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Yan K. Recent advances in the effect of adipose tissue inflammation on insulin resistance. Cell Signal 2024; 120:111229. [PMID: 38763181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major risk factors for diabetes. Excessive accumulation of fat leads to inflammation of adipose tissue, which can increase the risk of developing diabetes. Obesity-related chronic inflammation can result in anomalies in glucose-lipid metabolism and insulin resistance, and it is a major cause of β-cell dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Thus, a long-term tissue inflammatory response is crucial for metabolic diseases, particularly type 2 diabetes. Chronic inflammation associated with obesity increases oxidative stress, secretes inflammatory factors, modifies endocrine variables, and interferes with insulin signalling pathways, all of which contribute to insulin resistance and glucose tolerance. Insulin resistance and diabetes are ultimately caused by chronic inflammation in the stomach, pancreas, liver, muscle, and fat tissues. In this article, we systematically summarize the latest research progress on the mechanisms of adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance, as well as the mechanisms of cross-talk between adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance, with a view to providing some meaningful therapeutic strategies for the treatment of insulin resistance by controlling adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Yan
- The Second Clinical College of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
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2
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Espartero A, Vidal A, Lopez I, Raya AI, Rodriguez M, Aguilera-Tejero E, Pineda C. Rapamycin downregulates α-klotho in the kidneys of female rats with normal and reduced renal function. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294791. [PMID: 38015969 PMCID: PMC10684065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Both mTOR and α-klotho play a role in the pathophysiology of renal disease, influence mineral metabolism and participate in the aging process. The influence of mTOR inhibition by rapamycin on renal α-klotho expression is unknown. Rats with normal (controls) and reduced (Nx) renal function were treated with rapamycin, 1.3 mg/kg/day, for 22 days. The experiments were conducted with rats fed 0.6% P diet (NP) and 0.2% P diet (LP). Treatment with rapamycin promoted phosphaturia in control and Nx rats fed NP and LP. A decrease in FGF23 was identified in controls after treatment with rapamycin. In rats fed NP, rapamycin decreased mRNA α-klotho/GADPH ratio both in controls, 0.6±0.1 vs 1.1±0.1, p = 0.001, and Nx, 0.3±0.1 vs 0.7±0.1, p = 0.01. At the protein level, a significant reduction in α-klotho was evidenced after treatment with rapamycin both by Western Blot: 0.6±0.1 vs 1.0±0.1, p = 0.01, in controls, 0.7±0.1 vs 1.1±0.1, p = 0.02, in Nx; and by immunohistochemistry staining. Renal α-klotho was inversely correlated with urinary P excretion (r = -0.525, p = 0.0002). The decrease in α-klotho after treatment with rapamycin was also observed in rats fed LP. In conclusion, rapamycin increases phosphaturia and down-regulates α-klotho expression in rats with normal and decreased renal function. These effects can be observed in animals ingesting normal and low P diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Espartero
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Angela Vidal
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lopez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana I. Raya
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Mariano Rodriguez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Escolastico Aguilera-Tejero
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Pineda
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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Opałka B, Żołnierczuk M, Grabowska M. Immunosuppressive Agents-Effects on the Cardiovascular System and Selected Metabolic Aspects: A Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6935. [PMID: 37959400 PMCID: PMC10647341 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of immunosuppressive drugs makes it possible to reduce inflammation in autoimmune diseases, as well as prevent transplant rejection in organ recipients. Despite their key action in blocking the body's immune response, these drugs have many side effects. These actions primarily affect the cardiovascular system, and the incidence of complications in patients using immunosuppressive drugs is significant, being associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular incidents such as myocardial infarction and stroke. This paper analyzes the mechanisms of action of commonly used immunosuppressive drugs and their impact on the cardiovascular system. The adverse effect of immunosuppressive drugs is associated with toxicity within the cardiovascular system, which may be a problem in the clinical management of patients after transplantation. Immunosuppressants act on the cardiovascular system in a variety of ways, including fibrosis and myocardial remodeling, endothelium disfunction, hypertension, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia or hyperglycaemia, metabolic syndrome, and hyperuricemia. The use of multidrug protocols makes it possible to develop regimens that can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events. A better understanding of their mechanism of action and the range of complications could enable physicians to select the appropriate therapy for a given patient, as well as to reduce complications and prolong life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Opałka
