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Zangen E, Hadar S, Lawrence C, Obeid M, Rasras H, Hanzin E, Aslan O, Zur E, Schulcz N, Cohen-Hatab D, Samama Y, Nir S, Li Y, Dobrotvorskia I, Sabbah S. Prefrontal cortex neurons encode ambient light intensity differentially across regions and layers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5501. [PMID: 38951486 PMCID: PMC11217280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49794-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
While light can affect emotional and cognitive processes of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), no light-encoding was hitherto identified in this region. Here, extracellular recordings in awake mice revealed that over half of studied mPFC neurons showed photosensitivity, that was diminished by inhibition of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), or of the upstream thalamic perihabenular nucleus (PHb). In 15% of mPFC photosensitive neurons, firing rate changed monotonically along light-intensity steps and gradients. These light-intensity-encoding neurons comprised four types, two enhancing and two suppressing their firing rate with increased light intensity. Similar types were identified in the PHb, where they exhibited shorter latency and increased sensitivity. Light suppressed prelimbic activity but boosted infralimbic activity, mirroring the regions' contrasting roles in fear-conditioning, drug-seeking, and anxiety. We posit that prefrontal photosensitivity represents a substrate of light-susceptible, mPFC-mediated functions, which could be ultimately studied as a therapeutical target in psychiatric and addiction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyashiv Zangen
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Shira Hadar
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Christopher Lawrence
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Mustafa Obeid
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Hala Rasras
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Ella Hanzin
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Ori Aslan
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Eyal Zur
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Nadav Schulcz
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Daniel Cohen-Hatab
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Yona Samama
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Sarah Nir
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Irina Dobrotvorskia
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Shai Sabbah
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel.
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2
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Ding W, Weltzien H, Peters C, Klein R. Nausea-induced suppression of feeding is mediated by central amygdala Dlk1-expressing neurons. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113990. [PMID: 38551964 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The motivation to eat is suppressed by satiety and aversive stimuli such as nausea. The neural circuit mechanisms of appetite suppression by nausea are not well understood. Pkcδ neurons in the lateral subdivision of the central amygdala (CeA) suppress feeding in response to satiety signals and nausea. Here, we characterized neurons enriched in the medial subdivision (CeM) of the CeA marked by expression of Dlk1. CeADlk1 neurons are activated by nausea, but not satiety, and specifically suppress feeding induced by nausea. Artificial activation of CeADlk1 neurons suppresses drinking and social interactions, suggesting a broader function in attenuating motivational behavior. CeADlk1 neurons form projections to many brain regions and exert their anorexigenic activity by inhibition of neurons of the parabrachial nucleus. CeADlk1 neurons are inhibited by appetitive CeA neurons, but also receive long-range monosynaptic inputs from multiple brain regions. Our results illustrate a CeA circuit that regulates nausea-induced feeding suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Ding
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Helena Weltzien
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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Petty GH, Bruno RM. Attentional modulation of secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus of mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.22.586242. [PMID: 38585833 PMCID: PMC10996504 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.22.586242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Each sensory modality has its own primary and secondary thalamic nuclei. While the primary thalamic nuclei are well understood to relay sensory information from the periphery to the cortex, the role of secondary sensory nuclei is elusive. One hypothesis has been that secondary nuclei may support feature-based attention. If this is true, one would also expect the activity in different nuclei to reflect the degree to which modalities are or are not behaviorally relevant in a task. We trained head-fixed mice to attend to one sensory modality while ignoring a second modality, namely to attend to touch and ignore vision, or vice versa. Arrays were used to record simultaneously from secondary somatosensory thalamus (POm) and secondary visual thalamus (LP). In mice trained to respond to tactile stimuli and ignore visual stimuli, POm was robustly activated by touch and largely unresponsive to visual stimuli. A different pattern was observed when mice were trained to respond to visual stimuli and ignore touch, with POm now more robustly activated during visual trials. This POm activity was not explained by differences in movements (i.e., whisking, licking, pupil dilation) resulting from the two tasks. Post hoc histological reconstruction of array tracks through POm revealed that subregions varied in their degree of plasticity. LP exhibited similar phenomena. We conclude that behavioral training reshapes activity in secondary thalamic nuclei. Secondary nuclei may respond to behaviorally relevant, reward-predicting stimuli regardless of stimulus modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon H Petty
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Randy M Bruno
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
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Dinh TNA, Moon HS, Kim SG. Separation of bimodal fMRI responses in mouse somatosensory areas into V1 and non-V1 contributions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6302. [PMID: 38491035 PMCID: PMC10943206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56305-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Multisensory integration is necessary for the animal to survive in the real world. While conventional methods have been extensively used to investigate the multisensory integration process in various brain areas, its long-range interactions remain less explored. In this study, our goal was to investigate interactions between visual and somatosensory networks on a whole-brain scale using 15.2-T BOLD fMRI. We compared unimodal to bimodal BOLD fMRI responses and dissected potential cross-modal pathways with silencing of primary visual cortex (V1) by optogenetic stimulation of local GABAergic neurons. Our data showed that the influence of visual stimulus on whisker activity is higher than the influence of whisker stimulus on visual activity. Optogenetic silencing of V1 revealed that visual information is conveyed to whisker processing via both V1 and non-V1 pathways. The first-order ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM) was functionally affected by non-V1 sources, while the higher-order posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POm) was predominantly modulated by V1 but not non-V1 inputs. The primary somatosensory barrel field (S1BF) was influenced by both V1 and non-V1 inputs. These observations provide valuable insights for into the integration of whisker and visual sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Ngoc Anh Dinh
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Moon
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
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5
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Reyes N, Huang JJ, Choudhury A, Pondelis N, Locatelli EVT, Hollinger R, Felix ER, Pattany PM, Galor A, Moulton EA. FL-41 Tint Reduces Activation of Neural Pathways of Photophobia in Patients with Chronic Ocular Pain. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 259:172-184. [PMID: 38101593 PMCID: PMC10939838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the therapeutic effect of tinted lenses (FL-41) on photophobia and light-evoked brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in individuals with chronic ocular surface pain. DESIGN Prospective case series. METHODS 25 subjects from the Miami veterans affairs (VA) eye clinic were recruited based on the presence of chronic ocular pain, dry eye symptoms, and photophobia. Using a 3T MRI scanner, subjects underwent 2 fMRI scans using an event-related design based on light stimuli: one scan while wearing FL-41 lenses and one without. Unpleasantness ratings evoked by the light stimuli were collected after each scan. RESULTS With FL-41 lenses, subjects reported decreased (n = 19), maintained (n = 2), or increased (n = 4) light-evoked unpleasantness ratings. Group analysis at baseline (no lens) revealed significant light evoked responses in bilateral primary somatosensory (S1), bilateral secondary somatosensory (S2), bilateral insula, bilateral frontal pole, visual, precuneus, paracingulate, and anterior cingulate cortices (ACC) as well as cerebellar vermis, bilateral cerebellar hemispheric lobule VI, and bilateral cerebellar crus I and II. With FL-41 lenses, light-evoked responses were significantly decreased in bilateral S1, bilateral S2, bilateral insular, right temporal pole, precuneus, ACC, and paracingulate cortices as well as bilateral cerebellar hemispheric lobule VI. CONCLUSION FL-41 lenses modulated photophobia symptoms in some individuals with chronic ocular pain. In conjunction, FL-41 lenses decreased activation in cortical areas involved in processing affective and sensory-discriminative dimensions of pain. Further research into these relationships will advance the ability to provide precision therapy for individuals with ocular pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Reyes
- Surgical Services, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center (N.R., J.J.H., A.C., E.V.T.L., R.H., A.G.), Miami, Florida, USA; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami (N.R., J.J.H., A.C., E.V.T.L., A.G.), Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jaxon J Huang
- Surgical Services, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center (N.R., J.J.H., A.C., E.V.T.L., R.H., A.G.), Miami, Florida, USA; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami (N.R., J.J.H., A.C., E.V.T.L., A.G.), Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anjalee Choudhury
- Surgical Services, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center (N.R., J.J.H., A.C., E.V.T.L., R.H., A.G.), Miami, Florida, USA; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami (N.R., J.J.H., A.C., E.V.T.L., A.G.), Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nicholas Pondelis
- Brain and Eye Pain Imaging Lab, Pain and Affective Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesia (N.P., E.A.M.), Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elyana V T Locatelli
- Surgical Services, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center (N.R., J.J.H., A.C., E.V.T.L., R.H., A.G.), Miami, Florida, USA; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami (N.R., J.J.H., A.C., E.V.T.L., A.G.), Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ruby Hollinger
- Surgical Services, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center (N.R., J.J.H., A.C., E.V.T.L., R.H., A.G.), Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Felix
- Research Service, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center (E.R.F.), Miami, Florida, USA; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (E.R.F.), University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Pradip M Pattany
- Department of Radiology (P.M.P.), University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anat Galor
- Surgical Services, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center (N.R., J.J.H., A.C., E.V.T.L., R.H., A.G.), Miami, Florida, USA; Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami (N.R., J.J.H., A.C., E.V.T.L., A.G.), Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eric A Moulton
- Brain and Eye Pain Imaging Lab, Pain and Affective Neuroscience Center, Department of Anesthesia (N.P., E.A.M.), Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Ophthalmology (E.A.M.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, USA.
