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Wang X, Xu X, An F, Ren Z, Li Y, Wang K, Hua Y. Infantile hemangioma in a subadult Chinese pangolin: a case report. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:31. [PMID: 38267947 PMCID: PMC10807128 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemangiomas are a relatively common type of tumor in humans and animals. Various subtypes of hemangiomas have been described in the literature. The classification methods for hemangiomas differ between human and veterinary medicine, and the basis for tumor classification can be found in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION This study describes a tumor in the subcutaneous tissue of the right dorsum of an artificially rescued juvenile Chinese pangolin. Computed tomography (CT) examination yielded the preliminary diagnosis of a vascular malformation, and surgery was performed to resect the tumor. Histopathological examination showed that the tumor mainly was consisted of adipose tissue, capillaries, and spindle cells in the fibrous stroma. Immunohistochemistry showed the positive expression of CD31, CD34, α-SMA, GLUT1 and WT-1 in the tumor tissue, and the tumor was eventually diagnosed as an infantile haemangioma. CONCLUSION The final diagnosis of infantile hemangioma was depended on the histopathological immunohistochemical and CT examination of the neoplastic tissue. This is the first report of infantile hemangioma in a critically endangered species Chinese pangolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510550, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Xuelin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Fuyu An
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Zhengyu Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Yongzheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
| | - Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
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Arora B, Pei KJC, Chin SC. New horizons in the reproductive biology of Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) using the gonadal hormonal profile. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16630. [PMID: 37789068 PMCID: PMC10547839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The reproductive uniqueness of pangolins has been documented through diverse biological reports with discernible data discrepancies in gestation, copulation, and pregnancy. These mechanistic reproductive differences have yet to be endocrinologically quantified, which could assist in optimizing natural breeding in zoos to recover endangered species. The present research characterizes the Chinese pangolin's annual seasonal reproductive pattern by measuring immunoreactive estrogens and progestagens in 34 captive females and testosterone in 29 captive males. Our results showed that Chinese pangolins are seasonal breeders, with most births witnessed during Sept-Dec, overlapping with the field records. Females exhibited spontaneous ovulation and post-partum ovulation. Pregnant females exhibited a higher P4 level for ~ 9 months (Jan-Sept) and decreased before parturition (Oct-Dec). The circulating E2 is maintained at the baseline in pregnant females year-round. Contrastingly, in non-pregnant females, P4 is maintained at the baseline, apart from a slight elevation in January, and E2 demonstrates a sudden hike from November and remains elevated until February, suggesting the onset of ovulation. The serum testosterone concentration in males peaked during October, which is in sync with the female ovulation period. As a result that their major reproductive events, ovulation, mating, and parturition, all transpire in November-March. Evidence also supports that Chinese pangolins exhibit signs of postimplantation (pregnancy) ranging only from 5 to 6 months (May-Oct), preceded by possible facultative delay implantation triggered by lactation. The provided data not only fill in the knowledge gap for this critically endangered species but can also assist in making informed decisions, which can directly affect the successful breeding of this species in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Arora
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974301, Taiwan.
