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Saha R, Wu K, Bloom RP, Liang S, Tonini D, Wang JP. A review on magnetic and spintronic neurostimulation: challenges and prospects. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:182004. [PMID: 35013010 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac49be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of neurodegenerative, sensory and cardiovascular diseases, electrical probes and arrays have shown quite a promising success rate. However, despite the outstanding clinical outcomes, their operation is significantly hindered by non-selective control of electric fields. A promising alternative is micromagnetic stimulation (μMS) due to the high permeability of magnetic field through biological tissues. The induced electric field from the time-varying magnetic field generated by magnetic neurostimulators is used to remotely stimulate neighboring neurons. Due to the spatial asymmetry of the induced electric field, high spatial selectivity of neurostimulation has been realized. Herein, some popular choices of magnetic neurostimulators such as microcoils (μcoils) and spintronic nanodevices are reviewed. The neurostimulator features such as power consumption and resolution (aiming at cellular level) are discussed. In addition, the chronic stability and biocompatibility of these implantable neurostimulator are commented in favor of further translation to clinical settings. Furthermore, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), as another invaluable neurostimulation material, has emerged in recent years. Thus, in this review we have also included MNPs as a remote neurostimulation solution that overcomes physical limitations of invasive implants. Overall, this review provides peers with the recent development of ultra-low power, cellular-level, spatially selective magnetic neurostimulators of dimensions within micro- to nano-range for treating chronic neurological disorders. At the end of this review, some potential applications of next generation neuro-devices have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Robert P Bloom
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Denis Tonini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
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Hiyoshi K, Shiraishi A, Fukuda N, Tsuda S. In vivo wide-field voltage imaging in zebrafish with voltage-sensitive dye and genetically encoded voltage indicator. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:417-428. [PMID: 34411280 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The brain consists of neural circuits, which are assemblies of various neuron types. For understanding how the brain works, it is essential to identify the functions of each type of neuron and neuronal circuits. Recent advances in our understanding of brain function and its development have been achieved using light to detect neuronal activity. Optical measurement of membrane potentials through voltage imaging is a desirable approach, enabling fast, direct, and simultaneous detection of membrane potentials in a population of neurons. Its high speed and directness can help detect synaptic and action potentials and hyperpolarization, which encode critical information for brain function. Here, we describe in vivo voltage imaging procedures that we have recently established using zebrafish, a powerful animal model in developmental biology and neuroscience. By applying two types of voltage sensors, voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs, Di-4-ANEPPS) and genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs, ASAP1), spatiotemporal dynamics of voltage signals can be detected in the whole cerebellum and spinal cord in awake fish at single-cell and neuronal population levels. Combining this method with other approaches, such as optogenetics, behavioral analysis, and electrophysiology would facilitate a deeper understanding of the network dynamics of the brain circuitry and its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Hiyoshi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama City, Japan
| | - Asuka Shiraishi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama City, Japan
| | - Narumi Fukuda
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama City, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsuda
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama City, Japan.,Integrative Research Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Saitama University, Saitama City, Japan
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Two-Photon Laser Ablation and In Vivo Wide-Field Imaging of Inferior Olive Neurons Revealed the Recovery of Olivocerebellar Circuits in Zebrafish. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168357. [PMID: 34444107 PMCID: PMC8391264 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum, a brain region with a high degree of plasticity, is pivotal in motor control, learning, and cognition. The cerebellar reserve is the capacity of the cerebellum to respond and adapt to various disorders via resilience and reversibility. Although structural and functional recovery has been reported in mammals and has attracted attention regarding treatments for cerebellar dysfunction, such as spinocerebellar degeneration, the regulatory mechanisms of the cerebellar reserve are largely unidentified, particularly at the circuit level. Herein, we established an optical approach using zebrafish, an ideal vertebrate model in optical techniques, neuroscience, and developmental biology. By combining two-photon laser ablation of the inferior olive (IO) and long-term non-invasive imaging of "the whole brain" at a single-cell resolution, we succeeded in visualization of the morphological changes occurring in the IO neuron population and showed at a single-cell level that structural remodeling of the olivocerebellar circuit occurred in a relatively short period. This system, in combination with various functional analyses, represents a novel and powerful approach for uncovering the mechanisms of the cerebellar reserve, and highlights the potential of the zebrafish model to elucidate the organizing principles of neuronal circuits and their homeostasis in health and disease.
