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Neri D, Ramos-Lobo AM, Lee S, Lafond A, Zeltser LM. Rearing mice at 22°C programs increased capacity to respond to chronic exposure to cold but not high fat diet. Mol Metab 2023; 73:101740. [PMID: 37211277 PMCID: PMC10248272 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rodent models raised at environmental temperatures of 21-22 °C are increasingly switched to thermoneutral housing conditions in adulthood to better capture human physiology. We quantified the developmental effects of rearing mice at an ambient temperature of 22 °C vs. 30 °C on metabolic responses to cold and high fat diet (HFD) in adulthood. METHODS Mice were reared from birth to 8 weeks of age at 22 °C or 30 °C, when they were acclimated to single housing at the same temperature for 2-3 weeks in indirect calorimetry cages. Energy expenditure attributable to basal metabolic rate, physical activity, thermic effect of food, and adaptive cold- or diet-induced thermogenesis was calculated. Responses to cooling were evaluated by decreasing the ambient temperature from 22 °C to 14 °C, while responses to HFD feeding were assessed at 30 °C. Influences of rearing temperature on thermogenic responses that emerge over hours, days and weeks were assessed by maintaining mice in the indirect calorimetry cages throughout the study. RESULTS At an ambient temperature of 22 °C, total energy expenditure (TEE) was 12-16% higher in mice reared at 22 °C as compared to 30 °C. Rearing temperature had no effect on responses in the first hours or week of the 14 °C challenge. Differences emerged in the third week, when TEE increased an additional 10% in mice reared at 22 °C, but mice reared at 30 °C could not sustain this level of cold-induced thermogenesis. Rearing temperature only affected responses to HFD during the first week, due to differences in the timing but not the strength of metabolic adaptations. CONCLUSION Rearing at 22 °C does not have a lasting effect on metabolic adaptations to HFD at thermoneutrality, but it programs an enhanced capacity to respond to chronic cold challenges in adulthood. These findings highlight the need to consider rearing temperature when using mice to model cold-induced thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Neri
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Seoeun Lee
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexandre Lafond
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lori M Zeltser
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Li IH, Liu TT, Chen YC, Hsiao SH, Hung HY, Fann LY, Shih JH. Therapeutic effects of methimazole on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced hyperthermia and serotonergic neurotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114880. [PMID: 37224751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular recreational drug, however over 200 studies demonstrate that acute (e.g. hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis) and chronic (e.g. neurotoxicity) toxicity effects of MDMA were observed in different animals. Methimazole (MMI), an inhibitor of thyroid hormone synthesis, was found to significantly reduce the HSP72 expression of heat stress induced in fibroblasts. Hence, we attempted to understand the effects of MMI on MDMA induced changes in vivo. Male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows:(a) water-saline (b) water-MDMA (c) MMI-saline and (d) MMI-MDMA group. In the temperature analysis test, MMI was found to alleviate MDMA-induced hyperthermia and increase the heat loss index (HLI), revealing its peripheral vasodilation effect. PET experiment suggested that MDMA induced elevated glucose uptake by skeletal muscles, which was resolved by MMI pretreatment. IHC staining (serotonin transporter, SERT) showed the evidence of neurotoxicity caused by MDMA (serotonin fiber loss), which was alleviated by MMI. Furthermore, the animal behaviour test (forced swimming test, FST) showed higher swimming time but lower immobility time in MMI-MDMA and MMI-saline groups. Taken together, treatment of MMI shows benefits such as lowered body temperature, alleviation of neurotoxicity and excited behaviour. However, further investigations should be conducted in the future to provide in-depth evidence for its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsun Li
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ta Liu
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Hao-Yuan Hung
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yun Fann
- Department of Nursing, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hu Shih
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Gliniak CM, Scherer PE. Critical lipids link breastfeeding to healthy adipose tissue in infancy and adulthood. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2198-2200. [PMID: 31081800 DOI: 10.1172/jci128830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of beige adipose tissue (BeAT) has recently gained popularity because of its potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and other metabolic disorders. While BeAT regulation is well understood in adults, the critical signals regulating BeAT during infant development need to be better defined. The bioactive components in breast milk have been primarily studied in the context of immunity. In this issue of the JCI, Yu and Dilbaz et al. identify how a class of breast milk-specific lipid mediators referred to as alkylglycerols (AKGs) maintain BeAT in infants and prevent the transdifferentiation of BeAT into lipid-storing white adipose tissue (WAT).