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Michał Żołnierczuk
- Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, 72-010 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Marta Grabowska
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
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Sadeghi A, Niknam M, Momeni-Moghaddam MA, Shabani M, Aria H, Bastin A, Teimouri M, Meshkani R, Akbari H. Crosstalk between autophagy and insulin resistance: evidence from different tissues. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:456. [PMID: 37876013 PMCID: PMC10599071 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a critical hormone that promotes energy storage in various tissues, as well as anabolic functions. Insulin resistance significantly reduces these responses, resulting in pathological conditions, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The management of insulin resistance requires better knowledge of its pathophysiological mechanisms to prevent secondary complications, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent evidence regarding the etiological mechanisms behind insulin resistance emphasizes the role of energy imbalance and neurohormonal dysregulation, both of which are closely regulated by autophagy. Autophagy is a conserved process that maintains homeostasis in cells. Accordingly, autophagy abnormalities have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, T2DM, obesity, and CVDs. Thus, there may be a link between autophagy and insulin resistance. Therefore, the interaction between autophagy and insulin function will be examined in this review, particularly in insulin-responsive tissues, such as adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asie Sadeghi
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Niknam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Shabani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Aria
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Bastin
- Clinical Research Development Center "The Persian Gulf Martyrs" Hospital, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Maryam Teimouri
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbari
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Shreya S, Grosset CF, Jain BP. Unfolded Protein Response Signaling in Liver Disorders: A 2023 Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14066. [PMID: 37762367 PMCID: PMC10531763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site for synthesis and folding of secreted and transmembrane proteins. Disturbance in the functioning of ER leads to the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins, which finally activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling. The three branches of UPR-IRE1 (Inositol requiring enzyme 1), PERK (Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR)-like ER kinase), and ATF6 (Activating transcription factor 6)-modulate the gene expression pattern through increased expression of chaperones and restore ER homeostasis by enhancing ER protein folding capacity. The liver is a central organ which performs a variety of functions which help in maintaining the overall well-being of our body. The liver plays many roles in cellular physiology, blood homeostasis, and detoxification, and is the main site at which protein synthesis occurs. Disturbance in ER homeostasis is triggered by calcium level imbalance, change in redox status, viral infection, and so on. ER dysfunction and subsequent UPR signaling participate in various hepatic disorders like metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease, liver cancer, viral hepatitis, and cholestasis. The exact role of ER stress and UPR signaling in various liver diseases is not fully understood and needs further investigation. Targeting UPR signaling with drugs is the subject of intensive research for therapeutic use in liver diseases. The present review summarizes the role of UPR signaling in liver disorders and describes why UPR regulators are promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Shreya
- Gene Expression and Signaling Lab, Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India;
| | - Christophe F. Grosset
- MIRCADE Team, U1312, Bordeaux Institute in Oncology, BRIC, Université de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Buddhi Prakash Jain
- Gene Expression and Signaling Lab, Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India;
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Makhijani P, Basso PJ, Chan YT, Chen N, Baechle J, Khan S, Furman D, Tsai S, Winer DA. Regulation of the immune system by the insulin receptor in health and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1128622. [PMID: 36992811 PMCID: PMC10040865 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1128622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways downstream of the insulin receptor (InsR) are some of the most evolutionarily conserved pathways that regulate organism longevity and metabolism. InsR signaling is well characterized in metabolic tissues, such as liver, muscle, and fat, actively orchestrating cellular processes, including growth, survival, and nutrient metabolism. However, cells of the immune system also express the InsR and downstream signaling machinery, and there is increasing appreciation for the involvement of InsR signaling in shaping the immune response. Here, we summarize current understanding of InsR signaling pathways in different immune cell subsets and their impact on cellular metabolism, differentiation, and effector versus regulatory function. We also discuss mechanistic links between altered InsR signaling and immune dysfunction in various disease settings and conditions, with a focus on age related conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, cancer and infection vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Makhijani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Paulo José Basso