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6
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Cortes N, Ladret HJ, Abbas-Farishta R, Casanova C. The pulvinar as a hub of visual processing and cortical integration. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:120-134. [PMID: 38143202 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus is a crucial component of the visual system and plays significant roles in sensory processing and cognitive integration. The pulvinar's extensive connectivity with cortical regions allows for bidirectional communication, contributing to the integration of sensory information across the visual hierarchy. Recent findings underscore the pulvinar's involvement in attentional modulation, feature binding, and predictive coding. In this review, we highlight recent advances in clarifying the pulvinar's circuitry and function. We discuss the contributions of the pulvinar to signal modulation across the global cortical network and place these findings within theoretical frameworks of cortical processing, particularly the global neuronal workspace (GNW) theory and predictive coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Cortes
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hugo J Ladret
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Reza Abbas-Farishta
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Casanova
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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7
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Lin S, Zhang H, Qi M, Cooper DN, Yang Y, Yang Y, Zhao H. Inferring the genetic relationship between brain imaging-derived phenotypes and risk of complex diseases by Mendelian randomization and genome-wide colocalization. Neuroimage 2023; 279:120325. [PMID: 37579999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Observational studies consistently disclose brain imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs) as critical markers for early diagnosis of both brain disorders and cardiovascular diseases. However, it remains unclear about the shared genetic landscape between brain IDPs and the risk of brain disorders and cardiovascular diseases, restricting the applications of potential diagnostic techniques through brain IDPs. Here, we reported genetic correlations and putative causal relationships between 921 brain IDPs, 20 brain disorders and six cardiovascular diseases by leveraging their large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. Applications of Mendelian randomization (MR) identified significant putative causal effects of multiple region-specific brain IDPs in relation to the increased risks for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), major depressive disorder (MDD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). We also found brain IDPs specifically from temporal lobe as a putatively causal consequence of hypertension. The genome-wide colocalization analysis identified three genomic regions in which MDD, ASD and SCZ colocalized with the brain IDPs, and two novel SNPs to be associated with ASD, SCZ, and multiple brain IDPs. Furthermore, we identified a list of candidate genes involved in the shared genetics underlying pairs of brain IDPs and MDD, ASD, SCZ, ALS and hypertension. Our results provide novel insights into the genetic relationships between brain disorders and cardiovascular diseases and brain IDP, which may server as clues for using brain IDPs to predict risks of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Lin
- Department of Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haoyang Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mengling Qi
- Department of Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - David N Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Yuedong Yang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuanhao Yang
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Department of Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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8
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Wagner MW, Bernhard N, Mndebele G, Vidarsson L, Ertl-Wagner BB. Volumetric differences of thalamic nuclei in children with trisomy 21. Neuroradiol J 2023; 36:581-587. [PMID: 36942548 PMCID: PMC10569191 DOI: 10.1177/19714009231166100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Histological studies have shown alterations of thalamic nuclei in patients with Down syndrome (DS). The correlation of these changes on MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is unclear. Therefore, this study investigates volumetric differences of thalamic nuclei in children with DS compared to controls. METHODS Patients were retrospectively identified between 01/2000 and 10/2021. Patient inclusion criteria were: (1) 0-18 years of age, (2) diagnosis of DS, and (3) availability of a brain MRI without parenchymal injury and a non-motion-degraded volumetric T1-weighted sequence. Whole thalamus and thalamic nuclei (n = 25) volumes were analyzed bilaterally relative to the total brain volume (TBV). Two-sided t-tests were used to evaluate differences between groups. Differences were considered significant if the adjusted p-value was <0.05 after correction for multiple hypothesis testing using the Holm-Bonferroni method. RESULTS 21 children with DS (11 females, 52.4%, mean age: 8.6 ± 4.3 years) and 63 age- and sex-matched controls (32 females, 50.8%, 8.6 ± 4.3 years) were studied using automated volumetric segmentation. Significantly smaller ratios were found for nine thalamic nuclei and the whole thalamus on the right and five thalamic nuclei on the left. TBV was significantly smaller in patients with DS (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the groups for age and sex. CONCLUSIONS In this exploratory volumetric analysis of the thalamus and thalamic nuclei, we observed statistically significant volumetric changes in children with DS. Our findings confirm prior neuroimaging and histological studies and extend the range of involved thalamic nuclei in pediatric DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W Wagner
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nirit Bernhard
- The Hospital for Sick Children Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gopolang Mndebele
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Nelson Mandela Children’s Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Logi Vidarsson
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Birgit B Ertl-Wagner
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Neuroradiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Kim M, Kim T, Ha M, Oh H, Moon SY, Kwon JS. Large-Scale Thalamocortical Triple Network Dysconnectivities in Patients With First-Episode Psychosis and Individuals at Risk for Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:375-384. [PMID: 36453986 PMCID: PMC10016393 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Aberrant thalamocortical connectivity and large-scale network interactions among the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and executive control network (ECN) (ie, triple networks) have been regarded as critical in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Despite the importance of network properties and the role of the thalamus as an integrative hub, large-scale thalamocortical triple network functional connectivities (FCs) in different stages of the psychotic disorder have not yet been reported. STUDY DESIGN Thirty-nine first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients, 75 individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, 46 unaffected relatives (URs) of schizophrenia patients with high genetic loading, and 110 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Modular community detection was used to identify cortical and thalamic resting-state networks, and thalamocortical network interactions were compared across the groups. STUDY RESULTS Thalamic triple networks included higher-order thalamic nuclei. Thalamic SN-cortical ECN FC was greater in the FEP group than in the CHR, UR, and HC groups. Thalamic DMN-cortical DMN and thalamic SN-cortical DMN FCs were greater in FEP and CHR participants. Thalamic ECN-cortical DMN and thalamic ECN-cortical SN FCs were greater in FEP patients and URs. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight critical modulatory functions of thalamic triple networks and the shared and distinct patterns of thalamocortical triple network dysconnectivities across different stages of psychotic disorders. The current study findings suggest that large-scale thalamocortical triple network dysconnectivities may be used as an integrative biomarker for extending our understanding of the psychosis pathophysiology and for targeting network-based neuromodulation therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minah Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekwan Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Ha
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Harin Oh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Moon
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Xue M, Shi W, Zhou S, Li Y, Wu F, Chen QY, Liu RH, Zhou Z, Zhang YX, Chen Y, Xu F, Bi G, Li X, Lu J, Zhuo M. Mapping thalamic-anterior cingulate monosynaptic inputs in adult mice. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221087034. [PMID: 35240879 PMCID: PMC9009153 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221087034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is located in the frontal part of the
cingulate cortex, and plays important roles in pain perception and emotion. The
thalamocortical pathway is the major sensory input to the ACC. Previous studies
have show that several different thalamic nuclei receive projection fibers from
spinothalamic tract, that in turn send efferents to the ACC by using neural
tracers and optical imaging methods. Most of these studies were performed in
monkeys, cats, and rats, few studies were reported systematically in adult mice.