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Symonds ME, Aldiss P, Dellschaft N, Law J, Fainberg HP, Pope M, Sacks H, Budge H. Brown adipose tissue development and function and its impact on reproduction. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R53-R62. [PMID: 29789429 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although brown adipose tissue (BAT) is one of the smallest organs in the body, it has the potential to have a substantial impact on both heat production as well as fat and carbohydrate metabolism. This is most apparent at birth, which is characterised with the rapid appearance and activation of the BAT specific mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP)1 in many large mammals. The amount of brown fat then gradually declines with age, an adaptation that can be modulated by the thermal environment. Given the increased incidence of maternal obesity and its potential transmission to the mother's offspring, increasing BAT activity in the mother could be one mechanism to prevent this cycle. To date, however, all rodent studies investigating maternal obesity have been conducted at standard laboratory temperature (21°C), which represents an appreciable cold challenge. This could also explain why offspring weight is rarely increased, suggesting that future studies would benefit from being conducted at thermoneutrality (~28°C). It is also becoming apparent that each fat depot has a unique transcriptome and show different developmental pattern, which is not readily apparent macroscopically. These differences could contribute to the retention of UCP1 within the supraclavicular fat depot, the most active depot in adult humans, increasing heat production following a meal. Despite the rapid increase in publications on BAT over the past decade, the extent to which modifications in diet and/or environment can be utilised to promote its activity in the mother and/or her offspring remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Symonds
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research CentreSchool of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Aldiss
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Neele Dellschaft
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James Law
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hernan P Fainberg
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark Pope
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Harold Sacks
- VA Endocrinology and Diabetes DivisionVA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, and Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Helen Budge
- Early Life Research UnitDivision of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Oelkrug R, Polymeropoulos ET, Jastroch M. Brown adipose tissue: physiological function and evolutionary significance. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:587-606. [PMID: 25966796 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In modern eutherian (placental) mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) evolved as a specialized thermogenic organ that is responsible for adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). For NST, energy metabolism of BAT mitochondria is increased by activation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which dissipates the proton motive force as heat. Despite the presence of UCP1 orthologues prior to the divergence of teleost fish and mammalian lineages, UCP1's significance for thermogenic adipose tissue emerged at later evolutionary stages. Recent studies on the presence of BAT in metatherians (marsupials) and eutherians of the afrotherian clade provide novel insights into the evolution of adaptive NST in mammals. In particular studies on the 'protoendothermic' lesser hedgehog tenrec (Afrotheria) suggest an evolutionary scenario linking BAT to the onset of eutherian endothermy. Here, we review the physiological function and distribution of BAT in an evolutionary context by focusing on the latest research on phylogenetically distinct species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Oelkrug
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany,
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Merkestein M, Cagampang FR, Sellayah D. Fetal programming of adipose tissue function: an evolutionary perspective. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:413-23. [PMID: 24969535 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an escalating threat of pandemic proportions and has risen to such unrivaled prominence in such a short period of time that it has come to define a whole generation in many countries around the globe. The burden of obesity, however, is not equally shared among the population, with certain ethnicities being more prone to obesity than others, while some appear to be resistant to obesity altogether. The reasons behind this ethnic basis for obesity resistance and susceptibility, however, have remained largely elusive. In recent years, much evidence has shown that the level of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, which augments energy expenditure and is negatively associated with obesity in both rodents and humans, varies greatly between ethnicities. Interestingly, the incidence of low birth weight, which is associated with an increased propensity for obesity and cardiovascular disease in later life, has also been shown to vary by ethnic background. This review serves to reconcile ethnic variations in BAT development and function with ethnic differences in birth weight outcomes to argue that the variation in obesity susceptibility between ethnic groups may have its origins in the in utero programming of BAT development and function as a result of evolutionary adaptation to cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrte Merkestein
- MRC Harwell, Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
