reference retrospective case reports with GLP1-RAs that have not brought forth major concerns, likely indicating that GLP1-RAs are ideal for PTDM patients suffering from obesity. Although our article encompasses PTDM after solid organ transplantation in general, data from kidney transplant recipients constitute the largest proportion. The PTDM research community still requires data that treating and preventing PTDM will improve clinical conditions beyond hyperglycemia. We therefore suggest that it is time to collaborate, in testing novel antidiabetics among patients of all transplant disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Hecking
- Department of Internal Medicine IIIClinical Division of Nephrology & DialysisMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Adnan Sharif
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationQueen Elizabeth HospitalBirminghamUK
| | - Kathrin Eller
- Clinical Division of NephrologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Trond Jenssen
- Department of Organ TransplantationOslo University HospitalRikshospitaletOsloNorway
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18
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Chewcharat A, Prasitlumkum N, Thongprayoon C, Bathini T, Medaura J, Vallabhajosyula S, Cheungpasitporn W. Efficacy and Safety of SGLT-2 Inhibitors for Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus among Kidney Transplant Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Med Sci (Basel) 2020; 8:E47. [PMID: 33213078 PMCID: PMC7712903 DOI: 10.3390/medsci8040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety profiles of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors for treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) among kidney transplant patients. METHODS We conducted electronic searches in Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane databases from inception through April 2020 to identify studies that investigated the efficacy and safety of SGLT-2 inhibitors in kidney transplant patients with DM. Study results were pooled and analyzed utilizing random-effects model. RESULTS Eight studies with 132 patients (baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 64.5 ± 19.9 mL/min/1.73m2) treated with SGLT-2 inhibitors were included in our meta-analysis. SGLT-2 inhibitors demonstrated significantly lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (WMD = -0.56% [95%CI: -0.97, -0.16]; p = 0.007) and body weight (WMD = -2.16 kg [95%CI: -3.08, -1.24]; p < 0.001) at end of study compared to baseline level. There were no significant changes in eGFR, serum creatinine, urine protein creatinine ratio, and blood pressure. By subgroup analysis, empagliflozin demonstrated a significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) and body weight. Canagliflozin revealed a significant decrease in HbA1C and systolic blood pressure. In terms of safety profiles, fourteen patients had urinary tract infection. Only one had genital mycosis, one had acute kidney injury, and one had cellulitis. There were no reported cases of euglycemic ketoacidosis or acute rejection during the treatment. CONCLUSION Among kidney transplant patients with excellent kidney function, SGLT-2 inhibitors for treatment of DM are effective in lowering HbA1C, reducing body weight, and preserving kidney function without reporting of serious adverse events, including euglycemic ketoacidosis and acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Api Chewcharat
- Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Charat Thongprayoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tarun Bathini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Juan Medaura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
| | - Saraschandra Vallabhajosyula
- Section of Interventional Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Wisit Cheungpasitporn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
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19
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Pimentel AL, Hernandez MK, Freitas PAC, Chume FC, Camargo JL. The usefulness of glycated albumin for post-transplantation diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation: A diagnostic accuracy study. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:330-336. [PMID: 32712050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no study evaluating the use of glycated albumin (GA) for the detection of post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) in kidney transplant recipients. We evaluated the overall accuracy of GA at four months after kidney transplantation. METHODS Diagnostic test accuracy study including 134 kidney transplant recipients without pre-existing diabetes. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to estimate sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and area under the curve (AUC) for GA, considering oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and/or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as reference criteria. RESULTS Thirty-three patients were diagnosed with PTDM by OGTT and/or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. GA showed moderate accuracy to detect PTDM [AUC 0.673 (95% CI 0.557-0.789, p < 0.01)]. The use of OGTT and/or HbA1c ≥ 6.2% increased the number of PTDM cases from 33 to 38, and AUC was 0.713 (95% CI 0.608-0.819, p < 0.01). GA ≥ 17% showed specificity close to 90% when OGTT and/or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% were used as reference tests. CONCLUSIONS GA showed low diagnostic accuracy for the detection of PTDM at the fourth month after transplantation. The use of a single GA point is not enough for the screening and diagnosis of PTDM; however, GA ≥ 17% presented high specificity to rule in the disease after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Pimentel