Adult mice, especially genetically modified mice, have provided molecular and
synaptic mechanisms for cortical plasticity and modulation in the ACC. In the
present study, we utilized rabies virus-based retrograde tracing system to map
thalamic-anterior cingulate monosynaptic inputs in adult mice. We also combined
with a new high-throughput VISoR imaging technique to generate a
three-dimensional whole-brain reconstruction, especially the thalamus. We found
that cortical neurons in the ACC received direct projections from different
sub-nuclei in the thalamus, including the anterior, ventral, medial, lateral,
midline, and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. These findings provide key anatomic
evidences for the connection between the thalamus and ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xue
- 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | | | - Sibo Zhou
- 528996Xi'an Jiaotong University Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Zhuo
- Qingdao International Academician Park
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Kondo S, Kiyohara Y, Ohki K. Response Selectivity of the Lateral Posterior Nucleus Axons Projecting to the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:825735. [PMID: 35296036 PMCID: PMC8918919 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.825735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1) exhibit characteristic response selectivity to visual stimuli, such as orientation, direction and spatial frequency selectivity. Since V1 receives thalamic visual inputs from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and lateral posterior nucleus (LPN), the response selectivity of the V1 neurons could be influenced mostly by these inputs. However, it remains unclear how these two thalamic inputs contribute to the response selectivity of the V1 neurons. In this study, we examined the orientation, direction and spatial frequency selectivity of the LPN axons projecting to V1 and compared their response selectivity with our previous results of the LGN axons in mice. For this purpose, the genetically encoded calcium indicator, GCaMP6s, was locally expressed in the LPN using the adeno-associated virus (AAV) infection method. Visual stimulations were presented, and axonal imaging was conducted in V1 by two-photon calcium imaging in vivo. We found that LPN axons primarily terminate in layers 1 and 5 and, to a lesser extent, in layers 2/3 and 4 of V1, while LGN axons mainly terminate in layer 4 and, to a lesser extent, in layers 1 and 2/3 of V1. LPN axons send highly orientation- and direction-selective inputs to all the examined layers in V1, whereas LGN axons send highly orientation- and direction-selective inputs to layers 1 and 2/3 but low orientation and direction selective inputs to layer 4 in V1. The distribution of preferred orientation and direction was strongly biased toward specific orientations and directions in LPN axons, while weakly biased to cardinal orientations and directions in LGN axons. In spatial frequency tuning, both the LPN and LGN axons send selective inputs to V1. The distribution of preferred spatial frequency was more diverse in the LPN axons than in the LGN axons. In conclusion, LPN inputs to V1 are functionally different from LGN inputs and may have different roles in the orientation, direction and spatial frequency tuning of the V1 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kondo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- World Premier International Research Center – International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Satoru Kondo,
| | - Yuko Kiyohara
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ohki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- World Premier International Research Center – International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Kenichi Ohki,
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12
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Theruveethi N, Bui BV, Joshi MB, Valiathan M, Ganeshrao SB, Gopalakrishnan S, Kabekkodu SP, Bhat SS, Surendran S. Blue Light-Induced Retinal Neuronal Injury and Amelioration by Commercially Available Blue Light-Blocking Lenses. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020243. [PMID: 35207530 PMCID: PMC8877890 DOI: 10.3390/life12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light exposure-induced retinal damage has been extensively studied. Although many in vitro studies have shown the benefits of blue light-blocking lenses (BBL) there have been few comprehensive in vivo studies to assess the effects of BBL. We investigated the influence of blue light exposure using light-emitting diodes on retinal histology and visual cortex neurons in rodents. We also considered whether retinal and cortical changes induced by blue light could be ameliorated with blue light-blocking lenses. A total of n = 24 (n = 6 in each group; control, light exposure without lenses, two different BBLs)) male Wistar rats were subjected to blue light exposure (LEDs, 450–500 lux) without or with BBLs (400–490 nm) for 28 days on a 12:12 h light–dark cycle. Histological analysis of retinae revealed apoptosis and necrosis of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptors, and inner retina in the light exposure (LE) group, along with increase caspase-3 immunostaining in the ganglion cell layer (p < 0.001). BBL groups showed less caspase-3 immunostaining compared with the LE group (p < 0.001). V1-L5PNs (primary visual cortex layer 5 pyramidal neurons) demonstrated reduced branching and intersections points for apical (p < 0.001) and basal (p < 0.05) dendrites following blue light exposure. Blue light-blocking lenses significantly improved the number of basal branching points compared with the LE group. Our study shows that prolonged exposure to high levels of blue light pose a significant hazard to the visual system resulting in damage to the retina with the associated remodeling of visual cortex neurons. BBL may offer moderate protection against exposure to high levels of blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Theruveethi
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (N.T.); (S.B.G.)
| | - Bang Viet Bui
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Manjunath B. Joshi
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (M.B.J.); (S.P.K.)
| | - Manna Valiathan
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (M.V.); (S.G.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Shonraj Ballae Ganeshrao
- Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (N.T.); (S.B.G.)
| | - Sivakumar Gopalakrishnan
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (M.V.); (S.G.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (M.B.J.); (S.P.K.)
