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Klußmann S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Brühschwein A. Arthrographic description of the canine carpal joint cavities and its recesses. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13026. [PMID: 38462761 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Joint effusion is diagnostically important. The canine carpal joint effusion, which is sometimes difficult to detect clinically, has received less attention in diagnostic ultrasound (US) studies. The aim of the present study was to provide a description of the morphological appearance of the canine carpal joint cavities and recesses using US, radiography, helical computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional volume rendering technique (3D-VRT) images and to prove the applicability of musculoskeletal US for the detection of artificial carpal joint effusion in dogs. The understanding of the characteristics of these structures in normal patients is essential in the diagnosis. Twenty-eight clinically and radiologically unremarkable canine carpal cadavers of different breeds were examined, representative images were selected and anatomical structures were labelled. The canine carpal joint cavities and in particular its recesses had a complex appearance with a basic structure found in all dogs: Antebrachiocarpal joint: dorsoproximal antebrachiocarpal recess, dorsodistal antebrachiocarpal recess, medial antebrachiocarpal recess, lateral antebrachiocarpal recess and five palmar antebrachiocarpal recesses. Middle carpal joint: two dorsal middle carpal recesses, medial common middle carpal and carpometacarpal recess, lateral common middle carpal and carpometacarpal recess, four palmar middle carpal recesses. The carpometacarpal joint had dorsal and palmar funnel-shaped and irregular, finely tubular extensions, the most prominent ran dorsal to metacarpal III, the maximum distal end represented the proximal metacarpal diaphysis. All recesses presented ultrasonographically as a generalized anechogenic to hypoechoic filled continuation of the articular capsule with an indistinct peripheral hypoechogenic to isoechogenic fine capsule, the synovial-connective tissue interface was difficult to identify. The novel results of this study provide the first morphological description of the ultrasonographic, radiographic and computed tomographic arthrographic appearance of the canine carpal joint cavities and recesses with different injection volumes. The canine carpal joint cavities and in particular its recesses had a complex appearance with a basic structure found in all dogs. The applicability of musculoskeletal US to visualize an artificial carpal effusion has been demonstrated. The results of this study, and in particular US, give the practitioner an advantage in visualizing joint effusion and assist in the decision to perform arthrocentesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Klußmann
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Equine Clinic, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Brühschwein
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Jung M, Je M, Baek L, Chung J, Choi J, Yoon J. Shoulder magnetic resonance arthrography in dogs: Comparison of craniolateral and caudolateral approach for ultrasound-guided contrast injection. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:936-943. [PMID: 37489258 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Shoulder joint disease is a common cause of forelimb lameness in dogs. To diagnose this condition, shoulder magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) is performed, which involves the injection of contrast agents into the shoulder joint space under ultrasound (US)-guidance. The objective of this study was to compare the craniolateral and caudolateral approaches for shoulder MRA using US-guided injection techniques, and investigate their clinical feasibility in dogs. Forty shoulder joints from 10 adult beagles were studied in two repetitions. The craniolateral (n = 20) and caudolateral (n = 20) injection techniques were applied randomly under US-guidance. The shoulder MRA was conducted immediately after the contrast agents was injected. The procedure time (scan and injection time), number of attempts, joint distension and degree of extraarticular extravasation were recorded and compared between the two groups. The results showed that the caudolateral approach had significantly more contrast agents extravasation compared to the craniolateral approach (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of procedure time (scan time p = 0.80, injection time p = 0.74), number of attempts (p = 0.70) and joint distension (p = 0.23). The craniolateral approach of US-guided contrast injection techniques for shoulder MRA minimizes damage to the juxta-articular structures and reduces extraarticular extravasation, resulting in good-quality images. This study demonstrates the feasibility and advantages of the craniolateral approach under US-guidance for shoulder MRA in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Miseong Je
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Loktam Baek
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwon Chung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junghee Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Gemignani F, Harel M, Livet V, Barthélemy A, Ségard É, Cachon T, Sonet J. Pilot study of the ultrasonographic examination of the intact and transected medial glenohumeral ligament in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:306-313. [PMID: 36285427 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Medial glenohumeral ligament injury is commonly reported during medial shoulder joint instability in dogs. Arthroscopy is considered the gold standard procedure, but it is invasive and requires distension of the joint. Ultrasonographic examination of the medial glenohumeral ligament has been studied as a possible, less invasive alternative to arthroscopy however it has not been considered a useful method of assessment due to the interference of the probe with the pectoral muscles. The aims of this prospective analytical randomized pilot study were to develop a standardized ultrasound protocol for visualizing