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yi Tao Chan
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nan Chen
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jordan Baechle
- Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Buck Artificial Intelligence Platform, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Saad Khan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Furman
- Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Buck Artificial Intelligence Platform, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Stanford 1, 000 Immunomes Project, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pilar, Argentina
| | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel A. Winer
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Buck Artificial Intelligence Platform, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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de Tonnerre DJ, Medina Torres CE, Stefanovski D, Robinson MA, Kemp KL, Bertin FR, van Eps AW. Effect of sirolimus on insulin dynamics in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:703-712. [PMID: 36840433 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sirolimus, a mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitor, suppresses insulin production in other species and has therapeutic potential for hyperinsulinemia in horses. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE Determine the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of sirolimus and evaluate its effect on insulin dynamics in healthy and insulin dysregulation (ID) horses. ANIMALS Eight Standardbred geldings. METHODS A PK study was performed followed by a placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. Blood sirolimus concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass-spectrometry. PK indices were estimated by fitting a 2-compartment model using nonlinear least squares regression. An oral glucose test (OGT) was conducted before and 4, 24, 72, and 144 hours after administration of sirolimus or placebo. Effects of time, treatment and animal on blood glucose and insulin concentrations were analyzed using mixed-effects linear regression. Sirolimus was then administered to 4 horses with dexamethasone-induced ID and an OGT was performed at baseline, after ID induction and after 7 days of treatment. RESULTS Median (range) maximum sirolimus concentration was 277.0 (247.5-316.06) ng/mL at 5 (5-10) min and half-life was 3552 (3248-4767) min. Mean (range) oral bioavailability was 9.5 (6.8-12.4)%. Sirolimus had a significant effect on insulin concentration 24 hours after a single dose: median (interquartile range) insulin at 60 min (5.0 [3.7-7.0] μIU/mL) was 37 (-5 to 54)% less than placebo (8.7 [5.8-13.7] μIU/mL, P = .03); and at 120 min (10.2 [8.4-12.2] μIU/mL) was 28 (-15 to 53)% less than placebo (14.9 [8.4-24.8] μIU/mL, P = .02). There was minimal effect on glucose concentration. Insulin responses decreased toward baseline in ID horses after 7 days of treatment. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Sirolimus decreased the insulinemic response to glucose and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demia J de Tonnerre
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary A Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kate L Kemp
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - François-René Bertin
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew W van Eps
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
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10,12-conjugated linoleic acid supplementation improves HDL composition and function in mice. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100241. [PMID: 35714730 PMCID: PMC9283942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, which are major risk factors for CVD. One dietary component of ruminant animal foods, 10,12-conjugated linoleic acid (10,12 CLA), has been shown to promote weight loss in humans. Previous work has shown that 10,12 CLA is atheroprotective in mice by a mechanism that may be distinct from its weight loss effects, but this exact mechanism is unclear. To investigate this, we evaluated HDL composition and function in obese LDL receptor (Ldlr−/−) mice that were losing weight because of 10,12 CLA supplementation or caloric restriction (CR; weight-matched control group) and in an obese control group consuming a high-fat high-sucrose diet. We show that 10,12 CLA-HDL exerted a stronger anti-inflammatory effect than CR- or high-fat high-sucrose-HDL in cultured adipocytes. Furthermore, the 10,12 CLA-HDL particle (HDL-P) concentration was higher, attributed to more medium- and large-sized HDL-Ps. Passive cholesterol efflux capacity of 10,12 CLA-HDL was elevated, as was expression of HDL receptor scavenger receptor class B type 1 in the aortic arch. Murine macrophages treated with 10,12 CLA in vitro exhibited increased expression of cholesterol transporters Abca1 and Abcg1, suggesting increased cholesterol efflux potential of these cells. Finally, proteomics analysis revealed elevated Apoa1 content in 10,12 CLA-HDL-Ps, consistent with a higher particle concentration, and particles were also enriched with alpha-1-antitrypsin, an emerging anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic HDL-associated protein. We conclude that 10,12 CLA may therefore exert its atheroprotective effects by increasing HDL-P concentration, HDL anti-inflammatory potential, and promoting beneficial effects on cholesterol efflux.