| | - Shailaja S. Bhat
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (M.V.); (S.G.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Sudarshan Surendran
- Department of Anatomy, Manipal Campus, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
- Correspondence:
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13
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Kirchgessner MA, Franklin AD, Callaway EM. Distinct "driving" versus "modulatory" influences of different visual corticothalamic pathways. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5121-5137.e7. [PMID: 34614389 PMCID: PMC8665059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Higher-order (HO) thalamic nuclei interact extensively and reciprocally with the cerebral cortex. These corticothalamic (CT) interactions are thought to be important for sensation and perception, attention, and many other important brain functions. CT projections to HO thalamic nuclei, such as the visual pulvinar, originate from two different excitatory populations in cortical layers 5 and 6, whereas first-order nuclei (such as the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus; dLGN) only receive layer 6 CT input. It has been proposed that these layer 5 and layer 6 CT pathways have different functional influences on the HO thalamus, but this has never been directly tested. By optogenetically inactivating different CT populations in the primary visual cortex (V1) and recording single-unit activity from V1, dLGN, and pulvinar of awake mice, we demonstrate that layer 5, but not layer 6, CT projections drive visual responses in the pulvinar, even while both pathways provide retinotopic, baseline excitation to their thalamic targets. Inactivating the superior colliculus also suppressed visual responses in the same subregion of the pulvinar, demonstrating that cortical layer 5 and subcortical inputs both contribute to HO visual thalamic activity-even at the level of putative single neurons. Altogether, these results indicate a functional division of "driver" and "modulator" CT pathways from V1 to the visual thalamus in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Kirchgessner
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexis D Franklin
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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14
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Vidal B, Droguerre M, Venet L, Zimmer L, Valdebenito M, Mouthon F, Charvériat M. Functional ultrasound imaging to study brain dynamics: Application of pharmaco-fUS to atomoxetine. Neuropharmacology 2020; 179:108273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Mouland JW, Martial F, Watson A, Lucas RJ, Brown TM. Cones Support Alignment to an Inconsistent World by Suppressing Mouse Circadian Responses to the Blue Colors Associated with Twilight. Curr Biol 2020; 29:4260-4267.e4. [PMID: 31846668 PMCID: PMC6926481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In humans, short-wavelength light evokes larger circadian responses than longer wavelengths [1-3]. This reflects the fact that melanopsin, a key contributor to circadian assessments of light intensity, most efficiently captures photons around 480 nm [4-8] and gives rise to the popular view that "blue" light exerts the strongest effects on the clock. However, in the natural world, there is often no direct correlation between perceived color (as reported by the cone-based visual system) and melanopsin excitation. Accordingly, although the mammalian clock does receive cone-based chromatic signals [9], the influence of color on circadian responses to light remains unclear. Here, we define the nature and functional significance of chromatic influences on the mouse circadian system. Using polychromatic lighting and mice with altered cone spectral sensitivity (Opn1mwR), we generate conditions that differ in color (i.e., ratio of L- to S-cone opsin activation) while providing identical melanopsin and rod activation. When biased toward S-opsin activation (appearing "blue"), these stimuli reliably produce weaker circadian behavioral responses than those favoring L-opsin ("yellow"). This influence of color (which is absent in animals lacking cone phototransduction; Cnga3-/-) aligns with natural changes in spectral composition over twilight, where decreasing solar angle is accompanied by a strong blue shift [9-11]. Accordingly, we find that naturalistic color changes support circadian alignment when environmental conditions render diurnal variations in light intensity weak/ambiguous sources of timing information. Our data thus establish how color contributes to circadian entrainment in mammals and provide important new insight to inform the design of lighting environments that benefit health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Mouland
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Franck Martial
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alex Watson
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Timothy M Brown
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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16
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Foik AT, Scholl LR, Lean GA, Lyon DC. Visual Response Characteristics in Lateral and Medial Subdivisions of the Rat Pulvinar. Neuroscience 2020; 441:117-130. [PMID: 32599121 PMCID: PMC7398122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pulvinar is a higher-order thalamic relay and a central component of the extrageniculate visual pathway, with input from the superior colliculus and visual cortex and output to all of visual cortex. Rodent pulvinar, more commonly called the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), consists of three highly-conserved subdivisions, and offers the advantage of simplicity in its study compared to more subdivided primate pulvinar. Little is known about receptive field properties of LP, let alone whether functional differences exist between different LP subdivisions, making it difficult to understand what visual information is relayed and what kinds of computations the pulvinar might support. Here, we characterized single-cell response properties in two V1 recipient subdivisions of rat pulvinar, the rostromedial (LPrm) and lateral (LPl), and found that a fourth of the cells were selective for orientation, compared to half in V1, and that LP tuning widths were significantly broader. Response latencies were also significantly longer and preferred size more than three times larger on average than in V1; the latter suggesting pulvinar as a source of spatial context to V1. Between subdivisons, LPl cells preferred higher temporal frequencies, whereas LPrm showed a greater degree of direction selectivity and pattern motion detection. Taken together with known differences in connectivity patterns, these results suggest two separate visual feature processing channels in the pulvinar, one in LPl related to higher speed processing which likely derives from superior colliculus input, and the other in LPrm for motion processing derived through input from visual cortex. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The pulvinar has a perplexing role in visual cognition as no clear link has been found between the functional properties of its neurons and behavioral deficits that arise when it is damaged. The pulvinar, called the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) in rats, is a higher order thalamic relay with input from the superior colliculus and visual cortex and output to all of visual cortex. By characterizing single-cell response properties in anatomically distinct subdivisions we found two separate visual feature processing channels in the pulvinar, one in lateral LP related to higher speed processing which likely derives from superior colliculus input, and the other in rostromedial LP for motion processing derived through input from visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Foik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Leo R Scholl
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, United States; Department of Cognitive Sciences, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Georgina A Lean
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, United States; Department of Cognitive Sciences, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - David C Lyon
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, United States.
