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Mucke HAM. Drug Repurposing Patent Applications April-June 2023. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2023; 21:288-295. [PMID: 37668595 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
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2
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Gouvêa LA, Raslan IR, Rosa ABR, Silva TYT, Campos RM, Aragão MDM, Barsottini OGP, Pedroso JL. Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 5 (SCA5) Mimicking Cerebral Palsy: a Very Early Onset Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Ataxia. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:316-318. [PMID: 35243593 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01380-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luane Abdalla Gouvêa
- Departament of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivana Rocha Raslan
- Departament of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Luiz Pedroso
- Departament of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Pedro Toledo Street, 650, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Zip Code: 04039-002, Brazil.
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Ge L, Huang P, Miao H, Yu H, Wu D, Chen F, Lin Y, Lin Y, Li W, Hua J. The new landscape of differentially expression proteins in placenta tissues of gestational diabetes based on iTRAQ proteomics. Placenta 2023; 131:36-48. [PMID: 36473392 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) refers to abnormal glucose tolerance that occurs or is firstly diagnosed during pregnancy. GDM is related to various adverse pregnancy outcomes, but GDM pathogeny has not been fully elucidated. Nevertheless, previous studies have observed that many proteins in the placentas of patients with GDM are dysregulated. The present study aimed to establish a novel differentially expressed protein (DEP) landscape of GDM and normal maternal placentas and to explore the possible connection between DEPs and GDM pathogenesis. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of GDM and should make an important contribution to the development of biomarkers. METHODS The morphological characteristics of the placenta were observed on 30 GDM and normal maternal placental tissues stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was used in the proteomics screening of the DEPs of the normal and GDM maternal placentas. Bioinformatics analysis was performed on the DEPs, and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) was performed to verify the DEPs. Finally, the quantitative analysis of iTRAQ and PRM was verified by immunohistochemical assay. RESULTS A total of 68 DEPs in the GDM placenta were identified with iTRAQ proteomics experiment, comprising 21 up-regulated and 47 down-regulated DEPs. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the regulation of transport, catabolic process of non-coding RNA, cytoskeleton and cell binding were the most abundant Gene Ontology terms, and RNA degradation was an important pathway for significant enrichment. Protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1 (HNRNPA2B1), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B (HNRNPAB), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (HNRNPL) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 (HNRNPA3) were the cores of the up-regulated proteins. Band 3 anion transport protein (SLC4A1), spectrin beta chain erythrocytic (SPTB), ankyrin-1 (ANK1), spectrin beta chain non-erythrocytic 2 (SPTBN2), D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) and exosome complex component RRP42 (EXOSC7) were the cores of the down-regulated proteins. These proteins are involved in the binding, splicing, processing, transport and degradation of RNA and in the formation and maintenance of the cytoskeleton. PRM verification results showed that seven proteins, namely, epiplakin (EPPK1), cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP), HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPAB, HNRNPL, Ras-related protein Rab-21 (RAB21) and Ras-related protein Rab-3B (RAB3B), were up-regulated, whereas SPTB and SLC4A1 were down-regulated. The results of immunohistochemical assay also showed that the expression of five proteins, namely EPPK1, HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPAB, CIRBP and RAB21, were significantly higher in GDM placental tissues (P < 0.01). The GDM placentas showed changes in the morphological evaluation, including poor villous maturation, obvious increase in the number of syncytiotrophoblast nodules, thickening of the wall of dry villous arterioles with lumen stenosis, increased fibrinous exudation and excessive filling of villous interstitial vessels. DISCUSSION Differentially expressed proteins related to a variety of biological processes in the GDM placenta were found. Fourteen proteins, namely, HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPAB, HNRNPL, HNRNPA3, EPPK1, CIRBP, RAB21, RAB3B, SLC4A1, SPTB, ANK1, SPTBN2, PHGDH and EXOSC7, which were differentially expressed in the placenta, may play an important role in regulating the occurrence and development of gestational diabetes through multi-channel and multi-link regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ge
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Pingping Huang
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Miao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Honghong Yu
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fan Chen
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Lin
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuzheng Lin
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenfang Li
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinghe Hua
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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Li S, Liu T, Li K, Bai X, Xi K, Chai X, Mi L, Li J. Spectrins and human diseases. Transl Res 2022; 243:78-88. [PMID: 34979321 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Spectrin, as one of the major components of a plasma membrane-associated cytoskeleton, is a cytoskeletal protein composed of the modular structure of α and β subunits. The spectrin-based skeleton is essential for preserving the integrity and mechanical characteristics of the cell membrane. Moreover, spectrin regulates a variety of cell processes including cell apoptosis, cell adhesion, cell spreading, and cell cycle. Dysfunction of spectrins is implicated in various human diseases including hemolytic anemia, neurodegenerative diseases, ataxia, heart diseases, and cancers. Here, we briefly discuss spectrins function as well as the clinical manifestations and currently known molecular mechanisms of human diseases related to spectrins, highlighting that strategies for targeting regulation of spectrins function may provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Ting Liu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Kejing Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Xinyi Bai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Kewang Xi
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaojing Chai
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu, China
| | - Leyuan Mi
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Gansu, China; Clinical Laboratory Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Gansu, China
| | - Juan Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetic Study of Hematopathy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu, China; Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu, China.