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Fasting and Fasting Mimicking Diets in Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2022; 33:699-717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Pelton R. Rapamycin: Extending Health Span and Life Span. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2022; 21:48-52. [PMID: 35702488 PMCID: PMC9173851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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Li M, Lan Y, Gao J, Yuan S, Hou S, Guo T, Zhao F, Wang Y, Yuan W, Wang X. Rapamycin Promotes the Expansion of Myeloid Cells by Increasing G-CSF Expression in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:779159. [PMID: 35372343 PMCID: PMC8969869 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.779159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin, also known as sirolimus, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is a regulatory kinase responsible for multiple signal transduction pathways. Although rapamycin has been widely used in treating various hematologic diseases, the effects of rapamycin are still not fully understood. Here we found that both oral and intraperitoneal administration of rapamycin led to the expansion of myeloid lineage, while intraperitoneal administration of rapamycin impaired granulocyte differentiation in mice. Rapamycin induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to produce more G-CSF in vitro and in vivo, and promoted the myeloid cells expansion. Our results thus demonstrated that intraperitoneal administration of rapamycin might promote the expansion of myeloid lineage while impair myeloid cell differentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjie Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengnan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuaibing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Tengxiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaomin Wang,
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Bitto A, Tatom N, Krivak T, Grotz P, Kaeberlein M. Evidence that C/EBP-β LAP Increases Fat Metabolism and Protects Against Diet-Induced Obesity in Response to mTOR Inhibition. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:738512. [PMID: 35822052 PMCID: PMC9261321 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.738512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging and obesity are common risk factors for numerous chronic pathologies, and the compounding effects of old age and increased adiposity pose a serious threat to public health. Starting from the assumption that aging and obesity may have shared underpinnings, we investigated the antiobesogenic potential of a successful longevity intervention, the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. We find that rapamycin prevents diet-induced obesity in mice and increases the activity of C/EBP-β LAP, a transcription factor that regulates the metabolic shift to lipid catabolism observed in response to calorie restriction. Independent activation of C/EBP-β LAP with the antiretroviral drug adefovir dipivoxil recapitulates the anti-obesogenic effects of rapamycin without reducing signaling through mTORC1 and increases markers of fat catabolism in the liver. Our findings support a model that C/EBP-β LAP acts downstream of mTORC1 signaling to regulate fat metabolism and identifies a novel drug that may be exploited to treat obesity and decrease the incidence of age-related disease.