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17
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Mancini V, Zöller D, Schneider M, Schaer M, Eliez S. Abnormal Development and Dysconnectivity of Distinct Thalamic Nuclei in Patients With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Experiencing Auditory Hallucinations. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 5:875-890. [PMID: 32620531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies in patients with schizophrenia have demonstrated an abnormal thalamic volume and thalamocortical connectivity. Specifically, hyperconnectivity with somatosensory areas has been related to the presence of auditory hallucinations (AHs). The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a neurogenetic disorder conferring proneness to develop schizophrenia, and deletion carriers (22qdel carriers) experience hallucinations to a greater extent than the general population. METHODS We acquired 442 consecutive magnetic resonance imaging scans from 120 22qdel carriers and 110 control subjects every 3 years (age range: 8-35 years). The volume of thalamic nuclei was obtained with FreeSurfer and was compared between 22qdel carriers and control subjects and between 22qdel carriers with and without AHs. In a subgroup of 76 22qdel carriers, we evaluated the functional connectivity between thalamic nuclei affected in patients experiencing AHs and cortical regions. RESULTS As compared with control subjects, 22qdel carriers had lower and higher volumes of nuclei involved in sensory processing and cognitive functions, respectively. 22qdel carriers with AHs had a smaller volume of the medial geniculate nucleus, with deviant trajectories showing a steeper volume decrease from childhood with respect to those without AHs. Moreover, we showed an aberrant development of nuclei intercalated between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (the anteroventral and medioventral reuniens nuclei) and hyperconnectivity of the medial geniculate nucleus and anteroventral nucleus with the auditory cortex and Wernicke's area. CONCLUSIONS The increased connectivity of the medial geniculate nucleus and anteroventral nucleus to the auditory cortex might be interpreted as a lack of maturation of thalamocortical connectivity. Overall, our findings point toward an aberrant development of thalamic nuclei and an immature pattern of connectivity with temporal regions in relation to AHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mancini
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Daniela Zöller
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Clinical Psychology Unit for Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Research Group Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Schaer
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lee KH, Tran A, Turan Z, Meister M. The sifting of visual information in the superior colliculus. eLife 2020; 9:50678. [PMID: 32286224 PMCID: PMC7237212 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of the early visual system is devoted to sifting the visual scene for the few bits of behaviorally relevant information. In the visual cortex of mammals, a hierarchical system of brain areas leads eventually to the selective encoding of important features, like faces and objects. Here, we report that a similar process occurs in the other major visual pathway, the superior colliculus. We investigate the visual response properties of collicular neurons in the awake mouse with large-scale electrophysiology. Compared to the superficial collicular layers, neuronal responses in the deeper layers become more selective for behaviorally relevant stimuli; more invariant to location of stimuli in the visual field; and more suppressed by repeated occurrence of a stimulus in the same location. The memory of familiar stimuli persists in complete absence of the visual cortex. Models of these neural computations lead to specific predictions for neural circuitry in the superior colliculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hyun Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Alvita Tran
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Zeynep Turan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Markus Meister
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
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Matrov D, Imbeault S, Kanarik M, Shkolnaya M, Schikorra P, Miljan E, Shimmo R, Harro J. Comprehensive mapping of cytochrome c oxidase activity in the rat brain after sub-chronic ketamine administration. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151531. [PMID: 32131979 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is a noncompetitive antagonist of glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Its acute effects on healthy volunteers and schizophrenia patients mimic some acute psychotic, but also cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and subchronic treatment with ketamine has been used as an animal model of psychotic disorders. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is tightly coupled to oxidative metabolism in the brain. Quantitative histochemical mapping of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity, which reflect long-term energy metabolism, was carried out in rats that received a daily subanaesthetic dose (30 mg/kg) of ketamine for 10 days. In total, COX activity was measured in 190 brain regions to map out metabolic adaptations to the subchronic administration of ketamine. Ketamine treatment was associated with elevated COX activity in nine brain sub-regions in sensory thalamus, basal ganglia, cortical areas, hippocampus and superior colliculi. Changes in pairwise correlations between brain regions were studied with differential correlation analysis. Ketamine treatment was associated with the reduction of positive association between brain regions in 66 % of the significant comparisons. Different layers of the superior colliculi showed the strongest effects. Changes in other visual and auditory brain centres were also of note. The locus coeruleus showed opposite pattern of increased coupling to mainly limbic brain regions in ketamine-treated rats. Our study replicated commonly observed activating effects of ketamine in the hippocampus, cingulate cortex, and basal ganglia. The current study is the first to extensively map the oxidative metabolism in the CNS in the ketamine model of schizophrenia. It shows that ketamine treatment leads to the re-organization of activity in sensory and memory-related brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Matrov
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sophie Imbeault
- Tallinn University Centre of Excellence in Neural and Behavioural Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Margus Kanarik
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marianna Shkolnaya
- Tallinn University Centre of Excellence in Neural and Behavioural Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Patricia Schikorra
- Tallinn University Centre of Excellence in Neural and Behavioural Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ergo Miljan
- Tallinn University Centre of Excellence in Neural and Behavioural Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ruth Shimmo
- Tallinn University Centre of Excellence in Neural and Behavioural Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Tallinn University Centre of Excellence in Neural and Behavioural Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia; Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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20
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Juavinett AL, Kim EJ, Collins HC, Callaway EM. A systematic topographical relationship between mouse lateral posterior thalamic neurons and their visual cortical projection targets. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:95-107. [PMID: 31265129 PMCID: PMC6842098 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Higher-order visual thalamus communicates broadly and bi-directionally with primary and extrastriate cortical areas in various mammals. In primates, the pulvinar is a topographically and functionally organized thalamic nucleus that is largely dedicated to visual processing. Still, a more granular connectivity map is needed to understand the role of thalamocortical loops in visually guided behavior. Similarly, the secondary visual thalamic nucleus in mice (the lateral posterior nucleus, LP) has extensive connections with cortex. To resolve the precise connectivity of these circuits, we first mapped mouse visual cortical areas using intrinsic signal optical imaging and then injected fluorescently tagged retrograde tracers (cholera toxin subunit B) into retinotopically-matched locations in various combinations of seven different visual areas. We find that LP neurons representing matched regions in visual space but projecting to different extrastriate areas are found in different topographically organized zones, with few double-labeled cells (~4-6%). In addition, V1 and extrastriate visual areas received input from the ventrolateral part of the laterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (LDVL). These observations indicate that the thalamus provides topographically organized circuits to each mouse visual area and raise new questions about the contributions from LP and LDVL to cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Juavinett
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
- Neurosciences Program UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Euiseok J Kim
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
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Nguyen VT, Tieng QM, Mardon K, Zhang C, Chong S, Galloway GJ, Kurniawan ND. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Micro-Computed Tomography reveal brain morphological abnormalities in a mouse model of early moderate prenatal ethanol exposure. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 77:106849. [PMID: 31838218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effects of early moderate prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) on the brain in a mouse model that mimics a scenario in humans, whereby moderate daily drinking ceases after a woman becomes aware of her pregnancy. METHODS C57BL/6J pregnant mice were given 10% v/v ethanol from gestational day 0-8 in the drinking water. The male offspring were used for imaging. Anatomical and diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging were performed in vivo at postnatal day 28 (P28, adolescence) and P80 (adulthood). Micro-Computed Tomography was performed on fixed whole heads at P80. Tensor-based morphometry (TBM) was applied to detect alterations in brain structure and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) for skull morphology. Diffusion tensor and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging models were used to detect microstructural changes. Neurofilament (NF) immunohistochemistry was used to validate findings by in vivo diffusion MRI. RESULTS TBM showed that PEE mice exhibited a significantly smaller third ventricle at P28 (family-wise error rate (FWE), p < 0.05). All other macro-structural alterations did not survive FWE corrections but when displayed with an uncorrected p < 0.005 showed multiple regional volume reductions and expansions, more prominently in the right hemisphere. PEE-induced gross volume changes included a bigger thalamus, hypothalamus and ventricles at P28, and bigger total brain volumes at both P28 and P80 (2-sample t-tests). Disproportionately smaller olfactory bulbs following PEE were revealed at both time-points. No alterations in diffusion parameters were detected, but PEE animals exhibited reduced NF positive staining in the thalamus and striatum and greater bone density in various skull regions. CONCLUSION Our results show that early moderate PEE can cause alterations in the brain that are detectable during development and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van T Nguyen