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Wang J, Li G, Deng L, Mamtilahun M, Jiang L, Qiu W, Zheng H, Sun J, Xie Q, Yang GY. Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Stimulation Improves Neurorehabilitation after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice. Aging Dis 2021; 12:50-60. [PMID: 33532127 PMCID: PMC7801287 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS) regulates neural activity in different brain regions in humans and animals. However, the role of ultrasound stimulation in modulating neural activity and promoting neurorehabilitation in the ischemic brain is largely unknown. In the present study, we explored the effect of tFUS on neurological rehabilitation and the underlying mechanism. Adult male ICR mice (n=42) underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. One week after brain ischemia, low frequency (0.5 MHz) tFUS was applied to stimulate the ischemic hemisphere of mice for 7 consecutive days (10 minutes daily). Brain infarct volume, neurobehavioral tests, microglia activation, IL-10 and IL-10R levels were further assessed for up to 14 days. We found that the brain infarct volume was significantly reduced in the tFUS treated mice compared to that in the non-treated mice (p<0.05). Similarly, neurological severity scores, elevated body swing test, and corner test improved in the tFUS treated mice (p<0.05). We also demonstrated that tFUS resulted in increased M2 microglia in the ischemic brain region. The expression of IL-10R and IL-10 levels were also substantially upregulated (p<0.05). We concluded that tFUS served as a unique technique to promote neurorehabilitation after brain ischemia by promoting microglia polarization and further regulating IL-10 signaling in the ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Wang
- 1Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guofeng Li
- 3Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,4School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Lidong Deng
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Muyassar Mamtilahun
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Weibao Qiu
- 3Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- 3Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qing Xie
- 1Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 2Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Huang C, Tai CY, Yang KP, Chang WK, Hsu KJ, Hsiao CC, Wu SC, Lin YY, Chiang AS, Chu SW. All-Optical Volumetric Physiology for Connectomics in Dense Neuronal Structures. iScience 2019; 22:133-146. [PMID: 31765994 PMCID: PMC6883334 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
All-optical physiology (AOP) manipulates and reports neuronal activities with light, allowing for interrogation of neuronal functional connections with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, contemporary high-speed AOP platforms are limited to single-depth or discrete multi-plane recordings that are not suitable for studying functional connections among densely packed small neurons, such as neurons in Drosophila brains. Here, we constructed a 3D AOP platform by incorporating single-photon point stimulation and two-photon high-speed volumetric recordings with a tunable acoustic gradient-index (TAG) lens. We demonstrated the platform effectiveness by studying the anterior visual pathway (AVP) of Drosophila. We achieved functional observation of spatiotemporal coding and the strengths of calcium-sensitive connections between anterior optic tubercle (AOTU) sub-compartments and >70 tightly assembled 2-μm bulb (BU) microglomeruli in 3D coordinates with a single trial. Our work aids the establishment of in vivo 3D functional connectomes in neuron-dense brain areas. All-optical volumetric physiology = precise stimulation + fast volumetric recording Precise single-photon point stimulation among genetically defined neurons 3D two-photon imaging by an acoustic gradient-index lens for dense neural structures Observation of 3D functional connectivity in Drosophila anterior visual pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao Huang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Yi Tai
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ping Yang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kun Chang
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jen Hsu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Hsiao
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chi Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yin Lin
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Ann-Shyn Chiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80780, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Shi-Wei Chu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Optical measurement of neuronal activity in the developing cerebellum of zebrafish using voltage-sensitive dye imaging. Neuroreport 2019; 29:1349-1354. [PMID: 30192301 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging enables fast, direct, and simultaneous detection of membrane potentials from a population of neurons forming neuronal circuits. This enables the detection of hyperpolarization together with depolarization, whose balance plays a pivotal role in the function of many brain regions. Among these is the cerebellum, which contains a significant number of inhibitory neurons. However, the mechanism underlying the functional development remains unclear. In this study, we used a model system ideal to study neurogenesis by applying VSD imaging to the cerebellum of zebrafish larvae to analyze the neuronal activity of the developing cerebellum, focusing on both excitation and inhibition. We performed in-vivo high-speed imaging of the entire cerebellum of the zebrafish, which was stained using Di-4-ANEPPS, a widely used VSD. To examine whether neuronal activity in the zebrafish cerebellum could be detected by this VSD, we applied electrical stimulation during VSD imaging, which showed that depolarization was detected widely in the cerebellum upon stimulation. These responses mostly disappeared following treatment with tetrodotoxin, indicating that Di-4-ANEPPS enabled optical measurement of neuronal activity in the developing cerebellum of zebrafish. Moreover, hyperpolarizing signals were also detected upon stimulation, but these were significantly reduced by treatment with picrotoxin, a GABAA receptor inhibitor, indicating that these responses represent inhibitory signals. This approach will enable a detailed analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the excitation and inhibition in the cerebellum along its developmental stages, leading to a deeper understanding of the functional development of the cerebellum in vertebrates.
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Jiang J, Hu W, Xie D, Yang J, He J, Gao Y, Wan Q. 2D electric-double-layer phototransistor for photoelectronic and spatiotemporal hybrid neuromorphic integration. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:1360-1369. [PMID: 30604810 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07133k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The hardware implementation of neuromorphic computing has attracted growing interest as a promising candidate for confronting the bottleneck of traditional von Neumann computers. However, most previous reports are focusd on emulating the synaptic behaviors by a mono-mode using an electric-driving or photo-driving approach, resulting in a big challenge to synchronously handle the natural photoelectric information. Herein, we report a multifunctional photoelectronic hybrid-integrated synaptic device based on the electric-double-layer (EDL) MoS2 phototransistor. Interestingly, the electric MoS2 synapse exhibits a potentiation filtering effect, while the photonic counterpart can implement both potentiation and depression filtering effects. Most importantly, for the first time, photoelectronic and spatio-temporal four-dimensional (4D) hybrid integration was successfully demonstrated by the synergic interplay between photonic and electric stimuli within a single MoS2 synapse. An energy band model is proposed to further understand such a photoelectronic and spatio-temporal 4D hybrid coupling mechanism. These results might provide an alternative solution for the size-scaling and intellectualization campaign of the post-Moore era, and for more sophisticated photoelectronic hybrid computing in the emerging neuromorphic nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
