1
|
Lachapelle V, Comeau G, Quessy S, Zanabria R, Rhouma M, van Vonderen T, Snelgrove P, Kashi D, Bosch ML, Smillie J, Holley R, Brockhoff E, Costa M, Gaucher ML, Chorfi Y, Racicot M. The Development of a Risk Assessment Model for Inedible Rendering Plants in Canada: Identifying and Selecting Feed Safety-Related Factors. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1020. [PMID: 38612259 PMCID: PMC11011131 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is developing an establishment-based risk assessment model to categorize rendering plants that produce livestock feed ingredients (ERA-Renderer model) according to animal and human health risks (i.e., feed safety risks) and help in determining the allocation of inspection resources based on risk. The aim of the present study was to identify and select feed-safety-related factors and assessment criteria for inclusion in the ERA-Renderer model. First, a literature review was performed to identify evidence-based factors that impact the feed safety risk of livestock feed during its rendering processes. Secondly, a refinement process was applied to retain only those that met the inclusion conditions, such as data availability, lack of ambiguity, and measurability. Finally, an expert panel helped in selecting factors and assessment criteria based on their knowledge and experience in the rendering industry. A final list of 32 factors was developed, of which 4 pertained to the inherent risk of a rendering plant, 8 were related to risk mitigation strategies, and 20 referred to the regulatory compliance of a rendering plant. A total of 179 criteria were defined to assess factors based on practices in the Canadian rendering industry. The results of this study will be used in the next step of the model development to estimate the relative risks of the assessment criteria considering their impact on feed safety. Once implemented, the CFIA's ERA-Renderer model will provide an evidence-based, standardized, and transparent approach to help manage the feed safety risks in Canada's rendering sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lachapelle
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (G.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Geneviève Comeau
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (G.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.Q.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.-L.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Romina Zanabria
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y9, Canada;
| | - Mohamed Rhouma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.Q.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.-L.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Tony van Vonderen
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 59 Camelot Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y9, Canada; (T.v.V.); (P.S.)
| | - Philip Snelgrove
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 59 Camelot Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y9, Canada; (T.v.V.); (P.S.)
| | - Djillali Kashi
- Sanimax, 2001 Av. de La Rotonde, Lévis, QC G6X 2L9, Canada;
| | - My-Lien Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Association of Canada, 300 Sparks St., Suite 1301, Ottawa, ON K1R 7S3, Canada;
| | - John Smillie
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Agriculture Building 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Rick Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - Egan Brockhoff
- Canadian Pork Council, 900-220 Laurier Ave. W., Ottawa, ON K1P 5Z9, Canada;
| | - Marcio Costa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.Q.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.-L.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.Q.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.-L.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Younes Chorfi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.Q.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.-L.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Manon Racicot
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (G.C.); (M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oastler CE, Nichols C, Newton K, Cawthraw S, Gosling RJ, Martelli F, Wales AD, Davies RH. Observations on the distribution and control of Salmonella in commercial broiler hatcheries in Great Britain. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:487-498. [PMID: 35304827 PMCID: PMC9543921 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella can enter hatcheries via contaminated eggs and other breaches of biosecurity. The study examined the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella in commercial hatcheries and assessed the effects of providing advice on Salmonella control. Intensive swab sampling was performed throughout 23 broiler hatcheries in Great Britain (GB). Swabs were cultured using a modified ISO6579:2017 method. After each visit, tailored advice on biosecurity and cleaning and disinfection procedures was provided to the hatchery managers. Repeat sampling was carried out in 10 of the 23 hatcheries. Salmonella prevalence ranged between 0% and 33.5%, with the chick handling areas, hatcher areas, macerator area, tray wash/storage areas, external areas and other waste handling areas being more contaminated than the setter areas. Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella 13,23:i:‐ were the most commonly isolated serovars. There was a reduction in Salmonella prevalence at the second visit in eight out of 10 premises, but prevalence values had increased again in all of the improved hatcheries that were visited a third time. One hatchery harboured a difficult‐to‐control resident Salmonella 13,23:i:‐ strain and was visited six times; by the final visit, Salmonella prevalence was 2.3%, reduced from a high of 23.1%. In conclusion, the study found low‐level Salmonella contamination in some GB broiler hatcheries, with certain hatcheries being more severely affected. Furthermore, it was shown that Salmonella typically is difficult to eradicate from contaminated hatcheries, but substantial reductions in prevalence are possible with improvements to biosecurity, cleaning and disinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Oastler
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Christopher Nichols
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Kate Newton
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Shaun Cawthraw
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Rebecca J Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Andrew D Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Robert H Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lachapelle V, Racicot M, Comeau G, Rhouma M, Leroux A, Noubissie OW, Provost F, Zanabria R, Gaucher ML, Costa M, Chorfi Y, Holley R, Smillie J, Bosch ML, Dumas A, Brockhoff E, Collins S, Snelgrove P, Quessy S. Expert Elicitation To Estimate the Feed Safety Impact of Criteria Included in the Canadian Food Inspection Agency Risk Assessment Model for Feed Mills. J Food Prot 2021; 84:611-627. [PMID: 33232460 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The Canadian Food Inspection Agency is developing an Establishment-based Risk Assessment (ERA) model for commercial and on-farm mills involved in the manufacture, storage, packaging, labeling, or distribution of livestock feed (ERA-Feed Mill model). This model will help inform the allocation of inspection resources on the basis of feed safety risk, including animal health and food safety risk. In a previous study, 34 risk factors, grouped into inherent, mitigation, and compliance clusters, along with assessment criteria were selected. The objective of this current study was to estimate the relative risk (RR) of the 203 assessment criteria on the basis of the impact on feed safety to design an ERA-Feed Mill model algorithm. Furthermore, the intent of this study was to assess the maximum increase or decrease of risk obtained when multiple criteria belonging to a same cluster were identified in a specific feed mill. To do so, a two-round face-to-face expert elicitation was conducted with 28 Canadian feed experts. Results showed no significant association between respondent profiles (years of experience and work sector) and estimated RR. Uniformity of answers between experts improved between rounds. Criteria having the highest increase in risk (median RR ≥ 4) included the presence of materials prohibited to be fed to ruminants in a facility that produces ruminant feed, the presence of multiple livestock species on-site, and historical noncompliances related to the inspection of the feed mill's process control and end-product control programs. Risk mitigation criteria having the highest impact on decreasing the risk were the implementation of feed safety certifications, the use of dedicated manufacturing lines (prohibited materials or medications), and having a hazard sampling plan in place for finished feed. The median RR assigned to each criterion and cluster will be used to build an algorithm of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's ERA-Feed Mill model. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lachapelle
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Manon Racicot
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5003-5901 [M. Racicot])
| | - Geneviève Comeau
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Mohamed Rhouma
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.,Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Alexandre Leroux
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | | | - France Provost
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Romina Zanabria
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Marcio Costa
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Younès Chorfi
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Rick Holley
- University of Manitoba, Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - John Smillie
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - My-Lien Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Association of Canada, 300 Sparks Street, Suite 330, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1R 7S3
| | - André Dumas
- Center for Aquaculture Technologies Canada, 20 Hope Street, P.O. Box 388, Souris, Prince Edward Island, Canada C0A 2B0
| | - Egan Brockhoff
- Canadian Pork Council, 900-220 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 5Z9
| | - Stephanie Collins
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 58 Sipu Road, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada B2N 5E3; and
