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Baldelomar EJ, Morozov D, Wilson LD, Eldeniz C, An H, Charlton JR, Bauer AQ, Keilholz SD, Hulbert ML, Bennett KM. Resting-state MRI reveals spontaneous physiological fluctuations in the kidney and tracks diabetic nephropathy in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 327:F113-F127. [PMID: 38660712 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00423.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The kidneys maintain fluid-electrolyte balance and excrete waste in the presence of constant fluctuations in plasma volume and systemic blood pressure. The kidneys perform these functions to control capillary perfusion and glomerular filtration by modulating the mechanisms of autoregulation. An effect of these modulations are spontaneous, natural fluctuations in glomerular perfusion. Numerous other mechanisms can lead to fluctuations in perfusion and flow. The ability to monitor these spontaneous physiological fluctuations in vivo could facilitate the early detection of kidney disease. The goal of this work was to investigate the use of resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (rsMRI) to detect spontaneous physiological fluctuations in the kidney. We performed rsMRI of rat kidneys in vivo over 10 min, applying motion correction to resolve time series in each voxel. We observed spatially variable, spontaneous fluctuations in rsMRI signal between 0 and 0.3 Hz, in frequency bands associated with autoregulatory mechanisms. We further applied rsMRI to investigate changes in these fluctuations in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Spectral analysis was performed on time series of rsMRI signals in the kidney cortex and medulla. The power from spectra in specific frequency bands from the cortex correlated with severity of glomerular pathology caused by diabetic nephropathy. Finally, we investigated the feasibility of using rsMRI of the human kidney in two participants, observing the presence of similar, spatially variable fluctuations. This approach may enable a range of preclinical and clinical investigations of kidney function and facilitate the development of new therapies to improve outcomes in patients with kidney disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work demonstrates the development and use of resting-state MRI to detect low-frequency, spontaneous physiological fluctuations in the kidney consistent with previously observed fluctuations in perfusion and potentially due to autoregulatory function. These fluctuations are detectable in rat and human kidneys, and the power of these fluctuations is affected by diabetic nephropathy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Baldelomar
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Darya Morozov
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Leslie D Wilson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Cihat Eldeniz
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Hongyu An
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jennifer R Charlton
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Adam Q Bauer
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Shella D Keilholz
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Monica L Hulbert
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Kevin M Bennett
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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Deng J, Van Duyn C, Cohen DJ, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Strategies for Improving Impaired Osseointegration in Compromised Animal Models. J Dent Res 2024; 103:467-476. [PMID: 38616679 PMCID: PMC11055505 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241231777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Implant osseointegration is reduced in patients with systemic conditions that compromise bone quality, such as osteoporosis, disuse syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Studies using rodent models designed to mimic these compromised conditions demonstrated reduced bone-to-implant contact (BIC) or a decline in bone mineral density. These adverse effects are a consequence of disrupted intercellular communication. A variety of approaches have been developed to compensate for the altered microenvironment inherent in compromised conditions, including the use of biologics and implant surface modification. Chemical and physical modification of surface properties at the microscale, mesoscale, and nanoscale levels to closely resemble the surface topography of osteoclast resorption pits found in bone has proven to be a highly effective strategy for improving implant osseointegration. The addition of hydrophilicity to the surface further enhances osteoblast response at the bone-implant interface. These surface modifications, applied either alone or in combination, improve osseointegration by increasing proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells and enhancing angiogenesis while modulating osteoclast activity to achieve net new bone formation, although the specific effects vary with surface treatment. In addition to direct effects on surface-attached cells, the communication between bone marrow stromal cells and immunomodulatory cells is sensitive to these surface properties. This article reports on the advances in titanium surface modifications, alone and in combination with novel therapeutics in animal models of human disease affecting bone quality. It offers clinically translatable perspectives for clinicians to consider when using different surface modification strategies to improve long-term implant performance in compromised patients. This review supports the use of surface modifications, bioactive coatings, and localized therapeutics as pragmatic approaches to improve BIC and enhance osteogenic activity from both structural and molecular standpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - C. Van Duyn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - D. J. Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Z. Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - B. D. Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Teixidó-Trujillo S, Porrini E, Menéndez-Quintanal LM, Torres-Ramírez A, Fumero C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez AE. Induction of diabetes by Tacrolimus in a phenotypic model of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1388361. [PMID: 38745946 PMCID: PMC11092379 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1388361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathogenesis of Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus (PTDM) is complex and multifactorial and it resembles that of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). One risk factor specific to PTDM differentiates both entities: the use of immunosuppressive therapy. Specifically, Tacrolimus interacts with obesity and insulin resistance (IR) in accelerating the onset of PTDM. In a genotypic model of IR, the obese Zucker rats, Tacrolimus is highly diabetogenic by promoting the same changes in beta-cell already modified by IR. Nevertheless, genotypic animal models have their limitations and may not resemble the real pathophysiology of diabetes. In this study, we have evaluated the interaction between beta-cell damage and Tacrolimus in a non-genotypic animal model of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Methods Sprague Dawley rats were fed a high-fat enriched diet during 45 days to induce obesity and metabolic dysregulation. On top of this established obesity, the administration of Tacrolimus (1mg/kg/day) during 15 days induced severe hyperglycaemia and changes in morphological and structural characteristics of the pancreas. Results Obese animals administered with Tacrolimus showed increased size of islets of Langerhans and reduced beta-cell proliferation without changes in apoptosis. There were also changes in beta-cell nuclear factors such as a decrease in nuclear expression of MafA and a nuclear overexpression of FoxO1A, PDX-1 and NeuroD1. These animals also showed increased levels of pancreatic insulin and glucagon. Discussion This model could be evidence of the relationship between the T2DM and PTDM physiopathology and, eventually, the model may be instrumental to study the pathogenesis of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Teixidó-Trujillo
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Esteban Porrini
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de la Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Menéndez-Quintanal
- Department of Chemistry and Drugs, National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Armando Torres-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de la Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Cecilia Fumero
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Elena Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de la Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Srivastava SP, Upadhyay P, Das S, Tiwari N, Mishra S, Tripathi SM. Managing Diabetic Complications with Alternative Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e070923220791. [PMID: 37691189 DOI: 10.2174/1573399820666230907112430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease affecting millions worldwide. It is characterized by a lack of insulin production or impaired insulin function, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Conventional treatment methods for diabetes management typically include lifestyle changes and medications. However, alternative therapies have gained attention in recent years, including traditional medicine containing bioactive compounds, supplements like vitamin D and Omega-3 fatty acids, aromatherapy, and homeopathy. Diabetic complications are common in patients with uncontrolled diabetes and can lead to serious health problems, including diabetic retinopathy, impaired wound healing, kidney disease, nerve damage, and cardiovascular disease. Alternative remedies, such as traditional medicine containing bioactive compounds, supplements, and aromatherapy, have been studied for their potential benefits in managing these complications. Traditional medicines like bitter melon, cinnamon, and fenugreek have been shown to have anti-diabetic effects due to their bioactive compounds. Similarly, supplements like vitamin D and Omega-3 fatty acids have been found to improve glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Aromatherapy, which involves the use of essential oils, has also been explored for its potential benefits in diabetes management. Homeopathy, which uses highly diluted substances to stimulate the body's natural healing abilities, has been used to treat diabetes-related symptoms like neuropathy and wounds. Personalized care is essential in natural diabetes management because each person's body and health needs are unique. A holistic approach that addresses the individual's physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being is essential. As research in this field continues to expand, a more comprehensive understanding of diabetes management will lead to improved outcomes for those living with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawan Upadhyay