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mayana Kieling Hernandez
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Chimela Chume
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Medical Faculty, Universidade Zambeze, Beira, Mozambique
| | - Joíza Lins Camargo
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Experimental Research Centre, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Diabetes and Metabolism Group, Centro de Pesquisa Cinica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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20
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Aleksic S, Eisenberg R, Tsomos E, Zahedpour Anaraki S, Japp E, Upadhyay L, Mowrey WB, Akalin E, Zonszein J. Glycemic management and clinical outcomes in underserved minority kidney transplant recipients with type 2 and posttransplantation diabetes: A single-center retrospective study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 165:108221. [PMID: 32442553 PMCID: PMC7415727 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Little is known about glycemic management, particularly with novel cardio-nephroprotecive agents, in underserved minority kidney transplant recipients with pre-transplant type 2 (T2DM) and posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM). We assessed glycemic management and outcomes in this high-risk population. METHODS We reviewed records of patients who received kidney transplants between June 2012 and December 2014 at a single center. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and prescribed glucose-lowering medications were examined, and mortality was compared between T2DM, PTDM, and no diabetes (NoDM) patients. RESULTS We followed 302 patient records (41.1% Hispanic, 41.1% non-Hispanic black) for a median (IQR) of 45.5 (37.0, 53.0) months post-transplant. Pre-transplant T2DM was present in 152 (50.3%), while 58 (19.2%) developed PTDM and 92 (30.4%) remained NoDM. At 1-year post-transplant, the average HbA1c was 8.1 ± 1.8% in T2DM and 6.6 ± 1.3% in PTDM. No glucose-lowering agents were prescribed in 3.4% of T2DM and 44.8% of PTDM. When treated, both received mostly insulin and metformin. Diabetes, HbA1c and insulin therapy were not independently associated with risk of mortality. CONCLUSIONS Glycemic management was suboptimal and relied on older medications. Further studies are needed to assess longer-term outcomes of more rigorous glycemic management, and the value of novel cardio-nephroprotective agents in kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aleksic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Ruth Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Effie Tsomos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sara Zahedpour Anaraki
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Emily Japp
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Laxmi Upadhyay
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Wenzhu Bi Mowrey
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Enver Akalin
- Montefiore-Einstein Center for Transplantation, Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Joel Zonszein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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21
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Abstract
Solid organ transplantation (SOT) is an established therapeutic option for chronic disease resulting from end-stage organ dysfunction. Long-term use of immunosuppression is associated with post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM), placing patients at increased risk of infections, cardiovascular disease and mortality. The incidence rates for PTDM have varied from 10 to 40% between different studies. Diagnostic criteria have evolved over the years, as a greater understating of PTDM has been reached. There are differences in pathophysiology and clinical course of type 2 diabetes and PTDM. Hence, managing this condition can be a challenge for a diabetes physician, as there are several factors to consider when tailoring therapy for post-transplant patients to achieve better glycaemic as well as long-term transplant outcomes. This article is a detailed review of PTDM, examining the pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria and management in light of the current evidence. The therapeutic options are discussed in the context of their safety and potential drug-drug interactions with immunosuppressive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn Biddle
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Shazli Azmi
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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22
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Guzmán GE, Victoria AM, Ramos I, Maldonado A, Manzi E, Contreras-Valero JF, Mesa L, Schweineberg J, Posada JG, Villegas JI, Caicedo LA, Durán CE. Risk Factors Related to New-Onset Diabetes after Renal Transplantation in Patients of a High Complexity University Hospital in Colombia, 20 Years of Experience. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:8297192. [PMID: 32908503 PMCID: PMC7477588 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8297192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) is associated with immunosuppression. Its complications can negatively influence patients' quality of life, which is why it is important to study the associated risk factors and expand the possible therapies in this particular group of patients. Materials and methods. Case-control study nested in a retrospective cohort. It included patients who received kidney transplantation at the high complexity University Hospital Fundación Valle del Lili in Cali, Colombia, between 1995 and 2014. Two controls were assigned for each case, depending on the type of donor and the date of the surgery. Information was collected from clinical records and the institutional TRENAL registry. We carried out a descriptive analysis of the selected variables and identified the risk factors with conditional logistic regression. RESULTS 122 cases were identified to which 224 controls were assigned. The median age was 44 years (IQR: 34-55), and 54% were men. Having >50 years of age at the time of transplantation (OR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.6-6.3, p = 0.001), body mass index >30 kg/m2 (OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 1.3-9.7, p = 0.010) and being afro-descendant (OR: 2.74, 95% CI: 1.1-6.5, p = 0.023) were identified as risk factors for the development of NODAT. Pretransplant fasting plasma glucose >100 mg/dl (OR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.4-6.4, p = 0.005) and serum triglycerides >200 mg/dl (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.4-4.4, p = 0.002) were also reported as independent risk factors. CONCLUSION We ratify some risk factors for the development of this important disease, which include certain modifiable characteristics. Interventions aimed at changes in lifestyle could be established in a timely manner before transplant surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo E. Guzmán
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Departamento de Endocrinología, Cra 98, No. 18-49, Cali 760032, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Calle 18, No. 122-135, Cali, Colombia
| | - Angela M. Victoria
- Universidad Icesi, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Calle 18, No. 122-135, Cali, Colombia
| | - Isabella Ramos
- Universidad Icesi, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Calle 18, No. 122-135, Cali, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Maldonado
- Universidad Icesi, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Calle 18, No. 122-135, Cali, Colombia
| | - Eliana Manzi
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Centro de Investigaciones Clínicas, Cra 98, No. 18-49, Cali 760032, Colombia
| | - Juan F. Contreras-Valero
- Universidad Icesi, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Calle 18, No. 122-135, Cali, Colombia
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Cra 98, No. 18-49, Cali 760032, Colombia
| | - Liliana Mesa
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Departamento de Nefrología–Unidad de Trasplantes, Cra 98, No. 18-49, Cali 760032, Colombia
| | - Johanna Schweineberg
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Departamento de Nefrología–Unidad de Trasplantes, Cra 98, No. 18-49, Cali 760032, Colombia
| | - Juan G. Posada
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Departamento de Nefrología–Unidad de Trasplantes, Cra 98, No. 18-49, Cali 760032, Colombia
| | - Jorge I. Villegas
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Departamento de Nefrología–Unidad de Trasplantes, Cra 98, No. 18-49, Cali 760032, Colombia
| | - Luis A. Caicedo
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Departamento de Nefrología–Unidad de Trasplantes, Cra 98, No. 18-49, Cali 760032, Colombia
| | - Carlos E. Durán
- Fundación Valle del Lili, Departamento de Nefrología–Unidad de Trasplantes, Cra 98, No. 18-49, Cali 760032, Colombia
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23
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of glycemic changes after kidney transplantation has not been described. We prospectively examined glycemic control and variability over time from transplantation using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). METHOD Continuous glucose monitoring devices were fitted for 3 to 5 days at time of transplant, month 3, and month 6 posttransplant. Indices of glucose control (mean glucose, percent time in hyperglycemic range, and Glycemic Risk Assessment Diabetes Equation score) and variability were calculated. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed at month 3. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients (mean age, 45 ± 15 years) were enrolled, 64% male, 75% white, receiving tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and prednisolone (93%). Of 24 patients with complete CGM data at month 0, 3 had prior diabetes and 6 (25%) developed new-onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT). Hyperglycemia (>11.1 mM) was evident in 79% during days 0 to 3 posttransplant, particularly between 1 and 9 PM. Compared with recipients without diabetes, recipients with prior diabetes had higher mean glucose (7.8 mM; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.4-8.2 vs 9.9 mM; 95% CI, 8.9-10.8; P < 0.001), Glycemic Risk Assessment Diabetes Equation (GRADE) score (4.5; 95% CI, 3.7-5.4 vs 7.8; 95% CI, 5.6-10.4; P = 0.003) and percent time with hyperglycemia. Glycemic control was also inferior in those that subsequently developed NODAT (mean glucose, 8.8 mM; 95% CI, 8.2-9.4; P = 0.004, GRADE: 6.2, 95% CI, 5.2-7.7; P = 0.04 vs no diabetes). Glucose variability was increased in patients with prior diabetes (glucose standard deviation, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.72-2.27 vs 2.97; 95% CI, 2.27-3.67; P = 0.006) but not in NODAT. All measures of glucose control and variability significantly improved over time after transplantation (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Dysglycemia is very common after renal transplantation, exhibiting a distinct diurnal pattern of afternoon and evening hyperglycemia. The magnitude of hyperglycemia and variability are maximal in recipients with preexisting diabetes and significant in those who go on to develop NODAT. Dysglycemia improves with time.