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Quang M Tieng
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karine Mardon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; National Imaging Facility, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christine Zhang
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suyinn Chong
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham J Galloway
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; National Imaging Facility, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nyoman D Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Yamakawa M, Tachibana A, Tatsumoto M, Okajima K, Ueda S, Hirata K. Hemodynamic responses related to intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in migraine. Neurosci Res 2019; 160:57-64. [PMID: 31790724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To clarify whether photoreception of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) is related to migraine, we investigated the relationship between hemodynamic responses related to neural activity and visual stimulation of ipRGCs. It has been established that photoreception in ipRGCs is associated with photophobia in migraine. However, the relationship between visual stimulation of ipRGCs and hemodynamic responses in the visual cortex has not been clarified. Hemodynamic responses in the visual cortex were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as signals reflecting changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentrations. Different types of visual stimulation generated by a metamerism method were applied to the peripheral field of the eye of patients with migraine (N = 20) and healthy participants (N = 21). The stimulation intensity on the retina was controlled using an artificial pupil. In the primary visual cortex of patients with migraine, statistically significant changes in fNIRS signals dependent on visual stimulation intensity applied to ipRGCs were observed (p < 0.01), while no such changes were observed in healthy participants. These results reveal that visual stimulation of ipRGCs projecting to the primary visual cortex is involved in hemodynamic responses in patients with migraine, suggesting that ipRGCs, in addition to photometric values related to cones, are associated with migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Yamakawa
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Atsumichi Tachibana
- Department of Histology & Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Muneto Tatsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Katsunori Okajima
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ueda
- Department of Histology & Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koichi Hirata
- Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Fang Q, Chou XL, Peng B, Zhong W, Zhang LI, Tao HW. A Differential Circuit via Retino-Colliculo-Pulvinar Pathway Enhances Feature Selectivity in Visual Cortex through Surround Suppression. Neuron 2019; 105:355-369.e6. [PMID: 31812514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian visual system, information from the retina streams into parallel bottom-up pathways. It remains unclear how these pathways interact to contribute to contextual modulation of visual cortical processing. By optogenetic inactivation and activation of mouse lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of thalamus, a homolog of pulvinar, or its projection to primary visual cortex (V1), we found that LP contributes to surround suppression of layer (L) 2/3 responses in V1 by driving L1 inhibitory neurons. This results in subtractive suppression of visual responses and an overall enhancement of orientation, direction, spatial, and size selectivity. Neurons in V1-projecting LP regions receive bottom-up input from the superior colliculus (SC) and respond preferably to non-patterned visual noise. The noise-dependent LP activity allows V1 to "cancel" noise effects and maintain its orientation selectivity under varying noise background. Thus, the retina-SC-LP-V1 pathway forms a differential circuit with the canonical retino-geniculate pathway to achieve context-dependent sharpening of visual representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiao-Lin Chou
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Bo Peng
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Wen Zhong
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Li I Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Huizhong Whit Tao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Panorgias A, Lee D, Silva KE, Borsook D, Moulton EA. Blue light activates pulvinar nuclei in longstanding idiopathic photophobia: A case report. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 24:102096. [PMID: 31795037 PMCID: PMC6879998 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased fMRI activation of bilateral pulvinar nuclei with symptomatic light. Pulvinar nuclei are associated with melanopsin visual pathway and migraine. First demonstration of fMRI activation of melanopsin pathway during photophobia.
Numerous pathologies can contribute to photophobia. When considering light transduction alone, photophobia may be triggered through melanopsin pathways (non-image forming), rod and cone pathways (image-forming), or some combination of the two. We evaluated a 39 year old female patient with longstanding idiopathic photophobia that was exacerbated by blue light, and tested her by presenting visual stimuli in an event-related fMRI experiment. Analysis showed significantly greater activation in bilateral pulvinar nuclei, associated with the melanopsin intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) visual pathway, and their activation is consistent with the patient's report that blue light differentially evoked photophobia. This appears to be the first demonstration of functional activation of the ipRGC pathway during photophobia in a patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Lee
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katie E Silva
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric A Moulton
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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25
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Russman Block SR, Weissman DH, Sripada C, Angstadt M, Duval ER, King AP, Liberzon I. Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Attention Deficits in Trauma. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 5:991-1001. [PMID: 31377230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survival requires effective shifting of attention from one stimulus to another as goals change. It has been consistently demonstrated that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with both faster orienting of attention toward and slower disengagement of attention from affective stimuli. Prior work, however, suggests that attention abnormalities in PTSD may extend beyond the affective domain. METHODS We used the Attention Network Test-modified to include invalid spatial cues-in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neurocognitive underpinnings of visuospatial attention in participants with PTSD (n = 31) and control participants who were (n = 20) and were not (n = 21) exposed to trauma. RESULTS We observed deficits in the utilization of spatial information in the group with PTSD. Specifically, compared with the non-trauma-exposed group, participants with PTSD showed a smaller reaction time difference between invalidly and validly cued targets, demonstrating that they were less likely to use spatial cues to inform subsequent behavior. We also found that in both the PTSD and trauma-exposed control groups, utilization of spatial information was positively associated with activation of attentional control regions (e.g., right precentral gyrus, inferior and middle frontal gyri) and negatively associated with activation in salience processing regions (e.g., right insula). CONCLUSIONS This pattern suggests that both trauma exposure and psychopathology may be associated with alterations of spatial attention. Overall, our findings suggest that both attention- and salience-network abnormalities may be related to altered attention in trauma-exposed populations. Treatments that target these neural networks could therefore be a new avenue for PTSD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie R Russman Block
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
| | - Daniel H Weissman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chandra Sripada
- Department of Philosophy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mike Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth R Duval
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anthony P King
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Mental Health Service, Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, Texas
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26
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Bennett C, Gale SD, Garrett ME, Newton ML, Callaway EM, Murphy GJ, Olsen SR. Higher-Order Thalamic Circuits Channel Parallel Streams of Visual Information in Mice. Neuron 2019; 102:477-492.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pienaar A, Walmsley L, Hayter E, Howarth M, Brown TM. Commissural communication allows mouse intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate neurons to encode interocular differences in irradiance. J Physiol 2018; 596:5461-5481. [PMID: 30240498 PMCID: PMC6235944 DOI: 10.1113/jp276917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points Unlike other visual thalamic regions, the intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (IGL/vLGN) possess extensive reciprocal commissural connections, the functions of which are unknown. Using electrophysiological approaches, it is shown that commissural projecting IGL/vLGN cells are primarily activated by light increments to the contralateral eye while cells receiving commissural input typically exhibit antagonistic binocular responses. Across antagonistic cells, the nature of the commissural input (excitatory or inhibitory) corresponds to the presence of ipsilateral ON or OFF visual responses and in both cases antagonistic responses disappear following inactivation of the contralateral thalamus. The steady state firing rates of antagonistic cells uniquely encode interocular differences in irradiance. There is a pivotal role for IGL/vLGN commissural signalling in generating new sensory properties that are potentially useful for the proposed contributions of these nuclei to visuomotor/vestibular and circadian control.
