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Paran E, Major AC, Warren-Smith C, Hezzell MJ, MacFarlane P. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in dogs undergoing MRI for a thoracolumbar vertebral column pathology. J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:321-329. [PMID: 36717107 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence and extent of gastroesophageal reflux, and the prevalence of regurgitation in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging, and to explore possible associations of reflux and regurgitation with signalment (breed, age, sex, neuter status), bodyweight, body condition score and drugs used in the anaesthetic protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS The thoracic part of the oesophagus was retrospectively assessed for presence and quantification of fluid on two T2 weighted sequences. Patient breed, age, sex, neuter status, weight and body condition score were recorded. Anaesthetic records were reviewed for the presence of regurgitation and detailed anaesthetic protocols. RESULTS Fifty percent [95% confidence interval (44.99, 56.81)] of included dogs had evidence of gastroesophageal reflux. Reflux was not associated with the individual breed, age, sex, neuter status or body weight. Brachycephalic dogs did not demonstrate significantly higher rates of reflux compared to non-brachycephalic dogs. A larger volume of reflux was associated with a higher chance of regurgitation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Gastroesophageal reflux is a common finding in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging. Dogs which regurgitated had higher volumes of reflux. Early detection and quantification of the volume of reflux is helpful as it may allow the anaesthetist to take measures which may reduce the risk of associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paran
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.,University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - A C Major
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - C Warren-Smith
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - M J Hezzell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - P MacFarlane
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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Lotti F, Boscan P, Warrit K, Twedt DC. Strongly acidic gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal lumen pH before and after esophageal lavage with water or two bicarbonate concentrations in anesthetized dogs. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:1-5. [PMID: 36074745 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.05.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To increase acidic esophageal lumen pH in dogs that developed gastroesophageal reflux (GER) during anesthesia. We compared water and 2 different bicarbonate concentrations. ANIMALS 112 healthy, nonbrachycephalic dogs presented for ovariectomy. PROCEDURES Following standard anesthesia and surgery protocols for ovariectomy in all dogs, esophageal lumen impedance and pH were monitored using a dedicated probe. Esophageal impedance indicates the presence of GER whereas pH indicates the acidity level. Dogs with strongly acidic GER and an esophageal lumen pH value < 4.0 were included in the study, and lavage was performed with either tap water, bicarbonate 1%, or bicarbonate 2% until the pH increased to > 4.0. The effect of lavage on esophageal pH was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon 2 sample tests. Associations between lavage and pH changes were determined. RESULTS Of 48/112 dogs with strongly acidic GER, 33% neutralized their esophageal pH during surgery. For the 32 dogs that maintained an esophageal lumen pH value < 4, esophageal lavage with water increased the lumen pH to > 4 in 78.6% of dogs, whereas both bicarbonate concentrations increased it in 100% of the dogs to a more neutral pH (P < .0001). The dogs in the water group were more likely to regurgitate after anesthesia (36% vs 0% in both bicarbonate groups, P = .028). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bicarbonate 1% and 2% increased esophageal lumen pH to more than 4 after strongly acidic GER. Lavage with water was mildly effective, but required large volumes and predisposed to further regurgitation after anesthesia.