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Li G, Yang J, Wang Y, Wang W, Liu L. Development of a novel optogenetic indicator based on cellular deformations for mapping optogenetic activities. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21046-21051. [PMID: 30276394 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05014g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetic techniques have changed the landscape of neuroscience by offering high temporal and spatial mapping of the activities of genetically defined population of cells with optical controlling tools. The mapping of optogenetic activities demands optogenetic indicators whose optical properties change in response to cellular activities, but the existing optogenetic indicators only specifically characterize limited optogenetic activities. Here, we propose a novel optogenetic indicator based on cellular deformation to characterize the activities of optogenetically engineered cells. The cellular activities triggered by light stimulation lead to changes in the cell membrane structure and result in cellular deformation, which is measured by atomic force microscopy. The deformation recordings of the cells expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and the corresponding control experiments together confirm that the deformation is generated generally when the cells are exposed to light, which is also validated indirectly via the change in the Young's modulus of the cells before and after absorption of photons. The activities of cells expressing different subtypes of opsins were also recorded using the optogenetic indicator of cellular deformation. This study provides a novel and general optogenetic indicator based on cellular deformation for monitoring the activities of optogenetically engineered cells. Moreover, this new optogenetic indicator offers ever-better tools for the applications of optogenetic activity mapping and neural and brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Ministry of Education), Institute of Automation, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Lossi L, Merighi A. The Use of ex Vivo Rodent Platforms in Neuroscience Translational Research With Attention to the 3Rs Philosophy. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:164. [PMID: 30073174 PMCID: PMC6060265 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The principles of the 3Rs—Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement—are at the basis of most advanced national and supranational (EU) regulations on animal experimentation and welfare. In the perspective to reduce and refine the use of these animals in translational research, we here discuss the use of rodent acute and organotypically cultured central nervous system slices. We describe novel applications of these ex vivo platforms in medium-throughput screening of neuroactive molecules of potential pharmacological interest, with particular attention to more recent developments that permit to fully exploit the potential of direct genetic engineering of organotypic cultures using transfection techniques. We then describe the perspectives for expanding the use ex vivo platforms in neuroscience studies under the 3Rs philosophy using the following approaches: (1) Use of co-cultures of two brain regions physiologically connected to each other (source-target) to analyze axon regeneration and reconstruction of circuitries; (2) Microinjection or co-cultures of primary cells and/or cell lines releasing one or more neuroactive molecules to screen their physiological and/or pharmacological effects onto neuronal survival and slice circuitry. Microinjected or co-cultured cells are ideally made fluorescent after transfection with a plasmid construct encoding green or red fluorescent protein under the control of a general promoter such as hCMV; (3) Use of “sniffer” cells sensing the release of biologically active molecules from organotypic cultures by means of fluorescent probes. These cells can be prepared with activatable green fluorescent protein, a unique chromophore that remains in a “dark” state because its maturation is inhibited, and can be made fluorescent (de-quenched) if specific cellular enzymes, such as proteases or kinases, are activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lossi
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Adalberto Merighi
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Optical interrogation of neuronal circuitry in zebrafish using genetically encoded voltage indicators. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6048. [PMID: 29662090 PMCID: PMC5902623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23906-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical measurement of membrane potentials enables fast, direct and simultaneous detection of membrane potentials from a population of neurons, providing a desirable approach for functional analysis of neuronal circuits. Here, we applied recently developed genetically encoded voltage indicators, ASAP1 (Accelerated Sensor of Action Potentials 1) and QuasAr2 (Quality superior to Arch 2), to zebrafish, an ideal model system for studying neurogenesis. To achieve this, we established transgenic lines which express the voltage sensors, and showed that ASAP1 is expressed in zebrafish neurons. To examine whether neuronal activity could be detected by ASAP1, we performed whole-cerebellum imaging, showing that depolarization was detected widely in the cerebellum and optic tectum upon electrical stimulation. Spontaneous activity in the spinal cord was also detected by ASAP1 imaging at single-cell resolution as well as at the neuronal population level. These responses mostly disappeared following treatment with tetrodotoxin, indicating that ASAP1 enabled optical measurement of neuronal activity in the zebrafish brain. Combining this method with other approaches, such as optogenetics and behavioural analysis may facilitate a deeper understanding of the functional organization of brain circuitry and its development.
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Kim H, Beack S, Han S, Shin M, Lee T, Park Y, Kim KS, Yetisen AK, Yun SH, Kwon W, Hahn SK. Multifunctional Photonic Nanomaterials for Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Theranostic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30. [PMID: 29363198 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen dramatic progress in the principle, design, and fabrication of photonic nanomaterials with various optical properties and functionalities. Light-emitting and light-responsive nanomaterials, such as semiconductor quantum dots, plasmonic metal nanoparticles, organic carbon, and polymeric nanomaterials, offer promising approaches to low-cost and effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic applications. Reasonable endeavors have begun to translate some of the promising photonic nanomaterials to the clinic. Here, current research on the state-of-the-art and emerging photonic nanomaterials for diverse biomedical applications is reviewed, and the remaining challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Kim
- PHI BIOMED Co., #613, 12 Gangnam-daero 65-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06612, South Korea
| | - Songeun Beack
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Seulgi Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Myeonghwan Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Taehyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Yoonsang Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Ki Su Kim
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Seok Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne St., UP-5, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Woosung Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Seoul, 04310, South Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
