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Intirach J, Shu C, Lv X, Gao S, Sutthanont N, Chen T, Lv Z. Human parasitic infections of the class Adenophorea: global epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention and control. Infect Dis Poverty 2024; 13:48. [PMID: 38902844 PMCID: PMC11188577 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-024-01216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human parasitic infections caused by Adenophorean nematodes encompass a range of diseases, including dioctophymiasis, trichuriasis, capillariasis, trichinellosis, and myositis. These infection can result in adverse impacts on human health and cause societal and economic concerns in tropical and subtropical regions. METHODS This review conducted searches in PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar for relevant studies that published in established databases up to April 26, 2024. Studies that focused on the common morphology, life cycle, disease distribution, clinical manifestations, and prevention and control strategies for Adenophorean parasitic diseases in humans were included. RESULTS Adenophorean nematodes exhibit shared morphological characteristics with a four-layered cuticle; uninucleate epidermal cells; pseudocoelom with six or more coelomocytes; generally three caudal glands; five esophageal glands; two testes in males with median-ventral supplementary glands in a single row; tail in males rarely possessing caudal alae; amphids always postlabial; presence of cephalic sensory organs; absence of phasmids; and a secretory-excretory system consisting of a single ventral gland cell, usually with a non-cuticularized terminal duct. Humans play two important roles in the life cycle of the nematode class, Adenophorea: 1) as a definitive host infected by ingesting undercooked paratenic hosts, embryonated eggs, infective larvae in fish tissue and meat contaminated with encysted or non-encysted larvae, and 2) as an accidental host infected by ingesting parasitic eggs in undercooked meat. Many organs are targeted by the Adenophorean nematode in humans such as the intestines, lungs, liver, kidneys, lymphatic circulation and blood vessels, resulting in gastrointestinal problems, excessive immunological responses, cell disruption, and even death. Most of these infections have significant incidence rates in the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America; however, some parasitic diseases have restricted dissemination in outbreaks. To prevent these diseases, interventions together with education, sanitation, hygiene and animal control measures have been introduced in order to reduce and control parasite populations. CONCLUSIONS The common morphology, life cycle, global epidemiology and pathology of human Adenophorean nematode-borne parasitic diseases were highlighted, as well as their prevention and control. The findings of this review will contribute to improvement of monitoring and predicting human-parasitic infections, understanding the relationship between animals, humans and parasites, and preventing and controlling parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitrawadee Intirach
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570100, China
| | - Chang Shu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Xin Lv
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Suzhen Gao
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Nataya Sutthanont
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tao Chen
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570100, China.
- Hainan Provincial Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control, Haikou, 570100, China.
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570100, China.
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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Marin AM, Popovici DC, Marucci G, Cherchi S, Mederle N. First Identification of Trichinella pseudospiralis in a Golden Jackal ( Canis aureus) in Romania. Pathogens 2023; 13:32. [PMID: 38251339 PMCID: PMC10818659 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spp. are etiological zoonotic agents that spread throughout the world and affect mammals, birds, and reptiles. Within this genus, Trichinella pseudospiralis is the only recognized non-encapsulated species known to infect mammals and birds. This species has been reported in the majority of European countries, and the real epidemiological scenario of this species remains to be defined because its detection in mammals is much lower than that of the capsulated species. The aim of this study was to examine the presence of Trichinella larvae isolated from the muscles of a jackal from the hunting fund of 36 Murfatlar, Constanta County, Romania. The muscle samples were examined by artificial digestion, and the larvae were identified at the species level by multiplex PCR. The presence of larvae belonging to T. pseudospiralis, a species more frequently reported in carnivorous birds, was observed. This study describes the first identification of T. pseudospiralis in a jackal. The results suggest that there is an urgent need to investigate which species of mammals and/or birds act as reservoirs for this zoonotic nematode in Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Marin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I”, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-M.M.); (N.M.)
| | | | - Gianluca Marucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Simona Cherchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Narcisa Mederle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I”, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-M.M.); (N.M.)