Abstract The intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (IGL/vLGN) are portions of the visual thalamus implicated in circadian and visuomotor/vestibular control. A defining feature of IGL/vLGN organisation is the presence of extensive reciprocal commissural connections, the functions of which are at present unknown. Here we use a combination of multielectrode recording, electrical microstimulation, thalamic inactivation and a range of visual stimuli in mice to address this deficit. Our data indicate that, like most IGL/vLGN cells, those that project commissurally primarily convey contralateral ON visual signals while most IGL/vLGN neurons that receive this input exhibit antagonistic binocular responses (i.e. excitatory responses driven by one eye and inhibitory responses driven by the other), enabling them to encode interocular differences in irradiance. We also confirm that this property derives from commissural input since, following inactivation of the contralateral visual thalamus, these cells instead display monocular contralateral‐driven ON responses. Our data thereby reveal a fundamental role for commissural signalling in generating new visual response properties at the level of the visual thalamus. Unlike other visual thalamic regions, the intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (IGL/vLGN) possess extensive reciprocal commissural connections, the functions of which are unknown. Using electrophysiological approaches, it is shown that commissural projecting IGL/vLGN cells are primarily activated by light increments to the contralateral eye while cells receiving commissural input typically exhibit antagonistic binocular responses. Across antagonistic cells, the nature of the commissural input (excitatory or inhibitory) corresponds to the presence of ipsilateral ON or OFF visual responses and in both cases antagonistic responses disappear following inactivation of the contralateral thalamus. The steady state firing rates of antagonistic cells uniquely encode interocular differences in irradiance. There is a pivotal role for IGL/vLGN commissural signalling in generating new sensory properties that are potentially useful for the proposed contributions of these nuclei to visuomotor/vestibular and circadian control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pienaar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - L Walmsley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - E Hayter
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Howarth
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - T M Brown
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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28
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Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that express the photopigment melanopsin (mRGCs) are photosensitive and initiate the non-image-forming pathway, where the majority of their axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). RGCs only make up approximately half of the cells in the ganglion cell layer of the retina; therefore, it is important to be able to distinguish them from other cell types. The transgenic Thy-1 YFP mouse line 16 (Thy-1 YFP-16) expresses yellow-fluorescent protein (YFP) in projection neurons, including RGCs. Our objective was to determine whether mRGCs are labeled with YFP in Thy-1 YFP-16 transgenic mice. Paraformaldehyde-fixed retinal wholemounts and frozen vertical sections were prepared from Thy-1 YFP-16 mice and fluorescently labeled with rabbit anti-melanopsin and guinea-pig anti-RNA binding protein with multiple splicing to identify mRGCs and total RGCs, respectively. Thy-1 YFP-16 mouse brains were sectioned coronally and imaged to view RGC axonal projections to the SCN. Confocal images of retinal preparations show that the majority (∼89%) of mRGCs are not YFP-positive in Thy-1 YFP-16 mice, where ∼11% expressed a weak fluorescent signal. In addition, there are almost no YFP-positive axons present in the SCN of coronal brain sections. We conclude that the majority of mRGC somas and axons are not labeled with YFP in the transgenic Thy-1 YFP-16 mouse line; therefore, this mouse model may not suitable for research involving mRGC visual pathways.
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29
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Hayter EA, Brown TM. Additive contributions of melanopsin and both cone types provide broadband sensitivity to mouse pupil control. BMC Biol 2018; 16:83. [PMID: 30064443 PMCID: PMC6066930 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) drive an array of non-image-forming (NIF) visual responses including circadian photoentrainment and the pupil light reflex. ipRGCs integrate extrinsic (rod/cone) and intrinsic (melanopsin) photoreceptive signals, but the contribution of cones to ipRGC-dependent responses remains incompletely understood. Given recent data revealing that cone-derived colour signals influence mouse circadian timing and pupil responses in humans, here we set out to investigate the role of colour information in pupil control in mice. Results We first recorded electrophysiological activity from the pretectal olivary nucleus (PON) of anaesthetised mice with a red-shifted cone population (Opn1mwR) and mice lacking functional cones (Cnga3−/−) or melanopsin (Opn1mwR; Opn4−/−). Using multispectral stimuli to selectively modulate the activity of individual opsin classes, we show that PON cells which receive ipRGC input also exhibit robust S- and/or L-cone opsin-driven activity. This population includes many cells where the two cone opsins drive opponent responses (most commonly excitatory/ON responses to S-opsin stimulation and inhibitory/OFF responses to L-opsin stimulation). These cone inputs reliably tracked even slow (0.025 Hz) changes in illuminance/colour under photopic conditions with melanopsin contributions becoming increasingly dominant for higher-contrast/lower temporal frequency stimuli. We also evaluated consensual pupil responses in awake animals and show that, surprisingly, this aspect of physiology is insensitive to chromatic signals originating with cones. Instead, by contrast with the situation in humans, signals from melanopsin and both cone opsins combine in a purely additive manner to drive pupil constriction in mice. Conclusion Our data reveal a key difference in the sensory control of the mouse pupil relative to another major target of ipRGCs—the circadian clock. Whereas the latter uses colour information to help estimate time of day, the mouse pupil instead sums signals across cone opsin classes to provide broadband spectral sensitivity to changes in illumination. As such, while the widespread co-occurrence of chromatic responses and melanopsin input in the PON supports a close association between colour discrimination mechanisms and NIF visual processing, our data suggest that colour opponent PON cells in the mouse contribute to functions other than pupil control. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-018-0552-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Hayter
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Timothy M Brown
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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30
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Abstract
Comparative studies have greatly contributed to our understanding of the organization and function of visual pathways of the brain, including that of humans. This comparative approach is a particularly useful tactic for studying the pulvinar nucleus, an enigmatic structure which comprises the largest territory of the human thalamus. This review focuses on the regions of the mouse pulvinar that receive input from the superior colliculus, and highlights similarities of the tectorecipient pulvinar identified across species. Open questions are discussed, as well as the potential contributions of the mouse model for endeavors to elucidate the function of the pulvinar nucleus.