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Zhang J, Shi Y, Yang C, Sun B, Ma H, Huang R, Li Z, Wang M, Wang Q, Ma J, Xiong X. Adipocyte-specific deletion of Depdc5 exacerbates insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 569:118-124. [PMID: 34243067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a crucial regulator of adipogenesis and systemic energy metabolism. Its dysregulation leads to a diversity of metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. DEP-domain containing 5 (DEPDC5) is a critical component of GATOR1 complex that functions as a key inhibitor of mTORC1. So far, its function in adipose tissue remains largely unknown. Herein we evaluated how persistent mTORC1 activation in adipocyte via Depdc5 knockout modulates adiposity in vivo. Our data indicated that adipocyte-specific knockout of Depdc5 in aged mice led to reduced visceral fat, aggravated insulin resistance and enhanced adipose tissue inflammation. Moreover, we found that Depdc5 ablation resulted in upregulation of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in adipocytes and elevated levels of serum free fatty acids (FFAs). Intriguingly, rapamycin treatment did not reverse insulin resistance but alleviated adipose tissue inflammation caused by Depdc5 deletion. Taken together, our findings revealed that mTORC1 activation caused by Depdc5 deletion promotes lipolysis process and further exacerbates insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; College of Pharmacy,Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yiping Shi
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences,Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chenyan Yang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Pharmacy,Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Honghui Ma
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zun Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Mingyong Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Qingzhi Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences,Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
| | - Xiwen Xiong
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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Nguyen S, Banks WA, Rhea EM. Effects of Rapamycin on Insulin Brain Endothelial Cell Binding and Blood-Brain Barrier Transport. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:medsci9030056. [PMID: 34449653 PMCID: PMC8395935 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin is an exogenous compound that has been shown to improve cognition in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models and can regulate pathways downstream of the insulin receptor signaling pathway. Insulin is also known to improve cognition in rodent models of Alzheimer’s disease. Central nervous system (CNS) insulin must first cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a specialized network of brain endothelial cells. This transport process is regulated by physiological factors, such as insulin itself, triglycerides, cytokines, and starvation. Since rapamycin treatment can alter the metabolic state of rodents, increase the circulating triglycerides, and acts as a starvation mimetic, we hypothesized rapamycin could alter the rate of insulin transport across the BBB, providing a potential mechanism for the beneficial effects of rapamycin on cognition. Using young male and female CD-1 mice, we measured the effects of rapamycin on the basal levels of serum factors, insulin receptor signaling, vascular binding, and BBB pharmacokinetics. We found chronic rapamycin treatment was able to affect basal levels of circulating serum factors and endothelial cell insulin receptor signaling. In addition, while acute rapamycin treatment did affect insulin binding at the BBB, overall transport was unaltered. Chronic rapamycin slowed insulin BBB transport non-significantly (p = 0.055). These results suggest that rapamycin may not directly impact the transport of insulin at the BBB but could be acting to alter insulin signaling within brain endothelial cells, which can affect downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William A. Banks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Deißler A, Della Penna A, van Geffen C, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Günther A, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Hartl D, Nürnberg B, Königsrainer A, Kolahian S, Quante M. Rapamycin delays allograft rejection in obese graft recipients through induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Immunol Lett 2021; 236:1-11. [PMID: 34015361 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a relevant problem in transplantation medicine with steadily increasing numbers of obese graft recipients. However, the effect of immunomodulatory drugs on transplant-related outcomes among obese patients are unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of rapamycin on allograft rejection and alloimmune response in a murine model of diet-induced obesity and fully-mismatched skin transplantation. Rapamycin significantly delayed allograft rejection in obese recipient mice compared to treated lean mice (14.5 days vs. 10.7 days, p = 0.005). Treatment with rapamycin increased frequencies of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs), augmented the immunosuppressive activity of M-MDSCs on T cells through indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway and shifted CD4+T cells towards regulatory T cells in obese graft recipients. In summary, our results demonstrate that rapamycin delays allograft rejection in obese graft recipients by enhancing suppressive immune cell function and shifting immune cell subsets towards anti-inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Deißler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Della Penna
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chiel van Geffen
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Menendez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Günther