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5
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El Mouatani A, Van Winckel G, Zaafrane-Khachnaoui K, Whalen S, Achaiaa A, Kaltenbach S, Superti-Furga A, Vekemans M, Fodstad H, Giuliano F, Attie-Bitach T. Homozygous GLI3 variants observed in three unrelated patients presenting with syndromic polydactyly. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3831-3837. [PMID: 34296525 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polydactyly is a hallmark of GLI3 pathogenic variants, with Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome and Pallister-Hall syndrome being the two main associated clinical presentations. Homozygous GLI3 variants are rare instances in the literature, and mendelian dominance is the accepted framework for GLI3-related diseases. Herein, we report three unrelated probands, presenting with polydactyly, and homozygous variants in the GLI3 gene. First, a 10-year-old girl, whose parents were first-degree cousins, presented with bilateral postaxial polydactyly of the hands, developmental delay and multiple malformations. Second, a male newborn, whose parents were first-degree cousins, presented with isolated bilateral postaxial polysyndactyly of the hands and the feet. Third, an adult male, whose parents were first-degree cousins, had bilateral mesoaxial polydactyly of the hands, with severe intellectual disability and multiple malformations. All three probands carried homozygous GLI3 variants. Strikingly, the parents also carried the child's variant, in the heterozygous state, without any clinical sign of GLI3 disease. Given the clinical presentation of our patients, the rarity and predicted high pathogenicity of the variants observed, and the absence of other pathogenic variants, we suggest that these GLI3 homozygous variants are causal. Moreover, the parents were heterozygous for the observed variants, but were clinically unremarkable, suggesting that these variants are hypomorphic alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Mouatani
- Service Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Van Winckel
- Service de Médecine Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sandra Whalen
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du développement et syndromes malformatifs, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Amale Achaiaa
- Service Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Kaltenbach
- Service Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Service de Médecine Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Vekemans
- Service Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Heidi Fodstad
- Service de Médecine Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Giuliano
- Service de Médecine Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tania Attie-Bitach
- Service Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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Purkinje Neurons with Loss of STIM1 Exhibit Age-Dependent Changes in Gene Expression and Synaptic Components. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3777-3798. [PMID: 33737457 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2401-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is an ER-Ca2+ sensor and an essential component of ER-Ca2+ store operated Ca2+ entry. Loss of STIM1 affects metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1)-mediated synaptic transmission, neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, and intrinsic plasticity in Purkinje neurons (PNs). Long-term changes of intracellular Ca2+ signaling in PNs led to neurodegenerative conditions, as evident in individuals with mutations of the ER-Ca2+ channel, the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor. Here, we asked whether changes in such intrinsic neuronal properties, because of loss of STIM1, have an age-dependent impact on PNs. Consequently, we analyzed mRNA expression profiles and cerebellar morphology in PN-specific STIM1 KO mice (STIM1PKO ) of both sexes across ages. Our study identified a requirement for STIM1-mediated Ca2+ signaling in maintaining the expression of genes belonging to key biological networks of synaptic function and neurite development among others. Gene expression changes correlated with altered patterns of dendritic morphology and greater innervation of PN dendrites by climbing fibers, in aging STIM1PKO mice. Together, our data identify STIM1 as an important regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis and neuronal excitability in turn required for maintaining the optimal transcriptional profile of PNs with age. Our findings are significant in the context of understanding how dysregulated calcium signals impact cellular mechanisms in multiple neurodegenerative disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In Purkinje neurons (PNs), the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is required for mGluR1-dependent synaptic transmission, refilling of ER Ca2+ stores, regulation of spike frequency, and cerebellar memory consolidation. Here, we provide evidence for a novel role of STIM1 in maintaining the gene expression profile and optimal synaptic connectivity of PNs. Expression of genes related to neurite development and synaptic organization networks is altered in PNs with persistent loss of STIM1. In agreement with these findings the dendritic morphology of PNs and climbing fiber innervations on PNs also undergo significant changes with age. These findings identify a new role for dysregulated intracellular calcium signaling in neurodegenerative disorders and provide novel therapeutic insights.