- Department of Pharmacy, Maharishi University of Information Technology, Lucknow, India
| | - Shibu Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Maharishi University of Information Technology, Lucknow, India
| | - Neha Tiwari
- Khyati College of Pharmacy, Palodia, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Shivendra Mani Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, India
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Anderson KD, Beckmann C, Heermant S, Ko FC, Dulion B, Tarhoni I, Borgia JA, Virdi AS, Wimmer MA, Sumner DR, Ross RD. Zucker Diabetic-Sprague Dawley Rats Have Impaired Peri-Implant Bone Formation, Matrix Composition, and Implant Fixation Strength. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10819. [PMID: 38025036 PMCID: PMC10652173 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) will require total joint replacement (TJR) in the next decade. T2DM patients are at increased risk for TJR failure, but the mechanisms are not well understood. The current study used the Zucker Diabetic-Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat model of T2DM with Sprague Dawley (SPD) controls to investigate the effects of intramedullary implant placement on osseointegration, peri-implant bone structure and matrix composition, and fixation strength at 2 and 10 weeks post-implant placement. Postoperative inflammation was assessed with circulating MCP-1 and IL-10 2 days post-implant placement. In addition to comparing the two groups, stepwise linear regression modeling was performed to determine the relative contribution of glucose, cytokines, bone formation, bone structure, and bone matrix composition on osseointegration and implant fixation strength. ZDSD rats had decreased peri-implant bone formation and reduced trabecular bone volume per total volume compared with SPD controls. The osseointegrated bone matrix of ZDSD rats had decreased mineral-to-matrix and increased crystallinity compared with SPD controls. Osseointegrated bone volume per total volume was not different between the groups, whereas implant fixation was significantly decreased in ZDSD at 2 weeks but not at 10 weeks. A combination of trabecular mineral apposition rate and postoperative MCP-1 levels explained 55.6% of the variance in osseointegration, whereas cortical thickness, osseointegration mineral apposition rate, and matrix compositional parameters explained 69.2% of the variance in implant fixation strength. The results support the growing recognition that both peri-implant structure and matrix composition affect implant fixation and suggest that postoperative inflammation may contribute to poor outcomes after TJR surgeries in T2DM patients. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Christian Beckmann
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Saskia Heermant
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Frank C Ko
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Bryan Dulion
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Imad Tarhoni
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Jeffrey A Borgia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Amarjit S Virdi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Markus A Wimmer
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - D Rick Sumner
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
| | - Ryan D Ross
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and ImmunityRush University Medical CenterChicagoILUSA
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Pandey S, Chmelir T, Chottova Dvorakova M. Animal Models in Diabetic Research-History, Presence, and Future Perspectives. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2852. [PMID: 37893225 PMCID: PMC10603837 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a very serious disease, the incidence of which has been increasing worldwide. The beginning of diabetic research can be traced back to the 17th century. Since then, animals have been experimented on for diabetic research. However, the greatest development of diabetes research occurred in the second half of the last century, along with the development of laboratory techniques. Information obtained by monitoring patients and animal models led to the finding that there are several types of DM that differ significantly from each other in the causes of the onset and course of the disease. Through different types of animal models, researchers have studied the pathophysiology of all types of diabetic conditions and discovered suitable methods for therapy. Interestingly, despite the unquestionable success in understanding DM through animal models, we did not fully succeed in transferring the data obtained from animal models to human clinical research. On the contrary, we have observed that the chances of drug failure in human clinical trials are very high. In this review, we will summarize the history and presence of animal models in the research of DM over the last hundred years. Furthermore, we have summarized the new methodological approaches, such as "organ-on-chip," that have the potential to screen the newly discovered drugs for human clinical trials and advance the level of knowledge about diabetes, as well as its therapy, towards a personalized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Pandey