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Hu DC, Yang R, Jiang L, Guo X. Memristive Synapses with Photoelectric Plasticity Realized in ZnO 1-x/AlO y Heterojunction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:6463-6470. [PMID: 29388420 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
With the end of Moore's law in sight, new computing architectures are urgently needed to satisfy the increasing demands for big data processing. Neuromorphic architectures with photoelectric learning capability are good candidates for energy-efficient computing for recognition and classification tasks. In this work, artificial synapses based on the ZnO1-x/AlOy heterojunction were fabricated and the photoelectric plasticity was investigated. Versatile synaptic functions such as photoelectric short-term/long-term plasticity, paired-pulse facilitation, neuromorphic facilitation, and depression were emulated based on the inherent persistent photoconductivity and volatile resistive switching characteristics of the device. It is found that the naturally formed AlOy layer provides traps for photogenerated holes, resulting in a significant persistent photoconductivity effect. Moreover, the resistive switching can be attributed to the electron trapping/detrapping at the trapping sites in the AlOy layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Chun Hu
- Laboratory of Solid State Ionics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- Laboratory of Solid State Ionics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Li Jiang
- Laboratory of Solid State Ionics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xin Guo
- Laboratory of Solid State Ionics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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Optogenetic Visualization of Presynaptic Tonic Inhibition of Cerebellar Parallel Fibers. J Neurosci 2017; 36:5709-23. [PMID: 27225762 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4366-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tonic inhibition was imaged in cerebellar granule cells of transgenic mice expressing the optogenetic chloride indicator, Clomeleon. Blockade of GABAA receptors substantially reduced chloride concentration in granule cells due to block of tonic inhibition. This indicates that tonic inhibition is a significant contributor to the resting chloride concentration of these cells. Tonic inhibition was observed not only in granule cell bodies, but also in their axons, the parallel fibers (PFs). This presynaptic tonic inhibition could be observed in slices both at room and physiological temperatures, as well as in vivo, and has many of the same properties as tonic inhibition measured in granule cell bodies. GABA application revealed that PFs possess at least two types of GABAA receptor: one high-affinity receptor that is activated by ambient GABA and causes a chloride influx that mediates tonic inhibition, and a second with a low affinity for GABA that causes a chloride efflux that excites PFs. Presynaptic tonic inhibition regulates glutamate release from PFs because GABAA receptor blockade enhanced both the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs and the amplitude of evoked EPSCs at the PF-Purkinje cell synapse. We conclude that tonic inhibition of PFs could play an important role in regulating information flow though cerebellar synaptic circuits. Such cross talk between phasic and tonic signaling could be a general mechanism for fine tuning of synaptic circuits. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This paper demonstrates that an unconventional form of signaling, known as tonic inhibition, is found in presynaptic terminals and affects conventional synaptic communication. Our results establish the basic characteristics and mechanisms of presynaptic tonic inhibition and show that it occurs in vivo as well as in isolated brain tissue.
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14
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Dobrzanski G, Kossut M. Application of the DREADD technique in biomedical brain research. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:213-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Abstract
More than a decade has passed since optics and genetics came together and lead to the emerging technologies of optogenetics. The advent of light-sensitive opsins made it possible to optically trigger the neurons into activation or inhibition by using visible light. The importance of spatiotemporally isolating a segment of a neural network and controlling nervous signaling in a precise manner has driven neuroscience researchers and engineers to invest great efforts in designing high precision in vivo implantable devices. These efforts have focused on delivery of sufficient power to deep brain regions, while monitoring neural activity with high resolution and fidelity. In this review, we report the progress made in the field of hybrid optoelectronic neural interfaces that combine optical stimulation with electrophysiological recordings. Different approaches that incorporate optical or electrical components on implantable devices are discussed in detail. Advantages of various different designs as well as practical and fundamental limitations are summarized to illuminate the future of neurotechnology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ege Iseri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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16
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Pitchers WR, Constantinou SJ, Losilla M, Gallant JR. Electric fish genomics: Progress, prospects, and new tools for neuroethology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 110:259-272. [PMID: 27769923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Electric fish have served as a model system in biology since the 18th century, providing deep insight into the nature of bioelectrogenesis, the molecular structure of the synapse, and brain circuitry underlying complex behavior. Neuroethologists have collected extensive phenotypic data that span biological levels of analysis from molecules to ecosystems. This phenotypic data, together with genomic resources obtained over the past decades, have motivated new and exciting hypotheses that position the weakly electric fish model to address fundamental 21st century biological questions. This review article considers the molecular data collected for weakly electric fish over the past three decades, and the insights that data of this nature has motivated. For readers relatively new to molecular genetics techniques, we also provide a table of terminology aimed at clarifying the numerous acronyms and techniques that accompany this field. Next, we pose a research agenda for expanding genomic resources for electric fish research over the next 10years. We conclude by considering some of the exciting research prospects for neuroethology that electric fish genomics may offer over the coming decades, if the electric fish community is successful in these endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Pitchers
- Dept. of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane RM 203, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Savvas J Constantinou
- Dept. of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane RM 203, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mauricio Losilla
- Dept. of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane RM 203, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jason R Gallant
- Dept. of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane RM 203, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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17
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Feng S, Holmes P. Will big data yield new mathematics? An evolving synergy with neuroscience. IMA JOURNAL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2016; 81:432-456. [PMID: 27516705 PMCID: PMC4975073 DOI: 10.1093/imamat/hxw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