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Bandino E, Gomez-Morales MA, Brundu D, Soddu M, Ludovisi A, Cabras PA, Loi F, Pintore A, Pozio E. The illegal rearing and slaughtering of pigs in the wild on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia favor an increase in the biomass of Trichinella britovi in wild boars (Sus scrofa) but do not affect the serological prevalence of infection. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:323. [PMID: 37697408 PMCID: PMC10496314 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worms of the nematode genus Trichinella are zoonotic pathogens with a worldwide distribution. The first report of Trichinella on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia was for Trichinella britovi, one of the four species of this genus circulating in Europe, which was identified in 2005 following an outbreak of trichinellosis in humans due to the consumption of pork from pigs reared in the wild. Since then, T. britovi larvae have been repeatedly isolated from free-ranging pigs, foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and wild boars (Sus scrofa) sampled in the central-eastern region of the island (Orgosolo municipality), but have never been isolated from samples from other areas of the island. The aim of this study was to investigate the parasitological and serological prevalence of T. britovi infection in wild boars in Sardinia over space [eight wild boar hunting management units (HMUs)] and time (seven wild boar hunting seasons). METHODS Muscle and serum samples of boars killed in the 2014-2015 to 2020-2121 hunting seasons were collected from eight HMUs of central and south-western Sardinia. Trichinella sp. larvae were detected by artificial digestion of predilection muscles. A total of 4111 serum samples of wild boar were collected from the investigated HMUs and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a screening test and by western blot as a confirmatory test using excretory/secretory antigens. RESULTS Trichinella britovi muscle larvae were detected in six (0.03%) of the 17,786 wild boars tested. All of the Trichinella sp.-positive wild boars had been hunted in Orgosolo municipality (central-eastern area of the island), except for one, hunted in a neighboring municipality. An overall serological prevalence of 3.8% (95% confidence interval, 3.3-4.5) was detected by western blot. No statistical differences were detected between the HMUs where T. britovi larvae were detected in wild boars, foxes, and free-ranging pigs and those where wild boars, foxes and free-ranging pigs tested negative. CONCLUSIONS The serological prevalence did not vary between the wild boar populations in which the larval load was detectable by artificial digestion (Orgosolo municipality) and those in which the larval load was below the detection limit. Furthermore, the serological prevalence of anti-Trichinella immunoglobulin G in the wild boar populations remained constant during the study period, which covered seven wild boar hunting seasons. As the transmission events (i.e., the serological prevalence) are stable, the high biomass of the parasite in Orgosolo municipality can only have arisen as a consequence of factors independent of its natural cycle, i.e., the presence of a high number of free-ranging pigs, and the concomitant presence of African swine fever, due to illegal pig slaughtering in the field. This epidemiological situation suggests that the natural cycle of T. britovi may be influenced by inappropriate pig husbandry and slaughtering practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennio Bandino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Nuoro, Italy
| | | | - Diego Brundu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Manuela Soddu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ludovisi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federica Loi
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Pintore
- Laboratorio Fauna Selvatica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Akibekov OS, Syzdykova AS, Lider LA, Zhumalin AK, Zhagipar FS, Gajimuradova AM, Borovikov SN, Suranshiyev ZA, Ashimov SA. Trichinellosis dissemination among wild carnivores in the Republic of Kazakhstan: A 10-year study. Vet World 2023; 16:1840-1848. [PMID: 37859970 PMCID: PMC10583871 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1840-1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Trichinellosis is caused by a species of roundworm called Trichinella and is an invasive disease causing severe medical, veterinary, and socioeconomic problems worldwide. More than 100 mammalian species are Trichinella hosts. Among domestic animals, pigs and dogs are prone to trichinellosis. An essential aspect of controlling the spread of infection is to identify the number and level of infections in wild carnivores in the country. However, the number, habitats, and movements of wild animal Trichinella hosts in Kazakhstan have not been reported yet. This study aimed to monitor the wild animal habitat nearby the settlements for tracking the trichinellosis speading among carnivores. Materials and Methods Wild carnivorous animals were captured in seven regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The carcasses of corsacs, wolves, foxes, wild boars, and badgers were studied. Muscle tissue samples from spontaneously infected wild animals were collected. The digestion method in "GASTROS-2M" was used to isolate Trichinella spp. from animal muscles. The species of the parasite was determined by a polymerase chain reaction for 5S spacer of Trichinella ribosomal DNA with subsequent sequencing by Senger. Statistical analysis methods were performed for average value in Microsoft Excel 2010. Results The results of the research showed that among 155 animals wolves (20.4%) and foxes (26.7%) were the most infected with invasive Trichinella larvae. The invasion intensity was 503.6% in foxes and 289.7% in wolves. However, badgers (164%), wild boars (0%), and corsacs (0%) presented lower invasion levels. Using specific primers, larvae samples were identified as Trichinella nativa. Conclusion The results of monitoring revealed the spread of trichinosis among wild animals: wolves, foxes, badgers. The Karaganda, Kostanay, Western Kazakhstan, and Akmola regions had the largest distribution of wild animals infected with trichinellosis. In total, 20% of the 155 studied animals were infected. The greatest invasion intensity was typical for wolves, foxes and badgers. It is necessary to monitor the spread of trichinellosis among wild carnivores to control the epidemiological situation and reduce the level of spontaneous infection among animals. Regular monitoring of habitats and carnivores must be conducted within the country and in the border areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orken S. Akibekov