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24
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Londero TM, Giaretta LS, Farenzena LP, Manfro RC, Canani LH, Lavinsky D, Leitão CB, Bauer AC. Microvascular Complications of Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Longitudinal Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:557-567. [PMID: 30289492 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assesses microvascular complications in renal transplant recipients with posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this observational study, patients with ≥5 years of PTDM were included from a cohort of 895 kidney recipients transplanted from 2000 through 2011. Diabetic retinopathy was evaluated by fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Diabetes kidney disease was evaluated by protein to creatinine ratio (PCR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Distal polyneuropathy was assessed by Michigan Protocol and 10 g-monofilament feet examinations. The Ewing protocol identified cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Renal transplant recipients without PTDM diagnosis (NPTDM) were considered controls. RESULTS After 144.5 months of follow-up, 135 (15%) patients developed PTDM, and 64 had a PTDM duration ≥5 years. None of the patients with PTDM presented diabetic retinopathy at fundus photographs, but thinning of inner retinal layers was observed with OCT. More than 60% of patients with PTDM had distal polyneuropathy (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.26 to 1.91; P < 0.001). Cardiovascular reflex tests abnormalities were similar between patients with PTDM and NPTDM (P = 0.26). During the first year and 8.5 ± 3.0 years after renal transplantation, eGFR and PCR did not differ significantly between patients with PTDM or NPTDM. CONCLUSIONS This longitudinal study assesses microvascular complications in renal transplant patients with PTDM. A lower than expected prevalence as well as a different clinical course of the complications was observed. PTDM seems to be a unique type of diabetes, and its consequences may be milder than expected in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thizá Massaia Londero
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luana Seminotti Giaretta
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luisa Penso Farenzena
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Roberto Ceratti Manfro
- Nephrology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Port Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luis Henrique Canani
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniel Lavinsky
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Ophthalmology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Port Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Bauermann Leitão
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andrea Carla Bauer
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Nephrology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Port Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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25
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Torres A, Hernández D, Moreso F, Serón D, Burgos MD, Pallardó LM, Kanter J, Díaz Corte C, Rodríguez M, Diaz JM, Silva I, Valdes F, Fernández-Rivera C, Osuna A, Gracia Guindo MC, Gómez Alamillo C, Ruiz JC, Marrero Miranda D, Pérez-Tamajón L, Rodríguez A, González-Rinne A, Alvarez A, Perez-Carreño E, de la Vega Prieto MJ, Henriquez F, Gallego R, Salido E, Porrini E. Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Impact of Tacrolimus Versus Cyclosporine on the Incidence of Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus. Kidney Int Rep 2018; 3:1304-1315. [PMID: 30450457 PMCID: PMC6224662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the high incidence of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) among high-risk recipients, no studies have investigated its prevention by immunosuppression optimization. METHODS We conducted an open-label, multicenter, randomized trial testing whether a tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and rapid steroid withdrawal (SW) within 1 week (Tac-SW) or cyclosporine A (CsA) with steroid minimization (SM) (CsA-SM), decreased the incidence of PTDM compared with tacrolimus with SM (Tac-SM). All arms received basiliximab and mycophenolate mofetil. High risk was defined by age >60 or >45 years plus metabolic criteria based on body mass index, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. The primary endpoint was the incidence of PTDM after 12 months. RESULTS The study comprised 128 de novo renal transplant recipients without pretransplant diabetes (Tac-SW: 44, Tac-SM: 42, CsA-SM: 42). The 1-year incidence of PTDM in each arm was 37.8% for Tac-SW, 25.7% for Tac-SM, and 9.7% for CsA-SM (relative risk [RR] Tac-SW vs. CsA-SM 3.9 [1.2-12.4; P = 0.01]; RR Tac-SM vs. CsA-SM 2.7 [0.8-8.9; P = 0.1]). Antidiabetic therapy was required less commonly in the CsA-SM arm (P = 0.06); however, acute rejection rate was higher in CsA-SM arm (Tac-SW 11.4%, Tac-SM 4.8%, and CsA-SM 21.4% of patients; cumulative incidence P = 0.04). Graft and patient survival, and graft function were similar among arms. CONCLUSION In high-risk patients, tacrolimus-based immunosuppression with SM provides the best balance between PTDM and acute rejection incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Torres
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB)-Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Domingo Hernández
- Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francesc Moreso
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Serón
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Dolores Burgos
- Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Julia Kanter
- Hospital Universitario Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Francisco Valdes
- Complexo Hospitalario Universitario Juan Canalejo, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Osuna
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan C. Ruiz
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Domingo Marrero Miranda
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB)-Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Lourdes Pérez-Tamajón
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB)-Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Aurelio Rodríguez
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB)-Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana González-Rinne
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB)-Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alejandra Alvarez
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB)-Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Estefanía Perez-Carreño
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB)-Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - María José de la Vega Prieto
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB)-Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Fernando Henriquez
- Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr Negrín, Las Palmas de GC, Spain
| | - Roberto Gallego
- Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr Negrín, Las Palmas de GC, Spain
| | - Eduardo Salido
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB)-Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Esteban Porrini
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB)-Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Conte C, Secchi A. Post-transplantation diabetes in kidney transplant recipients: an update on management and prevention. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:763-779. [PMID: 29619563 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) may severely impact both short- and long-term outcomes of kidney transplant recipients in terms of graft and patient survival. However, PTDM often goes undiagnosed is underestimated or poorly managed. A diagnosis of PTDM should be delayed until the patient is on stable maintenance doses of immunosuppressive drugs, with stable kidney graft function and in the absence of acute infections. Risk factors for PTDM should be assessed during the pre-transplant evaluation period, in order to reduce the likelihood of developing diabetes. The oral glucose tolerance test is considered as the gold standard for diagnosing PTDM, whereas HbA1c is not reliable during the first months after transplantation. Glycaemic targets should be individualised, and comorbidities such as dyslipidaemia and hypertension should be treated with drugs that have the least possible impact on glucose metabolism, at doses that do not interact with immunosuppressants. While insulin is the preferred agent for treating inpatient hyperglycaemia in the immediate post-transplantation period, little evidence is available to guide therapeutic choices in the management of PTDM. Metformin and incretins may offer some advantage over other glucose-lowering agents, particularly with respect to risk of hypoglycaemia and weight gain. Tailoring immunosuppressive regimens may be of help, although maintenance of good kidney function should be prioritised over prevention/treatment of PTDM. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the available evidence on management and prevention of PTDM, with a focus on the available therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Conte
- I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Secchi
- I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
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27
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Defining kidney allograft benefit from successful pancreas transplant: separating fact from fiction. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2018; 23:448-453. [PMID: 29878910 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To define the natural history of kidney allograft loss related to recurrent diabetes following transplant, and to understand the potential benefit of pancreas transplantation upon kidney allograft survival. RECENT FINDINGS A postulated benefit of simultaneous pancreas kidney transplant is that, unlike kidney transplant alone, euglycemia from the added pancreas allograft may confer a nephroprotective benefit and prevent recurrent diabetic nephropathy in the renal allograft. Recent large database analyses and long-term histological assessments have been published that assist in quantifying the problem of recurrent diabetic nephropathy and answering the question of the potential benefits of euglycemia. Further data may be extrapolated from larger single-center series that follow the prognosis of early posttransplant diabetes mellitus as another barometer of risk from diabetic nephropathy and graft loss. SUMMARY Recurrent diabetic nephropathy following kidney transplant is a relatively rare, late occurrence and its clinical significance is significantly diminished by the competing risks of death and chronic alloimmune injury. Although there are hints of a protective effect upon kidney graft survival with pancreas transplant, these improvements are small and may take decades to appreciate. Clinical decision-making regarding pancreas transplant solely based upon nephroprotective effects of the kidney allograft should be avoided.