the canine medial glenohumeral ligament and to compare goniometry and ultrasound findings in cadaver dogs with versus without transection of the medial glenohumeral ligament. Nine adult Beagle cadavers (18 shoulders) were used. The first six shoulders were used in a preliminary study to describe an ultrasound technique to identify the medial glenohumeral ligament. Arthroscopy was performed on the remaining 12 shoulders, with six randomly selected medial glenohumeral ligaments from these shoulders, transected during the procedure. Ultrasound examination was performed after each arthroscopic procedure by an ultrasonographer blinded to the patient group. Four medial glenohumeral ligaments (67%) were correctly identified during the preliminary study. Ultrasonographic examination failed to diagnose the transection of all six medial glenohumeral ligaments in the second part of the study. No difference was observed in the ligament thickness between the dogs with and without a transected medial glenohumeral ligament. Dogs with a transected medial glenohumeral ligament had a wider articular space compared to dogs without a transected ligament (P < 0.001), and an articular space wider than 8.2 mm was discriminatory of a transected medial glenohumeral ligament in all the shoulders. In conclusion, the medial glenohumeral ligament could be identified with a medial ultrasonographic approach of the shoulder and a wider articular space can be a sign of a medial shoulder joint instability. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings in living dogs, with and without shoulder instability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathieu Harel
- Sonhar Veterinary Imaging, Ecully, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | | | | | - Émilie Ségard
- Department of Small Animal Diagnostic Imaging, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Thibaut Cachon
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France.,Research Unit ICE, UPSP 2011.03.101, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Juliette Sonet
- Sonhar Veterinary Imaging, Ecully, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
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Pownder SL, Neri JP, Hayashi K, Vanderbeek AM, Koff MF. Age and Sex Comparison of the Canine Supraspinatus Tendon Using Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging T2 Mapping. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2023; 36:87-92. [PMID: 36588292 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The normal canine supraspinatus tendon has properties commonly attributed to damage such as core hyperintensity and increased width. Little is published regarding the normal tendon, including how senescent changes and sex differences may affect the appearance. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide subjective analysis of tendons based on observer assessment of signal intensity and appearance. Quantitative MRI (qMRI) techniques such as T2 mapping provide an objective comparison of collagen orientation with analysis of a decay constant, T2. This study investigates age and sex related changes in the canine supraspinatus tendon using the qMRI technique of T2 mapping. STUDY DESIGN In this study, 34 tendons of clinically sound male and female dogs (0.6-13 years) were imaged using qMRI T2 mapping techniques. Sagittal plane T2 maps of the supraspinatus tendon were depth-normalized, and profiles compared using two separate four-parameter logistic equations describing T2 mapping profiles as sigmoidal curves. Combined parameters evaluated included range of T2 values, curve steepness, vertical curve shift, lower bound of T2, upper bound of T2 and horizontal curve shift. RESULTS A significant reduction in the most central portion of the supraspinatus tendon was found for every increased year in age (-1.56 ± 0.47 milliseconds [-2.56, -0.56, p = 0.004]). No significant difference in curve parameters was found between sexes. CONCLUSION The reduction in T2 with age suggests a senescent change may be anticipated with the canine supraspinatus tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Pownder
- MRI Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States
| | - John P Neri
- MRI Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States
| | - Kei Hayashi
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, United States
| | - Alyssa M Vanderbeek
- Biostatistics Core, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States
| | - Matthew F Koff
- MRI Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States
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The effect of CT and MRI with and without arthrography on the appearance of the feline carpal ligaments. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:368. [PMID: 36207745 PMCID: PMC9540734 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current diagnosis of feline carpal injuries is based on radiographic examination including stress views and computed tomography; however, these techniques do not allow for direct evaluation of the carpal ligaments. The purpose of this cadaveric study was to assess the ability of CT arthrography (CTA) and MR arthrography (MRA) to provide this information using a single contrast mixture. A protocol for intra-articular injection of the feline carpus was also described. A contrast solution containing gadolinium and iohexol with a 50% gadolinium solution (Magnevist—gadolinium 0.5 mmol/mL diluted to a 0.05 mmol/mL solution) and 50% of iodine (Iohexol—iodine 300mgI/mL) was injected into the antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints of feline carpi using fluoroscopic guidance. Results CTA allowed for identification of intra-articular ligaments and the silhouette of select extra-articular ligaments when there was adequate joint distension, however it was not considered to be superior to MRI. MRA allowed for improved identification of the dorsal radiocarpal, accessorioulnocarpal, accessorioquartile, short ulnar and short radial collateral ligaments. Conclusion In this ex-vivo study, combined CTA and MRA enhanced the appearance of the feline carpal ligaments and may provide a foundation for future studies in the diagnosis of carpal injuries. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03463-6.