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Chmelir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
| | - Magdalena Chottova Dvorakova
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic;
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Yagihashi S. Contribution of animal models to diabetes research: Its history, significance, and translation to humans. J Diabetes Investig 2023; 14:1015-1037. [PMID: 37401013 PMCID: PMC10445217 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is still expanding globally and is epidemic in developing countries. The combat of this plague has caused enormous economic and social burdens related to a lowered quality of life in people with diabetes. Despite recent significant improvements of life expectancy in patients with diabetes, there is still a need for efforts to elucidate the complexities and mechanisms of the disease processes to overcome this difficult disorder. To this end, the use of appropriate animal models in diabetes studies is invaluable for translation to humans and for the development of effective treatment. In this review, a variety of animal models of diabetes with spontaneous onset in particular will be introduced and discussed for their implication in diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Exploratory Medicine for Nature, Life and HumansToho University School of MedicineChibaJapan
- Department of PathologyHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
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Weninger SN, Ding A, Browne EN, Frost ML, Schiro G, Laubitz D, Duca FA. Longitudinal Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in the Diabetic ZDSD Rat Model and Therapeutic Potential of Oligofructose. Metabolites 2023; 13:660. [PMID: 37233701 PMCID: PMC10220957 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) creates challenges for studying the progression and treatment of the disease in animal models. A newly developed rat model of diabetes, the Zucker Diabetic Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat, closely parallels the progression of T2D in humans. Here, we examine the progression of T2D and associated changes in the gut microbiota in male ZDSD rats and test whether the model can be used to examine the efficacy of potential therapeutics such as prebiotics, specifically oligofructose, that target the gut microbiota. Bodyweight, adiposity, and fed/fasting blood glucose and insulin were recorded over the course of the study. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed, and feces collected at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age for short-chain fatty acids and microbiota analysis using 16s rRNA gene sequencing. At the end of 24 weeks of age, half of the rats were supplemented with 10% oligofructose and tests were repeated. We observed a transition from healthy/nondiabetic to prediabetic and overtly diabetic states, via worsened insulin and glucose tolerance and significant increases in fed/fasted glucose, followed by a significant decrease in circulating insulin. Acetate and propionate levels were significantly increased in the overt diabetic state compared to healthy and prediabetic. Microbiota analysis demonstrated alterations in the gut microbiota with shifts in alpha and beta diversity as well as alterations in specific bacterial genera in healthy compared to prediabetic and diabetic states. Oligofructose treatment improved glucose tolerance and shifted the cecal microbiota of the ZDSD rats during late-stage diabetes. These findings underscore the translational potential of ZDSD rats as a model of T2D and highlight potential gut bacteria that could impact the development of the disease or serve as a biomarker for T2D. Additionally, oligofructose treatment was able to moderately improve glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savanna N. Weninger
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Angela Ding
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Elizabeth N. Browne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Morgan L. Frost
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Gabriele Schiro
- The PANDA Core for Genomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Daniel Laubitz