New mathematics has often been inspired by new insights into the natural world. Here we describe some ongoing and possible future interactions among the massive data sets being collected in neuroscience, methods for their analysis and mathematical models of the underlying, still largely uncharted neural substrates that generate these data. We start by recalling events that occurred in turbulence modelling when substantial space-time velocity field measurements and numerical simulations allowed a new perspective on the governing equations of fluid mechanics. While no analogous global mathematical model of neural processes exists, we argue that big data may enable validation or at least rejection of models at cellular to brain area scales and may illuminate connections among models. We give examples of such models and survey some relatively new experimental technologies, including optogenetics and functional imaging, that can report neural activity in live animals performing complex tasks. The search for analytical techniques for these data is already yielding new mathematics, and we believe their multi-scale nature may help relate well-established models, such as the Hodgkin-Huxley equations for single neurons, to more abstract models of neural circuits, brain areas and larger networks within the brain. In brief, we envisage a closer liaison, if not a marriage, between neuroscience and mathematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Feng
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science, Technology, and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - P Holmes
- Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, NJ 08544
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18
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Cao XJ, Feng SQ, Fu CF, Gao K, Guo JS, Guo XD, He XJ, Huang ZW, Li ZH, Liu L, Liu RH, Lü HZ, Mei XF, Ning B, Ning GZ, Qian CH, Qin J, Qu YZ, Saijilafu, Shi B, Sui T, Sun TS, Wang J, Wen JK, Xiao J, Xu B, Xu HD, Yu PP, Zhang ZC, Zhou Y, Zhou YL. Repair, protection and regeneration of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1953-75. [PMID: 26889184 PMCID: PMC4730820 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.172314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Nestor MW, Phillips AW, Artimovich E, Nestor JE, Hussman JP, Blatt GJ. Human Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Emerging Technologies. Autism Res 2015; 9:513-35. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Nestor
- The Hussman Institute for Autism; 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301 Baltimore Maryland 21201
| | - Andre W. Phillips
- The Hussman Institute for Autism; 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301 Baltimore Maryland 21201
| | - Elena Artimovich
- The Hussman Institute for Autism; 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301 Baltimore Maryland 21201
| | - Jonathan E. Nestor
- The Hussman Institute for Autism; 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301 Baltimore Maryland 21201
| | - John P. Hussman
- The Hussman Institute for Autism; 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301 Baltimore Maryland 21201
| | - Gene J. Blatt
- The Hussman Institute for Autism; 801 W. Baltimore St., Suite 301 Baltimore Maryland 21201
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20
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A Wireless Optogenetic Headstage with Multichannel Electrophysiological Recording Capability. SENSORS 2015; 15:22776-97. [PMID: 26371006 PMCID: PMC4610520 DOI: 10.3390/s150922776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a small and lightweight fully wireless optogenetic headstage capable of optical neural stimulation and electrophysiological recording. The headstage is suitable for conducting experiments with small transgenic rodents, and features two implantable fiber-coupled light-emitting diode (LED) and two electrophysiological recording channels. This system is powered by a small lithium-ion battery and is entirely built using low-cost commercial off-the-shelf components for better flexibility, reduced development time and lower cost. Light stimulation uses customizable stimulation patterns of varying frequency and duty cycle. The optical power that is sourced from the LED is delivered to target light-sensitive neurons using implantable optical fibers, which provide a measured optical power density of 70 mW/mm2 at the tip. The headstage is using a novel foldable rigid-flex printed circuit board design, which results into a lightweight and compact device. Recording experiments performed in the cerebral cortex of transgenic ChR2 mice under anesthetized conditions show that the proposed headstage can trigger neuronal activity using optical stimulation, while recording microvolt amplitude electrophysiological signals.
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21
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Vértes PE, Bullmore ET. Annual research review: Growth connectomics--the organization and reorganization of brain networks during normal and abnormal development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:299-320. [PMID: 25441756 PMCID: PMC4359009 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We first give a brief introduction to graph theoretical analysis and its application to the study of brain network topology or connectomics. Within this framework, we review the existing empirical data on developmental changes in brain network organization across a range of experimental modalities (including structural and functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography in humans). SYNTHESIS We discuss preliminary evidence and current hypotheses for how the emergence of network properties correlates with concomitant cognitive and behavioural changes associated with development. We highlight some of the technical and conceptual challenges to be addressed by future developments in this rapidly moving field. Given the parallels previously discovered between neural systems across species and over a range of spatial scales, we also review some recent advances in developmental network studies at the cellular scale. We highlight the opportunities presented by such studies and how they may complement neuroimaging in advancing our understanding of brain development. Finally, we note that many brain and mind disorders are thought to be neurodevelopmental in origin and that charting the trajectory of brain network changes associated with healthy development also sets the stage for understanding abnormal network development. CONCLUSIONS We therefore briefly review the clinical relevance of network metrics as potential diagnostic markers and some recent efforts in computational modelling of brain networks which might contribute to a more mechanistic understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra E Vértes
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation TrustCambridge, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation TrustCambridge, UK
- ImmunoPsychiatry, Alternative Discovery and Development, GlaxoSmithKlineCambridge, UK
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22
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Jaafari N, Vogt KE, Saggau P, Leslie LM, Zecevic D, Canepari M. Combining Membrane Potential Imaging with Other Optical Techniques. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 859:103-25. [PMID: 26238050 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17641-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Membrane potential imaging using voltage-sensitive dyes can be combined with other optical techniques for a variety of applications. Combining voltage imaging with Ca2+ imaging allows correlating membrane potential changes with intracellular Ca2+ signals or with Ca2+ currents. Combining voltage imaging with uncaging techniques allows analyzing electrical signals elicited by photorelease of a particular molecule. This approach is also a useful tool to calibrate the change in fluorescence intensity in terms of membrane potential changes from different sites permitting spatial mapping of electrical activity. Finally, combining voltage imaging with optogenetics, in particular with channelrhodopsin stimulation, opens the gate to novel investigations of brain circuitries by allowing measurements of synaptic signals mediated by specific sets of neurons. Here we describe in detail the methods of membrane potential imaging in combination with other optical techniques and discus some important applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Jaafari