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Völkner C, Liedtke M, Hermann A, Frech MJ. Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery in Niemann-Pick Type C1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E710. [PMID: 33445799 PMCID: PMC7828283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal storage disorders Niemann-Pick disease Type C1 (NPC1) and Type C2 (NPC2) are rare diseases caused by mutations in the NPC1 or NPC2 gene. Both NPC1 and NPC2 are proteins responsible for the exit of cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/LY). Consequently, mutations in one of the two proteins lead to the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in LE/LY, displaying a disease hallmark. A total of 95% of cases are due to a deficiency of NPC1 and only 5% are caused by NPC2 deficiency. Clinical manifestations include neurological symptoms and systemic symptoms, such as hepatosplenomegaly and pulmonary manifestations, the latter being particularly pronounced in NPC2 patients. NPC1 and NPC2 are rare diseases with the described neurovisceral clinical picture, but studies with human primary patient-derived neurons and hepatocytes are hardly feasible. Obviously, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their derivatives are an excellent alternative for indispensable studies with these affected cell types to study the multisystemic disease NPC1. Here, we present a review focusing on studies that have used iPSCs for disease modeling and drug discovery in NPC1 and draw a comparison to commonly used NPC1 models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Völkner
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (C.V.); (M.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Maik Liedtke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (C.V.); (M.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (C.V.); (M.L.); (A.H.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Moritz J. Frech
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (C.V.); (M.L.); (A.H.)
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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8
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Fujishima K, Kurisu J, Yamada M, Kengaku M. βIII spectrin controls the planarity of Purkinje cell dendrites by modulating perpendicular axon-dendrite interactions. Development 2020; 147:226102. [PMID: 33234719 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the geometrical patterning of axon and dendrite wiring remains elusive, despite its crucial importance in the formation of functional neural circuits. The cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) arborizes a typical planar dendrite, which forms an orthogonal network with granule cell (GC) axons. By using electrospun nanofiber substrates, we reproduce the perpendicular contacts between PC dendrites and GC axons in culture. In the model system, PC dendrites show a preference to grow perpendicularly to aligned GC axons, which presumably contribute to the planar dendrite arborization in vivo We show that βIII spectrin, a causal protein for spinocerebellar ataxia type 5, is required for the biased growth of dendrites. βIII spectrin deficiency causes actin mislocalization and excessive microtubule invasion in dendritic protrusions, resulting in abnormally oriented branch formation. Furthermore, disease-associated mutations affect the ability of βIII spectrin to control dendrite orientation. These data indicate that βIII spectrin organizes the mouse dendritic cytoskeleton and thereby regulates the oriented growth of dendrites with respect to the afferent axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Fujishima
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junko Kurisu
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Midori Yamada
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mineko Kengaku
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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9
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Spagnoli C, Frattini D, Gozzi F, Rizzi S, Salerno GG, Cimino L, Fusco C. Infantile-Onset Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 5 (SCA5) with Optic Atrophy and Peripheral Neuropathy. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 20:481-483. [PMID: 33188499 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Spagnoli
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Daniele Frattini
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gozzi
- Ocular Immunology Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Susanna Rizzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Grazia Gabriella Salerno
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Luca Cimino
- Ocular Immunology Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurophysiology Laboratory, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Accogli A, St-Onge J, Addour-Boudrahem N, Lafond-Lapalme J, Laporte AD, Rouleau GA, Rivière JB, Srour M. Heterozygous Missense Pathogenic Variants Within the Second Spectrin Repeat of SPTBN2 Lead to Infantile-Onset Cerebellar Ataxia. J Child Neurol 2020; 35:106-110. [PMID: 31617442 DOI: 10.1177/0883073819878917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The term spinocerebellar ataxia encompasses a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders due to pathogenic variants in more than 100 genes, underlying 2 major groups of ataxia: autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCA, also known as spinocerebellar ataxias [SCAs]) due to heterozygous variants or polyglutamine triplet expansions leading to adult-onset ataxia, and autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxias (ARCAs, also known as SCARs) due to biallelic variants, usually resulting in more severe and earlier-onset cerebellar ataxia. Certain ataxia genes, including SPTBN2 which encodes β-III spectrin, are responsible for both SCA and SCAR, depending on whether the pathogenic variant occurs in a monoallelic or biallelic state, respectively. Accordingly, 2 major phenotypes have been linked to SPTBN2: pathogenic heterozygous in-frame deletions and missense variants result in an adult-onset, slowly progressive ADCA (SCA5) through a dominant negative effect, whereas biallelic loss-of-function variants cause SCAR14, an allelic disorder characterized by infantile-onset cerebellar ataxia and cognitive impairment. Of note, 2 heterozygous missense variants (c.1438C>T, p.R480 W; c.1309C>G, p.R437G), both lying in the second spectrin repeat of SPTBN2, have been linked to infantile-onset cerebellar ataxia, similar to SCAR14. Here, we report a novel de novo heterozygous pathogenic missense variant (c.1310G>A) in SPTBN2 in a child with infantile-onset cerebellar ataxia and mild cognitive impairment. This variant affects the same R437 residue of the second spectrin repeat but results in a different amino acid change (p.R437Q). We review previously reported cases and discuss possible pathomechanisms responsible for the early-onset cerebellar phenotype due to disease-causing variants in the second spectrin repeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,DINOGMI-Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy
| | - Judith St-Onge
- McGill University Health Center (MUHC) Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Joël Lafond-Lapalme
- McGill University Health Center (MUHC) Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Myriam Srour
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill University Health Center (MUHC) Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Beaudin M, Matilla-Dueñas A, Soong BW, Pedroso JL, Barsottini OG, Mitoma H, Tsuji S, Schmahmann JD, Manto M, Rouleau GA, Klein C, Dupre N. The Classification of Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxias: a Consensus Statement from the Society for Research on the Cerebellum and Ataxias Task Force. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 18:1098-1125. [PMID: 31267374 PMCID: PMC6867988 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no accepted classification of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias, a group of disorders characterized by important genetic heterogeneity and complex phenotypes. The objective of this task force was to build a consensus on the classification of autosomal recessive ataxias in order to develop a general approach to a patient presenting with ataxia, organize disorders according to clinical presentation, and define this field of research by identifying common pathogenic molecular mechanisms in these disorders. The work of this task force was based on a previously published systematic scoping review of the literature that identified autosomal recessive disorders characterized primarily by cerebellar motor dysfunction and cerebellar degeneration. The task force regrouped 12 international ataxia experts who decided on general orientation and specific issues. We identified 59 disorders that are classified as primary autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. For each of these disorders, we present geographical and ethnical specificities along with distinctive clinical and imagery features. These primary recessive ataxias were organized in a clinical and a pathophysiological classification, and we present a general clinical approach to the patient presenting with ataxia. We also identified a list of 48 complex multisystem disorders that are associated with ataxia and should be included in the differential diagnosis of autosomal recessive ataxias. This classification is the result of a consensus among a panel of international experts, and it promotes a unified understanding of autosomal recessive cerebellar disorders for clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beaudin
- Axe Neurosciences, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Antoni Matilla-Dueñas
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bing-Weng Soong
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital and Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jose Luiz Pedroso
- Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Orlando G Barsottini
- Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hiroshi Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, Médiathèque Jean Jacquy, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, UMons, Mons, Belgium
| | | | | | - Nicolas Dupre
- Axe Neurosciences, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Malik AR, Willnow TE. Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters in Physiology and Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225671. [PMID: 31726793 PMCID: PMC6888459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) encompass a class of five transporters with distinct expression in neurons and glia of the central nervous system (CNS). EAATs are mainly recognized for their role in uptake of the amino acid glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter. EAATs-mediated clearance of glutamate released by neurons is vital to maintain proper glutamatergic signalling and to prevent toxic accumulation of this amino acid in the extracellular space. In addition, some EAATs also act as chloride channels or mediate the uptake of cysteine, required to produce the reactive oxygen speciesscavenger glutathione. Given their central role in glutamate homeostasis in the brain, as well as their additional activities, it comes as no surprise that EAAT dysfunctions have been implicated in numerous acute or chronic diseases of the CNS, including ischemic stroke and epilepsy, cerebellar ataxias, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Here we review the studies in cellular and animal models, as well as in humans that highlight the roles of EAATs in the pathogenesis of these devastating disorders. We also discuss the mechanisms regulating EAATs expression and intracellular trafficking and new exciting possibilities to modulate EAATs and to provide neuroprotection in course of pathologies affecting the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Malik
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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13