- The PANDA Core for Genomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Frank A. Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Micheletti C, Jolic M, Grandfield K, Shah FA, Palmquist A. Bone structure and composition in a hyperglycemic, obese, and leptin receptor-deficient rat: Microscale characterization of femur and calvarium. Bone 2023; 172:116747. [PMID: 37028238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic abnormalities, such as diabetes mellitus and obesity, can impact bone quantity and/or bone quality. In this work, we characterize bone material properties, in terms of structure and composition, in a novel rat model with congenic leptin receptor (LepR) deficiency, severe obesity, and hyperglycemia (type 2 diabetes-like condition). Femurs and calvaria (parietal region) from 20-week-old male rats are examined to probe bones formed both by endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Compared to the healthy controls, the LepR-deficient animals display significant alterations in femur microarchitecture and in calvarium morphology when analyzed by micro-computed X-ray tomography (micro-CT). In particular, shorter femurs with reduced bone volume, combined with thinner parietal bones and shorter sagittal suture, point towards a delay in the skeletal development of the LepR-deficient rodents. On the other hand, LepR-deficient animals and healthy controls display analogous bone matrix composition, which is assessed in terms of tissue mineral density by micro-CT, degree of mineralization by quantitative backscattered electron imaging, and various metrics extrapolated from Raman hyperspectral images. Some specific microstructural features, i.e., mineralized cartilage islands in the femurs and hyper-mineralized areas in the parietal bones, also show comparable distribution and characteristics in both groups. Overall, the altered bone microarchitecture in the LepR-deficient animals indicates compromised bone quality, despite the normal bone matrix composition. The delayed development is also consistent with observations in humans with congenic Lep/LepR deficiency, making this animal model a suitable candidate for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Micheletti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Jolic
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Furqan A Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Recent Advances in the Knowledge of the Mechanisms of Leptin Physiology and Actions in Neurological and Metabolic Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021422. [PMID: 36674935 PMCID: PMC9860943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess body weight is frequently associated with low-grade inflammation. Evidence indicates a relationship between obesity and cancer, as well as with other diseases, such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in which inflammation and the actions of various adipokines play a role in the pathological mechanisms involved in these disorders. Leptin is mainly produced by adipose tissue in proportion to fat stores, but it is also synthesized in other organs, where leptin receptors are expressed. This hormone performs numerous actions in the brain, mainly related to the control of energy homeostasis. It is also involved in neurogenesis and neuroprotection, and central leptin resistance is related to some neurological disorders, e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In peripheral tissues, leptin is implicated in the regulation of metabolism, as well as of bone density and muscle mass. All these actions can be affected by changes in leptin levels and the mechanisms associated with resistance to this hormone. This review will present recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of leptin action and their underlying roles in pathological situations, which may be of interest for revealing new approaches for the treatment of diseases where the actions of this adipokine might be compromised.
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11
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Transcriptomic and proteomic pathways of diabetic and non-diabetic mitochondrial transplantation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22101. [PMID: 36543810 PMCID: PMC9772345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced mitochondrial function increases myocardial susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in diabetic hearts. Mitochondrial transplantation (MT) ameliorates IRI, however, the cardioprotective effects of MT may be limited using diabetic mitochondria. Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats were subjected to temporary myocardial RI and then received either vehicle alone or vehicle containing mitochondria isolated from either diabetic ZDF or non-diabetic Zucker lean (ZL) rats. The ZDF rats were allowed to recover for 2 h or 28 days. MT using either ZDF- or ZL-mitochondria provided sustained reduction in infarct size and was associated with overlapping upregulation of pathways associated with muscle contraction, development, organization, and anti-apoptosis. MT using either ZDF- or ZL-mitochondria also significantly preserved myocardial function, however, ZL- mitochondria provided a more robust long-term preservation of myocardial function through the mitochondria dependent upregulation of pathways for cardiac and muscle metabolism and development. MT using either diabetic or non-diabetic mitochondria decreased infarct size and preserved functional recovery, however, the cardioprotection afforded by MT was attenuated in hearts receiving diabetic compared to non-diabetic MT.