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Ullal TV, Marks SL, Belafsky PC, Conklin JL, Pandolfino JE. A Comparative Assessment of the Diagnosis of Swallowing Impairment and Gastroesophageal Reflux in Canines and Humans. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889331. [PMID: 35754550 PMCID: PMC9228035 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swallowing impairment is a highly prevalent and clinically significant problem affecting people and dogs. There are myriad causes of swallowing impairment of which gastroesophageal reflux is the most common in both species. Similarities in anatomy and physiology between humans and canines results in analogous swallowing disorders including cricopharyngeus muscle achalasia, esophageal achalasia, hiatal herniation, and gastroesophageal reflux with secondary esophagitis and esophageal dysmotility. Accordingly, the diagnostic approach to human and canine patients with swallowing impairment is similar. Diagnostic procedures such as swallowing fluoroscopy, high-resolution manometry, pH/impedance monitoring, and endolumenal functional luminal imaging probe can be performed in both species; however, nasofacial conformation, increased esophageal length, and the difficulty of completing several of these procedures in awake dogs are inherent challenges that need to be considered. Human patients can convey their symptoms and respond to verbal cues, whereas veterinarians must rely on clinical histories narrated by pet owners followed by comprehensive physical examination and observation of the animal eating different food consistencies and drinking water. Dogs may also be unwilling to drink or eat in the hospital setting and may be resistant to physical restraint during diagnostic procedures. Despite the species differences and diagnostic challenges, dogs are a natural animal model for many oropharyngeal and esophageal disorders affecting people, which presents a tremendous opportunity for shared learnings. This manuscript reviews the comparative aspects of esophageal anatomy and physiology between humans and canines, summarizes the diagnostic assessment of swallowing impairment in both species, and discusses future considerations for collaborative medicine and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarini V Ullal
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Stanley L Marks
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Peter C Belafsky
- Department of Otolaryngology, Center for Voice and Swallowing, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Conklin
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA Robert G. Kardashian Center for Esophageal Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - John E Pandolfino
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Lai GP, Grimes JA, Wallace ML, Schmiedt CW, Savage MY. Anatomic characterization of the location of the esophageal ostium relative to the rima glottidis on CT in adult Labrador Retrievers. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:975-980. [PMID: 34714769 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.20.11.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the anatomic location of the esophageal ostium relative to the rima glottidis in adult Labrador Retrievers with the use of CT. ANIMALS 98 CT scans of 75 adult Labrador Retrievers. PROCEDURES A search of the medical records database identified records of Labrador Retrievers that underwent CT of the head and neck between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2018. Evaluators, blinded to each other's results, reviewed CT images and measured esophageal area at the level of the rima glottidis. For each dog, the left esophageal percentage (LEP) was calculated as the esophageal area left of the rima glottidis midline divided by the overall esophageal area at that level. Variables (age, sex, patient position, intubation status, and maxillary support during CT) were evaluated for association with LEP. The CT images of dogs that had multiple scans were assessed for within-patient variance. RESULTS Mean LEP was 56.2 ± 18.1% for all dogs. Only right lateral recumbency was significantly associated with LEP, with a lower LEP for dogs positioned in right lateral recumbency (42.4 ± 12.7%), compared with left lateral (63.0 ± 7.4%) or sternal (57.3 ± 18.8%) recumbency. No association was detected between LEP and other variables assessed. Eleven dogs had multiple CT scans; within-patient variance for LEP was ± 26.6%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that, although most dogs had an LEP > 50%, the esophageal ostium was fairly centrally located in most dogs and may be more mobile than previously thought. Additional research is warranted to assess this mobility and whether the esophageal ostium location, relative to the larynx, affects the incidence of aspiration pneumonia in dogs undergoing surgical treatment for geriatric-onset laryngeal paralysis and polyneuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace P Lai
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Janet A Grimes
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Mandy L Wallace
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Chad W Schmiedt
- From the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Abstract
Esophagitis in cats and dogs is a consequence of increased exposure of the esophageal mucosa to gastroduodenal reflux. Causes can include anesthesia-related reflux, frequent vomiting, or lodged foreign bodies. An exception is eosinophilic esophagitis, an emerging primary inflammatory disease of the esophagus with a presumed allergic etiology. Reflux esophagitis owing to lower esophageal sphincter incompetence is often suspected; a tentative diagnosis can be made by endoscopic assessment, wireless esophageal pH-monitoring, or histologic examination. Because it can be difficult to distinguish diet-responsive upper gastrointestinal disease from esophagitis, response to treatment with gastric acid suppressants is needed to confirm the tentative diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hendrik Kook
- Department of Small Animals, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