- Inserm U836, Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience, Team 3, Grenoble Cedex 09, France
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23
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Hu X, Wang Y, Zhao T, Gunduz A. Neural coding for effective rehabilitation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:286505. [PMID: 25258708 PMCID: PMC4167232 DOI: 10.1155/2014/286505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Successful neurological rehabilitation depends on accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and quantitative evaluation. Neural coding, a technology for interpretation of functional and structural information of the nervous system, has contributed to the advancements in neuroimaging, brain-machine interface (BMI), and design of training devices for rehabilitation purposes. In this review, we summarized the latest breakthroughs in neuroimaging from microscale to macroscale levels with potential diagnostic applications for rehabilitation. We also reviewed the achievements in electrocorticography (ECoG) coding with both animal models and human beings for BMI design, electromyography (EMG) interpretation for interaction with external robotic systems, and robot-assisted quantitative evaluation on the progress of rehabilitation programs. Future rehabilitation would be more home-based, automatic, and self-served by patients. Further investigations and breakthroughs are mainly needed in aspects of improving the computational efficiency in neuroimaging and multichannel ECoG by selection of localized neuroinformatics, validation of the effectiveness in BMI guided rehabilitation programs, and simplification of the system operation in training devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Hu
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Aysegul Gunduz
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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24
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Kim H, Chiu A, Lee SD, Fischer K, Yoo SS. Focused ultrasound-mediated non-invasive brain stimulation: examination of sonication parameters. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:748-56. [PMID: 25088462 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) has emerged as a new brain stimulation modality. The range of sonication parameters for successful brain stimulation warrants further investigation. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the range of FUS sonication parameters that minimize the acoustic intensity/energy deposition while successfully stimulating the motor brain area in Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS We transcranially administered FUS to the somatomotor area of the rat brain and measured the acoustic intensity that caused excitatory effects with respect to different pulsing parameters (tone-burst duration, pulse-repetition frequency, duty cycle, and sonication duration) at 350 and 650 kHz of fundamental frequency. RESULTS We observed that motor responses were elicited at minimum threshold acoustic intensities (4.9-5.6 W/cm(2) in spatial-peak pulse-average intensity; 2.5-2.8 W/cm(2) in spatial-peak temporal-average intensity) in a limited range of sonication parameters, i.e. 1-5 ms of tone-burst duration, 50% of duty cycle, and 300 ms of sonication duration, at 350 kHz fundamental frequency. We also found that the pulsed sonication elicited motor responses at lower acoustic intensities than its equivalent continuous sonication. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the pulsed application of FUS selectively stimulates specific brain areas-of-interest at an acoustic intensity that is compatible with regulatory safety limits on biological tissue, thus allowing for potential applications in neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Korea; Department of Radiology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 56 Dongsu-ro, Bupyeong-Gu, Incheon 403-720, Korea
| | - Alan Chiu
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie D Lee
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krisztina Fischer
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Seung-Schik Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Lee CC, Lam YW, Imaizumi K, Sherman SM. Laser-scanning photostimulation of optogenetically targeted forebrain circuits. J Vis Exp 2013:50915. [PMID: 24430760 DOI: 10.3791/50915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensory forebrain is composed of intricately connected cell types, of which functional properties have yet to be fully elucidated. Understanding the interactions of these forebrain circuits has been aided recently by the development of optogenetic methods for light-mediated modulation of neuronal activity. Here, we describe a protocol for examining the functional organization of forebrain circuits in vitro using laser-scanning photostimulation of channelrhodopsin, expressed optogenetically via viral-mediated transfection. This approach also exploits the utility of cre-lox recombination in transgenic mice to target expression in specific neuronal cell types. Following transfection, neurons are physiologically recorded in slice preparations using whole-cell patch clamp to measure their evoked responses to laser-scanning photostimulation of channelrhodopsin expressing fibers. This approach enables an assessment of functional topography and synaptic properties. Morphological correlates can be obtained by imaging the neuroanatomical expression of channelrhodopsin expressing fibers using confocal microscopy of the live slice or post-fixed tissue. These methods enable functional investigations of forebrain circuits that expand upon more conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University
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26
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Asrican B, Augustine GJ, Berglund K, Chen S, Chow N, Deisseroth K, Feng G, Gloss B, Hira R, Hoffmann C, Kasai H, Katarya M, Kim J, Kudolo J, Lee LM, Lo SQ, Mancuso J, Matsuzaki M, Nakajima R, Qiu L, Tan G, Tang Y, Ting JT, Tsuda S, Wen L, Zhang X, Zhao S. Next-generation transgenic mice for optogenetic analysis of neural circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:160. [PMID: 24324405 PMCID: PMC3840435 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we characterize several new lines of transgenic mice useful for optogenetic analysis of brain circuit function. These mice express optogenetic probes, such as enhanced halorhodopsin or several different versions of channelrhodopsins, behind various neuron-specific promoters. These mice permit photoinhibition or photostimulation both in vitro and in vivo. Our results also reveal the important influence of fluorescent tags on optogenetic probe expression and function in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Asrican
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
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27
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Visualization of synaptic inhibition with an optogenetic sensor developed by cell-free protein engineering automation. J Neurosci 2013; 33:16297-309. [PMID: 24107961 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4616-11.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an engineered fluorescent optogenetic sensor, SuperClomeleon, that robustly detects inhibitory synaptic activity in single, cultured mouse neurons by reporting intracellular chloride changes produced by exogenous GABA or inhibitory synaptic activity. Using a cell-free protein engineering automation methodology that bypasses gene cloning, we iteratively constructed, produced, and assayed hundreds of mutations in binding-site residues to identify improvements in Clomeleon, a first-generation, suboptimal sensor. Structural analysis revealed that these improvements involve halide contacts and distant side chain rearrangements. The development of optogenetic sensors that respond to neural activity enables cellular tracking of neural activity using optical, rather than electrophysiological, signals. Construction of such sensors using in vitro protein engineering establishes a powerful approach for developing new probes for brain imaging.