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12
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Wang AN, Carlos J, Singh KK, Fraser GM, McGuire JJ. Endothelium dysfunction in hind limb arteries of male Zucker Diabetic-Sprague Dawley rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115319. [PMID: 36279920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium dysfunction produces peripheral vascular disease comorbidities in type 2 diabetes, including hypertension, and critical limb ischemia. In this study we aimed to test endothelial dysfunction, the vasodilator effects of a proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) agonist (2fLIGRLO), and thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor (ozagrel) on PAR2 vasodilation in hind limb arteries ex vivo, using Zucker Diabetic-Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rats, a model of type 2 diabetes. Male Sprague Dawley rats (SD) and ZDSD were fed a high-fat content 'Western diet' from 16 to 20 weeks of age (wks) then fed a standard laboratory diet. We identified diabetic ZDSD rats by two consecutive blood glucose measurements > 12.5 mM, based on weekly monitoring. We used acetylcholine, 2fLIGRLO, and nitroprusside with wire-myograph methods to compare relaxations of femoral, and saphenous arteries from diabetic ZDSD (21-23 wks) to age-matched normoglycemic SD. All arteries showed evidence of endothelium dysfunction using acetylcholine (reduced maximum relaxations, reduced sensitivity), and higher sensitivities to 2fLIGRLO, and nitroprusside in ZDSD vs SD. Ozagrel treatment of ZDSD distal segments, and end-branches of saphenous arteries decreased their sensitivities to 2fLIGRLO. We tested aortas for altered expression of endothelium-specific gene targets using PCR array and qPCR. PAR2, and placental growth factor gene transcripts were 1.5, and 4-times higher in ZDSD than SD aortas. Hind limb arteries of ZDSD exhibit endothelium dysfunction having less GPCR agonist induced vasodilation by endothelial NO-release. Different expression of several endothelial genes in ZDSD vs SD aortas, including PAR2, suggests altered inflammatory, and angiogenesis signaling pathways in the endothelium of ZDSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Wang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joselia Carlos
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krishna K Singh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham M Fraser
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - John J McGuire
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Guidelines for cellular and animal models of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. EFOOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/efd2.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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14
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Kollarova M, Chomova M, Radosinska D, Tothova L, Shawkatova I, Radosinska J. ZDF fa/fa rats show increasing heterogeneity in main parameters during ageing as confirmed by biometrics, oxidative stress markers and MMP activity. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1326-1338. [PMID: 36039019 DOI: 10.1113/ep090455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? To characterize ZDF fa/fa rats and two controls (Wistar and lean ZDF fa/+) during ageing. What is the main finding and its importance? ZDF fa/fa rats with lower glycaemia have a greater body and left ventricular weight, and lower plasma gelatinase activity compared with hyperglycaemic rats. As diabetes represents a heterogeneous metabolic disorder, the inhomogeneity of ZDF fa/fa rats may be beneficial in the study of its different aspects. Our experiments may promote a discussion regarding the suitable normoglycemic control for aged ZDF fa/fa rats, especially in experiments focused on myocardial tissue. ABSTRACT Zucker diabetic fatty rats (ZDF fa/fa) - an animal model for the study of type 2 diabetes (T2D), are considered as a uniform group in most experimental studies; however, there are indices regarding their growing inhomogeneity over time. The main objective of our study was to monitor particular biometric and biochemical parameters of ZDF fa/fa rats during development to T2D and compare them with two controls (Wistar and lean ZDF fa/+). According to fasting glycaemia, ZDF fa/fa were arbitrarily split into two phenotypes - obese ZDF (fa/fa)-FAT and diabetic ZDF (fa/fa)-DIA. Glycaemia was progressively rising only in ZDF (fa/fa)-DIA which also exhibited higher cholesterol levels compared with ZDF (fa/fa)-FAT. In addition, ZDF (fa/fa)-FAT revealed more pronounced left ventricular hypertrophy and greater body weight, differentiating them from ZDF (fa/fa)-DIA. Moreover, we investigated the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), multifunctional enzymes involved in tissue remodelling. Rats in the ZDF (fa/fa)-FAT group revealed lower plasma MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity compared with ZDF (fa/fa)-DIA. However, increased myocardial MMP-2 activity indicated left ventricular remodelling in both ZDF phenotypes. As T2D in humans represents a heterogeneous metabolic disorder, the heterogeneity of ZDF fa/fa rats may be beneficial in the study of different aspects of this pathology. Moreover, Wistar rats could serve as a more appropriate control for aged ZDF fa/fa rats than commonly used fa/+ rats that showed an increase in left ventricular weight, carbonyl stress markers in the left myocardium and MMP-2 activity in both ventricles, indicating heart remodelling processes compared with the Wistar control group. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kollarova
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 2, Bratislava, 813 72, Slovakia
| | - Maria Chomova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 2, Bratislava, 813 72, Slovakia
| | - Dominika Radosinska