| | - Kurtis Jai-Chyi Pei
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
- Taiwan Wildlife Society, 900, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chien Chin
- Taipei Zoo, Taipei, 11656, Taiwan
- Chin's Animal Hospital, Taipei, 11656, Taiwan
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An F, Wang K, Wei S, Yan H, Xu X, Xu J, Sun S, Zou J, Hou F, Hua Y. First case report of pustules associated with Escherichia fergusonii in the chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla aurita). BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:69. [PMID: 37147672 PMCID: PMC10163759 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia fergusonii is a common conditionally pathogenic bacterium that infects humans and animals. E. fergusonii has been reported to cause diarrhea, respiratory disease, and septicemia, but it is rarely reported to cause skin infections in animals. E. fergusonii has been isolated from the skin and muscular tissue of Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla aurita). To date, there have been no reports of Chinese pangolins with clinical signs of skin diseases. CASE PRESENTATION This case report describes the clinical case of a subadult (bodyweight: 1.1 kg) female Chinese pangolin from wild rescue with pustules and subcutaneous suppurative infection due to E. fergusonii in the abdominal skin. Bacterial culture, Biochemical analysis, PCR and histopathology were utilized to identify the bacteria in the pustule puncture fluid and infected tissue. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. fergusonii-related pustules on a Chinese pangolin. CONCLUSION This case report presents the first observed skin infection in a Chinese pangolin. E. fergusonii infection should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis of pustules and subcutaneous suppurative skin conditions in Chinese pangolins, and we also provide several recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu An
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Shichao Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Hongmei Yan
- College of Wildlife and Natural Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xuelin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Jinqian Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Song Sun
- College of Wildlife and Natural Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jiejian Zou
- Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center, Guang Zhou, 510520, China
- Pangolin Conservation Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guang Zhou, 510520, China
| | - Fanghui Hou
- Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center, Guang Zhou, 510520, China
- Pangolin Conservation Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guang Zhou, 510520, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
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An F, Yan H, Xu X, Kuang Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Ren Z, Zou J, Hou F, Wang K, Hua Y. Comparison of Venous Blood Gas and Biochemical Parameters in Sunda Pangolin (Manis javanica) and Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) before and after Isoflurane Anesthesia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071162. [PMID: 37048418 PMCID: PMC10093139 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous blood gas analytes are commonly examined in animals, and the results may be important when evaluating the overall health status of an animal. Pangolins are critically endangered mammals, and there is limited information on their physiological reference values in the literature. The aim of this study was to analyze venous blood gas and biochemical parameters before and during isoflurane anesthesia in wild healthy Sunda and Chinese pangolins. The results obtained showed that the blood gas index trends of the two pangolin species before and after isoflurane anesthesia were the same. After anesthesia, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), total carbon dioxide (CO2), mean blood bicarbonate (HCO3−), extracellular fluid compartment (BEecf) base excess and the mean blood glucose (Glu) levels of both pangolin species showed a significant increase compared to the pre-anesthesia period. In contrast, the mean blood potassium (K+), lactate (Lac) and mean blood pH levels were significantly lower. No significant differences in the mean blood sodium (Na+) or blood ionized calcium (iCa) levels were observed during anesthesia. This study is important for future comparisons and understanding the health status of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu An
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Hongmei Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xuelin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yingjie Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xianghe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510550, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Zhenyu Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Jiejian Zou
- Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510520, China
- Pangolin Conservation Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Fanghui Hou
- Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510520, China
- Pangolin Conservation Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
- Correspondence:
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CLINICOPATHOLOGIC EVALUATION OF AN EX SITU POPULATION OF ADULT AFRICAN WHITE-BELLIED PANGOLIN (PHATAGINUS TRICUSPIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:551-560. [DOI: 10.1638/2021-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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6
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Seasonal Pattern in Serum Estradiol, Progesterone, and Prolactin Concentrations in Rescued Wild Female Taiwanese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla). JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg3020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pangolins are under severe threat of surging poaching rates globally; therefore, there is a demand to ascertain reproductive measures to ensure captive breeding and management strategies. Due to the absence of substantial information on the pangolin, endocrinology and reproductive physiology studies around the globe are merely based on captive observations that have failed to report the chronographs and hormonal cyclicity of the reproductive events. This study attempts to evaluate the annual pattern of reproductive steroids (estradiol-17β and progesterone) and prolactin in 16 wild female Taiwanese pangolins rehabilitated by Pingtung Rescue Center of Endangered Wild Animals, Taiwan. Novel immunoassays, i.e., chemiluminometric assays, have been used to quantify the serum reproductive steroids and contribute to a better understanding of the endocrine correlates of function in the Taiwanese pangolin. The hematological findings were characterized by monthly median concentration. The circulating reproductive hormones demonstrated seasonal reproductive activity by confirming a peak in serum estradiol concentrations in December and considerably higher progesterone concentrations in November/December, and March/April. The rise in prolactin in December and peak values in April suggest participation in the ovulatory process and mating. Collectively, these findings can help maximize the reproductive efficiency of pangolin species in captivity, i.e., by timely pairing and prioritizing the care of the breeding pairs to optimize breeding efforts and, therefore, effectively support conservation breeding programs and restore the natural population in the ecosystems.