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28
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Mukhtarov M, Liguori L, Waseem T, Rocca F, Buldakova S, Arosio D, Bregestovski P. Calibration and functional analysis of three genetically encoded Cl(-)/pH sensors. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:9. [PMID: 23616745 PMCID: PMC3629305 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of the intracellular concentrations of Cl− and H+ requires sensitive probes that allow reliable quantitative measurements without perturbation of cell functioning. For these purposes the most promising are genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors, which have become powerful tools for non-invasive intracellular monitoring of ions, molecules, and enzymatic activity. A ratiometric CFP/YFP-based construct with a relatively good sensitivity to Cl− has been developed (Markova et al., 2008; Waseem et al., 2010). Recently, a combined Cl−/pH sensor (ClopHensor) opened the way for simultaneous ratiometric measurement of these two ions (Arosio et al., 2010). ClopHensor was obtained by fusion of a red-fluorescent protein (DsRed-monomer) to the E2GFP variant that contains a specific Cl−-binding site. This construct possesses pKa = 6.8 for H+ and Kd in the 40–50 mM range for Cl− at physiological pH (~7.3). As in the majority of cell types the intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]i) is about 10 mM, the development of sensors with higher sensitivity is highly desirable. Here, we report the intracellular calibration and functional characterization of ClopHensor and its two derivatives: the membrane targeting PalmPalm-ClopHensor and the H148G/V224L mutant with improved Cl− affinity, reduced pH dependence, and pKa shifted to more alkaline values. For functional analysis, constructs were expressed in CHO cells and [Cl−]i was changed by using pipettes with different Cl− concentrations during whole-cell recordings. Kd values for Cl− measured at 33°C and pH ~7.3 were, respectively, 39, 47, and 21 mM for ClopHensor, PalmPalm-ClopHensor, and the H148G/V224L mutant. PalmPalm-ClopHensor resolved responses to activation of Cl−-selective glycine receptor (GlyR) channels better than did ClopHensor. Our observations indicate that these different ClopHensor constructs are promising tools for non-invasive measurement of [Cl−]i in various living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mukhtarov
- Brain Dynamics Institute, Inserm UMR1106, Aix-Marseille University Marseille, France ; Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University Kazan, Russia
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29
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Lim DH, Ledue J, Mohajerani MH, Vanni MP, Murphy TH. Optogenetic approaches for functional mouse brain mapping. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:54. [PMID: 23596383 PMCID: PMC3622058 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the connectivity of the brain, it is important to map both structural and functional connections between neurons and cortical regions. In recent years, a set of optogenetic tools have been developed that permit selective manipulation and investigation of neural systems. These tools have enabled the mapping of functional connections between stimulated cortical targets and other brain regions. Advantages of the approach include the ability to arbitrarily stimulate brain regions that express opsins, allowing for brain mapping independent of behavior or sensory processing. The ability of opsins to be rapidly and locally activated allows for investigation of connectivity with spatial resolution on the order of single neurons and temporal resolution on the order of milliseconds. Optogenetic methods for functional mapping have been applied in experiments ranging from in vitro investigation of microcircuits, to in vivo probing of inter-regional cortical connections, to examination of global connections within the whole brain. We review recently developed functional mapping methods that use optogenetic single-point stimulation in the rodent brain and employ cellular electrophysiology, evoked motor movements, voltage sensitive dyes (VSDs), calcium indicators, or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess activity. In particular we highlight results using red-shifted organic VSDs that permit high temporal resolution imaging in a manner spectrally separated from Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) activation. VSD maps stimulated by ChR2 were dependent on intracortical synaptic activity and were able to reflect circuits used for sensory processing. Although the methods reviewed are powerful, challenges remain with respect to finding approaches that permit selective high temporal resolution assessment of stimulated activity in animals that can be followed longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia at Vancouver Vancouver, BC, Canada
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30
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Berglund K, Birkner E, Augustine GJ, Hochgeschwender U. Light-emitting channelrhodopsins for combined optogenetic and chemical-genetic control of neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59759. [PMID: 23544095 PMCID: PMC3609769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of neuronal activity through genetically targeted actuator molecules is a powerful approach for studying information flow in the brain. In these approaches the genetically targeted component, a receptor or a channel, is activated either by a small molecule (chemical genetics) or by light from a physical source (optogenetics). We developed a hybrid technology that allows control of the same neurons by both optogenetic and chemical genetic means. The approach is based on engineered chimeric fusions of a light-generating protein (luciferase) to a light-activated ion channel (channelrhodopsin). Ionic currents then can be activated by bioluminescence upon activation of luciferase by its substrate, coelenterazine (CTZ), as well as by external light. In cell lines, expression of the fusion of Gaussia luciferase to Channelrhodopsin-2 yielded photocurrents in response to CTZ. Larger photocurrents were produced by fusing the luciferase to Volvox Channelrhodopsin-1. This version allowed chemical modulation of neuronal activity when expressed in cultured neurons: CTZ treatment shifted neuronal responses to injected currents and sensitized neurons to fire action potentials in response to subthreshold synaptic inputs. These luminescent channelrhodopsins--or luminopsins--preserve the advantages of light-activated ion channels, while extending their capabilities. Our proof-of-principle results suggest that this novel class of tools can be improved and extended in numerous ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Berglund
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Birkner
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- NeuroTransgenic Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - George J. Augustine
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ute Hochgeschwender
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- NeuroTransgenic Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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31