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Alfiya S. Syzdykova
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyudmila A. Lider
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aibek Kh. Zhumalin
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Fariza S. Zhagipar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aissarat M. Gajimuradova
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergey N. Borovikov
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanbolat A. Suranshiyev
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Sagandyk A. Ashimov
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
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Pavel R, Ursoniu S, Lupu MA, Olariu TR. Trichinellosis in Hospitalized Children and Adults from Western Romania: A 11-Year Retrospective Study. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040969. [PMID: 37109498 PMCID: PMC10146625 DOI: 10.3390/life13040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis, a serious and sometimes fatal human disease, is a consequence of consuming raw or improperly cooked meat containing the infective larvae of Trichinella spp. The aim of this observational cohort retrospective study is to compare the epidemiological, laboratory, clinical and therapeutic aspects of trichinellosis in children and adults from Western Romania. We investigated the medical records of patients who were diagnosed with trichinellosis and hospitalized between 17 January 2010 and 31 December 2020. One hundred thirty-three patients were identified according to the electronic databases of infectious disease hospitals, located in four counties from Western Romania. A total of 19 patients (14.28%) were children and 114 patients (85.71%) were adults. In children, the most frequent symptoms were digestive in 78.94%, followed by fever in 57.89%, eyelid or facial edema in 57.89% and myalgia in 52.63% of cases, while adults presented mainly myalgia in 87.71%, followed by fever in 77.19%, digestive symptoms in 68.42% and eyelid or facial edema in 66.66% of cases. The source of infection was pork meat products in the majority of patients (89.47%). Our results revealed a general declining trend in infection rates for both children and adults during the studied period. The vast majority of cases were severe and all required hospitalization. Education of the population along with public health strategies should be improved and maintained to fully prevent trichinellosis in Western Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Pavel
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Diagnosis and Study of Parasitic Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Discipline of Epidemiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Sorin Ursoniu
- Discipline of Public Health, Department of Functional Sciences, Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300173 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Maria Alina Lupu
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Diagnosis and Study of Parasitic Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 300310 Timisoara, Romania
- Patogen Preventia, 300124 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tudor Rares Olariu
- Discipline of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Diagnosis and Study of Parasitic Diseases, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Patogen Preventia, 300124 Timisoara, Romania
- Clinical Laboratory, Municipal Clinical Emergency Hospital, 300079 Timisoara, Romania
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Wang Y, Sang X, El-Ashram S, Ding Y, Yu K, Feng Y, Yang N. Establishment of a method for detecting Trichinella spiralis in ovine muscle tissues using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Exp Parasitol 2023; 246:108457. [PMID: 36599388 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is caused by Trichinella spiralis, a meat-borne zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through the consumption of infected undercooked or raw meat. Surveillance using safe and precise diagnostic tools to diagnose T. spiralis in sheep is needed to assess the incidence and probability of transmission from sheep to humans. In this study, we developed a real-time PCR assay to detect T. spiralis DNA in ovine muscle samples that can be used as an alternative surveillance tool to ensure food safety using newly designed primers. The assay is specific for the Scfld4 gene of Trichinella (T1) and enables the detection of larvae in ovine muscle tissue samples with high sensitivity and specificity. Trichuris ovis, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Haemonchus contortus, and Bunostomum trigonocephalum showed no nonspecific amplification. The assay could detect Trichinella DNA concentrations as low as 0.0026 ng/μL, equivalent to 0.0064 larvae, indicating a high sensitivity for T. spiralis detection. We used this real-time PCR to detect 73 ovine muscle samples from an ovine abattoir, and five samples tested positive via real-time PCR but negative via microscopy. This assay may provide a more specific and sensitive method for rapidly detecting Trichinella larvae in ovine muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, 110866, Shengyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, 110866, Shengyang, China
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong Province, China; Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Yingying Ding
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, 110866, Shengyang, China
| | - Kejie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, 110866, Shengyang, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, 110866, Shengyang, China
| | - Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, 110866, Shengyang, China.