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Mizuno T, Kashimada A, Nomura T, Moriyama K, Yokoyama H, Hasegawa S, Takagi M, Mizutani S. Infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 associated with a novel SPTBN2 mutation: A case report. Brain Dev 2019; 41:630-633. [PMID: 30898343 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5), a dominant spinocerebellar ataxia is caused by spectrin beta nonerythrocytic 2 gene (SPTBN2) mutation. It typically consists of a slow progressive cerebellar ataxia with an onset principally in adulthood. Here, we report on the first Japanese patient with infantile-onset SCA5 associated with a novel heterozygous SPTBN2 mutation. CASE REPORT The patient, a 6-year-old girl, developed delayed motor development and unsteady arm movement during infancy. She also showed gaze-evoked nystagmus, saccadic eye pursuit, dysarthria, dysmetria, intention tremor and mild intellectual disability. Brain MRI revealed moderate cerebellar atrophy and mild pontine atrophy. Comprehensive target capture sequencing to identify the causative gene identified a novel missense mutation in SPTBN2 (c.1309C<G, p.R437G), which was thought to be pathogenic. DISCUSSION Two patients with infantile-onset SCA5 associated with another novel heterozygous SPTBN2 mutation have recently been reported; these SPTBN2 mutations, which may have a significant impact on protein function, were located in the second spectrin. Our findings indicate that SPTBN2 mutations may be associated with infantile-onset cerebellar ataxia accompanied with global developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Mizuno
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
| | - Ayako Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nomura
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Kengo Moriyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Haruna Yokoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Setsuko Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Shuki Mizutani
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan; Kawasaki North Center for Childhood Developmental Disorder, Japan
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14
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Al-Muhaizea MA, AlMutairi F, Almass R, AlHarthi S, Aldosary MS, Alsagob M, AlOdaib A, Colak D, Kaya N. A Novel Homozygous Mutation in SPTBN2 Leads to Spinocerebellar Ataxia in a Consanguineous Family: Report of a New Infantile-Onset Case and Brief Review of the Literature. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 17:276-285. [PMID: 29196973 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was the identification of likely genes and mutations associated with an autosomal recessive (AR) rare spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) phenotype in two patients with infantile onset, from a consanguineous family. Using genome-wide SNP screening, autozygosity mapping, targeted Sanger sequencing and nextgen sequencing, family segregation analysis, and comprehensive neuropanel, we discovered a novel mutation in SPTBN2. Next, we utilized multiple sequence alignment of amino acids from various species as well as crystal structures provided by protein data bank (PDB# 1WYQ and 1WJM) to model the mutation site and its effect on β-III-spectrin. Finally, we used various bioinformatic classifiers to determine pathogenicity of the missense variant. A comprehensive clinical and diagnostic workup including radiological exams were performed on the patients as part of routine patient care. The homozygous missense variant (c.1572C>T; p.R414C) detected in exon 2 was fully segregated in the family and absent in a large ethnic cohort as well as publicly available data sets. Our comprehensive targeted sequencing approaches did not reveal any other likely candidate variants or mutations in both patients. The two male siblings presented with delayed motor milestones and cognitive and learning disability. Brain MRI revealed isolated cerebellar atrophy more marked in midline inferior vermis at ages of 3 and 6.5 years. Sequence alignments of the amino acids for β-III-spectrin indicated that the arginine at 414 is highly conserved among various species and located towards the end of first spectrin repeat domain. Inclusive bioinformatic analysis predicted that the variant is to be damaging and disease causing. In addition to the novel mutation, a brief literature review of the previously reported mutations as well as clinical comparison of the cases were also presented. Our study reviews the previously reported SPTBN2 mutations and cases. Moreover, the novel mutation, p.R414C, adds up to the literature for the infantile-onset form of autosomal recessive ataxia associated with SPTBN2. Previously, few SPTBN2 recessive mutations have been reported in humans. Animal models especially the β-III-/- mouse model provided insights into early coordination and gait deficit suggestive of loss-of-function. It is expected to see more recessive SPTBN2 mutations appearing in the literature during the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Al-Muhaizea
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faten AlMutairi
- Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC: 03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Almass
- Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC: 03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safinaz AlHarthi
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazhor S Aldosary
- Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC: 03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maysoon Alsagob
- Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC: 03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali AlOdaib
- Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC: 03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dilek Colak
- Department of Biostatistics and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Namik Kaya
- Genetics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC: 03, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Machnicka B, Grochowalska R, Bogusławska DM, Sikorski AF. The role of spectrin in cell adhesion and cell-cell contact. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1303-1312. [PMID: 31226892 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219859003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectrins are proteins that are responsible for many aspects of cell function and adaptation to changing environments. Primarily the spectrin-based membrane skeleton maintains cell membrane integrity and its mechanical properties, together with the cytoskeletal network a support cell shape. The occurrence of a variety of spectrin isoforms in diverse cellular environments indicates that it is a multifunctional protein involved in numerous physiological pathways. Participation of spectrin in cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix adhesion and formation of dynamic plasma membrane protrusions and associated signaling events is a subject of interest for researchers in the fields of cell biology and molecular medicine. In this mini-review, we focus on data concerning the role of spectrins in cell surface activities such as adhesion, cell–cell contact, and