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odborarske Namestie 14, Bratislava, 811 08, Slovakia
| | - Lubomira Tothova
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 811 08, Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Shawkatova
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odborarske Namestie 14, Bratislava, 811 08, Slovakia
| | - Jana Radosinska
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 2, Bratislava, 813 72, Slovakia.,Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
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15
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Mieczkowski M, Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska B, Kowara M, Kleibert M, Czupryniak L. The Problem of Wound Healing in Diabetes—From Molecular Pathways to the Design of an Animal Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147930. [PMID: 35887276 PMCID: PMC9319250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds are becoming an increasingly common clinical problem due to an aging population and an increased incidence of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and venous insufficiency, which are the conditions that impair and delay the healing process. Patients with diabetes constitute a group of subjects in whom the healing process is particularly prolonged regardless of its initial etiology. Circulatory dysfunction, both at the microvascular and macrovascular levels, is a leading factor in delaying or precluding wound healing in diabetes. The prolonged period of wound healing increases the risk of complications such as the development of infection, including sepsis and even amputation. Currently, many substances applied topically or systemically are supposed to accelerate the process of wound regeneration and finally wound closure. The role of clinical trials and preclinical studies, including research based on animal models, is to create safe medicinal products and ensure the fastest possible healing. To achieve this goal and minimize the wide-ranging burdens associated with conducting clinical trials, a correct animal model is needed to replicate the wound conditions in patients with diabetes as closely as possible. The aim of the paper is to summarize the most important molecular pathways which are impaired in the hyperglycemic state in the context of designing an animal model of diabetic chronic wounds. The authors focus on research optimization, including economic aspects and model reproducibility, as well as the ethical dimension of minimizing the suffering of research subjects according to the 3 Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Mieczkowski
- Department of Diabetology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.); (L.C.)
| | - Beata Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska
- Department of Diabetology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Kowara
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marcin Kleibert
- Department of Diabetology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.); (L.C.)
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Leszek Czupryniak
- Department of Diabetology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.); (L.C.)
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16
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Huang J, Pham M, Panenka WJ, Honer WG, Barr AM. Chronic Treatment With Psilocybin Decreases Changes in Body Weight in a Rodent Model of Obesity. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:891512. [PMID: 35664477 PMCID: PMC9157591 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.891512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently relatively few effective pharmacological treatments for obesity, and existing ones may be associated with limiting side-effects. In the search for novel anti-obesity agents, drugs that modify central serotonergic systems have historically proven to be effective in promoting weight loss. Psilocin, which is rapidly metabolized from psilocybin, is an agonist at multiple serotonin receptors. In the present study we assessed the effects of psilocybin and a positive control (metformin) on changes in body weight in a rat model of obesity. METHODS Five groups of adult male rats were pre-conditioned with a cafeteria diet until obese (>600 g) and then treated with either psilocybin (0.1, 1, or 5 mg/kg, i.p.), metformin (300 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle control. Treatments were for 27 consecutive weekdays, and body weights and high calorie food intake were recorded daily. Fasting glucose levels were recorded after 11 days of treatment. At the end of treatment rats completed a glucose tolerance test, and multiple fat pads were dissected out to assess adiposity. RESULTS The medium dose psilocybin group had to be terminated from the study prematurely. Both the low and high dose psilocybin groups caused a significant decrease in changes in body weight compared to controls. The metformin group produced a greater decrease in change in body weight than either psilocybin groups or controls. Both high dose psilocybin and metformin decreased consumption of the high calorie diet, and exhibited decreased central adiposity. CONCLUSION Psilocybin demonstrated modest but significant effects on weight gain. Further study is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michelle Pham
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William J Panenka
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Mental Health & Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William G Honer
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Mental Health & Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alasdair M Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,British Columbia Mental Health & Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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