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Dominik Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nürnberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy & Toxicology and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics & Drug Research (IZePhA), University Hospitals and Clinics, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Saeed Kolahian
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Quante
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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16
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Efficacy and Safety of Sirolimus for Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome: A Prospective Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116:1044-1052. [PMID: 33416235 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare systemic venous malformation (VM) disease. The characteristic gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding from multiple VM lesions causes severe chronic anemia which renders most patients depend on lifelong blood transfusion and frequent endoscopic treatment with dismayed outcomes. Although recent case reports suggest that oral sirolimus (rapamycin) is effective, a comprehensive evaluation of its efficacy and safety is in need. METHODS A prospective study was conducted for both pediatric and adult BRBNS patients with administration of sirolimus at the dose of 1.0 mg/m2 to maintain a trough concentration of 3-10 ng/mL. Laboratory tests including complete blood count, biochemical profile, D-dimer, and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging were performed at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Clinical indicators such as hemoglobin level, lesion size, and transfusion need were evaluated. Adverse effects were recorded regularly. RESULTS A total of 11 patients (4 males and 7 females) with median age of 14 (range, 5-49) years were recruited. The average lesion size was reduced by 7.4% (P < 0.001), 9.3% (P < 0.001), and 13.0% (P < 0.05) at 3, 6, and 12 months of sirolimus treatment, respectively. Hemoglobin increased significantly after 6- and 12-month treatment (P = 0.006 and 0.019, respectively). Only 1 patient received blood transfusion once during the study. Patients' quality of life and coagulation function were improved. Grade 1-2 adverse effects including oral ulcers (81.8%), acne (27.3%), transient elevation of liver enzymes (18.2%), and hair loss (9.1%) were observed. DISCUSSION Sirolimus reduces the size of VMs, alleviates GI bleeding, and eliminates transfusion dependence of patients with BRBNS. The drug-related adverse effects are mild and mostly self-limited. These findings support sirolimus as a first-line treatment for GI and cutaneous VMs of BRBNS (see Visual abstract, Supplementary Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/AJG/B819).
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Abstract
Cells metabolize nutrients for biosynthetic and bioenergetic needs to fuel growth and proliferation. The uptake of nutrients from the environment and their intracellular metabolism is a highly controlled process that involves cross talk between growth signaling and metabolic pathways. Despite constant fluctuations in nutrient availability and environmental signals, normal cells restore metabolic homeostasis to maintain cellular functions and prevent disease. A central signaling molecule that integrates growth with metabolism is the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR is a protein kinase that responds to levels of nutrients and growth signals. mTOR forms two protein complexes, mTORC1, which is sensitive to rapamycin, and mTORC2, which is not directly inhibited by this drug. Rapamycin has facilitated the discovery of the various functions of mTORC1 in metabolism. Genetic models that disrupt either mTORC1 or mTORC2 have expanded our knowledge of their cellular, tissue, as well as systemic functions in metabolism. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the regulation and functions of mTORC2, particularly in metabolism, has lagged behind. Since mTOR is an important target for cancer, aging, and other metabolism-related pathologies, understanding the distinct and overlapping regulation and functions of the two mTOR complexes is vital for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the key discoveries and recent findings on the regulation and metabolic functions of the mTOR complexes. We highlight findings from cancer models but also discuss other examples of the mTOR-mediated metabolic reprogramming occurring in stem and immune cells, type 2 diabetes/obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelia Szwed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Eugene Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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18
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Magenis ML, Damiani AP, de Marcos PS, de Pieri E, de Souza E, Vilela TC, de Andrade VM. Fructose consumption during pregnancy and lactation causes DNA damage and biochemical changes in female mice. Mutagenesis 2020; 35:179-187. [PMID: 31967303 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of fructose during pregnancy can cause hyperglycaemia and may stimulate production of reactive oxygen species; however, there are only a few studies reporting whether fructose consumption during pregnancy causes DNA damage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fructose consumption on genetic and biochemical parameters in Swiss mice treated during pregnancy and lactation. For this, 15 couples of 60-day-old Swiss mice were divided into three groups of five couples: negative control (water) and two fructose groups (fructose dose of 10%/l and 20%/l). During this period, we evaluated food consumption, energy efficiency and body weight. Samples of blood were collected from the females before copulation, after the 15th day of conception and on the 21st day after the lactation period, for the glycaemic and lipid profiles as well as comet assay and micronucleus (MN) test. Comet assay and MN test evaluate DNA damage and clastogenicity, respectively. In the gestation and lactation period, the two fructose doses tested showed DNA damage as observed in the comet assay, which is associated with an increase in dietary intake, body weight, lipid profile and fasting glycaemia in females. Thus, it can be suggested that the high consumption of fructose during these periods is harmful for pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lummertz Magenis