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28
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Guthoff M, Wagner R, Weichbrodt K, Nadalin S, Königsrainer A, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Heyne N. Dynamics of Glucose Metabolism After Kidney Transplantation. Kidney Blood Press Res 2017; 42:598-607. [PMID: 28930756 DOI: 10.1159/000481375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) impacts patient and allograft survival after kidney transplantation. Prediabetes, which is an independent risk factor for PTDM, is modifiable also in a post-transplant setting. Understanding the risks and dynamics of impaired glucose metabolism after transplantation is a key component for targeted intervention. METHODS A retrospective chart analysis of all adult non-diabetic renal allograft recipients (n=251, 2007-2014) was performed. Longitudinal follow-up included fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c, as well as data on allograft function and immunosuppression at consecutive time points (months 3-6 to >5 years post transplantation). RESULTS Throughout follow-up, median prevalence of prediabetes and PTDM was 53.3 [52.4-55.7]% and 15.4 [15.0-16.5]%, respectively. Continuously high fluxes between states of glucose metabolism, with individual patients' state deteriorating or improving over time, resulted in a high number of incident patients even long after transplantation. The greatest number of patients shifted between normal glucose tolerance and prediabetes, followed by those between prediabetes and PTDM. CONCLUSION Prediabetes and PTDM are highly prevalent after kidney transplantation and incidences remain relevant throughout follow-up. Patient fluxes into and out of the prediabetic state show that glucose metabolism is highly dynamic after transplantation. This provides a continuous opportunity for intervention in an aim to reduce diabetes-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Guthoff
- Dept. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- Dept. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karoline Weichbrodt
- Dept. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvio Nadalin
- Dept. of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Dept. of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Dept. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Dept. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nils Heyne
- Dept. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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Wekerle T, Segev D, Lechler R, Oberbauer R. Strategies for long-term preservation of kidney graft function. Lancet 2017; 389:2152-2162. [PMID: 28561006 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation has become a routine procedure in the treatment of patients with kidney failure, and requires collaboration of experts from different disciplines, such as nephrology, surgery, immunology, pathology, infectious disease medicine, cardiology, and oncology. Grafts can be obtained from deceased or living donors, with different logistical requirements and implications for long-term graft patency. 1-year graft survival rates are greater than 95% in many centres but improvement of long-term function remains a challenge. New developments in molecular immunology and computational biology have increased precision of donor and recipient matching of HLA and non-HLA compatibility. Individual omics-wide molecular diagnostics, extracorporeal therapies, and drug developments allow for precise individual decision making and treatment. Tolerance induction by mixed chimerism without toxic conditioning and with a low risk of graft versus host disease is a visionary but realistic goal. Some of these innovations are already used in modern transplant centres and will allow advancement in long-term allograft preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wekerle
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorry Segev
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rainer Oberbauer
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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