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7
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Sun NCM, Pei KJC, Wu LY. Long term monitoring of the reproductive behavior of wild Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla). Sci Rep 2021; 11:18116. [PMID: 34518626 PMCID: PMC8438059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Observations of Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) in the wild are extremely rare and challenging because of their nocturnal and cryptic activity patterns and low population density. The present article reported the first field observation in eastern Taiwan, from October 4, 2012 to June 16, 2016, on the reproductive behavior of the Chinese pangolin based on the monitoring of a female (LF28) using radiotelemetry and camera traps. During this period, LF28 aged from 1–4.5 years old and gave two single-births, both took place in early December, at 3 and 4 years old, respectively. We recorded the entire 157 days of the first nursing period from parturition to maternal separation. For the second infant, the gestation period was estimated to be around 150 days based on the evidence that the pregnancy started in early Jul. 2015 and the offspring was born on Dec. 9, 2015. During the entire nursing period, LF28 frequently moved the offspring from one nursing burrow to another staying various durations ranging from 1 day to more than 35 days, and almost all (= 15/16) of these burrows were located in the core (MCP75) of LF28’s home range. Started from the month of parturition and lasting throughout the whole nursing period, different adult males constantly visiting the nursing burrows were recorded. Mating behavior was recorded once outside the burrow in March, which provided evidence of the occurrence of post-partum estrus in this species. Delayed implantation was proposed based on the observation of a several months lag between copulation and the estimated pregnancy initiation date. The present study demonstrated the advantage of using remote technologies to learn the life history of resting fossorial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Ching-Min Sun
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan. .,Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group, Zoological Society of London, London, UK.
| | - Kurtis Jai-Chyi Pei
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Pingtung Rescue Center for Endangered Wild Animals, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yue Wu
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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8
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Hooijberg EH, Lourens K, Meyer LCR. Reference Intervals for Selected Hematology and Clinical Chemistry Measurands in Temminck's Pangolin ( Smutsia temminckii). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:654529. [PMID: 34307517 PMCID: PMC8295727 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.654529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pangolins are the world's most trafficked non-human mammals. A significant number of Temminck's pangolins (Smutsia temminckii) are presented for veterinary care and rehabilitation in southern Africa. Little is known about the physiology and normal health of this species, making diagnosis and medical management difficult. This study aimed to establish reference intervals (RIs) for hematology and plasma clinical chemistry in the Temminck's pangolin. RIs were generated according to international guidelines using samples from 27 healthy free-living (n = 18) and rehabilitated (n = 9) pangolins. Hematology was performed using the Abaxis VetScan HM5 analyzer with manual differentials; clinical chemistry was performed using heparin plasma on the Abaxis VetScan VS2 and Cobas Integra 400 Plus analyzers. Hematology RIs were: RBC 3.88-8.31 × 1012/L, HGB 73-150 g/L, HCT 26-51%, MCV 59-72 fL, MCH 15.6-21.4 pg, MCHC 257-325 g/L, RDW 14.3-19.1%, WBC 1.80-10.71 × 109/L. Vetscan VS2 clinical chemistry RIs were: albumin 27-41 g/L, ALP 26-100 U/L, ALT 25-307 U/L, amylase 267-826 U/L, bilirubin 4-10 μmol/L, calcium 2.1-2.2 mmol/L, globulin 21-55 g/L, glucose 3.8-10.0 mmol/L, phosphate 1.3-2.6 mmol/L, potassium 3.6-5.9 mmol/L, sodium 132-140 mmol/L total protein 52-84 g/L, and urea 5.3-11.4 mmol/L. RIs for creatinine were not calculated as analytical imprecision exceeded analytical performance goals. Cobas Integra clinical chemistry RIs were: albumin 22-33 g/L, ALP 20-104 U/L, ALT 17-291 U/L, amylase 466-1,533 U/L, bilirubin 1-14 μmol/L, calcium 2.0-2.4 mmol/L, creatinine <58 μmol/L, globulin 23-49 g/L, glucose 3.6-10.1 mmol/L, phosphate 1.0-2.2 mmol/L, potassium 3.1-5.8 mmol/L, sodium 137-150 mmol/L, total protein 47-72 g/L, and urea 6.0-12.5 mmol/L. There was significant bias between the two chemistry analyzers for several measurands. Differences were found for some analytes between free-living and rehabilitated animals, probably reflecting differences in nutrition and hydration. These are the first RIs generated for Temminck's pangolin. These results will allow veterinarians to better determine pangolin health status, formulate optimal treatment plans and increase patient survival rates in this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Karin Lourens