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Lotti F, Twedt D, Warrit K, Bryan S, Vaca C, Krause L, Fukushima K, Boscan P. Effect of two different pre-anaesthetic omeprazole protocols on gastroesophageal reflux incidence and pH in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:677-682. [PMID: 33769569 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastroesophageal reflux can occur during anaesthesia and may lead to esophagitis and occasionally oesophageal stricture formation. The aim of the study is to assess two omeprazole protocols on gastroesophageal reflux incidence and pH in anaesthetised dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-five dogs undergoing elective ovariectomy were randomly assigned to: omeprazole single dose 1 mg/kg orally the evening before anaesthesia (20 dogs), omeprazole two doses 1 mg/kg orally the evening and 3 hours before anaesthesia (15 dogs), and control group that did not receive omeprazole (20 dogs). An oesophageal impedance/pH probe was used to measure gastroesophageal reflux incidence and pH during anaesthesia. RESULTS Gastroesophageal reflux was observed in 55% (11/20) of control dogs, 55% (11/20) of dogs receiving omeprazole once and 47% (7/15) of dogs receiving omeprazole twice. The incidence was not statistically significant different between groups. Gastroesophageal reflux pH (mean ± sd) was higher in dogs receiving omeprazole twice (6.3 ± 1.5), when compared to either control dogs (3.8 ± 1.1) or dogs receiving omeprazole once (4.1 ± 1.5). Strongly acidic reflux (pH < 4) was observed in 7% (1/15) of dogs receiving omeprazole twice versus 55% (11/20) and 35% (7/20) of control dogs and dogs receiving omeprazole once, respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Omeprazole administered the evening and 3 hours before anaesthesia increased gastroesophageal reflux pH and decreased the incidence of strongly acidic reflux in dogs. A single dose of omeprazole given the evening before anaesthesia had no effect on reflux pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lotti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Colorado State University), 300 W. Drake, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1678, USA
| | - D Twedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Colorado State University), 300 W. Drake, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1678, USA
| | - K Warrit
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Colorado State University), 300 W. Drake, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1678, USA
| | - S Bryan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Colorado State University), 300 W. Drake, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1678, USA
| | - C Vaca
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Colorado State University), 300 W. Drake, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1678, USA
| | - L Krause
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Colorado State University), 300 W. Drake, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1678, USA
| | - K Fukushima
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Colorado State University), 300 W. Drake, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1678, USA
| | - P Boscan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Colorado State University), 300 W. Drake, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1678, USA
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A Systematic Review of the Methods of Assessment of Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux in Anaesthetized Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030852. [PMID: 33803871 PMCID: PMC8003202 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Regurgitation and gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) are common complications in dogs under anaesthesia. We reviewed the definitions and methods of GOR assessment in anaesthetized dogs published in 22 scientific papers to assess if studies were comparable (i.e., looking at the same thing). The definition of GOR implied the presence of fluids not reaching the mouth or nose in the oesophagus in all studies. Most studies measured the acidity in the oesophagus to state if fluids were present or not. The probes were not always placed in the same location and definitions varied. This means that it is complicated to compare findings of the different studies. Abstract We reviewed the definitions and methods of assessment of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in anaesthetized dogs. Three databases were used. Titles and abstracts were screened by two of the authors independently. A total of 22 studies was included in the analysis. The definition of GOR implied the presence of fluids not reaching the mouth or nose in the oesophagus in all studies. Most studies considered a change in pH using oesophageal pH meters as the sole method of assessment. Calibration of the pH probe was inconsistently reported. The position of the tip of the oesophageal probe was inconsistent and not always precisely described. The correct positioning in the intended location was verified in a limited number of studies. Some studies considered that GOR had happened for changes in pH below 4.0 or above 7.5 while others considered that GOR had happened when the pH dropped below 4.0 only. Some studies stated that the pH change had to be sustained for a minimum period of time (20 or 30 s) whereas others did not mention any duration. The variability of definitions and methods of assessment of GOR in anaesthetized dogs precludes meaningful comparison of the findings. Re-evaluation and uniformization of the methods appear necessary.
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Grobman M. Aerodigestive Disease in Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 51:17-32. [PMID: 33131915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aerodigestive disorders (AeroDs) in people encompass a wide range of clinical syndromes, reflecting the complex relationship between the respiratory and digestive tracts. In veterinary medicine, aspiration is used interchangeably with aspiration pneumonia. Although aspiration pneumonia is a common disorder in dogs, it does not reflect the breadth of AeroDs. Unfortunately, AeroDs rarely are investigated in veterinary medicine because of lack of clinical recognition, limitations in available diagnostics, and the fact that AeroDs may be caused by occult digestive disease. Recognizing patients with AerodD represents an area of significant clinical importance that may provide additional areas of clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Grobman