invadosome formation. We discuss data on different adhesion proteins that directly or indirectly interact with spectrin repeats. New findings support the involvement of spectrin in cell adhesion and spreading, formation of lamellipodia, and also the participation in morphogenetic processes, such as eye development, oogenesis, and angiogenesis. Here, we review the role of spectrin in cell adhesion and cell–cell contact.Impact statementThis article reviews properties of spectrins as a group of proteins involved in cell surface activities such as, adhesion and cell–cell contact, and their contribution to morphogenesis. We show a new area of research and discuss the involvement of spectrin in regulation of cell–cell contact leading to immunological synapse formation and in shaping synapse architecture during myoblast fusion. Data indicate involvement of spectrins in adhesion and cell–cell or cell–extracellular matrix interactions and therefore in signaling pathways. There is evidence of spectrin’s contribution to the processes of morphogenesis which are connected to its interactions with adhesion molecules, membrane proteins (and perhaps lipids), and actin. Our aim was to highlight the essential role of spectrin in cell–cell contact and cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Machnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra 65-516, Poland
| | - Renata Grochowalska
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra 65-516, Poland
| | - Dżamila M Bogusławska
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra 65-516, Poland
| | - Aleksander F Sikorski
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
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16
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Lubbers ER, Murphy NP, Musa H, Huang CYM, Gupta R, Price MV, Han M, Daoud G, Gratz D, El Refaey M, Xu X, Hoeflinger NK, Friel EL, Lancione P, Wallace MJ, Cavus O, Simmons SL, Williams JL, Skaf M, Koenig SN, Janssen PML, Rasband MN, Hund TJ, Mohler PJ. Defining new mechanistic roles for αII spectrin in cardiac function. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9576-9591. [PMID: 31064843 PMCID: PMC6579463 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectrins are cytoskeletal proteins essential for membrane biogenesis and regulation and serve critical roles in protein targeting and cellular signaling. αII spectrin (SPTAN1) is one of two α spectrin genes and αII spectrin dysfunction is linked to alterations in axon initial segment formation, cortical lamination, and neuronal excitability. Furthermore, human αII spectrin loss-of-function variants cause neurological disease. As global αII spectrin knockout mice are embryonic lethal, the in vivo roles of αII spectrin in adult heart are unknown and untested. Here, based on pronounced alterations in αII spectrin regulation in human heart failure we tested the in vivo roles of αII spectrin in the vertebrate heart. We created a mouse model of cardiomyocyte-selective αII spectrin-deficiency (cKO) and used this model to define the roles of αII spectrin in cardiac function. αII spectrin cKO mice displayed significant structural, cellular, and electrical phenotypes that resulted in accelerated structural remodeling, fibrosis, arrhythmia, and mortality in response to stress. At the molecular level, we demonstrate that αII spectrin plays a nodal role for global cardiac spectrin regulation, as αII spectrin cKO hearts exhibited remodeling of αI spectrin and altered β-spectrin expression and localization. At the cellular level, αII spectrin deficiency resulted in altered expression, targeting, and regulation of cardiac ion channels NaV1.5 and KV4.3. In summary, our findings define critical and unexpected roles for the multifunctional αII spectrin protein in the heart. Furthermore, our work provides a new in vivo animal model to study the roles of αII spectrin in the cardiomyocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R Lubbers
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- Medical Scientist Training Program
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology and
| | - Nathaniel P Murphy
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- Medical Scientist Training Program
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology and
| | - Hassan Musa
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Claire Yu-Mei Huang
- the Department of Neuroscience and Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Rohan Gupta
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Morgan V Price
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Mei Han
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Georges Daoud
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Daniel Gratz
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 432310
| | - Mona El Refaey
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Xianyao Xu
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Nicole K Hoeflinger
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Emma L Friel
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Peter Lancione
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Michael J Wallace
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Omer Cavus
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Samantha L Simmons
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Jordan L Williams
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Michel Skaf
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Sara N Koenig
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology and
- Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 432310
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- the Department of Neuroscience and Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Thomas J Hund
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia
- the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 432310
- Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 432310
| | - Peter J Mohler
- From the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia,
- the Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology and
- Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 432310
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17