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G R, G M, P B, L G, G D, C T, G P, S R, Di Donato A, G M, C G, M T. Trichinella surveillance program in wild birds, Emilia-Romagna (northern Italy), 2006–2021. First report of Trichinella pseudospiralis in western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) in Italy. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 19:191-195. [PMID: 36213525 PMCID: PMC9535160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Trichinella pseudospiralis is a cosmopolitan parasite capable of infecting both birds and mammals including humans. T. pseudospiralis has a limited zoonotic importance in comparison to that of the other Trichinella species. However, it has been recognized as the etiological agent of two outbreaks of trichinellosis due to the consumption of wild boar meat. The role played by birds in the epidemiology of T. pseudospiralis is still unclear and needs to be deepened. The aim of our work was to show the results of an extensive wild bird surveillance carried out in the Emilia-Romagna (E-R) region, northern Italy, over the last 16 years. As part of the regional wildlife surveillance program, 14,933 raptors and carrion-eating birds’ carcasses were necropsied from 2006 to 2021 and tested for the presence of Trichinella spp. larvae with only one positive result, an adult female of western marsh harrier. The larvae load (LPG) was evaluated on breast (100 LPG), wings (3.6 LPG), shoulder (2 LPG), head (4.5 LPG), thighs (8 LPG), lower legs (2 LPG) and tongue (0.77 LPG). The results of the present study confirm that also in northern Italy T. pseudospiralis has a low prevalence comparing to that of other Trichinella species. However, this study demonstrates that T. pseudospiralis can reach a high parasitic load in infested birds. The large distribution range, probably facilitated by its ability to infest birds, suggests the need for a continuous monitoring program. Results of a Trichinella monitoring program in wild birds during the period 2006–2021. First report of Trichinella pseudospiralis in a western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) in Italy. T. pseudospiralis can reach a high parasitic load in infested birds. The highest larval burden (100 LPG) was detected in the breast muscles of the affected marsh harrier. The ongoing isolation of this parasite suggests a stable presence of T. pseudospiralis in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugna G
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
- Corresponding author.