- Auburn University, Department of Clinical Sciences, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Gianella P, Roncone S, Ala U, Bottero E, Cagnasso F, Cagnotti G, Bellino C. Upper digestive tract abnormalities in dogs with chronic idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1845-1852. [PMID: 32618401 PMCID: PMC7517503 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (CILPR) is a common inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology affecting the nasal cavity of dogs. The diagnosis is made by exclusion of other causes of nasal disease and specific therapeutic protocols are lacking. In human medicine, a relationship between CILPR and gastrointestinal clinical signs has been postulated, and remission of respiratory signs after clinical trials with medications for gastrointestinal disorders has been observed. OBJECTIVES To describe history, clinical presentation, endoscopic and histopathologic concurrent respiratory and digestive tract abnormalities, and to evaluate improvement of respiratory signs after treatment for gastrointestinal signs. ANIMALS Twenty-five dogs with CILPR. METHODS Prospective study. For inclusion, following information had to be available: respiratory and digestive clinical signs, airway and digestive tract endoscopic abnormalities, histologic evaluation of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract biopsy specimens, and clinical response to different treatment strategies. RESULTS Twenty-two dogs had endoscopic gastrointestinal lesions, whereas 13 dogs had concurrent gastrointestinal signs. Most esophageal and duodenal endoscopic abnormalities were classified as moderate or severe. Respiratory and gastrointestinal tract histologic evaluation identified mostly chronic inflammation. Remission or marked improvement of respiratory signs was observed in the majority of dogs treated only for gastrointestinal signs up to 12 months after endoscopy. No significant associations between treatments and follow-up information were found. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Nasal and upper digestive tract abnormalities coexist in some dogs with CILPR. Lack of standardized therapeutic protocols suggests caution when interpreting improvement in nasal clinical signs. Additional studies are needed to explore the possibility of a cause-effect relationship between the 2 processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gianella
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Silvia Roncone
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Federica Cagnasso
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giulia Cagnotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellino
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Sample SJ, Stilin A, Binversie EE, Baker LA, Hardie RJ. Late-onset laryngeal paralysis: Owner perception of quality of life and cause of death. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:306-313. [PMID: 31981469 PMCID: PMC7397904 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Late‐onset laryngeal paralysis (LoLP) is an idiopathic disease of older dogs, and is common in the Labrador Retriever. Owner perspective of how LoLP affects their pet's quality of life (QOL), the degree to which LoLP is perceived to be a life‐limiting disease, and how a glottic opening procedure affects these perceptions is not known. Objectives (a) To determine owner's perception of late‐onset laryngeal paralysis (LoLP) with respect to their dog's QOL; (b) To determine whether LoLP is considered by owners to be a life‐limiting disease; (c) To evaluate whether a glottic opening procedure altered QOL and perceived cause of death in affected dogs. Methods Owners of Labrador Retrievers with LoLP completed a questionnaire. Questions were asked pertaining to a dog's LoLP, including clinical progression and perception of cause of death, and whether a glottic opening procedure was undertaken. Owners also completed a pet‐owner administered QOL survey. Results Seventy‐six owners participated. Overall, 94% of owners felt their dog's LoLP affected QOL, and 47% of owners felt LoLP was a large contributing factor in their dog's death. Dogs that underwent a glottic opening procedure were reported to have a better QOL, and the contribution of LoLP towards their death was less than dogs that did not have surgery. Conclusion Owners of Labrador Retrievers with LoLP perceive LoLP to be a life‐limiting disease that negatively impacts their dog's QOL. Arytenoid lateralization surgery had a positive impact on QOL in affected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah J Sample
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Allison Stilin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily E Binversie
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lauren A Baker
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert J Hardie
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Abstract
Laryngeal diseases are manifested by obstructive breathing patterns reflecting functional or mechanical upper airway obstruction. Laryngeal paralysis is the most common disease of the larynx. Diagnosis requires close attention to anesthetic plane and coordination of respiratory effort with laryngeal motion. Surgical arytenoid lateralization improves clinical signs and quality of life in dogs; however, aspiration pneumonia is a recognized complication, and generalized neuropathy can progress. Laryngeal collapse can result from any cause of chronic upper airway obstruction but is most often associated with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Although uncommon, laryngeal neoplasia has a guarded to grave prognosis regardless of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona M MacPhail
- Small Animal Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-160, USA.