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Johannesburg Wildlife Veterinary Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY AND SELECT MINERAL PARAMETERS OF PRE-RELEASE SUNDA PANGOLINS ( MANIS JAVANICA) FOLLOWING REHABILITATION IN VIETNAM. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:241-252. [PMID: 33827182 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Native to Southeast Asia, the Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) is critically endangered largely because of poorly regulated wildlife trade, consumptive practices, and use in traditional Chinese medicine. Efforts to rescue and rehabilitate animals confiscated from the illegal trade are complicated by a general lack of knowledge surrounding the normal health and disease processes unique to the species. To provide clinical reference intervals for normal health states of Sunda pangolins, biochemical parameters were determined from rescued individuals in Vietnam that had undergone a 14-day observation period and met a set of criteria for release back into the wild. Blood samples were collected from 42 apparently healthy Sunda pangolins while anesthetized or awake. Packed cell volume (PCV) and total solids (TS) were determined manually, and serum biochemistry values were determined in-house with a benchtop analyzer. Additional biochemical and mineral parameters not included in the primary panel were determined from a subset of 10 pangolins through an external diagnostic laboratory. Overall reference intervals were calculated for PCV and TS (n = 29) and for standard serum biochemistry parameters (n = 42). Females and males demonstrated significant variation with respect to body mass, potassium (K+), and phosphorus, whereas age was a significant source of variation in alkaline phosphatase. Seasonal variation in glucose (GLU), creatinine (CRE), total proteins, sodium, calcium, and K+ was also observed. Comparisons between anesthetized and awake pangolins demonstrated significant variation in GLU, CRE, and K+. The parameters determined in this study can serve as a clinical reference for ex situ Sunda pangolin conservation efforts. In the context of wildlife rehabilitation, serial bloodwork allows for continued monitoring of patient health and should inform decision making regarding release readiness and timing.
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Evans MN, Guerrero-Sanchez S, Kille P, Müller CT, Bakar MSA, Goossens B. Physiological implications of life at the forest interface of oil palm agriculture: blood profiles of wild Malay civets ( Viverra tangalunga). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa127. [PMID: 33408869 PMCID: PMC7772617 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development is a major threat to global biodiversity, and effective conservation actions are crucial. Physiological repercussions of life alongside human-modified landscapes can undermine adaptable species' health and population viability; however, baseline data are lacking for many wildlife species. We assessed the physiological status of a generalist carnivore, the Malay civet (Viverra tangalunga), persisting within an extensively human-modified system in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. We characterized hematology and serum biochemistry panels from civets sampled across a mosaic landscape comprising tropical forest fragments and oil palm plantations. Intra-population variation in certain blood parameters were explained by expected biological drivers such as sex, age category and sampling season. Furthermore, we determined several erythrocyte measures, immune cell counts and dietary biochemistry markers significantly varied with proximity to oil palm plantation boundaries. These findings were supported by a case study, whereby blood profiles of GPS collared male civets were contrasted based on their exclusive use of forests or use of oil palm plantations. These data provide robust and valuable first insights into this species' physiological status and suggest agricultural landscapes are impacting the persisting population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan N Evans
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu 88100, Malaysia
| | - Sergio Guerrero-Sanchez
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu 88100, Malaysia
| | - Peter Kille
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | | | | | - Benoit Goossens
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu 88100, Malaysia
- Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3BA, UK
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11
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Nigam P, Talukdar A, Habib B, Pandav B, Malik PK, Kalyanasundaram S. Hematologic and serum biochemical reference values in chemically immobilized free-ranging sambar (Rusa unicolor). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-020-01441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Ching-Min Sun N, Chang SP, Lin JS, Tseng YW, Jai-Chyi Pei K, Hung KH. The genetic structure and mating system of a recovered Chinese pangolin population (Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus, 1758) as inferred by microsatellite markers. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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13