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Nicita F, Nardella M, Bellacchio E, Alfieri P, Terrone G, Piccini G, Graziola F, Pignata C, Capuano A, Bertini E, Zanni G. Heterozygous missense variants of SPTBN2 are a frequent cause of congenital cerebellar ataxia. Clin Genet 2019; 96:169-175. [PMID: 31066025 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous missense variants in the SPTBN2 gene, encoding the non-erythrocytic beta spectrin 2 subunit (beta-III spectrin), have been identified in autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5), a rare adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, whereas homozygous loss of function variants in SPTBN2 have been associated with early onset cerebellar ataxia and global developmental delay (SCAR14). Recently, heterozygous SPTBN2 missense variants have been identified in a few patients with an early-onset ataxic phenotype. We report five patients with non-progressive congenital ataxia and psychomotor delay, 4/5 harboring novel heterozygous missense variants in SPTBN2 and one patient with compound heterozygous SPTBN2 variants. With an overall prevalence of 5% in our cohort of unrelated patients screened by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) for congenital or early-onset cerebellar ataxia, this study indicates that both dominant and recessive mutations of SPTBN2 together with CACNA1A and ITPR1, are a frequent cause of early-onset/congenital non-progressive ataxia and that their screening should be implemented in this subgroup of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nicita
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Nardella
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Alfieri
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Piccini
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Graziola
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Capuano
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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18
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Kemp KC, Dey R, Verhagen J, Scolding NJ, Usowicz MM, Wilkins A. Aberrant cerebellar Purkinje cell function repaired in vivo by fusion with infiltrating bone marrow-derived cells. Acta Neuropathol 2018. [PMID: 29541917 PMCID: PMC5954067 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived cells are known to infiltrate the adult brain and fuse with cerebellar Purkinje cells. Histological observations that such heterotypic cell fusion events are substantially more frequent following cerebellar injury suggest they could have a role in the protection of mature brain neurons. To date, the possibility that cell fusion can preserve or restore the structure and function of adult brain neurons has not been directly addressed; indeed, though frequently suggested, the possibility of benefit has always been rather speculative. Here we report, for the first time, that fusion of a bone marrow-derived cell with a neuron in vivo, in the mature brain, results in the formation of a spontaneously firing neuron. Notably, we also provide evidence supporting the concept that heterotypic cell fusion acts as a biological mechanism to repair pathological changes in Purkinje cell structure and electrophysiology. We induced chronic central nervous system inflammation in chimeric mice expressing bone marrow cells tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein. Subsequent in-depth histological analysis revealed significant Purkinje cell injury. In addition, there was an increased incidence of cell fusion between bone marrow-derived cells and Purkinje cells, revealed as enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing binucleate heterokaryons. These fused cells resembled healthy Purkinje cells in their morphology, soma size, ability to synthesize the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, and synaptic innervation from neighbouring cells. Extracellular recording of spontaneous firing ex vivo revealed a shift in the predominant mode of firing of non-fused Purkinje cells in the context of cerebellar inflammation. By contrast, the firing patterns of fused Purkinje cells were the same as in healthy control cerebellum, indicating that fusion of bone marrow-derived cells with Purkinje cells mitigated the effects of cell injury on electrical activity. Together, our histological and electrophysiological results provide novel fundamental insights into physiological processes by which nerve cells are protected in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Kemp
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Rimi Dey
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Johan Verhagen
- Infection and Immunity, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Neil J Scolding
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Maria M Usowicz
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alastair Wilkins
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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19
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Impact of Reduced Cerebellar EAAT Expression on Purkinje Cell Firing Pattern of NPC1-deficient Mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3318. [PMID: 29463856 PMCID: PMC5820268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease Type C1 (NPC1) is a rare hereditary neurodegenerative disease. NPC1-patients suffer, amongst others, from ataxia, based on a loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). Impaired expression/function of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are suspected of contributing to PC-degeneration in hereditary spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). Thus, we studied EAAT-expression and its impact to PC-activity in NPC1−/–mice. Western blot revealed reduced EAAT1, EAAT2, EAAT4, and βIII-spectrin levels in NPC1−/–mice. EAATs play a crucial role in synaptic transmission, thus we were interested in the impact of the reduced EAAT-expression on the function of PCs. Patch-clamp recordings of PCs showed no differences in the firing patterns of NPC1+/+and NPC1−/–mice using a low internal chloride concentration. Because EAAT4 also comprises a chloride permeable ion pore, we perturbed the chloride homeostasis using a high internal chloride concentration. We observed differences in the firing patterns of NPC1+/+and NPC1−/–mice, suggesting an impact of the altered EAAT4-expression. Additionally, the EAAT-antagonist DL-TBOA acts differently in NPC1+/+and NPC1−/–mice. Our data support the line of evidence that an altered EAAT-expression/function is involved in neurodegeneration of PCs observed in SCAs. Thus, we suggest that similar pathogenic mechanisms contribute the loss of PCs in NPC1.