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12
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Grobman ME, Masseau I, Reinero CR. Aerodigestive disorders in dogs evaluated for cough using respiratory fluoroscopy and videofluoroscopic swallow studies. Vet J 2019; 251:105344. [PMID: 31492390 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aerodigestive diseases, hybrid disorders representing a pathologic link between respiratory and alimentary tracts, may manifest with respiratory signs without gastrointestinal signs. These are underdiagnosed in dogs due to poor clinical recognition and diagnostic limitations. We hypothesize that a subset of dogs presenting for cough without gastrointestinal signs would have occult aerodigestive disorders identified using videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS). Data were retrospectively obtained from 31 client-owned dogs presenting for cough, with thoracic radiographs, and a VFSS between April 2015 and December 2017. Exclusion criteria were cough of cardiac origin or gastrointestinal signs within 6 months. Swallow study parameters included pharyngeal/esophageal motility, laryngeal obstruction/defects, penetration-aspiration, reflux, excessive aerophagia, megaesophagus (ME), lower-esophageal sphincter achalasia-like syndrome (LES-AS), and sliding hiatal hernia (HH). The median (interquartile range) duration of cough was 4 (2-8) months. Thoracic radiographs were unremarkable in 11 dogs, with aspiration pneumonia suspected in seven. In 25/31 dogs (81%), VFSS abnormalities were detected and some dogs had more than one defect: pharyngeal (n=10) or esophageal hypomotility (n=10), reflux (n=9), penetration-aspiration (n=8), excessive aerophagia (n=6), laryngeal obstruction (n=3), ME (n=3), HH (n=2), and LES-AS (n=1). A respiratory disorder causing cough was identified in 17 dogs with VFSS abnormalities (laryngeal obstruction/defect and airway disease including chronic or eosinophilic bronchitis, tracheal/mainstem bronchial collapse, bronchiectasis, and bronchomalacia). An alimentary disorder identified on VFSS in absence of a discrete respiratory disorder causing cough was diagnosed in eight dogs. In conclusion, canine aerodigestive disorders can manifest as cough without alimentary signs. VFSS is a useful diagnostic to determine the contribution of esophageal/gastrointestinal pathology in dogs with cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Grobman
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - I Masseau
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département of Sciences Cliniques, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - C R Reinero
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Zurita M, Dempsey L. Congenital bilateral laryngeal paralysis in a 10‐month‐old English springer spaniel. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zurita
- Emergency serviceChesterGates Veterinary SpecialistsChesterUK
| | - Lara Dempsey
- Soft Tissue SurgeryChesterGates Veterinary SpecialistsChesterUK
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Hackett ES, Leise BS. Exercising upper respiratory videoendoscopic findings of 50 competition draught horses with abnormal respiratory noise and/or poor performance. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:370-374. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Hackett
- Department of Clinical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - B. S. Leise
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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15
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Määttä OLM, Laurila HP, Holopainen S, Lilja‐Maula L, Melamies M, Viitanen SJ, Johnson LR, Koho N, Neuvonen M, Niemi M, Rajamäki MM. Reflux aspiration in lungs of dogs with respiratory disease and in healthy West Highland White Terriers. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:2074-2081. [PMID: 30311983 PMCID: PMC6271311 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal reflux and microaspiration (MA) of gastric juice are associated with various human respiratory diseases but not in dogs. OBJECTIVE To detect the presence of bile acids in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of dogs with various respiratory diseases. ANIMALS Twenty-seven West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs) with canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF), 11 dogs with bacterial pneumonia (BP), 13 with chronic bronchitis (CB), 9 with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP), 19 with laryngeal dysfunction (LD), 8 Irish Wolfhounds (IWHs) with previous BPs, 13 healthy WHWTs, all privately owned dogs, and 6 healthy research colony Beagles METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional observational study with convenience sampling of dogs. Bile acids were measured by mass spectrometry in BALF samples. Total bile acid (TBA) concentration was calculated as a sum of 17 different bile acids. RESULTS Concentrations of TBA were above the limit of quantification in 78% of CIPF, 45% of BP, 62% of CB, 44% of EBP, 68% of LD, and 13% of IWH dogs. In healthy dogs, bile acids were detected less commonly in Beagles (0/6) than in healthy WHWTs (10/13). Concentrations of TBA were significantly higher in CIPF (median 0.013 μM, range not quantifiable [n.q.]-0.14 μM, P < .001), healthy WHWTs (0.0052 μM, n.q.-1.2 μM, P = .003), LD (0.010 μM, n.q.-2.3 μM, P = .015), and CB (0.0078 μM, n.q.-0.073 μM, P = .018) groups compared to Beagles (0 μM, n.q.). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These results suggest that MA occurs in various respiratory diseases of dogs and also in healthy WHWTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. L. Merita Määttä
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Henna P. Laurila
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Saila Holopainen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Liisa Lilja‐Maula
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Marika Melamies
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Sanna J. Viitanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - L. R. Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
| | - Ninna Koho
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mikko Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central HospitalFinland
| | - Minna M. Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
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16
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Ogden J, Ovbey D, Saile K. Effects of preoperative cisapride on postoperative aspiration pneumonia in dogs with laryngeal paralysis. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 60:183-190. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Ogden
- Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15237 USA
| | - D. Ovbey
- Southeast Veterinary Anesthesia Services; Charleston South Carolina 29416 USA
| | - K. Saile
- Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15237 USA
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