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Stewart AM, Kalueff AV. The developing utility of zebrafish models for cognitive enhancers research. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 10:263-71. [PMID: 23449968 PMCID: PMC3468880 DOI: 10.2174/157015912803217323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas cognitive impairment is a common symptom in multiple brain disorders, predictive and high-throughput animal models of cognition and behavior are becoming increasingly important in the field of translational neuroscience research. In particular, reliable models of the cognitive deficits characteristic of numerous neurobehavioral disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia have become a significant focus of investigation. While rodents have traditionally been used to study cognitive phenotypes, zebrafish (Danio rerio) are gaining popularity as an excellent model to complement current translational neuroscience research. Here we discuss recent advances in pharmacological and genetic approaches using zebrafish models to study cognitive impairments and to discover novel cognitive enhancers and neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Michael Stewart
- Brain-Body Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Tsuda S, Kee MZL, Cunha C, Kim J, Yan P, Loew LM, Augustine GJ. Probing the function of neuronal populations: combining micromirror-based optogenetic photostimulation with voltage-sensitive dye imaging. Neurosci Res 2013; 75:76-81. [PMID: 23254260 PMCID: PMC3594342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of brain function have come from using light to either control or image neuronal activity. Here we describe an approach that combines both techniques: a micromirror array is used to photostimulate populations of presynaptic neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2, while a red-shifted voltage-sensitive dye allows optical detection of resulting postsynaptic activity. Such technology allowed us to control the activity of cerebellar interneurons while simultaneously recording inhibitory responses in multiple Purkinje neurons, their postsynaptic targets. This approach should substantially accelerate our understanding of information processing by populations of neurons within brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Tsuda
- Laboratory of Synaptic Circuitry, Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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Kos A, Loohuis NFO, Glennon JC, Celikel T, Martens GJM, Tiesinga PH, Aschrafi A. Recent developments in optical neuromodulation technologies. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:172-85. [PMID: 23065387 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of optogenetics technology facilitated widespread applications for interrogation of complex neural networks, such as activation of specific axonal pathways, previously found impossible with electrical stimulation. Consequently, within the short period of its application in neuroscience research, optogenetics has led to findings of significant importance both during normal brain function as well as in disease. Moreover, the optimization of optogenetics for in vivo studies has allowed the control of certain behavioral responses such as motility, reflex, and sensory responses, as well as more complex emotional and cognitive behaviors such as decision-making, reward seeking, and social behavior in freely moving animals. These studies have produced a wide variety of animal models that have resulted in fundamental findings and enhanced our understanding of the neural networks associated with behavior. The increasing number of opsins available for this technique enabled even broader regulation of neuronal activity. These advancements highlight the potential of this technique for future treatment of human diseases. Here, we provide an overview of the recent developments in the field of optogenetics technology that are relevant for a better understanding of several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders and may pave the way for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Kos
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Duncan JR. Current perspectives on the neurobiology of drug addiction: a focus on genetics and factors regulating gene expression. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2012; 2012:972607. [PMID: 23097719 PMCID: PMC3477671 DOI: 10.5402/2012/972607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder defined by cyclic patterns of compulsive drug seeking and taking interspersed with episodes of abstinence. While genetic variability may increase the risk of addictive behaviours in an individual, exposure to a drug results in neuroadaptations in interconnected brain circuits which, in susceptible individuals, are believed to underlie the transition to, and maintenance of, an addicted state. These adaptations can occur at the cellular, molecular, or (epi)genetic level and are associated with synaptic plasticity and altered gene expression, the latter being mediated via both factors affecting translation (epigenetics) and transcription (non coding microRNAs) of the DNA or RNA itself. New advances using techniques such as optogenetics have the potential to increase our understanding of the microcircuitry mediating addictive behaviours. However, the processes leading to addiction are complex and multifactorial and thus we face a major contemporary challenge to elucidate the factors implicated in the development and maintenance of an addicted state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhodie R Duncan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia ; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Demarque M, Spitzer NC. Neurotransmitter phenotype plasticity: an unexpected mechanism in the toolbox of network activity homeostasis. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:22-32. [PMID: 21557513 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The transmitter phenotype of a neuron has long been thought to be stable for the lifespan. Much as eyes have one color and do not change it over time, neurons have been thought to have one neurotransmitter and retain it for their lifetime. Both principles, exclusivity and stability, are challenged by recent data. More and more neurons in different regions of the brain appear to coexpress two or more neurotransmitters. Moreover, the profile of neurotransmitter expression of a given neuron has been shown to change over time, both during development and in response to changes in activity. The present review summarizes recent studies of this neurotransmitter phenotype plasticity (NPP). Homeostatic mechanisms of plasticity are aimed at maintaining the system within a functional range. They appear to be critical for optimal network operations and have been thought to operate largely by regulating intrinsic excitability, synapse number and synaptic strength. NPP provides a new and unexpected level of regulation of network homeostasis. We propose that it provides the basis for NT coexpression and discuss emerging issues and new questions for further studies in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Demarque
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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Lagace DC. Does the endogenous neurogenic response alter behavioral recovery following stroke? Behav Brain Res 2011; 227:426-32. [PMID: 21907736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In response to stroke, the adult brain has the remarkable ability to enhance the proliferation of new cells, which form new neurons in restricted regions. This review focuses on studies that have directly tested the hypothesis that neurogenesis contributes to post-stroke behavioral recovery. The translational potential of this area of research is critically assessed with respect to the selection of appropriate stroke models, subjects, neurogenic regions examined, behavioral tests used, and experimental timecourse. Building upon those studies that suggest an association between endogeneous neurogenesis and improved stroke recovery, we are nonetheless left with the challenge to demonstrate a causal link between neurogenesis and behavioral recovery using new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Lagace
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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