- Laboratory of Translational Biomedicine, University of Southern Santa Catarina, UNESC, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Adriani Paganini Damiani
- Laboratory of Translational Biomedicine, University of Southern Santa Catarina, UNESC, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Pamela Souza de Marcos
- Laboratory of Translational Biomedicine, University of Southern Santa Catarina, UNESC, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Ellen de Pieri
- Laboratory of Translational Pathophysiology, University of Southern Santa Catarina, UNESC, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Emanuel de Souza
- Course of Biomedicine, Graduate Program of Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, UNESC, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Thais Ceresér Vilela
- Laboratory of Translational Biomedicine, University of Southern Santa Catarina, UNESC, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Moraes de Andrade
- Laboratory of Translational Biomedicine, University of Southern Santa Catarina, UNESC, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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19
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Lutz C, Maher L, Lee C, Kang W. COVID-19 preclinical models: human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice. Hum Genomics 2020; 14:20. [PMID: 32498696 PMCID: PMC7269898 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-020-00272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a declared pandemic that is spreading all over the world at a dreadfully fast rate. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen of COVID-19, infects the human body using angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor identical to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic that occurred in 2002-2003. SARS-CoV-2 has a higher binding affinity to human ACE2 than to that of other species. Animal models that mimic the human disease are highly essential to develop therapeutics and vaccines against COVID-19. Here, we review transgenic mice that express human ACE2 in the airway and other epithelia and have shown to develop a rapidly lethal infection after intranasal inoculation with SARS-CoV, the pathogen of SARS. This literature review aims to present the importance of utilizing the human ACE2 transgenic mouse model to better understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and develop both therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Lutz
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609 USA
| | - Leigh Maher
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032 USA
| | - Charles Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032 USA
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Rd., Xi’an, 710061 Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wonyoung Kang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032 USA
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20
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Unnikrishnan A, Kurup K, Salmon AB, Richardson A. Is Rapamycin a Dietary Restriction Mimetic? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:4-13. [PMID: 30854544 PMCID: PMC6909904 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial suggestion that rapamycin, an inhibitor of target of rapamycin (TOR) nutrient signaling, increased lifespan comparable to dietary restriction, investigators have viewed rapamycin as a potential dietary restriction mimetic. Both dietary restriction and rapamycin increase lifespan across a wide range of evolutionarily diverse species (including yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice) as well as reducing pathology and improving physiological functions that decline with age in mice. The purpose of this article is to review the research comparing the effect of dietary restriction and rapamycin in mice. The current data show that dietary restriction and rapamycin have different effects on many pathways and molecular processes. In addition, these interventions affect the lifespan of many genetically manipulated mouse models differently. In other words, while dietary restriction and rapamycin may have similar effects on some pathways and processes; overall, they affect many pathways/processes quite differently. Therefore, rapamycin is likely not a true dietary restriction mimetic. Rather dietary restriction and rapamycin appear to be increasing lifespan and retarding aging largely through different mechanisms/pathways, suggesting that a combination of dietary restriction and rapamycin will have a greater effect on lifespan than either manipulation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Unnikrishnan
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Kavitha Kurup
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Adam B Salmon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Sam and Ann Barhop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Geratric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City,Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma,Address correspondence to: Arlan Richardson, PhD, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1372, Oklahoma City, OK 73104. E-mail:
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Ye HL, Zhang JW, Chen XZ, Wu PB, Chen L, Zhang G. Ursodeoxycholic acid alleviates experimental liver fibrosis involving inhibition of autophagy. Life Sci 2019; 242:117175. [PMID: 31843528 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been widely used in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) with chronic liver fibrosis, but its detailed mechanism remains unclear. This study was aimed to determine whether autophagic signaling is involved in the therapeutic effect of UDCA on liver fibrosis. METHODS By using hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line LX2 and CCl4-induced fibrotic rat model, autophagy signaling was investigated by western blotting and mRFP-EGFP-LC3 tandem fluorescent tagged plasmid (ptfLC3) transfection technique. Anti-fibrotic profile was determined by western blotting, qRT-PCR, MTT assay, trypan blue, hydroxyproline assay and Masson staining. KEY FINDINGS TGFβ1 treatment decreased P62 accumulation and increased both autophagosomes and autolysosomes in LX2 cells, thereby elevated autophagic flux. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), antagonist of autophagy, was found to dramatically inhibit COL1A2 mRNA expression and cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. This coincides with the effect of UDCA intervention on collagen aggradation and cell viability. Meanwhile, UDCA inhibited TGFβ1-induced autophagy flux. And rapamycin, agonist of autophagy, was found to impair the anti-fibrotic effect of UDCA. Moreover, study in vivo showed that UDCA alone or in combination with HCQ restored the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rodent models with autophagy inhibited profile. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our study revealed that UDCA displays anti-fibrotic role by protecting HSC against production of collagen and inhibiting cellular viability involving autophagy inhibition and provide a new insight into the pharmacological basis of UDCA treatment for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lan Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China; Department of Internal Medicine, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Ji-Wang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xing-Zhou Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Peng-Bo Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- New Drug Research & Development Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Guo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
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Fasting and rapamycin: diabetes versus benevolent glucose intolerance. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:607. [PMID: 31406105 PMCID: PMC6690951 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin (Sirolimus) slows aging, extends life span, and prevents age-related diseases, including diabetic complications such as retinopathy. Puzzlingly, rapamycin can induce insulin sensitivity, but may also induce insulin resistance or glucose intolerance without insulin resistance. This mirrors the effect of fasting and very low calorie diets, which improve insulin sensitivity and reverse type 2 diabetes, but also can cause a form of glucose intolerance known as benevolent pseudo-diabetes. There is no indication that starvation (benevolent) pseudo-diabetes is detrimental. By contrast, it is associated with better health and life extension. In transplant patients, a weak association between rapamycin/everolimus use and hyperglycemia is mostly due to a drug interaction with calcineurin inhibitors. When it occurs in cancer patients, the hyperglycemia is mild and reversible. No hyperglycemic effects of rapamycin/everolimus have been detected in healthy people. For antiaging purposes, rapamycin/everolimus can be administrated intermittently (e.g., once a week) in combination with intermittent carbohydrate restriction, physical exercise, and metformin.
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Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic ApoE-/- Mice by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via Restoration of Autophagy through the mTOR Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8134678. [PMID: 31080547 PMCID: PMC6442448 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8134678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background There is a crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and autophagy, and autophagy could attenuate endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) exerts vascular protection functions. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of autophagy in diabetic atherosclerosis (AS) and the effect of GBE on autophagy and ERS. Methods Network pharmacology was utilized to predict the targets and pathways of the active chemical compounds of Gingko biloba leaf to attenuate AS. ApoE−/− mice were rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal ingestion with streptozotocin combined with a high-fat diet. The diabetic mice were divided into five groups: model group, atorvastatin group, rapamycin group, and low- and high-dose GBE groups. Serum and tissue markers of autophagy or ERS markers, including the protein expression, were examined. Results The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and NF-κB signaling pathways were targeted by the active chemical compounds of GBE to attenuate AS predicted by network pharmacology. GBE reduced the plaque area/lumen area and the plaque lipid deposition area/intimal area and inhibited the expressions of CD68, MMP2, and MMP9. Rapamycin and GBE inhibited the expression of mTOR and SQSTM1/p62 which increased in the aorta of diabetic mice. In addition, GBE reduced the expression of ERS markers in diabetic mice. GBE reduced the serum lipid metabolism levels, blood glucose, and inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion Impaired autophagy and overactive endoplasmic reticulum stress contributed to diabetic atherosclerosis. mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and GBE attenuated diabetic atherosclerosis by inhibiting ERS via restoration of autophagy through inhibition of mTOR.
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