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Hua Y, Wang J, An F, Xu J, Zhang H, Gu H. Phylogenetic relationship of Chinese pangolin ( Manis pentadactyla aurita) revealed by complete mitochondrial genome. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2020; 5:2523-2524. [PMID: 33457850 PMCID: PMC7783056 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1772693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) is an extremely endangered species, it has been banned from international trade due to a sharp decline of the population number in China. It is difficult to distinguish among subspecies, thus making it entangled in law enforement. In order to clarify this chaos, we determined and annotated the whole mtDNA genome of the Chinese pangolin. The complete mitogenome is 16 573 bp in length, includeing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and one control region. We built the phylogenetic tree of Chinese pangolinand other 7 most related Manis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fuyu An
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinqian Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hexiang Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Wildlife Rescue Center, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Connelly E, Hywood L, Donaldson M, Pietersen DW. Haematology and biochemistry values for Temminck’s pangolins (Smutsia temminckii) from Zimbabwe. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2020.1739555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Darren W Pietersen
- Tikki Hywood Foundation, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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Wang SL, Tu YC, Lee MS, Wu LH, Chen TY, Wu CH, Tsao EHS, Chin SC, Li WT. Fatal canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) infection in a rescued free-ranging Taiwanese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla). Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1074-1081. [PMID: 31886933 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 includes feline parvovirus (FPV), variants of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2), mink enteritis virus, and raccoon parvovirus, important pathogens affecting both wild and domestic carnivores. In this report, we described a fatal CPV-2 infection in a rescued Taiwanese pangolin, which provides the first evidence of CPV-2 infection in a non-carnivore. Post-rescue, the Taiwanese pangolin died from complications resulting from a severe panleucocytopenia and bloody diarrhoea. A full autopsy was performed and microscopic examination of the tissues revealed ulcerative, necrotizing, and haemorrhagic glossitis, esophagitis and enteritis. The results of transmission electronic microscopy, polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization provided confirmatory evidence that the lesions in the tongue, oesophagus and intestine were associated with a protoparvovirus. Phylogenetic comparison of the whole VP2 gene from the current pangolin protoparvovirus strain showed close clustering with the CPV-2c strains from domestic dogs in Taiwan, China and Singapore. The amino acid sequence of the pangolin protoparvovirus showed 100% identity to the CPV-2c strains from domestic dogs in China, Italy, and Singapore. The current findings highlight that pangolins are susceptible to protoparvoviruses. The potential of cross-species transmission of protoparvoviruses between Carnivora and Pholidota should be considered when housing pangolins in close proximity to carnivores and adopting strict biosecurity measures to avoid cross-species transmission in rescue facilities and zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang-Chang Tu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiuh Lee
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chieh-Hao Wu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, New Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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VENOUS BLOOD GAS AND SELECTED BIOCHEMICAL VALUES FROM AWAKE AND ANESTHETIZED WHITE-BELLIED PANGOLINS ( PHATAGINUS TRICUSPIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 49:1025-1028. [PMID: 30592925 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0052.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pangolins are one of the most-trafficked endangered species and are rare in zoologic collections. Blood gas and select biochemical analysis was performed on nine African white-bellied tree pangolins ( Phataginus tricuspis). Paired blood samples were collected from the ventral tail vasculature prior to (T1) and after 10 min (T2) of sevoflurane anesthesia, and selected blood gas and biochemical parameters were measured using a portable blood gas analyzer. Median (min-max) values for corrected venous blood were pH = 7.372 (7.207-7.529) at T1 and 7.278 (7.124-7.418) at T2. Corrected values were PCO2 = 51.7 (29.6-69.0) mmHg at T1 and 58.431 (38.1-90.8) mmHg at T2. Clinicians should be aware that this species may hypoventilate while anesthetized with sevoflurane and develop a respiratory acidosis. Concomitant administration of respiratory depressants could compound this effect in a species where oro-tracheal intubation has not been described.