| | - Marucci G
- Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Bassi P
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gelmini L
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - D'Annunzio G
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Torreggiani C
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pupillo G
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rubini S
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - A. Di Donato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maioli G
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Garbarino C
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Tamba M
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
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Serological testing for Trichinella infection in animals and man: Current status and opportunities for advancements. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00165. [PMID: 35601880 PMCID: PMC9120223 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Sun Q, Huang J, Gu Y, Liu S, Zhu X. Dynamic changes of macrophage activation in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108716. [PMID: 35344812 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a serious food-borne parasitic zoonosis worldwide. Different host macrophage subsets play various roles during helminth infection; however, the dynamic changes in macrophage subsets following Trichinella spiralis infection have not been reported. Here, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to assess macrophage activation in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen, intestine, and muscle from T. spiralis-infected mice at 1, 5, 15, and 30 days post infection (dpi). Macrophages in the intestine, MLN, and spleen tended to be activated M1-type at 1 and 5 dpi, while at 15 dpi, M2-type macrophages started to become a major constituent of the spleen macrophage population, and in the intestine and MLN, macrophages were primarily mixed M1 and M2 type. At 30 dpi, macrophages in the intestine, muscle, MLN, and spleen were all mainly activated M2 cells. Additionally, mouse macrophages were cleared and the adult T. spiralis load were determined to evaluate the impact of macrophages on adult parasite expulsion. The results suggested that predominantly M1 macrophages contribute to adult T. spiralis expulsion in the enteral stage of infection. At the newborn larvae migration stage, M2 macrophage-mediated immunity had a weak scavenging effect on adults, but primarily promoted tissue repair and assisted muscle larva immune escape. Our study reveals further details of the interaction between T. spiralis and the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuan Gu
- Experimental Center for Basic Medical Teaching, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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10
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Thanchomnang T, Sadaow L, Sanpool O, Intapan PM, Rodpai R, Boonroumkaew P, Janwan P, Tourtip S, Maleewong W. Development of an immunochromatographic point-of-care test for detection of IgG antibody in serodiagnosis of human trichinellosis. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 111:148-153. [PMID: 34461253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trichinellosis is a globally distributed food-borne parasitic disease. Initially, diagnosis is usually made based on clinical signs, symptoms, and history of eating raw or undercooked meat. In the present study, an immunochromatographic test (ICT) kit was developed to diagnose trichinellosis by detecting IgG antibodies in sera of infected humans. METHODS Somatic extract from Trichinella spiralis larvae was used as the antigen for the ICT kit development. Diagnostic efficacy was evaluated using human serum samples from proven trichinellosis patients, healthy persons, and those with other parasitic infections. RESULTS The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of the ICT kit were 100.0% (95%; CI 88.8 to 100.0%), 92.5% (95% CI; 86.9 to 96.2%), 73.8% (95% CI; 58.0 to 86.1%), 100.0% (95% CI; 97.3 to 100.0%) and 93.8% (95% CI; 89.2 to 96.9%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This ICT diagnostic kit can be used as a testing tool for human trichinellosis. This test should permit rapid detection of infection to enable prompt anthelminthic treatment. It can also be used for retrospective diagnoses and field surveys based at laboratories where sophisticated equipment is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Penchom Janwan
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Somjintana Tourtip
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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11
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Pozio E, Celli M, Ludovisi A, Interisano M, Amati M, Gómez-Morales MA. Animal welfare and zoonosis risk: anti-Trichinella antibodies in breeding pigs farmed under controlled housing conditions. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:417. [PMID: 34419112 PMCID: PMC8379739 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04920-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Domesticated pigs are the main source of Trichinella sp. infections for humans, particularly when reared in backyards or free-ranging. In temperate areas of southern Europe, most pigs are farmed under controlled housing conditions, but sows and sometimes fattening pigs have access to outdoors to improve animal welfare. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether outdoor access of breeding pigs farmed under controlled housing conditions can represent a risk for Trichinella sp. transmission when the farm is located in an agricultural area interspersed with wooded areas and badlands, where Trichinella spp. could be present in wildlife. Methods Serum samples were collected from 63 breeding sows and one boar before and after their access to an open fenced area for 2 months and from 84 pigs that never had outdoor access. Samples were screened for anti-Trichinella antibodies by ELISA, and positive sera were confirmed using Western blot (Wb) excretory/secretory antigens. To detect Trichinella sp. larvae, muscle tissues from serologically positive and negative pigs were tested by artificial digestion. Results Thirteen (20.6%) sows and one boar tested positive with both ELISA and Wb. No larvae were detected in muscle samples of serologically positive and serologically negative pigs. Positive serum samples were then tested by Wb using crude worm extract as antigens. The Wb banding pattern displayed was that characteristic of encapsulated species (Trichinella spiralis or Trichinella britovi). Conclusions The detection of anti-Trichinella antibodies without larvae in the pig muscles, supported by epidemiological data, suggests that pigs may have been exposed to T. britovi. This study stresses the importance of instigating monitoring systems at farm level to prevent Trichinella sp. transmission and to investigate, through a landscape parasitological study, the suitability of a site before the planting of a high containment level pig farm in which the sows can have outside access to improve their welfare during pregnancy. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Celli