| | - Phil Snelgrove
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 59 Camelot Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Caffrey N, Agunos A, Gow S, Liljebjelke K, Mainali C, Checkley SL. Salmonella spp. prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in broiler chicken and turkey flocks in Canada from 2013 to 2018. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:719-736. [PMID: 33780135 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella infections are a major human health concern. In the elderly and immunocompromised, infections can be life-threatening and may require antibiotic therapy. Where antibiotic therapy is required, antimicrobials of choice include fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC). The aim of this study is to utilize data from the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) to compare the prevalence of Salmonella serovars between broiler chicken and turkey flocks across Canada, and to gain an understanding of the prevalence of resistance to antimicrobials categorized as important to human health. There were 1,596 Salmonella isolates obtained from 514 broiler chicken flocks, and 659 Salmonella isolates obtained from 217 turkey flocks (2013-2018). All isolates were obtained from pooled faecal samples. Among broiler chicken flocks, the top three serovars were Kentucky (n = 573, 36%), Enteritidis (n = 314, 20%) and Heidelberg (n = 127, 8%). Resistance to ceftriaxone among Salmonella ser. Kentucky decreased from 27% in 2013 to 22% in 2018. There was no resistance among Salmonella ser. Enteritidis reported until 2018 when one isolate from British Columbia was resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphisoxazole and tetracycline. Salmonella ser. Heidelberg resistance to ceftriaxone decreased from 19% in 2013 to 14% in 2018. Among turkey flocks the top three serovars were Uganda (n = 109, 16.5%), Hadar (n = 85, 12%) and Muenchen (n = 66, 10%). No isolates of Salmonella ser. Uganda or Salmonella ser. Muenchen were resistant to any β-lactams. Salmonella ser. Hadar (34/81, 42%) exhibited resistance to ampicillin. There was no resistance to quinolones among turkey isolates. Emerging resistance among Salmonella ser. Enteritidis, and resistance to β-lactams and fluoroquinolones among Salmonella ser. Kentucky from broilers are cause for concern as these classes of antimicrobials are important for treatment of salmonellosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Caffrey
- Department Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Agnes Agunos
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sheryl Gow
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Karen Liljebjelke
- Department Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chunu Mainali
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Epidemiology Unit, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sylvia L Checkley
- Department Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rhouma M, Lachapelle V, Comeau G, Quessy S, Zanabria R, Provost F, Italiano C, Holley R, Smillie J, Brockhoff E, Bosch ML, Collins S, Dumas A, Chorfi Y, Costa M, Gaucher ML, Racicot M. Identification and selection of animal health and food safety-related risk factors to be included in the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's risk assessment model for livestock feed mills. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
6
|
The Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Hatcheries and Dissemination in an Integrated Broiler Chicken Operation in Korea. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010154. [PMID: 33440890 PMCID: PMC7827806 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive identification rates of Salmonella enterica in hatcheries and upstream breeder farms were 16.4% (36/220) and 3.0% (6/200), respectively. Among the Salmonella serovars identified in the hatcheries, S. enterica ser. Albany (17/36, 47.2%) was the most prevalent, followed by the serovars S. enterica ser. Montevideo (11/36, 30.6%) and S. enterica ser. Senftenberg (5/36, 13.9%), which were also predominant. Thirty-six isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial tested, of which 52.8% (n = 19) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Thirty-three isolates (enrofloxacin, MIC ≥ 0.25) showed point mutations in the gyrA and parC genes. One isolate, S. enterica ser. Virchow, carrying the blaCTX-M-15 gene from the breeder farm was ceftiofur resistant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that 52.0% S. enterica ser. Montevideo and 29.6% S. enterica ser. Albany isolates sourced from the downstream of hatcheries along the broiler chicken supply chain carried the same PFGE types as those of the hatcheries. Thus, the hatcheries showed a high prevalence of Salmonella isolates with high antimicrobial resistance and no susceptible isolate. The AMR isolates from hatcheries originating from breeder farms could disseminate to the final retail market along the broiler chicken supply chain. The emergence of AMR Salmonella in hatcheries may be due to the horizontal spread of resistant isolates. Therefore, Salmonella control in hatcheries, particularly its horizontal transmission, is important.
Collapse
|