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Jones GMC, Pitsillides AA, Meeson RL. Moving Beyond the Limits of Detection: The Past, the Present, and the Future of Diagnostic Imaging in Canine Osteoarthritis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:789898. [PMID: 35372534 PMCID: PMC8964951 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.789898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common orthopedic condition in dogs, characterized as the chronic, painful end-point of a synovial joint with limited therapeutic options other than palliative pain control or surgical salvage. Since the 1970s, radiography has been the standard-of-care for the imaging diagnosis of OA, despite its known limitations. As newer technologies have been developed, the limits of detection have lowered, allowing for the identification of earlier stages of OA. Identification of OA at a stage where it is potentially reversible still remains elusive, however, yet there is hope that newer technologies may be able to close this gap. In this article, we review the changes in the imaging of canine OA over the past 50 years and give a speculative view on future innovations which may provide for earlier identification, with the ultimate goal of repositioning the limit of detection to cross the threshold of this potentially reversible disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth M. C. Jones
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A. Pitsillides
- Department of Comparative Biological Science, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Meeson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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King R. Advanced Imaging of the Forelimb: Use of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound and MRI of the Shoulder and Brachial Plexus. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:383-399. [PMID: 33446361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Advanced imaging (ultrasound, computed tomography, MRI) is a key component in defining and localizing the underlying cause of forelimb lameness. Given the propensity of soft tissue injury/disease of the shoulder and brachial plexus, ultrasound and MRI are of particular utility in defining tendinous, muscular, and nerve lesions. An advanced knowledge of shoulder and brachial plexus anatomy is necessary for both image acquisition and interpretation. To determine clinical significance, interpretation of both normal anatomy and suspected pathology must be correlated with clinical signs and orthopedic examination findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan King
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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Pappa E, Tomlinson A, Ferreira A, Pettitt R, Mortier J. Ultrasonographic and CT arthrography findings in two dogs with biceps brachii tendon avulsion. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Pappa
- Small Animal Teaching HospitalUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - Andy Tomlinson
- Small Animal Teaching HospitalUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - Amy Ferreira
- Small Animal Teaching HospitalUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - Rob Pettitt
- Small Animal Teaching HospitalUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
| | - Jeremy Mortier
- Small Animal Teaching HospitalUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
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Castelli E, Pozzi A, Klisch K, Scotti L, Hoey S, Dennler M. Comparison between high‐field 3 Tesla MRI and computed tomography with and without arthrography for visualization of canine carpal ligaments: A cadaveric study. Vet Surg 2019; 48:546-555. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Castelli
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Karl Klisch
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Lorenza Scotti
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Department of Statistics and Quantitative MethodsUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca Milan Italy
| | - Séamus Hoey
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Matthias Dennler
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Eivers CR, Corzo-Menéndez N, Austwick SH, Thomson DG, Gibson SM, Handel I, Schwarz T. Computed tomographic arthrography is a useful adjunct to survey computed tomography and arthroscopic evaluation of the canine shoulder joint. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:535-544. [PMID: 30043546 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective, methods comparison study was to assess the diagnostic utility of computed tomographic arthrography in the assessment of various intraarticular shoulder pathologies in dogs in comparison with survey computed tomography (CT), using arthroscopic examination as the reference standard. Computed tomography, computed tomographic arthrography, and arthroscopic findings of 46 scapulohumeral joints of dogs with forelimb lameness were reviewed retrospectively. Predefined sites were assessed for the presence or absence of disease. If a lesion was present, a prespecified pathology was designated. Computed tomographic arthrography was found to be a safe technique which provided a superior diagnostic efficacy relative to survey CT for the assessment of the biceps tendon and biceps tendon sheath (sensitivity 71%, specificity 75%, positive likelihood ratio 2.9, negative likelihood ratio 0.38) and humeral head cartilage (sensitivity 65%, specificity 97%, positive likelihood ratio 19, negative likelihood ratio 0.37). Computed tomography and computed tomographic arthrography provided additional diagnostic information to arthroscopy in regard to osteophytosis, subchondral defects, and joint mice. Computed tomographic arthrography alone was of limited diagnostic value for assessment of the medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments (sensitivity 13% and 0%, specificity 1% and 78%, positive likelihood ratios unmeasurable and 0, negative likelihood ratios 0.88 and 1.29, respectively) and the subscapularis tendon (sensitivity 14%, specificity 98%, positive likelihood ratio 5.7, negative likelihood ratio 0.88). Computed tomographic arthrography is therefore a useful adjunct to survey CT and arthroscopic evaluation of the canine shoulder joint, however, is not a replacement for these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Eivers
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Ian Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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De Rycke L, van Bree H, Van Caelenberg A, Polis I, Duchateau L, Gielen I. Epinephrine-enhanced computed tomographic arthrography of the canine shoulder. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:15-21. [PMID: 26412512 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of epinephrine-enhanced computed tomographic arthrography (CTA) on the image sharpness of the lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments (LGHL and MGHL, respectively), biceps tendon (BT) and joint cartilage (JC) in the canine shoulder. The shoulders of eight normal dogs were examined using a 4-slice helical CT scanner. The right shoulders were injected with Iohexol and the left shoulders with a mixture of Iohexol and epinephrine. CTA images were obtained after 1, 3, 5, 9, 13, 20 and 30 min and the image sharpness of the intra-articular structures in both shoulders was graded for visibility. The attenuation values were measured to examine the persistence of contrast appearance. Admixture of epinephrine and Iohexol significantly improved the image sharpness of the LGHL and the BT, especially on delayed CTA images. The use of epinephrine did not negatively affect post-CTA recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve De Rycke
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Henri van Bree
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annemie Van Caelenberg
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ingeborgh Polis
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Gielen
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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