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31
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Seabrook TA, Burbridge TJ, Crair MC, Huberman AD. Architecture, Function, and Assembly of the Mouse Visual System. Annu Rev Neurosci 2018; 40:499-538. [PMID: 28772103 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vision is the sense humans rely on most to navigate the world, make decisions, and perform complex tasks. Understanding how humans see thus represents one of the most fundamental and important goals of neuroscience. The use of the mouse as a model for parsing how vision works at a fundamental level started approximately a decade ago, ushered in by the mouse's convenient size, relatively low cost, and, above all, amenability to genetic perturbations. In the course of that effort, a large cadre of new and powerful tools for in vivo labeling, monitoring, and manipulation of neurons were applied to this species. As a consequence, a significant body of work now exists on the architecture, function, and development of mouse central visual pathways. Excitingly, much of that work includes causal testing of the role of specific cell types and circuits in visual perception and behavior-something rare to find in studies of the visual system of other species. Indeed, one could argue that more information is now available about the mouse visual system than any other sensory system, in any species, including humans. As such, the mouse visual system has become a platform for multilevel analysis of the mammalian central nervous system generally. Here we review the mouse visual system structure, function, and development literature and comment on the similarities and differences between the visual system of this and other model species. We also make it a point to highlight the aspects of mouse visual circuitry that remain opaque and that are in need of additional experimentation to enrich our understanding of how vision works on a broad scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania A Seabrook
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Timothy J Burbridge
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
| | - Andrew D Huberman
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94303; .,Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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Kwan WC, Mundinano IC, de Souza MJ, Lee SCS, Martin PR, Grünert U, Bourne JA. Unravelling the subcortical and retinal circuitry of the primate inferior pulvinar. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:558-576. [PMID: 29292493 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The primate visual brain possesses a myriad of pathways, whereby visual information originating at the retina is transmitted to multiple subcortical areas in parallel, before being relayed onto the visual cortex. The dominant retinogeniculostriate pathway has been an area of extensive study, and Vivien Casagrande's work in examining the once overlooked koniocellular pathway of the lateral geniculate nucleus has generated interest in how alternate subcortical pathways can contribute to visual perception. Another subcortical visual relay center is the inferior pulvinar (PI), which has four subdivisions and numerous connections with other subcortical and cortical areas and is directly recipient of retinal afferents. The complexity of subcortical connections associated with the PI subdivisions has led to differing results from various groups. A particular challenge in determining the exact connectivity pattern has been in accurately targeting the subdivisions of the PI with neural tracers. Therefore, in the present study, we used a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided stereotaxic injection system to inject bidirectional tracers in the separate subdivisions of the PI, the superior layers of the superior colliculus, the retina, and the lateral geniculate nucleus. Our results have determined for the first time that the medial inferior pulvinar (PIm) is innervated by widefield retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and this pathway is not a collateral branch of the geniculate and collicular projecting RGCs. Furthermore, our tracing data shows no evidence of collicular terminations in the PIm, which are confined to the centromedial and posterior PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Kwan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Inaki-Carril Mundinano
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mitchell J de Souza
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sammy C S Lee
- Save Sight Institute and Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul R Martin
- Save Sight Institute and Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ulrike Grünert
- Save Sight Institute and Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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33
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Halassa MM, Kastner S. Thalamic functions in distributed cognitive control. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1669-1679. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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The Mouse Pulvinar Nucleus Links the Lateral Extrastriate Cortex, Striatum, and Amygdala. J Neurosci 2017; 38:347-362. [PMID: 29175956 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1279-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pulvinar nucleus is a large thalamic structure involved in the integration of visual and motor signals. The pulvinar forms extensive connections with striate and extrastriate cortical areas, but the impact of these connections on cortical circuits has not previously been directly tested. Using a variety of anatomical, optogenetic, and in vitro physiological techniques in male and female mice, we show that pulvinocortical terminals are densely distributed in the extrastriate cortex where they form synaptic connections with spines and small-diameter dendrites. Optogenetic activation of these synapses in vitro evoked large excitatory postsynaptic responses in the majority of pyramidal cells, spiny stellate cells, and interneurons within the extrastriate cortex. However, specificity in pulvinar targeting was revealed when recordings were targeted to projection neuron subtypes. The neurons most responsive to pulvinar input were those that project to the striatum and amygdala (76% responsive) or V1 (55%), whereas neurons that project to the superior colliculus were rarely responsive (6%). Because the pulvinar also projects directly to the striatum and amygdala, these results establish the pulvinar nucleus as a hub linking the visual cortex with subcortical regions involved in the initiation and control of movement. We suggest that these circuits may be particularly important for coordinating body movements and visual perception.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We found that the pulvinar nucleus can strongly influence extrastriate cortical circuits and exerts a particularly strong impact on the activity of extrastriate neurons that project to the striatum and amygdala. Our results suggest that the conventional hierarchical view of visual cortical processing may not apply to the mouse visual cortex. Instead, our results establish the pulvinar nucleus as a hub linking the visual cortex with subcortical regions involved in the initiation and control of movement, and predict that the execution of visually guided movements relies on this network.
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Brown TM. Using light to tell the time of day: sensory coding in the mammalian circadian visual network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 219:1779-92. [PMID: 27307539 PMCID: PMC4920240 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.132167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks are a near-ubiquitous feature of biology, allowing organisms to optimise their physiology to make the most efficient use of resources and adjust behaviour to maximise survival over the solar day. To fulfil this role, circadian clocks require information about time in the external world. This is most reliably obtained by measuring the pronounced changes in illumination associated with the earth's rotation. In mammals, these changes are exclusively detected in the retina and are relayed by direct and indirect neural pathways to the master circadian clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei. Recent work reveals a surprising level of complexity in this sensory control of the circadian system, including the participation of multiple photoreceptive pathways conveying distinct aspects of visual and/or time-of-day information. In this Review, I summarise these important recent advances, present hypotheses as to the functions and neural origins of these sensory signals, highlight key challenges for future research and discuss the implications of our current knowledge for animals and humans in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Brown
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Baldwin MKL, Balaram P, Kaas JH. The evolution and functions of nuclei of the visual pulvinar in primates. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3207-3226. [PMID: 28653446 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we outline the history of our current understanding of the organization of the pulvinar complex of mammals. We include more recent evidence from our own studies of both New and Old World monkeys, prosimian galagos, and close relatives of primates, including tree shrews and rodents. Based on cumulative evidence, we provide insights into the possible evolution of the visual pulvinar complex, as well as the possible co-evolution of the inferior pulvinar nuclei and temporal cortical visual areas within the MT complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K L Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Pooja Balaram
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jon H Kaas
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Allen AE, Procyk CA, Brown TM, Lucas RJ. Convergence of visual and whisker responses in the primary somatosensory thalamus (ventral posterior medial region) of the mouse. J Physiol 2016; 595:865-881. [PMID: 27501052 PMCID: PMC5285619 DOI: 10.1113/jp272791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points Using in vivo electrophysiology, we find that a subset of whisker‐responsive neurons in the ventral posterior medial region (VPM) respond to visual stimuli. These light‐responsive neurons in the VPM are particularly sensitive to optic flow. Presentation of optic flow stimuli modulates the amplitude of concurrent whisker responses. Visual information reaches the VPM via a circuit encompassing the visual cortex. These data represent a new example of cross‐modal integration in the primary sensory thalamus.
Abstract Sensory signals reach the cortex via sense‐specific thalamic nuclei. Here we report that neurons in the primary sensory thalamus of the mouse vibrissal system (the ventral posterior medial region; VPM) can be excited by visual as well as whisker stimuli. Using extracellular electrophysiological recordings from anaesthetized mice we first show that simple light steps can excite a subset of VPM neurons. We then test the ability of the VPM to respond to spatial patterns and show that many units are excited by visual motion in a direction‐selective manner. Coherent movement of multiple objects (an artificial recreation of ‘optic flow’ that would usually occur during head rotations or body movements) best engages this visual motion response. We next show that, when co‐applied with visual stimuli, the magnitude of responses to whisker deflections is highest in the presence of optic flow going in the opposite direction. Importantly, whisker response amplitude is also modulated by presentation of a movie recreating the mouse's visual experience during natural exploratory behaviour. We finally present functional and anatomical data indicating a functional connection (probably multisynaptic) from the primary visual cortex to VPM. These data provide a rare example of multisensory integration occurring at the level of the sensory thalamus, and provide evidence for dynamic regulation of whisker responses according to visual experience. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we find that a subset of whisker‐responsive neurons in the ventral posterior medial region (VPM) respond to visual stimuli. These light‐responsive neurons in the VPM are particularly sensitive to optic flow. Presentation of optic flow stimuli modulates the amplitude of concurrent whisker responses. Visual information reaches the VPM via a circuit encompassing the visual cortex. These data represent a new example of cross‐modal integration in the primary sensory thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette E Allen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Timothy M Brown
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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