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17
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Sun NCM, Arora B, Lin JS, Lin WC, Chi MJ, Chen CC, Pei CJC. Mortality and morbidity in wild Taiwanese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0198230. [PMID: 30726204 PMCID: PMC6364958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, pangolins are threatened by poaching and illegal trade. Taiwan presents a contrary situation, where the wild pangolin population has stabilized and even begun to increase in the last two decades. This paper illustrates the factors responsible for causing mortality and morbidity in the wild Taiwanese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) based on radio-tracking data of wild pangolins and records of sick or injured pangolins admitted to a Taiwanese wildlife rehabilitation center. Despite being proficient burrowers, results from radio-tracking show that Taiwanese pangolins are highly susceptible to getting trapped in tree hollows or ground burrows. Data from Pingtung Rescue Center for Endangered Wild Animals showed that trauma (73.0%) was the major reason for morbidity in the Taiwanese pangolin with trauma from gin traps being the leading cause (77.8%), especially during the dry season, followed by tail injuries caused by dog attacks (20.4%). Despite these threats, Taiwan has had substantial success in rehabilitating and releasing injured pangolins, primarily due to the close collaboration of Taiwanese wildlife rehabilitation centers over the last twenty years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Ching-Min Sun
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Bharti Arora
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Shiun Lin
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Lin
- Pingtung Rescue Center for Endangered Wild Animals, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jou Chi
- Pingtung Rescue Center for Endangered Wild Animals, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chih Chen
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Pingtung Rescue Center for Endangered Wild Animals, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Curtis Jai-Chyi Pei
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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18
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Willcox D, Nash HC, Trageser S, Kim HJ, Hywood L, Connelly E, Ichu Ichu G, Kambale Nyumu J, Mousset Moumbolou CL, Ingram DJ, Challender DW. Evaluating methods for detecting and monitoring pangolin (Pholidata: Manidae) populations. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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19
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Willcox D, Nash HC, Trageser S, Kim HJ, Hywood L, Connelly E, Ichu Ichu G, Kambale Nyumu J, Mousset Moumbolou CL, Ingram DJ, Challender DW. Evaluating methods for detecting and monitoring pangolin (Pholidata: Manidae) populations. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00539%0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022] Open
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20
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Ahmad AA, Samsuddin S, Oh SJWY, Martinez-Perez P, Rasedee A. Hematological and serum biochemical parameters of rescued Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica) in Singapore. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1867-1874. [PMID: 30333379 PMCID: PMC6305505 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) population in Southeast Asia faces
threats such as poaching and deforestation. Health assessments of rescued individuals
including physical examination and blood work are crucial for clinicians to determine the
health status of these animals. The establishments of reference intervals of hematology
and serum biochemistry are important for identifying clinical abnormalities. The
objectives of our study were to establish blood reference intervals for Sunda pangolins,
to determine if there are age and sex related differences in hematology and serum
biochemistry, and to compare our results with those of a previous study on confiscated
Sunda pangolins in Thailand. Fifty-eight Sunda pangolins were rescued between January 2011
and December 2015. The hematology and serum biochemistry results of 51 clinically normal
Sunda pangolins were selected for the establishment of the blood reference intervals. No
sex related differences were noted in this study. Age-related differences were observed,
in which adult Sunda pangolins had a significantly higher mean corpuscular volume than
juveniles, and juvenile Sunda pangolins had significantly higher red blood cell counts and
hemoglobin levels than those of the adults (P<0.05). Age-related
differences were also noted in several serum biochemistry parameters: alkaline phosphatase
(ALP) was significantly higher in juveniles, and total protein was significantly higher in
adult Sunda pangolins. Compared to a previous study the white blood cell counts,
neutrophil counts, and ALP were higher, and the lymphocyte counts were lower in the
present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Anwar Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Services, Wildlife Reserve Singapore, 80 Mandai Lake Road Singapore 729826, Singapore
| | - Sofeah Samsuddin
- School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, 21 Tampines Avenue 1, 529757, Singapore
| | - Serena Jocelyn Wai Yin Oh