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Symonds ME. Brown adipose tissue growth and development. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:305763. [PMID: 24278771 PMCID: PMC3820149 DOI: 10.1155/2013/305763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue is uniquely able to rapidly produce large amounts of heat through activation of uncoupling protein (UCP) 1. Maximally stimulated brown fat can produce 300 watts/kg of heat compared to 1 watt/kg in all other tissues. UCP1 is only present in small amounts in the fetus and in precocious mammals, such as sheep and humans; it is rapidly activated around the time of birth following the substantial rise in endocrine stimulatory factors. Brown adipose tissue is then lost and/or replaced with white adipose tissue with age but may still contain small depots of beige adipocytes that have the potential to be reactivated. In humans brown adipose tissue is retained into adulthood, retains the capacity to have a significant role in energy balance, and is currently a primary target organ in obesity prevention strategies. Thermogenesis in brown fat humans is environmentally regulated and can be stimulated by cold exposure and diet, responses that may be further modulated by photoperiod. Increased understanding of the primary factors that regulate both the appearance and the disappearance of UCP1 in early life may therefore enable sustainable strategies in order to prevent excess white adipose tissue deposition through the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Symonds
- Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Academic Division of Child Health, School of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Mostyn A, Bos PM, Litten JC, Laws J, Symonds ME, Clarke L. Differential effects of thyroid hormone manipulation and beta adrenoceptor agonist administration on uncoupling protein mRNA abundance in adipose tissue and thermoregulation in neonatal pigs. Organogenesis 2012; 4:182-7. [PMID: 19279731 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.3.6505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that there is significant disparity in the expression of uncoupling proteins (UCP) 2 and 3 between modern-commercial and ancient-Meishan porcine genotypes, commercial pigs also have higher plasma triiodothyronine (T(3)) in on the first day of life. T(3) and the sympathetic nervous system are both known to regulate UCPs in rodents and humans; their role in regulating these proteins in the pig is unknown. This study examined whether thyroid hormone manipulation or administration of a selective beta3 adrenoceptor agonist (ZD) influenced plasma hormones, colonic temperature and UCP expression in adipose tissue of two breeds of pig. To mimic the differences observed in thyroid hormone status, piglets from Meishan and commercial litters were randomly assigned to control (1 ml/kg water), T(3) (10 mg/kg) (Meishan only), methimazole (a commonly used antithyroid drug) (50 mg/kg) (commercial only) or ZD (10 mg/kg) oral administration for the first 4 days of postnatal life. Adipose tissue UCP2/3 mRNA abundance was measured on day 4 using PCR. T(3) administration raised plasma T(3) concentrations and increased colonic temperature on day 4. UCP3 mRNA abundance was higher in Meishan, than commercial piglets (p = 0.042) and was downregulated following T(3) administration (p = 0.014). Irrespective of genotype, ZD increased UCP2 mRNA abundance (Meishan p = 0.05, commercial p = 0.03). Expression of neither UCP2 nor 3 was related to colonic temperature, regardless of treatment. In conclusion, we have demonstrated a dissociation between thyroid hormones and the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of UCPs in porcine adipose tissue. We have also suggested that expression of adipose tissue UCP2 and 3 are not related to body temperature in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mostyn
- Centre for Reproduction and Early Life; Institute of Clinical Research; University Hospital; Nottingham United Kingdom
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Symonds ME, Budge H, Perkins AC, Lomax MA. Adipose tissue development – Impact of the early life environment. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 106:300-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Firat A, Ozpinar A, Serpek B, Haliloğlu S. Comparisons of Serum Somatotropin, 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, Total Protein and Free Fatty Acid Levels in Newborn Sakiz Lambs Separated from or Suckling Their Dams. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2005; 49:88-94. [PMID: 15802903 DOI: 10.1159/000084741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects on serum somatotropin, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)), free fatty acids (FFAs) and total protein levels of different feedings and age in Sakiz sheep that have a high twin-bearing rate supported by estrous synchronization. METHODS 20 newborn lambs were used in the study. Lambs were divided into 2 equal groups. The lambs in 1 group were separated from their dams following parturition, and those in other group were kept together with their dams. Separated lambs were fed commercial cow's milk for 2.5 weeks. After that, they were fed a milk substitute, hay and concentrated supplement for 2 months, and from the end of the 2 months they were fed hay and concentrated supplement. The lambs in other group were kept together with their dams only during the day and in addition were fed hay and concentrated supplement. After 2 months, they were maintained feeding only on hay and concentrated supplement. Blood samples were taken from vena jugularis of lambs at 12 and 24-48 h, and 14, 28, 42 and 56-90 days after parturition. Serum samples were analyzed for somatotropin by enzyme immunoassay, for T(3) and T(4) by radioimmunoassay, and for total protein and FFA by a spectrophotometric method. RESULTS Serum somatotropin levels were insignificantly different between the lambs with and without their dams. Serum T(3) levels were generally lower in the separated lambs than those in other group. Serum T(4) levels were significantly lower in the separated lambs 48 h and 90 days after parturition than those in other group. Serum FFAs were insignificantly different between 2 groups. Serum total protein concentrations were lower in the separated lambs than lambs kept together with their dams (significantly at 12 and 48 h and 14 days). CONCLUSION Ingestion of colostrum and dam milk markedly affected serum total protein levels, but body weight and serum somatotropin levels were insignificantly affected. Also serum T(3) and T(4) levels markedly decreased with advancing age. Serum FFA levels were not affected by the trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşen Firat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
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