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20
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Wang Y, Ji T, Nelson AD, Glanowska K, Murphy GG, Jenkins PM, Parent JM. Critical roles of αII spectrin in brain development and epileptic encephalopathy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:760-773. [PMID: 29337302 DOI: 10.1172/jci95743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonerythrocytic α-spectrin-1 (SPTAN1) gene encodes the cytoskeletal protein αII spectrin. Mutations in SPTAN1 cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy type 5 (EIEE5); however, the role of αII spectrin in neurodevelopment and EIEE5 pathogenesis is unknown. Prior work suggests that αII spectrin is absent in the axon initial segment (AIS) and contributes to a diffusion barrier in the distal axon. Here, we have shown that αII spectrin is expressed ubiquitously in rodent and human somatodendritic and axonal domains. CRISPR-mediated deletion of Sptan1 in embryonic rat forebrain by in utero electroporation caused altered dendritic and axonal development, loss of the AIS, and decreased inhibitory innervation. Overexpression of human EIEE5 mutant SPTAN1 in embryonic rat forebrain and mouse hippocampal neurons led to similar developmental defects that were also observed in EIEE5 patient-derived neurons. Additionally, patient-derived neurons displayed aggregation of spectrin complexes. Taken together, these findings implicate αII spectrin in critical aspects of dendritic and axonal development and synaptogenesis, and support a dominant-negative mechanism of SPTAN1 mutations in EIEE5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and
| | - Paul M Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology.,Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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21
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βIII Spectrin Is Necessary for Formation of the Constricted Neck of Dendritic Spines and Regulation of Synaptic Activity in Neurons. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6442-6459. [PMID: 28576936 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3520-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are postsynaptic structures in neurons often having a mushroom-like shape. Physiological significance and cytoskeletal mechanisms that maintain this shape are poorly understood. The spectrin-based membrane skeleton maintains the biconcave shape of erythrocytes, but whether spectrins also determine the shape of nonerythroid cells is less clear. We show that βIII spectrin in hippocampal and cortical neurons from rodent embryos of both sexes is distributed throughout the somatodendritic compartment but is particularly enriched in the neck and base of dendritic spines and largely absent from spine heads. Electron microscopy revealed that βIII spectrin forms a detergent-resistant cytoskeletal network at these sites. Knockdown of βIII spectrin results in a significant decrease in the density of dendritic spines. Surprisingly, the density of presynaptic terminals is not affected by βIII spectrin knockdown. However, instead of making normal spiny synapses, the presynaptic structures in βIII spectrin-depleted neurons make shaft synapses that exhibit increased amplitudes of miniature EPSCs indicative of excessive postsynaptic excitation. Thus, βIII spectrin is necessary for formation of the constricted shape of the spine neck, which in turn controls communication between the synapse and the parent dendrite to prevent excessive excitation. Notably, mutations of SPTNB2 encoding βIII spectrin are associated with neurodegenerative syndromes, spinocerebellar ataxia Type 5, and spectrin-associated autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia Type 1, but molecular mechanisms linking βIII spectrin functions to neuronal pathologies remain unresolved. Our data suggest that spinocerebellar ataxia Type 5 and spectrin-associated autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia Type 1 pathology likely arises from poorly controlled synaptic activity that leads to excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dendritic spines are small protrusions from neuronal dendrites that make synapses with axons of other neurons in the brain. Dendritic spines usually have a mushroom-like shape, which is essential for brain functions, because aberrant spine morphology is associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders. The bulbous head of a mushroom-shaped spine makes the synapse, whereas the narrow neck transmits the incoming signals to the dendrite and supposedly controls the signal propagation. We show that a cytoskeletal protein βIII spectrin plays a key role for the formation of narrow spine necks. In the absence of βIII spectrin, dendritic spines collapse onto dendrites. As a result, synaptic strength exceeds acceptable levels and damages neurons, explaining pathology of human syndromes caused by βIII spectrin mutations.
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Forsythe ID. Editorial. J Physiol 2016; 594:4469-70. [DOI: 10.1113/jp272724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian D. Forsythe
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour; University of Leicester; UK
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