- Department of Veterinary Services, Wildlife Reserve Singapore, 80 Mandai Lake Road Singapore 729826, Singapore
| | - Pedro Martinez-Perez
- School of Life Sciences and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 535 Clementi Road Singapore 599489
| | - Abdullah Rasedee
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Khatri-Chhetri R, Chang TC, Khatri-Chhetri N, Huang YL, Pei KJC, Wu HY. A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN ENDANGERED FORMOSAN PANGOLINS (MANIS PENTADACTYLA PENTADACTYLA) FROM SOUTHEASTERN TAIWAN. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1682648515500316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Formosan pangolin, a sub-species of Chinese pangolin is a critically endangered insectivorous mammal found only in Taiwan. Pathological studies are helpful in the diagnosis and investigation of wildlife diseases. Pathological findings in pangolins have not been well documented. The present paper reports the pathological findings of 14 free-ranging Formosan pangolins. External injuries and superficial wounds (6/14) were common finding in gross examination and were mostly found in the legs. Respiratory system (78%, 11/14) lesions included interstitial pneumonia, atelectasis and emphysema. Hepatic changes (43%, 6/14) included necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia, lipidosis and extensive hepatocyte degeneration. Parasites were detected in 57% of pangolins (8/14) studied and included both endoparasites and ectoparasites. Urinary system (21%, 3/14) lesions were interstitial nephritis and nephrolithiasis. Brain lesions were found in three pangolins and included cerebral edema and hemorrhage and ventriculitis. Additional pathological lesions included thyroid gland hyperplasia and left ventricular hypertrophy. The presented pathological findings can aid in the understanding of diseases of pangolins and will contribute knowledge to future investigations on diseases of pangolins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Khatri-Chhetri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chou Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Nabin Khatri-Chhetri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Li Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Kurtis Jai-Chyi Pei
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- Pingtung Rescue Centre for Endangered Wild Animals, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Studies, College of Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
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22
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Khatri-Chhetri R, Wang HC, Chen CC, Shih HC, Liao HC, Sun CM, Khatri-Chhetri N, Wu HY, Pei KJC. Surveillance of ticks and associated pathogens in free-ranging Formosan pangolins (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:1238-1244. [PMID: 27426438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chinese pangolins are critically endangered insectivorous mammals distributed in several South and Southeast Asian countries. In recent years, there has been an increase in spread of tick-borne diseases in both humans and animals worldwide. Currently, limited information is available on ticks and associated pathogens infesting pangolins. The objective of the present study was to survey ticks and associated pathogens in the Formosan pangolin population in Southeastern Taiwan. Free-ranging Formosan pangolins captured during ecological survey were examined for the presence of ticks. DNA extracted from these ticks was used to identify the tick species and also to detect the tick-borne pathogens, by molecular methods. In the present study, we found 25% (13/52) of pangolins captured during 2012-2014 infested with ixodid ticks. A total of 21 ticks were collected and 3 species were identified: Haemaphysalis hystricis (14/21), Haemaphysalis formosensis (2/21) and Amblyomma testudinarium (5/21). We detected four different tick-borne pathogens, where one was identical to Anaplasma sp. strain An.H1446 while others showed close resemblance to Rickettsia conorii subsp. caspia A-167, Ehrlichia sp. TC251-2 and Cytauxzoon spp., respectively. The present study is the first survey of ticks infesting the free-ranging Chinese pangolins and pathogens harboured by these ticks. This information is important to know the diversity of ticks and tick-borne pathogens, and its conservation significance to pangolins and other sympatric wildlife. Important future step should be regular surveillance of ticks and tick-borne diseases at human-domestic animals-wildlife interface, which can provide a useful insight into the dynamics of these pathogens and can help control and prevent outbreak of zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Khatri-Chhetri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chieh Wang
- Diagnostic and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chih Chen
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chun Shih
- Diagnostic and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chun Liao
- Diagnostic and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Min Sun
- Institute of Bioresources, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Nabin Khatri-Chhetri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
| | - Kurtis Jai-Chyi Pei
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan; Pingtung Rescue Center for Endangered Wild Animals, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
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