- Autonomous Veterinary Practitioner, Forlì, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ludovisi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Interisano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Amati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Angeles Gómez-Morales
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Ricchiuti L, Petrini A, Interisano M, Ruberto A, Salucci S, Marino L, Del Riccio A, Cocco A, Badagliacca P, Pozio E. First report of Trichinella pseudospiralis in a wolf (Canis lupus italicus). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 15:195-198. [PMID: 34136345 PMCID: PMC8182262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Within the genus Trichinella, Trichinella pseudospiralis is the only recognized non-encapsulated species known to infect mammals and birds. In October 2020, larvae recovered from muscle tissues of a wolf (Canis lupus italicus) originating from Molise Region, Central Italy, were molecularly confirmed as those of Trichinella britovi and T. pseudospiralis. This is the first detection of T. pseudospiralis from a wolf. In Italy, this zoonotic nematode was detected in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes), three birds (Strix aluco, Athene noctua, Milvus milvus) and five wild boars (Sus scrofa), and was also identified as the etiological agent of a human outbreak of trichinellosis in 2015. Since T. pseudospiralis is rarely reported from carnivore mammals in comparison to the encapsulated species frequently detected in these hosts, this finding opens the question of the role of carnivores as reservoirs for this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Ricchiuti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonio Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Interisano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Addolorato Ruberto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Stefania Salucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lucio Marino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Angela Del Riccio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cocco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Pietro Badagliacca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Gómez‐Morales MA, Mazzarello G, Bondi E, Arenare L, Bisso MC, Ludovisi A, Amati M, Viscoli C, Castagnola E, Orefice G, Magnè F, Pezzotti P, Pozio E. Second outbreak of Trichinella pseudospiralis in Europe: clinical patterns, epidemiological investigation and identification of the etiological agent based on the western blot patterns of the patients' serum. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:29-37. [PMID: 33164335 PMCID: PMC7894149 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease due to the ingestion of raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the larvae of nematodes belonging to the genus Trichinella. In January-February 2015, an outbreak of trichinellosis occurred in Genoa, Northern Italy. The epidemiological link was traced back to a dinner served at an agritourism farm on 31 December 2014, where a majority of the 52 guests had consumed the 'beef' steak tartare. The source of infection was not traced; however, it was noted that the amount of beef purchased officially for providing at the dinner did not correspond with that served, suggesting that meat of a different origin had been added to the beef to prepare the steak tartare. Clinical and laboratory data of 30 individuals out of the 52 (57.7%), of which four were hospitalized, were consistent with that of the case definition of trichinellosis. Western blot patterns of the sera from patients with confirmed trichinellosis were similar to the diagnostic pattern identified for the reference sera of Trichinella pseudospiralis but different from those of the control sera tested for patients infected with Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi. Identification of T. pseudospiralis as the aetiological agent responsible for the outbreak of trichinellosis using an indirect tool represents an advancement in the epidemiological investigation of this zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Gómez‐Morales
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ParasitesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
- Department of Infectious DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Giovanni Mazzarello
- Clinica Malattie InfettiveUniversity of Genoa (DISSAL)GenoaItaly
- Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | | | - Laura Arenare
- Public Health ServiceAzienda Sanitaria Locale 3GenoaItaly
| | | | - Alessandra Ludovisi
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ParasitesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
- Department of Infectious DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Marco Amati
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ParasitesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
- Department of Infectious DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Claudio Viscoli
- Clinica Malattie InfettiveUniversity of Genoa (DISSAL)GenoaItaly
- Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
| | - Elio Castagnola
- Pediatric Infectious Disease DivisionIRCCS GasliniGenoaItaly
| | | | - Federica Magnè
- Clinica Malattie InfettiveUniversity of Genoa (DISSAL)GenoaItaly
- Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenoaItaly
- Maternal and Childhood DepartmentSan Giacomo HospitalNovi LigureItaly
| | - Patrizio Pezzotti
- Department of Infectious DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ParasitesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
- Department of Infectious DiseasesIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
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